212 lines
33 KiB
XML
212 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="309ADA753782C3D7CA69CC4B8F832A2F" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2515ee23-bd5e-4eb7-b560-e395a6353603" ModsDocID="z01410p001" checkinTime="1247236958323" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Wilson J. E. M. Costa" docDate="2007" docId="751833E670233955C340FEFFA1204D2B" docLanguage="en" docName="2007_Costa_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1410" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A1E8EDF5-B267-4CB6-9206-9F014134DFF2" docTitle="Plesiolebiasini Costa" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="7C34FA08AA4B6CA35B8B5C94E53E7F90" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the plesiolebiasine killifish genera Pituna, Plesiolebias and Maratecoara (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with descriptions of nine new species." masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1701314555653" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1BFFAE8C3DF5F27A5DC0AFC758C6ACA8">Taxonomy of the plesiolebiasine killifish genera Pituna, Plesiolebias and Maratecoara (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with descriptions of nine new species.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="241A40A60C1AACC84BDC03756AE08B79">Wilson J. E. M. Costa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="062E06E2E97060B87E1856BA586A5A92">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="60F9C777396912DC4A131277DE952491">1410</mods:number>
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<treatment id="751833E670233955C340FEFFA1204D2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6237688" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100121465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6237688" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:751833E670233955C340FEFFA1204D2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/751833E670233955C340FEFFA1204D2B" lastPageNumber="40" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="561A90ADBE175A9354AE36AECB9061E1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="124DFB8EED8236C96D5FAD920453BBC0" pageNumber="38">
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[[ Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="A0A0F52CE70BBD029C2E6776FCC9654A" pageNumber="38" rank="tribe" tribe="Plesiolebiasini">Plesiolebiasini Costa</taxonomicName>
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]]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F1CD65E6EC3AF95755EDD8A4B5C8A95" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1158D02DBA169BA4335EB93DCF6FB053" pageNumber="38">Discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B4DB14D6A6F1F6F4580A46B128FD07B4" lastPageNumber="39" pageNumber="38">
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The present study indicates that the genera
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<taxonomicName id="F06B96F0491FA11B5355ABC598EFBC1C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="635D0B98C2D444FB746E30B3DF2357AD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81D9E5F6-D246-4FCD-BC27-6C3DE9A12A63" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias Costa 1989:193" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiolebias</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="59CD1CB69D735794AA592739EB279B9E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A083017D-552D-4D60-AAC9-76E17E602498" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Maratecoara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Maratecoara Costa 1995:68" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Maratecoara</taxonomicName>
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are more diverse and widespread in central and northeastern Brazil than previously recorded (e. g., Costa, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c). In addition, species in the three genera have congruent distributions, suggesting the existence of biogeographic patterns constituting areas of endemism determined by historical factors. However, phylogenetic hypotheses among species of these genera, which would be useful to erect hypotheses of biogeography, are not included here because the intra-generic plesiolebiasine relationships are still controversial.
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<taxonomicName id="2AD3F85F177FB130D8F83D6274AD6972" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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is hypothesized to be sister to the other plesiolebiasines, based on morphology (Costa, 1998a), but according to molecular data,
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<taxonomicName id="C5A8AA371CCBFDD9C78A48DDD0AC99FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81D9E5F6-D246-4FCD-BC27-6C3DE9A12A63" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias Costa 1989:193" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiolebias</taxonomicName>
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would be the sister group to a clade comprising at least
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<taxonomicName id="12BDEBFDDDD6822AEDA2D7E89839DF35" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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plus
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<taxonomicName id="0DCA5A1B3B5BF171A38A14D1F6150DE9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A083017D-552D-4D60-AAC9-76E17E602498" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Maratecoara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Maratecoara Costa 1995:68" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Maratecoara</taxonomicName>
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(Murphy et al., 1999) or containing
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<taxonomicName id="BDCE39527B1B52277B21C907AFEB6C3A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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plus
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<taxonomicName id="70073A78FAD62DB9C6298CC64047E1F6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A083017D-552D-4D60-AAC9-76E17E602498" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Maratecoara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Maratecoara Costa 1995:68" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Maratecoara</taxonomicName>
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plus
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<taxonomicName id="DADAE948D67888A98F0B704F963A27BA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:45418B12-BD99-4AA8-932B-AA7D4E5E4E82" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Papiliolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Papiliolebias Plesiolebias Costa 1998:319" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Papiliolebias</taxonomicName>
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(Hrbek & Larson, 1999). Furthermore, both
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<pageStartToken id="0DADB349B67D5FFC890EABBA4FBC51F5" pageNumber="39">morphological</pageStartToken>
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(Costa, 1998a) and molecular (Hrbek & Larson, 1999) studies have resulted in ambiguous hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic position of plesiolebiasines among rivulids. Each of these available plesiolebiasine tree topologies could drastically affect polarization of character states within genera, making possible opposite interpretations on character evolution. It would therefore be necessary to re-evaluate phylogenetic relationships among all plesiolebiasines, which is in progress but is not the aim of the present study. The discussion below focuses only on relevant aspects of the taxonomy.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="52BEB3C93B86A90ABD02225983B754B5">
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<paragraph id="67E4B1E9BC25108EF761C6B070CF5D4E" pageNumber="39">
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FIGURE 29.
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<taxonomicName id="B34BFDBE49D9F61D3CDF2C02A5D91ED1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">Plesiolebias lacerdai</taxonomicName>
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, UFRJ 3547, male topotype, 18.4 mm SL; Brazil: Mato Grosso: rio das Mortes floodplains(some minutes after collection). Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="5920198C324460E5CA76D26E79076E5B" pageNumber="39">
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Monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="57315C07718CEAC665DCFAA4E2C7CC33" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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has been defined by the following synapomorphic features: 1) fourth pectoral radial expanded ventrally; 2) anal fin elongate and pointed in males; 3) flank and unpaired fins darkly pigmented in females; 4) bright red pigmentation on the distal portion of dorsal fin in males; 5) a green and red stripe on the distal margin of the anal fin in males; and, 6) black spots on the pectoral fin in males (Costa, 1998a). However, none of these conditions are uniquely diagnostic of
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<taxonomicName id="0B86F8BACAFBDEB703760E30115CB6C2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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, since character states 1, 2, 3, and 4 occur in other plesiolebiasines, and character states 5 and 6 do not occur in all species of
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<taxonomicName id="CAE61B747CC8079006BAE9514A21E459" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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. However, the color pattern on the flanks in males of all species of
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<taxonomicName id="6C5703CBC41DEC0FA208936BED88C0CE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B0B7242-C581-472B-9727-F6C16CCCFD8A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna Costa 1989:225" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pituna</taxonomicName>
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(i. e., dark brown with light blue to golden small spots), is unique among plesiolebiasines, thus providing a uniquely diagnostic feature.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE914DBFA64D754C1AF1330BB2CACBF1" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="9C5ED45DB43C3C69F7FD4A7F704BB5CA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">Pituna poranga</taxonomicName>
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was formerly placed in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="54F7DB89BD01FCA95CD78A0105B355B9" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compacta">P. compacta</taxonomicName>
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by Costa (1998b), in part because
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<taxonomicName id="DD536DCFA4B3E6CD19FAC4763CB9D95B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">P. poranga</taxonomicName>
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was known only from females and juvenile specimens. Examination of larger collections of both nomina has shown that
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<taxonomicName id="5F621B50D474D2CE34C9D3C5B5A5C853" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">P. poranga</taxonomicName>
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is a valid species, and differs from
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<taxonomicName id="7C4A86BDF8AC8CE7ED2079BC3482B9D8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compacta">P. compacta</taxonomicName>
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in having a less robust and more slender body (for values see the key above). In addition, these species differ in details of color pattern: there are four or five bars or transverse rows of spots on the pectoral fin in males of
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<taxonomicName id="968B6D6C0271BAF485578A8BE409D922" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">P. poranga</taxonomicName>
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, instead of the seven or eight rows found in
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<taxonomicName id="391D1779A12F172451B8EDD8633C95A7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compacta">P. compacta</taxonomicName>
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; and the dark marks on the flanks in females are usually coalesced in
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<taxonomicName id="C0855D06A97FFD00D46D435FB2B51C26" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">P. poranga</taxonomicName>
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to form a color pattern distinct from those of all other congeners (Fig. 4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AAD4AD851E2B85C7EADC382A56AD7594" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="33A6C617D073B11C517DD96042B268D0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquoseriata">Pituna obliquoseriata</taxonomicName>
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was first identified as
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<taxonomicName id="210D040BCC7D5709032071A164177C30" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compacta">P. compacta</taxonomicName>
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by Costa (1998b). However,
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<taxonomicName id="E673805D06F8E05538A9BDFBE00DB3E2" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquoseriata">P. obliquoseriata</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from both
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<taxonomicName id="826E615B00FC022F0E3F87745A7FEA23" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compacta">P. compacta</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BC890F555714FA2F12EFEE24DA97DE45" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D03646D6-94E9-4B78-9DB1-193B232214C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Pituna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pituna poranga Costa 1989:226" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poranga">P. poranga</taxonomicName>
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, the two other congeners inhabiting the same composite biogeographic area (i. e., the das Mortes -Araguaia -Tocantins river basin), by the former having more caudalfin rays (28-31 vs. 25-28), a distinct flank color pattern in females (dark brown dots arranged in oblique rows, vs. small dark brown spots mainly arranged in longitudinal rows).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A8043962708407A547C3F2E321FA578E" lastPageNumber="40" pageNumber="39">
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Costa (1998a) divided
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<taxonomicName id="9084D739C3BA1F43534F0C908BB8F8E7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81D9E5F6-D246-4FCD-BC27-6C3DE9A12A63" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias Costa 1989:193" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiolebias</taxonomicName>
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into two groups (i. e., clades A and B). The first one (clade A), comprising
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<taxonomicName id="B5B7952464FE1617EEAED5E8C7F3A261" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaucopterus">P. glaucopterus</taxonomicName>
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(from the rio Paraguay basin) and
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<taxonomicName id="7AEF56F9D44DC0DAD0F820F009357D8F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruana">P. aruana</taxonomicName>
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(from the rio Araguaia basin), was diagnosed
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<pageStartToken id="EFAFBF393F6CC48F9E26FCF8787B11B3" pageNumber="40">by</pageStartToken>
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two derived conditions: a reduced number of pectoral fins (usually 11-12) and a black zone on the anterior portion of the anal fin in males. However, neither character seems to be useful for diagnosing either clade, since some species of clade B may have twelve pectoral-fin rays and the black zone is not always found among specimens of clade A. On the other hand, species of clade A also may be diagnosed by their possession of bright green eyes in males, a derived condition also occurring in
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<taxonomicName id="D629E731AD2F15819E727C2A04F9FCBE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A083017D-552D-4D60-AAC9-76E17E602498" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Maratecoara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Maratecoara Costa 1995:68" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Maratecoara</taxonomicName>
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, and a red stripe on the anterior part of the flanks that extends to the orbit in males, a condition not found elsewhere among rivulids.
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|
<taxonomicName id="8CBCB542C6F26189431F45B9E48C2E23" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canabravensis">Plesiolebias canabravensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
should be considered a member of this clade, since it shares these diagnostic features.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="7F517E283548E2ACBDC5419459E3C083" pageNumber="40">
|
|
The second group of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05C5DE68C4DE57112F02EABE9559CF29" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81D9E5F6-D246-4FCD-BC27-6C3DE9A12A63" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias Costa 1989:193" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
(clade B), according to Costa (1998c), includes
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D430F8C6C8901B4731A7152DC58AE45A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">P. xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the rio Tocantins basin and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="623086D36DB6A3DEC75B3441AC93DD78" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the rio das Mortes basin, and is diagnosed by eight synapomorphies: supraoccipital long, contacting first neural spine; second proximal radial of dorsal fin between neural spines of vertebrae 9-13; filamentous ray on tip of pelvic fins in males; dark dots coalesced to form oblique stripes on flank in females; black oblique bar on preopercle in males; basal half of dorsal fin intensely pigmented with red in males; oblique black bars on anterior portion of flank in males; and melanophores concentrated on posterior portion of anal fin in males.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE216891F79DD357EBA66ED54F0D6201" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">Plesiolebias fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="014AA025173FE96752800DDA91B84A54" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamira">P. altamira</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="99FFE6A6D426088F174B128DDADB9356" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">P. filamentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
possess the synapomorphies of clade B, except that the black bar on the preopercle is absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="60B546F4BB898F02613E013E0C59BBEA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8D0C6BB24A95BFEC424E2DAB6B79A931" pageNumber="40">
|
|
Three of the four new species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5FCD8D44C8F679FC558015F44B656EB0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81D9E5F6-D246-4FCD-BC27-6C3DE9A12A63" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias Costa 1989:193" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plesiolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
herein described were formerly misidentified (Costa, 1998c).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="56DB2CED0889F852E1B999188F549739" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">Plesiolebias fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
was first identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="801709FFBF47DAB385FA16135975CBB9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which is also a miniature species (Costa, 1998c) occurring in the same hydrographic basin (Fig. 30). However, they may be easily distinguished by several body and head measurements: body depth (23.3-25.4 % SL in males and 22.2-25.7 % SL in females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="903BFE157066F21FB415C0877B82F4C5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, vs. 28.6-31.4 % SL in males and 28.0-30.0 % SL in females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A2A7AD7319A78EAF7ED4B7FA7E133413" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
); head depth (64.9-74.0 % of head length in males and 67.6-77.1 % SL in females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C722386619DE4BCC8093AEB0539552B1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, vs. 75.6-85.8 % of head length in males and 73.9-83.7 % of head length in females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C28E5AC905AF97BEDF512D0A0C068120" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
). They may also be distinguished by male color patterns(compare Figs. 14 and 29), including the presence of three white bars on the basal portion of the anal fin in male
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A793A6935F797384B335BE8B1E5C8639" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(vs. four bars in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2C3EC6806777280D547F95611C9CB9EE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
). The anteriormost anal-fin bar of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E18EF5C6791DEDBC55FB718AE7B468D5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to correspond to a fusion of the two anteriormost bars of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B1FB19E7AA9CC34230DAD891B7F47D93" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In addition, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4BF32B91A3A1F0D0E70BEAD28F4F8D11" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">P. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
there are few bright greenish dots scattered on flank in males, in contrast to numerous dots arranged in oblique rows in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5D41DB96E04AF49720FB635FEA44A288" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and diffuse bars on the caudal peduncle side in males, instead of well-defined bars as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C473A0F1D54BD59E8BD98F74C47F6866" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C369282A-8BDD-44FD-9057-EDD9185ED9B3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989:196" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacerdai">P. lacerdai</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1D2E9CEAAA4919F17D3F4A7A462B8B00" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C7602427F65DD1B21574BA9AEFE7219" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">Plesiolebias filamentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
was first identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F1EDEC7C7302C3FEB873523453F3AE44" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">P. xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Costa, 1998a), which is endemic to the same river basin (i. e., rio Tocantins), although separated by about 600 km (Fig. 13). Both species share a similar flank color pattern and the presence of a long black filament on the tip of each pelvic fin in males, but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E303D439DCBDCAF3A918FD0DC4BBB70F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">P. filamentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="151F0DA072902B4C6B7D5B3F6DE1D70D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">P. xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the posterior position of the dorsal-fin origin (dorsal finorigin at vertical between base of 5th and 6th anal-fin rays, vs. between base of 7th and 8th anal-fin rays in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BB1FDE44D38D51D937E81D64CA262AA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">P. xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
), fewer anal-fin rays (15-16 vs. 17-18), and a distinct color pattern of the male dorsal fin (red pigmentation restricted to basal third of fin and dorsal-fin base, with small white spots, vs. red pigmentation extending to basal two thirds of fin and dorsal-fin base with white bars). In addition,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9F47F4D800C23A647E06B463897A96DD" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">P. filamentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to be a smaller species, reaching about 20 mm SL, even in individuals kept in aquaria by G. C. Brasil (pers. com.), but which were not preserved for study, whereas
|
|
<taxonomicName id="728AD79C3E56687B66E5ED0E0E65BCA3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">Plesiolebias xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
reaches about 30 mm SL (Costa et al, 1988; Costa, 1998a). In addition, the geographic range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2A320955B42CACE6EC24D13D6DD16E59" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">P. filamentosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is within the Amazonian forest, altitude about 100-130 m, whereas the habitat of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5CF73F0520BE426F43C75FD0AF491BE3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavantei">P. xavantei</taxonomicName>
|
|
is in the Cerrado, a savannah region located at an altitude about 210-250 m.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F0632B6CCE2BC39EA905E5F4D6D02AA6" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="17AC3005EACA5F79C5EF07813BF04E5E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canabravensis">Plesiolebias canabravensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, from the middle rio Tocantins basin, was first identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E978801373F50DA31E97E7F70580F7BF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruana">P. aruana</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Costa, 1998c), a species known only from the middle rio Araguaia basin (Fig. 13). Although the geographic range of both species are in adjacent regions, they are physically separated by hills bordering the Araguaia and Tocantins river basins.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="319262C0A80B3ECCC29CC1075F1DF5ED" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canabravensis">Plesiolebias canabravensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="639C8157349EC670CA3573B53D55A7CF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Rivulidae" genus="Plesiolebias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruana">P. aruana</taxonomicName>
|
|
in having an anal-fin base with white elongate spots in males (vs. long curved bars, ventral tips anteriorly directed, often converging to a point on anterior margin of fin); 1 + 27-31 + 1 infra-orbital neuromasts (vs. 1 + 16-22 + 1), and a dorsal-fin origin between the neural spines of vertebrae 13 and 14 (vs. between neural spines of vertebrae 12 and 13).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |