444 lines
52 KiB
XML
444 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="4BE4A417D9D3A1E1F62C07E9639D47DB" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2eac0dac-6d84-4f50-8a13-6f8ed75f022c" ModsDocID="z01525p061" checkinTime="1247327200549" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Paulo H. F. Lucinda, Luiz R. Malabarba & Ricardo C. Benine" docDate="2007" docId="D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190" docLanguage="en" docName="2007_Lucinda_Malabarba_Benine_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1525" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:96CB9CA2-490F-4953-8EA1-829F25E697C0" docTitle="Moenkhausia hysterosticta Lucinda, Malabarba & Benine, 2007, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="893C1CD9891CC4B302071687D00D7111" masterDocTitle="On a new species of the genus Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characidae)." masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1701314653133" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="5383368B71DF9189CE8D94F59C170865" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="574ED6FCF7C72A025A93EB41495B41C8">
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<mods:title id="42D324AE2471196A1473E486FBADC544">On a new species of the genus Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characidae).</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E89AEDF8F9B7D8BE8CBDBF21ED57089C" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="759AEABE68AEFE269B014D0AE0DE0407">
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<mods:roleTerm id="12D9DC5F76FD7DD73D00BE5696AA52A3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AC22A41CA085BA9E58965EEEE96F2E17">Paulo H. F. Lucinda</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="FF0A383BD8D6907644972A6D6B027B5F" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="89B35F81BE42B4BB7541CC402D862402">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ACFAC1B9467FE0E0E90D7D7A3EF56425">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5A132B626B233DB1FAF1350D3F918B3B">Luiz R. Malabarba</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="EFA9D9C722816E8A0F6ECA4465B9EA45" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="7F1344073F966D1729E8FCB034144FEA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8E341CE5AA1F1F77D838CFF321427FCB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8F143857BE1033D80A6A4D0F725387E0">Ricardo C. Benine</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B243972F87E355F25D11862693C7B3D3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="6D9B1A5B019843EF14B8ACD34EE8238D" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0CF946926A52A19A8943268553A0B772">
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<mods:title id="E6E6106D50E5A9FE0851CD8FB1391A12">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5B6CE03EEFC508BB45F9F8C502952C2F">
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<mods:date id="977DDC28072D35B84B6A76E244D5FD6C">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="339E0E487867A7077343661B8986C914" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="28D42BFC83920E1A6BBAB382F7B223AB">1525</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="42F89A80AF519E9A66DC192ED982A355" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="2BE8CC8510330E82997EA547C64ED23D">61</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="674E3B78DBD19855E9B32F7053372782">68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location id="1AE30E8CF1E3C98C35C9A52116B81855">
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<mods:url id="4B66F8CA4BD2508DED3CC0F535CC1057">http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:96CB9CA2-490F-4953-8EA1-829F25E697C0</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="4AC1F6BF11824ED2CD119405237E455D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6FFC5B816865ED0E718343BBB621E81C" type="Plazi-Custom">z01525p061</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D6010C20EFFD1074170781D237742880" type="ZooBank">96CB9CA2-490F-4953-8EA1-829F25E697C0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6242107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100123555" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6242107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190" lastPageNumber="67" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="E4194BDC0C3A704426E9F3A255526EAD" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="245ECBFDF813AFC001EC25BD275AFE8F" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="ABE3E0787F407E999051A1AB63A9DAAA" ID-CoL="73MXM" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A4547A0B493E0F7DDE058EF63C8BBA92" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9A7D8CF0DC77B8D01CAB7F86C657EBEC" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="6EF42A27235030B876E324A49FC8EBC9" pageNumber="62">Figs. 1-3, Tables 1 and 2</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F74CCD809713151492B39B3FA6AD567C" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9CE475502DA2A468AFF7845975EEB2DF" pageNumber="62">
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||
<materialsCitation id="864458E06708CCC08FEE5EB3A9DDDE11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892012" collectingDate="1999-10-24" collectionCode="MCP" collectorName="Nucleo de Estudos Ambientais - Universidade Federal do Tocantins (NEAMB)" country="Brazil" latitude="-11.316667" location="Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras" longitude="-48.466667" specimenCode="MCP 32559" stateProvince="Tocantins" typeStatus="Holotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="1815528917DAF58592D7D6A327E81CA4">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
. (Fig. 1).
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||
<specimenCode id="DAA5528BCD682946B8A10123E6911640">
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||
<collectionCode id="11036F99E8C9847571B5B713F2C840B9">MCP</collectionCode>
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||
32559
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 43.1 mm SL,
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||
<location id="8EB16A0DCDB70E1A6CCB85B4AF8A7F9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190:8EB16A0DCDB70E1A6CCB85B4AF8A7F9D" country="Brazil" name="Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras" stateProvince="Tocantins">Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras</location>
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||
, approximately
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||
<geoCoordinate id="98E8B6DEC2405F75CEDCE94A8CE1FD34">11°19’S</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="E06C67465C4BBF9B8221C701B33381EF">48°28’W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="E0FB821399F09802892A5AFE5FE2CF53">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="334EA3BC01A466FF83060FA2F044C353">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<date id="9EA9FA1A673C9542CD85F308D7EE491F" day="24" month="10" value="1999-10-24" year="1999">
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||
<collectingDate id="F705F0E132C3D33BF286BFB4FF535C68" day="24" month="10" value="1999-10-24" year="1999">24 Oct 1999</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName id="14CD23C5461DE3754D5EAD6F47B7A417">
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||
<normalizedToken id="732A6B5CDE89F6EC15507F6631746979" originalValue="Núcleo">Nucleo</normalizedToken>
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||
de Estudos Ambientais - Universidade Federal do Tocantins (NEAMB)
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||
</collectorName>
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||
.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="41EB19A50EF100533A20846DE198F0DE" pageNumber="62">
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||
<materialsCitation id="F7FABB56B00EA347BFB07E8303D078A9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892014" collectingDate="1999-10-24" collectionCode="MCP, UNT" collectorName="Nucleo de Estudos Ambientais - Universidade Federal do Tocantins (NEAMB)" country="Brazil" latitude="-11.316667" location="Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras" longitude="-48.466667" specimenCode="MCP 32560, UNT 4475" stateProvince="Tocantins" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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||
<typeStatus id="B36BF2CDE35FA48285B6A67E45B063DF">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
.
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||
<collectingCountry id="F41741C185FBFFFAA88840F96843551A">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
<collectingRegion id="7DD3D6A0302B09F8E7FA796724FB3EFE">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
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||
.
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||
<specimenCode id="6F39B2A59EE4401EC14D786762EEAF18">
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||
<collectionCode id="DA00BD9EA410AF682936EA41796AD83A">MCP</collectionCode>
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||
32560
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 2 (40.5-45.3 mm SL), and
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||
<specimenCode id="69EF9C68FAA6141B12FB6AA37CDB2143">
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||
<collectionCode id="E75F5F259B9E18AD319C8A83D3033D5F">UNT</collectionCode>
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||
4475
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 2 (42.3-43.4 mm SL), collected with the holotype.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="A2555C1870B85898A01665478B8F12BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892017" collectingDate="1999-10-17" collectionCode="MCP, UNT" collectorName="NEAMB" latitude="-9.750555" location="Lageado, Funil, Rio Tocantins" longitude="-48.365555" specimenCode="MCP 32561, UNT 4476" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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||
<specimenCode id="132ACC4482110C305DBEFA0D39F4F4AA">
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||
<collectionCode id="3DD0FEB5FB90825FCBA1BE3A4DA8F645">MCP</collectionCode>
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||
32561
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 19 (4 c&s) (39.2-45.0 mm SL), and
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||
<specimenCode id="A4A03780A72ACD59980C1E2F25B05A75">
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||
<collectionCode id="D7C78F7CB8F4474AC516E1395C77667B">UNT</collectionCode>
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||
4476
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 12, (39.4-45.4 mm SL),
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||
<location id="EE3E69A20A0CD3F1B74AA5B6090A1BE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190:EE3E69A20A0CD3F1B74AA5B6090A1BE3" name="Lageado, Funil, Rio Tocantins">Lageado, Funil, Rio Tocantins</location>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="755D53311F59042F7961EA65F2989EF2">09°45’02”S</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="A3FC637B99158090A20E59F5F3504E86">48°21’56”W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date id="DE2D7068E83B5FC488DF4DC5078DD266" day="17" month="10" value="1999-10-17" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingDate id="D685ACB366B74E09B736BCCFC65FA50D" day="17" month="10" value="1999-10-17" year="1999">17 Oct 1999</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DA0084D02F79AA8FC2500BD84059DDE3">NEAMB</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1371CF915352FFCFFB6473C281C440EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892015" collectingDate="2004-07-26" collectionCode="UNT" collectorName="NEAMB" latitude="-11.316667" location="Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras" longitude="-48.466667" specimenCode="UNT 3887" typeStatus="Paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="D38BA77B47AC7BCFA2D6F31D3518D8EE">
|
||
<collectionCode id="2A7E81C7AC0F4D648B79FFED22D2A105">UNT</collectionCode>
|
||
3887
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||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, 15 (34.7- 41.5 mm SL),
|
||
<location id="6026582AC3820B625AEE6E9A8B9A02B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190:6026582AC3820B625AEE6E9A8B9A02B1" latitude="-11.316667" longitude="-48.466667" name="Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras">Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras</location>
|
||
, approximately
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="17CEFA393EBA8ABFD40C431F99BD2D54" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-11.316667">11º19’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="2C89DB97341CC8B2D869616866FE8C25" direction="west" orientation="longitude" value="-48.466667">48º28’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="931CF3C9629BCDBA0DE851E053B6DF98" day="26" month="07" value="2004-07-26" year="2004">
|
||
<collectingDate id="CE8284C01C60AEA155698F3DAC4CBF3A" day="26" month="07" value="2004-07-26" year="2004">26 Jul 2004</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="C3FADD1F765010767F821277DA0088FE">NEAMB</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FBB46B2B995CD46FEC5611F79C0B0303" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892013" collectingDate="1999-11-18" collectionCode="UNT" collectorName="NEAMB" latitude="-10.720833" location="Rio Tocantins, Porto Nacional" longitude="-48.420555" specimenCode="UNT 4474" typeStatus="Paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9B09B57652AAD0CB037628FA060F34C9">
|
||
<collectionCode id="A54D0E393F97BBA5B0DD5C2540E13CDF">UNT</collectionCode>
|
||
4474
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, 7 (36.8-40.2 mm SL),
|
||
<location id="503216663282ACB153FFB0534AA027FE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190:503216663282ACB153FFB0534AA027FE" name="Rio Tocantins, Porto Nacional">Rio Tocantins, Porto Nacional</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="78C1656AAD74DB01CDE7488F33280EA3">10°43’15”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="85E3EAA88F977BA79B72404C91D2FE0D">48°25’14”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="4585DDA65285E65E2894B6C4318C71C3" day="18" month="11" value="1999-11-18" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingDate id="914651E97466651DC9B8C09A3043627B" day="18" month="11" value="1999-11-18" year="1999">18 Nov 1999</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="C7C7C38DEBE753A0083334A10EA22F81">NEAMB</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="677E318CC30473E42EC888E56D26E78D" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="582C9ABB359F9C9B434234DD7382B60F" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Non-type specimens:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AFDDF27AF0F92690DA224DD41F5F79EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892016" collectingDate="1981-02-03" collectionCode="MCNG" collectorName="D. Taphorn, C. Lilyestron, S. Reid" country="Venezuela" latitude="7.577778" location="Rio Apure, Modulo Fernando Corrales UNELLEZ, dique Noreste" longitude="-69.544444" specimenCode="MCNG 45346" stateProvince="Apure">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0084E21650F0BE007160528FF765CABF">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B22EBE8B81C7CE73F445B16DFA1F163">Apure</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCode id="758AC5175FB77344A24C21BF0C3A992C">
|
||
<collectionCode id="1FB2FB223C66024B9F2C9A694F7E3E67">MCNG</collectionCode>
|
||
45346
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, 12, (36.8-43.5 mm SL),
|
||
<location id="759B3A10D4C5AF8E19DF0CE940419F61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D77F393236EA1C2247D13B5384498190:759B3A10D4C5AF8E19DF0CE940419F61" country="Venezuela" name="Rio Apure, Modulo Fernando Corrales UNELLEZ, dique Noreste" stateProvince="Apure">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BACEC85826D5551FB6CCE7ABF58CB4DF" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Apure, Modulo Fernando Corrales UNELLEZ, dique Noreste
|
||
</location>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0C6E0D7EF937D39D9102BF8B54A9F708">07°34’40”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D6D53863353EAB3A328531DD2E78F3C3">69°32’40”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="3BD35A4B26D220B47BAE9DAEA9247B8F" day="03" month="02" value="1981-02-03" year="1981">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B6768B92BF2DD34766A4E933B322E9C4" day="03" month="02" value="1981-02-03" year="1981">3 Feb 1981</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="8969EF1C375FE885D3E2C8717C884D54">D. Taphorn, C. Lilyestron, and S. Reid</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C4EDA973AFBB3335CCD83A1733B876F8" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="F15B209DA900FA18E99C2F8F826031D2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Diagnosis.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB4119A0746B43A2C6AF953A87CE2B86" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
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||
is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a dark spot in the upper caudal-fin lobe and by the large and irregularly shaped humeral spot located above the fifth to ninth perforated scale of the lateral line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BE1588C5F78ECBB6B7D72FEE4D9150C5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A76298361020841250E049BF379A34D" pageNumber="62">Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body short and compressed. Predorsal and preventral profiles nearly equally convex. Greatest depth at dorsal-fin origin. Body profile along anal-fin base nearly straight to slightly convex. Caudal peduncle short, nearly square. Dorsal and ventral profiles of caudal peduncle concave. Head small. Eyes large, corresponding to almost half head length. Maxilla positioned at angle of approximately45 degrees relative to long body axis. Maxilla short; posterior tip extending beyond vertical line crossing at anterior border of eyes.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C5043326AAEFE1D73E823F280FE8CE59" pageNumber="62">Two series of premaxillary teeth. Teeth of outer series tricuspid, smaller than inner series, numbering 3 to 5. Five teeth, pentacuspid, in inner series. One or two maxillary teeth; anterior teeth tricuspidate, and second tooth, when present, smaller and conical. Four or five anterior large, pentacuspid, dentary teeth posteriorly followed by slightly smaller and usually tricuspid teeth, and 4 to 10 much smaller ones, conical (Fig.2).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DACDBF2608610544F4ACCD8E016CFE8E" lastPageNumber="63" pageNumber="62">Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 (n = 58). First unbranched ray about one-half length of second. Dorsal-fin origin at midlength of body. Entire adipose-fin base located above posterior portion of anal-fin base. Anal-fin rays iv, 24-27 ([[mean]] = 25.6, n = 57). Anal-fin origin at or slightly posterior to vertical line through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray. Anteriormost portion of anal fin concave; last unbranched and anterior 4 branched rays gradually decreasing in size; remaining portion of anal-fin rays shorter and with equal lengths giving smooth profile to remaining fin. No hooks observed. Pectoral-fin rays i, 10-13 ([[mean]] = 11.1, n = 57), reaching to or near pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7 (n = 56). Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; longest ray falls short of anal-fin origin. Lower lobe of caudal fin slightly longer than upper lobe. Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete; 29-35 scales ([[mean]] = 31.2, n = 36). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 (n = 58). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4 (5 in one specimen; n = 58). Predorsal scales 8 or 9 ([[mean]] = 8.8, n = 58), arranged in regular series. Scale sheath on anal-fin base consisting of one row of small scales, covering approximately anterior half of anal-fin base. Small and deciduous scales covering approximately half length of dorsal caudal-fin lobe and third proximal length of ventral caudal-fin lobe. Precaudal vertebrae 13 or 14 ([[mean]] = 13.3); caudal vertebrae 19 or 20 ([[mean]] = 19.3); total vertebrae 32-34 ([[mean]] = 32.6) (counts taken in four c&s specimens).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="884DB6339A77F306617A24122EBEC252" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="6FFE58F80A6131CA0F8CDFCB720AF79B" pageNumber="65">Color in alcohol. Eye black with greenish brown pupil. Ground color pale brown, darker in upper half. Border of scales and underlying skin of dorsal half of trunk replete with light brown chromatophores, conferring a very light reticulate pattern to this region. Inner surface of opercle and associated bones covered with dark chromatophores; patch formed by these chromatophores visible externally through opercle and preopercle. Weak, dark brown oblique line of chromatophores on body side above anal-fin base. Dorsal fin weakly pigmented; more pigmented specimens with series of brown chromatophores along both sides of each dorsalfin ray. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins hyaline. A dark spot in the half proximal length of the upper caudal-fin lobe; remaining portions of the upper and all lower caudal-fin lobe scattered pigmented with dark chromatophores, not forming conspicuous spot. Humeral spot highly variable in size and shape; in less pigmented specimens located nearly over sixth scale of second scale row above lateral line; in more pigmented specimens covering fifth to eighth lateral line scales and extending two rows above and one row below lateral line. Wide dark midlateral band along flank from vertical passing through dorsal-fin origin to base of caudal-fin rays.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD87B98CE53948CFCC863C492C8D0C35" pageNumber="65">Sexual dimorphism. No apparent sexual dimorphism was observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="226FBA9CD6A96747F3769178BF891579" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B97469481F69DDA65C4F4EB9678C8475" pageNumber="65">Etymology. From the Greek hysteros-, after or posterior, and stictus, spot; refers to the humeral spot, which is located posteriorly on body side.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9D6EC6B0E48ECDEB5D74282DB7087B91" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="40C0563D34B0B7D58C5C6B2D2D460A9B" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Distribution.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D26D0595DFE6C6122A48AF04A6A6D655" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known from middle portions of the Rio Tocantins in Porto Nacional, Ipueiras, and Lageado (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3DB3434C7F8C01626A0B56D0A338F06E" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Comments.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="913E593F4AE8CEA9FBE899A1A0A3E4EF" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Rio Tocantins, but morphologically similar specimens were found far to the west in the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DAF25FAC95A25CFB8C8705C004674221" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Apure,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C5475DF91504E89923F8B43B53721FE5" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Orinoco drainage, Venezuela. The population from the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="83366E314920F7E191CCA192B4006B7C" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Apure differs from the Rio Tocantins population mainly in the number of branched anal-fin rays (26-29, mean = 27.5 versus 24-27, mean = 25.6) and dentary teeth (13-17, mean = 14 versus 9-15, mean = 12.7), but present much overlapping in the remaining morphometric and meristic traits (Tables 1 and 2). In the lack of comparative material from intermediate regions between the two river basins, we prefer to identify the population from the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D7C0F833A6BAF7345344E0A9F6DBFCC9" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Apure tentatively as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="460559975F13D8CFA0959CDFA4E9BA03" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B6EE8F48E27A9D9A8E3A2067CE0F4EDF" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="216FB5CD7AC0EBE66F6153CB96643C25" pageNumber="66">Discussion</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0259754D9A761927E6646BA6BEC344C7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Questions related to the definition and monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C5AE40BE024B985062B993A5A47D60" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the generic diagnosis proposed by Eigenmann (1903), have been discussed in several papers (Fink, 1979;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DC0BFBD8FB8698DC78E0D5507D4F832B" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1977; 1992; Costa, 1994; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997; Lucena & Lucena, 1999; Lima & Toledo-Piza, 2001; Benine, 2002; Bertaco & Lucinda, 2006), but none has found or proposed a solution for the recognition or diagnosis of a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C056E1209E9F468EC2839314B4669F70" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, some of these papers discussed the likely relationships of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEC5B5CA6CF891C831DF7C18CDBFDC63" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species belonging to other characid genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4625A7B170A7A2990758BE5624915077" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Fink (1979) pointed out the possible relationships of his new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B93B661865709074D518C87E59F62525" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1D6D693E-3CCD-4268-B1B1-7EDBECF083C8" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia phaeonota Fink 1979:2" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeonota">M. phaeonota</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FA74B9025CA9C943E1C071768C81E28" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyphessobrycon Durbin</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More recently, Weitzman & Palmer (1997) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE521B99B4C3074BCB4A77DE9CC3A62B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C4D0DE5-34A1-46DB-87B4-FABDC58D5EF6" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pittieri Eigenmann 1920:10" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pittieri">M. pittieri Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F47BA8FDC1B5255283AB0852EA0BA5EF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB3A5CC2-1BC3-43CB-9D41-3EA0E2998828" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia hemigrammoides Géry 1965:109" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemigrammoides">
|
||
M. hemigrammoides
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3A51F9CDC2CC9A0334AEF47761FAAADE" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be more closely related to the proposed “rosy tetras clade”, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E24BE290367DB8A977F9ACCC24C221C" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eques">Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related species, instead of being closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D262EA64348660BC0787A765B94AD01" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="74C4A77BC39442BD85A2509ECC0ED40E" pageNumber="66">
|
||
As a distinct example, Costa (1994) proposed the recognition of a monophyletic group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09959554DEB2C7F3C94B8A014BC29D58" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species based on color pattern characters, including his new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20D588E087F5B721D5AF7DBC86F9CB5D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:77CE0C9D-DEBA-47DB-A451-19A5704F25E0" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pyrophthalma Costa 1994:25" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrophthalma">M. pyrophthalma</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B97C8610501C1DD236B8263F440AC957" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctaefilomenae">M. sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91E3E40DCBA99E8EBECB4D8251788A01" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oligolepis">
|
||
M. oligolepis (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="270452E1780806B9A3B561637964DDC8" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A46DBD17C8C5664E09D653E7754057F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:77CE0C9D-DEBA-47DB-A451-19A5704F25E0" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pyrophthalma Costa 1994:25" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrophthalma">M. pyrophthalma</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not present all characters used by Eigenmann (1903) to define
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AAE3F16EE4429F134A18B5B62D4E8677" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(complete lateral line) and would fit in Eigenmann’s diagnosis for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFDEE4592D915E77014793B695488514" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemigrammus Gill</taxonomicName>
|
||
(incomplete lateral line). Lima & Toledo-Piza (2001) repeated Costa’s procedure, describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF9051BF4CBA3A173310ABA02BEA2AD9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:09ECD49F-2AD5-4142-BFF2-7024FDC6171B" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001:1058" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diktyota">M. diktyota</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1C9607F7E1E40F850640DB7D1A4DCDC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it should be placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E981E20F8562182D2CA14CB65F1847BA" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemigrammus</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to Eigenmann concepts, further discussing its relationships to the group proposed by Costa (1994). Finally, Benine (2002) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9321AC0F3663B762AEFFB79E69DD85FB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D521BF77-0ACD-498A-BBE2-11E3880415E6" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia levidorsa Benine 2002:290" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levidorsa">M. levidorsa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proposing that it is likely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4461BF9165009A5A041CE3BDF68EE5E6" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctaefilomenae">M. sanctaefilomenae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AB4131598B68C607C8FFBDF153213CD" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oligolepis">M. oligolepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="354F143A211072AA859B89BBA4F4ADD0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D5816B02-91BC-4AB9-B3C3-C0DDDAB6C12B" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908:104" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cotinho">M. cotinho Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67BF362467EDBAB868EEAE91BC3A860A" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">
|
||
M. grandisquamis (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C21421909E99519AC078FFFC71FC183F" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Troschel)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the new species could also be described in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BA45BA322B84937CB557DF90587F7F2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:644167B0-D878-402A-B2E7-CCFA0F7A9CC4" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocorymbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnocorymbus Eigenmann 1908:93" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnocorymbus Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the lack of scales along the predorsal region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0D5E786C3809908010CA5720A17E3BF8" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Besides these efforts to hypothesize relationships of new species, we mention the proposal of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="08AD2E15F3F96399FE587012373F2C79" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1977), who divided the genus in three distinct groups, on the basis of body depth and counts of scales:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77FBDDCD780E58F86DDFE3202F91B867" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45BB6763D821307540DBED1AEDB0776C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">M. grandisquamis-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7115C994971C94E7DB1FC5E61A43D48" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9C2CF7D5-1D82-435B-817B-36721B8146E9" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia chrysargyrea leucopomis Fowler 1914:244" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysargyrea">M. chrysargyrea-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8708E9277788E4249C11D71726F183A3" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992) redefined the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF5D04701BF195E5ED690DABEC9A2F54" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
as those species bearing a black or gray spot on the upper caudal lobe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FBDEC1F535C890AE4E732E6523777621" pageNumber="66">
|
||
It seems clear, following the accounts presented above, that monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A564D56E7E19A7A28ECF6F502FE3E9E8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains questionable and that relationships of its included species depends on the relationships of at least two other highly speciose characid genera, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1529FA5F61632B23BBAC3419BB4EE47" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyphessobrycon</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2B758F9AC1F3759BACC8F1D05961DB0" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemigrammus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, this goes beyond the scope of this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="49FB2E9F149D7B50E1DB744ECAAC62F8" pageNumber="66">
|
||
We herein describe our new species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5025678D93B9E63278E0E56DA78CCC52" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
since it better conforms to the current definition of the genus (sensu Eigenmann, 1917).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AB0E62214D8D71553007A23CD905CC7" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, does not fit in any of the groups proposed by Costa (1994), Lima & Toledo-Piza (2001), and Benine (2002), lacking, among the few characters discussed by these authors, the dense reticulate pattern found in body scales and a caudal spot preceded by a light area. Although some specimens have a large humeral spot, resembling those species of the “rosy tetra clade” (Weitzman & Palmer, 1997),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4FB9B7FCCFB5319EB9C373629776117" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens do not have the complex color pattern, with black and red color marks, characteristic of the species of this clade, as well as any clearly discernible sexual dimorphism that is observable in the rosy tetras, such as the larger dorsal fin of males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC42C19184EA31E4B4803FD5D85B0D1D" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The presence of a black mark in the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B39F0D00831AD21821EA50E07FF6696" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
allows it to be compared to other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="223066B995FBF7DFC2DE487EBF6BC268" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among the groups defined by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="78CF11F070B5C2F46E8807364CDD595A" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1977), the new species would fit in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06693920E990D350DABDA1CC5616B93F" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandisquamis">M. grandisquamis-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
by possessing 5 scales above, and 3-4 below the lateral line and a deep body (body depth less than 2.66 in SL; dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin 2.1-2.6 in SL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DD9D18A84CD0F3CE17F16A8C7F01793" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but none of the species of this group have caudal marks similar to that described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A01DA4A13E6A79806DD6385224ECA92" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C7D25150E28342088A9FE31CDD5D6DBB" lastPageNumber="67" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CAEC9709534B49139316BC14E52F76D0" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992) redefined the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59D555C38980C73CDDF8161468A24041" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the presence of black or gray marks in the upper caudal-fin lobe, but clearly stated that this did not imply any phylogenetic relationship.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2EBA41BFFC797207A4510A1578A2CE12" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992) also considered that this caudal mark could be used as a recognition signal among protective associations between these species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89D346FC11E6C9F99E8A82E534B9D231" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other characids such as some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="624DF9B01BF07489558282DC81F6B545" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F671EBA4-6B52-4E45-8635-8AF9E575E4CB" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Bryconops Kner 1858:80" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconops Kner</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2D05E7B582835062DBB83C5892AA8E5" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
fits into
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AE975F48CC4E296DD99FE5FF79740855" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
’s (1992) definition of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC1A81E91DE8303A1FD3A3CF4C288CA6" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite that the monophyly of this group has not been tested. We were unable, however, to identify any closely related member of this group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D251B562C1AD9C2922A0BDE387011956" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="55854AE91FCC9AE89575161139AD265C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be readily distinguished from the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50B86F9A89F9F3C58D75AD42B3B00CAE" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a larger humeral spot, irregularly shaped and located more posteriorly along body side (above 6th to 9th lateral line scales). Representatives of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08A4BBE0205B0348DA1D7995AF91BA37" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidura">M. lepidura-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a smaller humeral spot, located closer to the opercle than that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A544AD90024A18C3130049B7F0649240" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F0221BD67DA9ADEC7946A6C8EA47F55" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Three other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC642336814498087E11034A71637B93" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described from the Tocantins-Araguaia drainage:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD60A2C4391DA7EA6E6C5FB4B0CB1473" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:77CE0C9D-DEBA-47DB-A451-19A5704F25E0" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pyrophthalma Costa 1994:25" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrophthalma">M. pyrophthalma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1137EE16366742C6265E98F7DEF5AF01" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2B8EBC6D-3559-4D2E-97C7-CB41578511AD" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia tergimacula de Lucena & de Lucena 1999:232" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tergimacula">M. tergimacula Lucena & Lucena</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53EBFA5BBB6CF3CD837F56A874169191" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:44E642B2-3E43-4F0C-AD6B-27B45C78F565" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pankilopteryx Bertaco & Lucinda 2006" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pankilopteryx">M. pankilopteryx Bertaco & Lucinda</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ten species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5046D7A03E750B68B07D9A36DAFCF7DC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in the Rio Orinoco basin and three of them -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C377E1CFD953B6751260CAA6DADFB69E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C4D0DE5-34A1-46DB-87B4-FABDC58D5EF6" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia pittieri Eigenmann 1920:10" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pittieri">M. pittieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F3F8473ECBF9F7A52E2758D5B8D339C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4438F752-39CE-4CA4-9835-222F4244C675" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia eigenmanni Géry 1964:30" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eigenmanni">M. eigenmanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7BAA62294847EC7F4DE7A39C0DFB724" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B639EA79-DB99-4B70-9AB7-D841938B899F" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia miangi Steindachner 1915:43 [29]" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miangi">M. miangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
- were originally described from this drainage. Nonetheless, these species, both from Tocantins-Araguaia and Orinoco drainages, clearly differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9AF10A5C98A3E931FD294115A8B5C05" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking its characteristic humeral spot and upper caudal-fin lobe mark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="06846AD14EAC98088F767926A54922F0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The intrageneric phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92B89910C5644E42D46301F75A43EE56" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57E11E2F-4328-4234-9DC1-1808B3E8A72C" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Moenkhausia Eigenmann 1903:145" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are not known. Although the lack of phylogenetic information precludes unambiguous assertions, some tentative biogeographical remarks on the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23FC99A4874E6C4852D40F7189E86BB9" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
are outlined below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6BD3319A217C2AF3AC7424183F032F6D" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BD8FF738E9F63CC8247E56C673487D1" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">Moenkhausia hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits Venezuelan coastal drainages and the Brazilian Rio Tocantins drainage. The lack of records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5083C87E8D02B5DDBBA5FA7FFDB3CCF7" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
between the Venezuelan coastal drainages and the Brazilian Rio Tocantins drainage may due to the lack of sampling in this extensive area. Several taxa are distributed in the drainages along the north coast of South America east of the Andes from the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AF9615EFAD5EC177BF42FCBFB56E31C9" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Orinoco System to the Rio Tocantins drainage, including cyprinodontiforms, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A710769AF77C1FEB4B556FF49F755B96" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9F6361FA-B562-4F3B-B452-7A1DF5AFDE06" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Fluviphylax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Fluviphylax Whitley 1965:25" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fluviphylax Whitley</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9B9FA7241AEFC37D9CCF6728ABC451F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D8CB4C16-3050-47CB-BFFF-5A9C98DF6C9E" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Micropoecilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Micropoecilia Hubbs 1926:73" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micropoecilia Hubbs</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0644BCB4982071A6BD9836811A37320D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:50F9C892-D973-4B59-B00E-DD73E34C2D3C" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Tomeurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann 1909:53" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Poeciliidae) (Lucinda & Reis, 2005), and characiforms, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F60091C450F21568660625F5CE3FB7E4" family="Curimatidae" genus="Curimata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyprinoides">Curimata cyprinoides (Linnaeus)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Curimatidae) (Vari, 1989),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40232DC7AA33501C7534B1007E552167" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:178768A9-38F5-4C6F-8DEE-DE3B2EB5377C" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboexodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Roeboexodon geryi Myers 1960:209" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geryi">Roeboexodon geryi Myers</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EA358E70EA46C48969AF12F0031B16B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FD332D2B-0EEA-419C-851F-372AF035B4E9" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel 1844:91" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
||
Exodon paradoxus
|
||
<normalizedToken id="51A7064F5E5C7ED0429B69A4F92C8A25" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Troschel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Characidae) (Lucena & Lucinda, 2004). This region has been proposed as an area of endemism for the Neotropical freshwater fishes by Lucinda & Reis (2005: 51), and the distribution pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E8A62DFD8328E59DC3BFD8216FA3DEC" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hysterosticta">M. hysterosticta</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to corroborate this hypothesis. However a complete comprehension of such a pattern of distribution is far from known. The proposition of a consistent hypothesis of historical biogeographical relationships among these areas depends on further taxonomic and phylogenetic studies concerning several subsets of the Neotropical ichthyofauna, which will demand much effort from fish systematists.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |