375 lines
31 KiB
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375 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.999.53130" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4c2ed66-477c-4416-9942-dd8111a2eb22" ID-PMC="PMC7723882" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-999-109" ID-Pensoft-UUID="833665678A4F5EEF87330B7783687C86" ID-PubMed="33343214" ID-ZooBank="B8D6EF7CBFED4758A1EBA58F1711BD30" ModsDocID="1313-2970-999-109" checkinTime="1607107203662" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Prandi, Massimo, Grossi, Paschoal C. & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z." docDate="2020" docId="7E9F975D329C540CB14DE1DF01FA5457" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 999: 109-145" docOrigin="ZooKeys 999" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.999.53130" docTitle="Megasoma (Megasoma) typhon subsp. typhon ssp. typhon (Olivier 1789" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="833665678A4F5EEF87330B7783687C86" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="833665678A4F5EEF87330B7783687C86" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Megasoma (Megasoma) gyas (Jablonsky in Herbst, 1785) species group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1668169988366" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Megasoma (Megasoma) gyas (Jablonsky in Herbst, 1785) species group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prandi, Massimo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Via Del Seminario 16, I- 25087, Salo, BS, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-3589</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">prandi.m@libero.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grossi, Paschoal C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Agronomia / Fitossanidade, Laboratorio de Taxonomia de Insetos, Programa de Pos-graduacao em Entomologia Agricola-PPGEA, 52171 - 900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociencias, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Colecao Entomologica, 78060 - 900, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>999</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>109</mods:start>
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<mods:end>145</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.999.53130</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.999.53130</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-999-109</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B8D6EF7CBFED4758A1EBA58F1711BD30</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">833665678A4F5EEF87330B7783687C86</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="170678098" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E9F975D329C540CB14DE1DF01FA5457" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E9F975D329C540CB14DE1DF01FA5457" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName LSID="7E9F975D-329C-540C-B14D-E1DF01FA5457" authority="ssp. typhon (Olivier, 1789)" authorityName="ssp. typhon (Olivier" authorityYear="1789" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megasoma (Megasoma) typhon subsp. typhon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subGenus="Megasoma" subSpecies="typhon">Megasoma (Megasoma) typhon ssp. typhon (Olivier, 1789)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 15. Megasoma typhon typhon ♂ from Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara A dorsal habitus B cephalic horn lateral view C original label D lateral habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481439" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figures 15A-D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 17. M. typhon typhon ♀ from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga A dorsal habitus B single head's tubercle C pronotum with carina." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481442" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">, 17A-C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Scarabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scarabaeus typhon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhon">Scarabaeus typhon</taxonomicName>
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Olivier, 1789: 12.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Scarabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scarabaeus entellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="entellus">Scarabaeus entellus</taxonomicName>
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Olivier, 1792, syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Scarabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scarabaeus monoceros" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monoceros">Scarabaeus monoceros</taxonomicName>
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Weber, 1801, syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nagai" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megasoma gyas subsp. porioni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gyas" subSpecies="porioni">Megasoma gyas porioni</taxonomicName>
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Nagai, 2003, syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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The holotype, i.e., the specimen illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Olivier, GA" journalOrPublisher="Baudouin, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33604275" refId="B30" refString="Olivier, GA, 1789. Entomologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec leurs characters generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonyme et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Vol. I. Baudouin, Paris, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33604275" title="Entomologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec leurs characters generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonyme et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Vol. I." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33604275" year="1789">Olivier (1789</bibRefCitation>
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: Tav. XVI fig. 252; reproduced in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 5 - 7. 5 G-A Olivier 1789. " Entomologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes ", Tav. XVI fig. 252. Scarabaeus typhon 6 G-A Olivier 1789. " Entomologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes ", Tav. XXVIII fig 247. Scarabaeus laniger 7 G-A Olivier 1792. " Journal d'Histoire Naturelle ", no. 8. Scarabaeus entellus" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figures5-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481432" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">5</figureCitation>
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) is probably lost (Kobayashi, pers. comm., 2019). The designation of a neotype does not seem necessary since the species is well characterized and a search for the type in historical collections is still ongoing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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As explained above, the classical
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“long-horned”">"long-horned"</normalizedToken>
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beetle up to now called
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<taxonomicName authority="gyas" lsidName="M. gyas subsp. gyas" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="gyas" subSpecies="gyas">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. gyas gyas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is actually a distinct species,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. typhon" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="typhon">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. typhon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Olivier, 1789). It occurs through the Mata
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
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biome along the coastal areas of the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The biome Mata
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
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(Atlantic Rain Forest) occupies an area equivalent to 622,000 sq. miles, i.e., 13% of Brazilian territory, and consists mainly of forests that run along the coastline from the State of Rio Grande do Norte to the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Due to its high human population density, it is one of the most deforested areas of Brazil. Only 7% of its original vegetation remains, scattered over hundreds of mostly small fragments. The Mata
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
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presents a diversified group of forest ecosystems and a variety of floristic structures connected to specific different climatic conditions, all of them enjoying the humid winds that blow from the ocean (
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<bibRefCitation author="Coutinho, LM" journalOrPublisher="Oficina de Textos, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" refId="B11" refString="Coutinho, LM, 2016. Biomas Brasileiros. Oficina de Textos, Sao Paulo" title="Biomas Brasileiros." year="2016">Coutinho 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). We have no records of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. typhon" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="typhon">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. typhon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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state, being
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo state (
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<bibRefCitation author="Antunes, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Instituto Florestal Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="129 - 135" refId="B3" refString="Antunes, AZ, Rapp de Eston, M, Rodrigues dos Santos, AM, 2007. O Escaravellho Megasoma gyas (Herbst, 1775), Especie Ameacada de Extincao, No Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, Sete Barras - SP. Revista do Instituto Florestal Sao Paulo 19: 129 - 135" title="O Escaravellho Megasoma gyas (Herbst, 1775), Especie Ameacada de Extincao, No Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, Sete Barras - SP." volume="19" year="2007">Antunes et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Luzzi, JR" journalOrPublisher="Entomotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="60 - 63" refId="B25" refString="Luzzi, JR, Tagliatti, TT, Barbosa, BC, 2016. Ocorrencia de Megasoma gyas gyas (Herbst, 1785) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) em perimetro urbano. Entomotropica 31: 60 - 63" title="Ocorrencia de Megasoma gyas gyas (Herbst, 1785) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) em perimetro urbano." volume="31" year="2016">Luzzi et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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) the southernmost record. This species shows an interesting variability in the shape of cephalic and thoracic horns, mainly in the flat or thin section of the former and in the tips of the latter. This variability however is found all over the distribution range of the species and therefore is an individual variability without a geographical meaning. Based on this new interpretation,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. gyas subsp. porioni" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="gyas" subSpecies="porioni">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. gyas porioni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Nagai is a synonym of
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<taxonomicName authority="typhon" lsidName="M. typhon subsp. typhon" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subSpecies="typhon">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. typhon typhon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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More than 100 specimens (major ♂ 80%, minor ♂ 10%, ♀ 10%) from the following Brazilian states:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Bahia</emphasis>
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, Jaguaquara, IV 1992 from coll. T. Porion (3 ♂ 3 ♀, MPC), same locality, IV 1997 (1 ♂, KKC); IV 1997 (1 ♂, LMC); IV 1993 "Holotype
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nagai" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megasoma gyas subsp. porioni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gyas" subSpecies="porioni">Megasoma gyas porioni</taxonomicName>
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Shinji Nagai, 2003. Collection of S. Hisamatsu. (Brazil) Bahia, near Jaguaquara, ca. 800 m in alt., from T. Porion" (1 ♂, EUMJ); Paratypes, same data (1 ♂, 1 ♀, EUMJ); Amargosa, 20 XI 1988 (3 ♂, MPC), V 1989 (1 ♀, MPC), 20 XI 1988 (1 ♀, MPC); Salobrinho, 2000 (1 ♂, MPC),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
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, Salobrinho, light, Atlantic forest, 14 VII 2016 (1 ♂, 2 ♀, MPC); Arataca, III 2013 (4 ♂, MPC);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
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, Faz.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Aliança">Alianca</normalizedToken>
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28 I 2017, leg. Souza (2 ♀, MPC) II 2013, same locality, II2019 (6 ♂, MPC), Bahia, XII 2002 Ceplac (1 ♂, EPCG); Porto Seguro, VIII 1970 (2 ♂, EPCG);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Olivença">Olivenca</normalizedToken>
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, VI 2003 leg. R. Koike (2 ♂, EPGC); Una, VIII 2003 (1 ♂, EPCG);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Itamajú">Itamaju</normalizedToken>
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, 100 m. II 2006 (3 ♀, MPC); Itabuna, II 2013 (3 ♂, MPC), Bahia, Fazenda de Cacau 10 XII 2010 (1 ♂, MPC);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Itacaré">Itacare</normalizedToken>
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, III 2012 (1 ♂, MPC);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jequié">Jequie</normalizedToken>
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, no data (1 ♂, EPCG):
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo
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</emphasis>
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, Ubatuba VI 2013 (1 ♂, MPC);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Province”">"Province"</normalizedToken>
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of SP, no further data (2 ♂, MPC);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Rio de Janeiro</emphasis>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
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, I 2002 leg. Izabel (1 ♂, 1 ♀, EPCG); Rio das Ostras, VI 2011 leg. Igor (2 ♂, EPCG); Guapimirim, II 1980 leg. H.R. Pearson (1 ♂, EPCG);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Xerém">Xerem</normalizedToken>
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, VI 1999, 18.VII.1992 (2 ♂, MPC), same locality, VI 2001 (1 ♀, MPC); Nova
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Iguaçu">Iguacu</normalizedToken>
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, Res. Bio
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tinguá">Tingua</normalizedToken>
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VI 2009 leg. J.R. Mermudes (2 ♂, CEMT);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Espirito Santo</emphasis>
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, Linhares II 1966 (1 ♂, MPC);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Minas Gerais</emphasis>
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, Ipatinga, V 1987 leg. E.& P. Grossi (3 ♂, EPCG), same locality, V 2010, III 2016 (2 ♂, MPC), IV 1985 (3 ♂, LMC), V 1987 (1 ♂, LMC); V 2001, III 2016 (2 ♀, MPC), V 1995 leg. E.J. Grossi (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CEMT); Vale do Rio Doce, IV 1990 (1 ♀, MPC); Cataguases, VI 1995 leg. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello (1 ♂, CEMT).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Male (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 15. Megasoma typhon typhon ♂ from Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara A dorsal habitus B cephalic horn lateral view C original label D lateral habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481439" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">15</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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The description below is based on a specimen from Bahia state, Jaguaquara locality, that closely resembles the specimen illustrated by Olivier. Other specimens from different localities are shown to illustrate the morphological variability constantly found all over the distributional range of the species (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 16. Megasoma typhon typhon gallery from different localities A Brazil, Bahia, Salobrinho B Brazil, Sao Paulo Province C Brazil, Bahia, Arataca D Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga E Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara F Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Teresopolis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481440" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">16A-F</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Size</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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L: 79 mm; TL: 108 mm; PL: 23 mm; PW: 37 mm; EL: 54 mm; EW: 49 mm; CL: 38 mm; PH: 10.5 mm.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">General appearance</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Uniformly ebony brown covered by a yellowish short, fine, uniform, pilosity; head, including horn, consistently black except for the basal part near pronotum with sparse bristles. Tips of thoracic horns glossy black.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Head.</emphasis>
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Cephalic horn long, projecting forwards and slightly curved upwards. In dorsal view, wider base, decreasing for a length of 6 mm and then gradually widening to a median flattener zone with a maximal width of 5.5 mm, then decreasing again for 13 mm, and finally gradually broadened towards forked apex. Apex always V-shaped, with divergent tips (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 15. Megasoma typhon typhon ♂ from Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara A dorsal habitus B cephalic horn lateral view C original label D lateral habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481439" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">15A</figureCitation>
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). This feature occurs always in minor, medium, and major males, with median or longer horns. Sometimes the tips of the cephalic horn, in dorsal view, are slightly bent backwards, mostly in medium or small specimens. The distance between the tips is 8.5 mm. The sides are bordered with a weak rim easily detectable, from base to mid-length. The dorsal side at the base bears the relief of a distinct tooth, with a maximal height of 3.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481439" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figure 15" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="typhon" authorityName="ssp. typhon (Olivier" authorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megasoma typhon subsp. typhon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subSpecies="typhon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Megasoma typhon typhon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ from Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
|
||
cephalic horn lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
|
||
original label
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">D</emphasis>
|
||
lateral habitus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Whole surface is covered by uniform, fine, dense, yellowish pubescence. Anterior angles projecting as elongate, sharp, divergent horns, distinctly bent outwards, basal width ca. 9.5 mm, length from base 10.5 mm, distance between apices of anterior horns 37 mm. Median thoracic horn longer than laterals, length 17 mm, straight, dorsal side with a glossy black line, ventral side of median horn with abundant fine pubescence. PL/TH ratio 2.190.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Covered by very fine, uniformly dense, yellowish pubescence except along sutural edge and lateral margins; EL/EW ratio 1.102. Sutural edge with glossy black stripe; three or four ridges almost equally spaced on each elytron, covered by pubescence. Elytra in lateral view bulging but gradually flattened towards the apex. L/EL ratio 1.462, showing an elongate feature of the body.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Laterally covered with very fine, short, reddish brown pilosity, medially glabrous only in a small area of each sternite.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Fore tibia slightly rounded inwards, inner edge strongly dilated at apex, FL 26 mm. Anterior edge of protibia V-shaped. Lateral edge with three strong teeth, decreasing in length from basal to apical teeth, but basal tooth longer than subapical; basal tooth more distant from subapical tooth than the latter from apical. Basal and subapical teeth large, thick, sharp, triangular, pointing rearwards; apical tooth very reduced, pointing forwards. Inner apical spur strongly curved ventrally, distinctly longer than the apical tooth. TF 29 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Aedeagus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Overall appearance of the parameres more massive than in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. gyas" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="gyas">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. gyas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subrectangular, not narrow, as showed in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 31. Frontal view of aedeagi A aedeagus of M. gyas from Brazil, Pernambuco, Custodia B aedeagus M. gyas from Brazil, Sergipe C aedeagus of M. typhon typhon from Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara D aedeagus of M. typhon typhon from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga E, F aedeagi of M. hyperion sp. nov. from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Aguas Vermelhas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481456" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">31C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
. Anterior phallobase also bigger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481440" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figure 16" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="typhon" authorityName="ssp. typhon (Olivier" authorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megasoma typhon subsp. typhon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subSpecies="typhon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Megasoma typhon typhon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gallery from different localities
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil, Bahia, Salobrinho
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Paulo Province
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil, Bahia, Arataca
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">D</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">E</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil, Bahia, Jaguaquara
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">F</emphasis>
|
||
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Variation, males.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
As usual, the development of cephalic and thoracic horns is allometric, but in medium and small specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="typhon" lsidName="M. typhon subsp. typhon" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subSpecies="typhon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. typhon typhon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with shorter cephalic horn, thoracic horns remain well developed. The tooth on the dorsal side of the cephalic horn is always present, in major, medium, and small specimens. Minor males in lateral view, often show a rounder feature of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">L: 57-85 mm; TL: 65-119 mm; PL: 17-24 mm; PW: 29-40 mm; EL: 41-57 mm; EW: 35-50 mm; CL: 13-38 mm; FL: 19-26 mm; TF: 22-30 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Female (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 17. M. typhon typhon ♀ from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga A dorsal habitus B single head's tubercle C pronotum with carina." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481442" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">17</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Size</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
L: 73 mm; PL: 20 mm; PW: 32 mm; EL: 49 mm; EW: 41 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">General appearance</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Uniformly black; elytra covered with yellow-brownish dense pilosity for 4/5 of the total surface.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Head</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Middle of fronto-clypeal suture with single tubercle.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dull, coarsely punctate-rugose, strongly convex; posterior median carina 12 mm long, more than
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
total length. Anterior angles projecting, obtuse, with blunt tip.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Punctate-rugose glossy black on dorsal, anterior area, extending for 10 mm, almost 1/5 of the EL; sculpture finer towards pubescent surface. Pubescent surface consistently covered, with clearly visible longitudinal ridges, three or four ridges for each elytron, not equally spaced. Sutural line and epipleura glabrous, glossy black, with very fine punctation.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Finely punctate, covered by short, brown-yellowish pilosity except for median central portion on sternites III-V.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Fore tibiae shorter than in males, shorter than tarsi, 17 mm long, fairly arcuate, with three lateral strong teeth. Basal and subapical teeth equal in length; apical tooth smaller. Inner side with slight dilatation at apex. Inner spur curved ventrally almost equal in length as apical tooth. Lateral and inner apical teeth smaller than in males. TF length 22 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481442" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figure 17" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="typhon" lsidName="M. typhon subsp. typhon" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="typhon" subSpecies="typhon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">M. typhon typhon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀ from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Ipatinga
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
|
||
single
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="head’s">head's</normalizedToken>
|
||
tubercle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
|
||
pronotum with carina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">L: 47-78 mm; PL: 12-21 mm; PW; 20-34 mm; EL; 29-50 mm; EW: 26-44 mm; FL: 11-19 mm; TF: 16-24 mm; HL: 5-11 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.999.53130.figures18-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481443" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figures 18, 19" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figures 18, 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">18</emphasis>
|
||
View of Mata
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
|
||
biome, native trail,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itacaré">Itacare</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Bahia. (photograph L. Migliorati).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">19</emphasis>
|
||
Trail into Mata
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlântica">Atlantica</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Serra do Mar, Santa Catarina (photograph M. Prandi).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |