193 lines
23 KiB
XML
193 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" ID-PMC="PMC4109472" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-421-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" ID-PubMed="25061381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578387" ID-ZooBank="4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304" ModsDocID="1313-2970-421-91" checkinTime="1451245675936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian & Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2014" docId="F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 421: 91-113" docOrigin="ZooKeys 421" docPubDate="2014-06-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" docTitle="Raphia frater subsp. frater Grote" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1668158807944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K. W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum, 218 Earth Sciences Building, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T 6 G 2 E 9</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>421</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>113</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-421-91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578387</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182234972" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="11" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F204BD13-9909-5777-B565-1DA05CEF8EB4" authority="frater Grote" authorityName="Grote" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphia frater subsp. frater" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">Raphia frater frater Grote</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="11" pageNumber="102">Figs 1f</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="11" pageNumber="102">, 1g</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Raphia frater subspecies (circles) relative to range of Populus larval host plants (coloured shading) in eastern North America. Black circles - subsp. frater; white circles - subsp. abrupta; grey circles - subsp. piazzi; half-circles represent transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens. Blue shading - combined ranges of Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata; yellow shading - Populus deltoides; range overlap depicted in green. Populus ranges adapted from USGS (2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30256" pageId="11" pageNumber="102">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Raphia frater subspecies (circles) relative to range of Populus species (coloured shading) in western North America. Half-circles represent transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens. Ranges for Populus trichocarpa + Populus balsamifera and Populus angustifolia + Populus deltoides are combined, with both Populus balsamifera and Populus deltoides occuring in Alberta - Montana (upper right). Populus ranges adapted from USGS (2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30257" pageId="11" pageNumber="102">, 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">Raphia frater</taxonomicName>
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Grote, 1864
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Saligena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="personata">Saligena personata</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1865
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="11" pageNumber="102" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="102">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="103" start="start">Raphia</pageBreakToken>
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frater
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Grote, 1864 - # 7675 [ANSP]. Type locality: Middle States [eastern USA]; here restricted to Mount Pocono, Monroe Co., Pennsylvania.
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<bibRefCitation author="Grote, AR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="108" pagination="433 - 441" refId="B15" refString="Grote, AR, 1864. Descriptions of North American Lepidoptera - no. 2. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 2: 433 - 441" title="Descriptions of North American Lepidoptera - no. 2." volume="2" year="1864">Grote (1864)</bibRefCitation>
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simply stated the type locality as "Middle States," and no additional information is available on the holotype label data. We interpret this as referring to the region south of the New England States, and north of the southern States. Given the complex variation of North American
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it is advisable to restrict the type locality. As
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Grote’s">Grote's</normalizedToken>
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material likely originated from the eastern United States, we restrict the Type locality to Mount Pocono, Monroe Co., Pennsylvania, from which we examined typical
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abrupta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia abrupta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are the oldest available names for this species, and were published simultaneously. As first revisers, we designate
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">frater</emphasis>
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as the senior name (ICZN, Article 24.2.2). Syn.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Saligena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="personata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Saligena personata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1865 - [BMNH]. Type locality: United States.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis and description">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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The nominal subspecies of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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typically has an even, powdery, dark grey forewing ground colour with all of the markings complete, consisting of the antemedial and postmedial band, and the orbicular, reniform and usually the claviform stigmas. Average forewing length is 16.3 mm (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
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= 9) in males, 18.6 mm in females (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
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= 9). The male hindwing is white with little or no dusting of black scales in the subterminal area, and with a pronounced, diffusely-edged black patch in the anal angle, this often with an adjacent black line formed by the terminus of the postmedial band; females usually have some fuscous scales on the hindwing, especially on a slight postmedial band. This subspecies generally lacks the form with contrastingly darker medio-anal and costal black patches that is prevalent in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Putnam-Cramer" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="coloradensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater coloradensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but it does occur rarely even in Atlantic Canada (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1g</figureCitation>
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). The yellowish-ochre forewing scales typical of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Putnam-Cramer" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="coloradensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater coloradensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are absent.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="abrupta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater abrupta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs in having a more angulate and linear antemedial band, a paler grey and less powdery-appearing forewing, duskier hindwing, and smaller size. As discussed in the section on
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, geographically intermediate populations are extremely variable with respect to these traits, and are considered to be transitional between subspecies
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">frater</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">coloradensis</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">abrupta</emphasis>
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, the only two subspecies abutting the range of
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="biology and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Biology and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is primarily a boreal taxon, especially common in aspen (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tremuloides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Populus tremuloides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="grandidentata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Populus grandidentata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) dominated forests and the Aspen Parkland ecoregion of the Prairie Provinces. In the East, it extends south of the Great Lakes region into Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, but apparently not southward into the southern Appalachians, which are essentially devoid of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huebner" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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records. The transition zone between
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="abrupta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater abrupta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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extends from Maryland westward roughly along the Ohio River Valley to east-central Missouri, then northwestward through the northern Great Plains. The southeastern range edge of
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is virtually identical to that of both trembling and bigtooth aspens (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Raphia frater subspecies (circles) relative to range of Populus larval host plants (coloured shading) in eastern North America. Black circles - subsp. frater; white circles - subsp. abrupta; grey circles - subsp. piazzi; half-circles represent transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens. Blue shading - combined ranges of Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata; yellow shading - Populus deltoides; range overlap depicted in green. Populus ranges adapted from USGS (2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30256" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
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). In the West,
|
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs south along mid-elevation mountain ranges of the Pacific Northwest into Washington, and southward along the Rocky Mountains. Specimens from high elevations in Colorado (Gilpin Co., 9500') and New Mexico (Sangre de Cristo Mtns., 7900') are of the typical
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">frater</emphasis>
|
||
phenotype, the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">coloradensis</emphasis>
|
||
phenotypes occurring at lower elevations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |