737 lines
89 KiB
XML
737 lines
89 KiB
XML
<document id="BC3B5C616F86F7DD6A80304ADB51B21E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.188158" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c2416f9c-8e07-4c45-91f1-26965f7a07f5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="188158" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461084836833" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Loader, Simon P., Measey, John, De, Rafael O. & Malonza, Patrick K." docDate="2009" docId="CC7787E3FFA33E6CFF10FA37887FA45E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02123p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2123" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Callulina dawida Loader, Measey, De & Malonza, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="304EFF9BFFA13E66FF87FFB08B27A717" masterDocTitle="A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698587912097" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="526C6C61F78CD0621BFE4F4F8700526E">A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0B17AFF0A482221D30250A604576F224" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FE3C6E1006C60D91C46751DAABB7BEEC">Loader, Simon P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D9F4767EA8BE41E787331DAC2C8ED91">Measey, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="38C2831CA9E8A685CAE544148E78D2CC">De, Rafael O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C6FD029E89A504CBA30B62AD0802B92D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B732C67F72613A543984519FE7A1E05E">Malonza, Patrick K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="24C245245FEDD99AF6A463A6CB432BE7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="473B77E2FF30DAE8E717F899880BC0D6">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="D55B4D129CE932F64C34B4AF9578D020" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.188158</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CC7787E3FFA33E6CFF10FA37887FA45E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6220007" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119618565" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6220007" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC7787E3FFA33E6CFF10FA37887FA45E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC7787E3FFA33E6CFF10FA37887FA45E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA33E64FF10FA378A11A2D3" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="446136F5FFA33E64FF10FA378AECA2B6" blockId="2.[151,459,1415,1476]" box="[151,459,1415,1441]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="1F298199FFA33E64FF10FA378AECA2B6" bold="true" box="[151,459,1415,1441]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA33E64FF10FA378AECA2B6" bold="true" box="[151,459,1415,1441]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA33E64FF10FA378A41A2B6" ID-CoL="5X7CB" box="[151,358,1415,1441]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA33E64FF10FA378A41A2B6" bold="true" box="[151,358,1415,1441]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="6D99579CFFA33E64FEE9FA378AECA2B6" box="[366,459,1415,1441]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="446136F5FFA33E64FF10FA1A8A11A2D3" blockId="2.[151,459,1415,1476]" box="[151,310,1450,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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(
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<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA33E64FF18FA1A8A0AA2D3" box="[159,301,1450,1476]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3. a" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1856,1880]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,256,1245,1269]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,361,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,622,1220]" captionTargetBox-2="[360,1200,228,1917]" captionTargetBox-3="[166,1416,213,1033]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,313,1831]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,622,1220]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[359,1200,197,1918]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1054]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the holotype of Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535), Abbreviations, uro = Urostyle, sa = Sacrum, att = ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il = ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535). Abbreviations, omo = Omosternum, clav = Clavicle, cor = Coracoid, procor = Procorocoid, ster = Sternum." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Ventral close up of hands (1 mm scale) (a) Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267) (b) C. kreffti (2000.196) (c) C. kisiwamsitu (BM 2002.45)." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Callulina dawida in life." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/188160/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/188162/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/188163/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Figures 2–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA33E65FF10FA478F78A7E8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="446136F5FFA33E64FF10FA478FE6A12F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1527,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA33E64FF10FA478A33A106" bold="true" box="[151,276,1527,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<typeStatus id="9B658857FFA33E64FF10FA478A28A106" box="[151,271,1527,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FE93FA488A7DA105" box="[276,346,1528,1554]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h6fg-emd8" name="National Museums of Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">NMK</collectionCode>
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A/4267 (Field No. JM01239), adult male, collected by J. Mwandoe & T. Mwakio, on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FAF9FA488A73A12F" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="2004-12-16">16 December 2004</date>
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, in Kiangungu forest patch near Iyale forest, 37M 426787, UTM 9623928.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="446136F5FFA33E64FF41F9F58E34A050" blockId="2.[151,1436,1527,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA33E64FF41F9F58A6CA148" bold="true" box="[198,331,1605,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<typeStatus id="9B658857FFA33E64FF41F9F58A61A148" box="[198,326,1605,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FECCF9F58AB7A148" box="[331,400,1605,1631]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h6fg-emd8" name="National Museums of Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">NMK</collectionCode>
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A 3913 (MW03197) collected by G. J. Measey on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FC70F9F58FACA148" box="[1015,1163,1605,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="2002-05-07">7 May 2002</date>
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, in Ngangao forest), A 3534/3 (NK091), A 3534/2 (NK090), and A 3534/1 (NK089) collected by R. Odhiambo on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB41F9DC8EB0A191" box="[1222,1431,1644,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1998-02-10">10 February 1998</date>
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, in Ngangao forest, A 1499/1 collected by H. J. Beentje and J. Lorubun on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB86F9228FB9A1BB" box="[1025,1182,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1985-05-10">
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10 May
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<quantity id="83269B10FFA33E64FBE4F9228FB9A1BB" box="[1123,1182,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0419" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1985.0">1985</quantity>
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</date>
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in Ngangao forest, A 3703 (
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FF66F9098A04A1C4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13208" box="[225,291,1721,1747]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13208" name="Hebei Agrotechnical Teachers College" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">CHA</collectionCode>
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2) collected by P. K. Malonza, V. Muchai and R. Mwakondi on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB8DF9098FE1A1C4" box="[1034,1222,1721,1747]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1999-12">December 1999</date>
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, in Chawia forest, A 4266 (JM01235) collected by B. A. Bwong and G. J. Measey on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FC43F9508F8AA1ED" box="[964,1197,1760,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="2004-12-16">16 December 2004</date>
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, in Fururu forest, A 4268/2 (JM01632) and A 4268/1 (JM01628) collected by G. J. Measey and J. Mwandoe
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB27F8B68E58A037" box="[1184,1407,1798,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="2004-12-28">
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28 December
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<quantity id="83269B10FFA33E64FAC3F8B68E58A037" box="[1348,1407,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.090159999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="2004.0">2004</quantity>
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</date>
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in Ngangao forest, A 3535 (NK592) collected by R. Odhiambo on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FC0FF89D8F19A050" box="[904,1086,1837,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1998-03-22">22 March 1998</date>
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, in Chawia forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="446136F5FFA33E65FF42F8E48F78A7E8" blockId="2.[151,1436,1527,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,255]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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All the following specimens were collected by P. M. Odongo:
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FC1EF8E488D6A079" box="[921,1009,1876,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">BMNH</collectionCode>
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2005.1574 (formerly
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FB75F8E48E10A079" box="[1266,1335,1876,1902]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h6fg-emd8" name="National Museums of Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">NMK</collectionCode>
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A 3647/ 4- FNK998) and
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FEE6F8CA8A9EA083" box="[353,441,1914,1940]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">BMNH</collectionCode>
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2005.1575 (formerly
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<collectionCode id="22CFAE30FFA33E64FD3BF8CA8826A083" box="[700,769,1914,1940]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h6fg-emd8" name="National Museums of Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">NMK</collectionCode>
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A 3647/3 – FNK1206) collected between
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB71F8CA8EBBA083" box="[1270,1436,1914,1940]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1998-06-04" valueMax="1998-06-08" valueMin="1998-06-04">
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4-8 June
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<quantity id="83269B10FFA33E64FAE6F8CA8EBBA083" box="[1377,1436,1914,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07492" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1998.0">1998</quantity>
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</date>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="3CC97665FFA33E64FF31F8118A21A0AC" box="[182,262,1953,1979]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, Taita-Taveta district, Taita Hills, Ndiwenyi forest, A 3613/2 (FNK906) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FB71F8118EB0A0AC" box="[1270,1431,1953,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1998-05-29">29 May 1998</date>
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, in Fururu forest, A 3647/5 (FNK956) and A3647/6 (FNK 1205) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA33E64FBA4F8788F96A0F5" box="[1059,1201,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" value="1998-06-04">
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4 June
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<quantity id="83269B10FFA33E64FBF1F8788F96A0F5" box="[1142,1201,1992,2018]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07492" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1998.0">1998</quantity>
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</date>
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in Ndiwenyi forest, A 3613/1 (FNK817) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA23E65FDB6FF2889F1A7A5" box="[561,726,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" value="1998-05-21">21 May 1998</date>
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, in Fururu forest, A3647/1 (FNK106) and A 3647/2 (FNK 1207) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA23E65FE09FF0E890FA7CF" box="[398,552,190,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" value="1998-06-08">
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8 June
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||
<quantity id="83269B10FFA23E65FE6EFF0E890FA7CF" box="[489,552,190,216]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07492" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" unit="in" value="1998.0">1998</quantity>
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</date>
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in Ndiwenyi forest, A 3619 (FNK826) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA23E65FB4EFF0E8E51A7CF" box="[1225,1398,190,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" value="1998-05-25">25 May 1998</date>
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, in Ndiwenyi forest, and A 3617(FNK957) collected on
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<date id="30601035FFA23E65FC84FF5588B4A7E8" box="[771,915,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" value="1998-06-01">1 June 1998</date>
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, in Fururu forest.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA23E65FF10F8F08F93A040" box="[151,1204,1856,1880]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[151,1436,361,1805]" targetPageId="3">
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||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA23E65FF10F8F08F93A040" blockId="3.[151,1204,1856,1880]" box="[151,1204,1856,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FF10F8F08A3EA04F" bold="true" box="[151,281,1856,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FCC2F8F188D9A04F" box="[837,1022,1857,1880]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FCC2F8F188D9A04F" box="[837,1022,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(NMK A/4267).
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA23E62FF41F835882DA186" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA23E62FF41F8358F81A523" blockId="3.[151,1437,1925,2029]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,564]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FF41F8358A18A088" bold="true" box="[198,319,1925,1951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. The new species is assigned to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FCD5F83688E6A088" box="[850,961,1926,1951]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FCD5F83688E6A088" box="[850,961,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the following characteristics: Truncated or expanded terminal phalanges (simple in
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FCD3F81D8E7AA0D1" box="[852,1373,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Spelaeophyrne,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FBA3F81D8FF6A0D1" box="[1060,1233,1965,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FB58F81D8E7AA0D1" box="[1247,1373,1965,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FF10F8638A6FA0FB" box="[151,328,2003,2028]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FF10F8638A6FA0FB" box="[151,328,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); single posterior denticulated row in the palate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA23E65FC5FF8638F68A0FB" box="[984,1103,2003,2028]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA23E65FC5FF8638F68A0FB" box="[984,1103,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(two denticulated rows in
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF10FF288A11A7A6" box="[151,310,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Probrevicpes</emphasis>
|
||
, and a glandular mass in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FDF7FF2889C1A7A6" box="[624,742,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FDF7FF2889C1A7A6" box="[624,742,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); choanae present (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FBC9FF288FDEA7A6" box="[1102,1273,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FBC9FF288FDEA7A6" box="[1102,1273,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); moderately sized wedge shaped lobes on the mentomeckelian elements, posteroventrally directed (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FB75FF0F8EB3A7CF" box="[1266,1428,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FB75FF0F8EB3A7CF" box="[1266,1428,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF10FF558AD6A7E9" box="[151,497,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FF10FF558A18A7E9" box="[151,319,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Balebreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FEF8FF558AD6A7E9" box="[383,497,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
variously reduced and enlarged,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA53E62FCFDFF558F88A7E8" author="Largen" box="[890,1199,229,255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Largen, M. J. and Drewes, R. C. (1989) A new genus and species of brevicipitine frog (Amphibia Anura Microhylidae) from high altitude in the mountains of Ethiopia. Tropical Zoology 2, 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1989">Largen and Drewes, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); cultriform process of the parasphenoid with broad based but narrow alary processes, tapering laterally (cultriform process of the parasphenoids in known brevicipitids show wide diversity,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA53E62FCD3FE828FADA65B" author="Largen" box="[852,1162,306,332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Largen, M. J. and Drewes, R. C. (1989) A new genus and species of brevicipitine frog (Amphibia Anura Microhylidae) from high altitude in the mountains of Ethiopia. Tropical Zoology 2, 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1989">Largen and Drewes, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); nasals almost meet at midline (broadly separated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD8FFEE98958A665" box="[520,639,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD8FFEE98958A665" box="[520,639,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD3BFEE9884FA665" box="[700,872,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD3BFEE9884FA665" box="[700,872,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); clavicle well-developed and straight though slightly curved anteriorly at the point of contact of the coracoid and scapulae (clavicle straight in
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FAA6FE308A19A6D7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FAA6FE308EB0A68E" box="[1313,1431,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FF10FE178A1EA6D7" box="[151,313,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FEFDFE17890AA6D7" box="[378,557,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FEFDFE17890AA6D7" box="[378,557,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Spelaeophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA53E62FDFEFE1689D7A6D7" box="[633,752,422,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a" captionStartId="4.[151,256,1245,1269]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,622,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,622,1220]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535), Abbreviations, uro = Urostyle, sa = Sacrum, att = ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il = ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535). Abbreviations, omo = Omosternum, clav = Clavicle, cor = Coracoid, procor = Procorocoid, ster = Sternum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
); omosternum large (rudimentary or small in
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FA99FE178A15A6F1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FA99FE178EB0A6D7" box="[1310,1431,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FF10FE7D8A15A6F1" box="[151,306,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and moderate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD8DFE7D8997A6F1" box="[522,688,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD8DFE7D8997A6F1" box="[522,688,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA53E62FD47FE7D8813A6F0" box="[704,820,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a" captionStartId="4.[151,256,1245,1269]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,622,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,622,1220]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535), Abbreviations, uro = Urostyle, sa = Sacrum, att = ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il = ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535). Abbreviations, omo = Omosternum, clav = Clavicle, cor = Coracoid, procor = Procorocoid, ster = Sternum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
); tympanum present and usually well-differentiated (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FE93FE448A9CA51A" box="[276,443,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FE93FE448A9CA51A" box="[276,443,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FE71FE448814A51A" box="[502,819,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FE71FE448814A51A" box="[502,819,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Probreviceps uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (fused in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD92FDAA899DA524" box="[533,698,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD92FDAA899DA524" box="[533,698,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Balebreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD4EFDAA881BA524" box="[713,828,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD4EFDAA881BA524" box="[713,828,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FCFCFDAA8F32A524" box="[891,1045,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FCFCFDAA8F32A524" box="[891,1045,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA53E62FBA3FDAA8FA0A523" box="[1060,1159,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a" captionStartId="4.[151,256,1245,1269]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,622,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,622,1220]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535), Abbreviations, uro = Urostyle, sa = Sacrum, att = ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il = ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535). Abbreviations, omo = Omosternum, clav = Clavicle, cor = Coracoid, procor = Procorocoid, ster = Sternum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA53E62FF10FB6D8F20A22D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[151,1435,622,1220]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA53E62FF10FB6D8F20A22D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1245,1338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF10FB6D8A3BA3E2" bold="true" box="[151,284,1245,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
a) Urostyle elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FDACFB6E89CFA3E2" box="[555,744,1246,1269]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FDACFB6E89CFA3E2" box="[555,744,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A3535), Abbreviations, uro= Urostyle, sa= Sacrum, att= ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il= ilium. b) Pectoral elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FCEDFAB08F16A200" box="[874,1073,1280,1303]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FCEDFAB08F16A200" box="[874,1073,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A3535). Abbreviations, omo= Omosternum, clav= Clavicle, cor= Coracoid, procor= Procorocoid, ster= Sternum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA53E62FF42FAD9882DA186" blockId="4.[151,1437,1384,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FF42FAD98AB3A295" box="[197,404,1385,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF42FAD98AB3A295" box="[197,404,1385,1410]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a slightly smaller, robust shaped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FCC6FAD98896A295" box="[833,945,1385,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FCC6FAD98896A295" box="[833,945,1385,1410]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is morphologically distinct from the two other species in this genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FDABFA3F89BCA2BF" box="[556,667,1423,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FDABFA3F89BCA2BF" box="[556,667,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD5EFA3F88B6A2BF" box="[729,913,1423,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD5EFA3F88B6A2BF" box="[729,913,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The new species is distinguished by the following characters: truncate finger tips, rounded at edges, and only slightly expanded (if at all) beyond the width of the subarticular tubercle (finger tips expanded beyond the width of subarticular tubercle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FA07FA6C8A05A10B" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FA07FA6C8EB4A2E2" box="[1408,1427,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF10F9B38A05A10B" box="[151,290,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FEDBF9B38AE3A10B" box="[348,452,1539,1564]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FEDBF9B38AE3A10B" box="[348,452,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA53E62FD86F9B38940A10A" box="[513,615,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[360,1200,228,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[359,1200,197,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral close up of hands (1 mm scale) (a) Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267) (b) C. kreffti (2000.196) (c) C. kisiwamsitu (BM 2002.45)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188162/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); terminal phalanges Y-shaped but not expanded beyond the width of the base of phalange.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FE1EF99A89BBA154" box="[409,668,1578,1603]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FE1EF99A89BBA154" box="[409,668,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD51F99A8819A154" box="[726,830,1578,1603]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD51F99A8819A154" box="[726,830,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have terminal phalanges expanded distally beyond the width of the base of the phalange,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FDD1F9E1899AA17D" box="[598,701,1617,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FDD1F9E1899AA17D" box="[598,701,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has T-shaped terminal phalanges and some individuals exhibit an intermediate ‘T’ and ‘Y’ shape (e.g. CAS162505).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA53E62FF41F92D898BA0FA" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA53E62FF41F92D898BA0FA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1384,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF41F92D8AC9A1A0" bold="true" box="[198,494,1693,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Remarks on diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Tubercles on the hands and feet were treated as diagnostic for species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FF10F9748A2BA1CA" box="[151,268,1732,1757]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FF10F9748A2BA1CA" box="[151,268,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA53E62FEC4F9748922A1C9" box="[323,517,1732,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="de Sa, R. O., Loader S. P. and Channing, A. (2004) A new species of Callulina (Anura: Microhylidae) from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Herpetology 38 (2), 219 - 222." type="journal article">
|
||
Sá
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FEEDF9748A86A1CA" box="[362,417,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD31F974884AA1CA" box="[694,877,1732,1757]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD31F974884AA1CA" box="[694,877,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“there is no contact between inner and outer metatarsal”, however an examination of additional specimens indicates that this character is more variable than previously considered. Because inner, mid and outer tubercles seem to be quite variable in their size and position, and definition they cannot consistently discriminate between these species. Given that tubercles can also be desiccated, they can be difficult to discern precisely. We suggest that this character needs to be further examined, among and within populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FD33F8368802A088" box="[692,805,1926,1951]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FD33F8368802A088" box="[692,805,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to determine its systematic utility in the genus. The new species shows the inner and outer tubercles separated on the hand by a mid palmar tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA53E62FAACF81C8EB4A0D1" box="[1323,1427,1964,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[360,1200,228,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[359,1200,197,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral close up of hands (1 mm scale) (a) Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267) (b) C. kreffti (2000.196) (c) C. kisiwamsitu (BM 2002.45)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188162/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) that is also present in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA53E62FE5EF863896FA0FB" box="[473,584,2003,2028]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA53E62FE5EF863896FA0FB" box="[473,584,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA43E63FF10F82E8A9CA0CE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188162/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[360,1200,228,1917]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA43E63FF10F82E8A9CA0CE" blockId="5.[151,1436,1950,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA43E63FF10F82E8A3EA0A1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1950,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral close up of hands (1mm scale) (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA43E63FD60F82E8886A0A2" box="[743,929,1950,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA43E63FD60F82E8886A0A2" box="[743,929,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NMK A/4267) (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA43E63FBFAF82E8FFCA0A2" box="[1149,1243,1950,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA43E63FBFAF82E8FFCA0A2" box="[1149,1243,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2000.196) (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA43E63FA03F82E8A32A0CE" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA43E63FA03F82E8A32A0CE" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">C. kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BM 2002.45).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA73E60FF10FB858900A35A" box="[151,551,1077,1101]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188163/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[166,1416,213,1033]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA73E60FF10FB858900A35A" blockId="6.[151,551,1077,1101]" box="[151,551,1077,1101]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FF10FB858A3EA35A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1077,1101]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA73E60FEA7FB868AFEA35A" box="[288,473,1078,1101]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FEA7FB868AFEA35A" box="[288,473,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA73E61FF41FBCF8847A1AB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA73E60FF41FBCF8FA2A06F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1151,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FF41FBCF8905A38E" bold="true" box="[198,546,1151,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9B658857FFA73E60FE37FBCF8905A38E" box="[432,546,1151,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Body stout, head wider than longer. Snout truncate in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA73E60FAC9FBCF8B8EA3D7" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,361,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,313,1831]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the holotype of Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188160/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), snout tip extending anteriorly beyond the jaws. Snout tip flattened not pointed at apex, with slightly rounded edges. Lower jaw has small warts, concentrated on chin and lateral sides near to tympanum, less dense on upper jaw. Tongue rounded. Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region sloping slightly concavely. Nostrils rounded, directed laterally, nearer to the tip of snout than the eye. Interorbital space flat, larger than width of eyelid. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum distinct and ovoid, transversely smaller than longitudinally. Tympanum defined by smooth, light coloured skin with warts around edge of the disc. Tympanic ridge is prominent, marked by a darker brown colouration, starts at posterior corner of eye to the arm insertion. Warts on dorsal surface of head and eyelids small, rounded. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of body granular, with rounded, shallow warts; lateral warts slightly larger. Forelimbs slender, covered with small warts that are larger and more densely concentrated at the arm joint than on ventral surfaces.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3CC97665FFA73E60FBE5F9B28FB9A10B" box="[1122,1182,1538,1564]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs stout and also covered with small warts, which are larger and concentrated at the leg joint. Digits of hands moderately long, relatively slender. Tip of digits truncate, slightly rounded at the edges, but not expanded beyond the width of the first subarticular tubercle. First, second, and fourth fingers of similar length, first being the shortest, third finger longest. Toes are truncate with slightly rounded edges, first smallest in length, followed by second, third, and fifth, with fourth toe being the longest. An evident fold of skin defines the dorsal junction between the penultimate and ultimate phalanges in hands and feet, marked as a narrow white coloured band. No webbing present on either hands or feet. Subarticular tubercles are distinct and rounded. Palmar tubercles are distinct and well-separated, inner and outer metatarsal tubercles distinct, not contacting each other and separated by a medial tubercle, inner one larger. Vent is ventro-posteriorly positioned.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA73E60FF41F8348FD9A0D2" blockId="6.[151,1437,1151,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FF41F8348A5AA089" bold="true" box="[198,381,1924,1950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. SUL = 29.6; TL = 10.4; ED = 3.0; TD = 1.6; ETD = 1.4; ND = 1.9; NED =2.5; JW = 8.9; LF3 = 3.8; LT4 = 5.2, TSL = 6.8; HL = 8.9; NLD =1.4; WDF3 = 0.9; WDTF3 = 0.9; IOD = 4.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA73E61FF41F8618F50A65B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1151,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FF41F8618A66A0FC" bold="true" box="[198,321,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The tympanum is usually distinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA73E60FCA1F86288DEA0FC" box="[806,1017,2002,2027]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA73E60FCA1F86288DEA0FC" box="[806,1017,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in a small number of specimens (NMK A3534/3, A3534/1, A 3534/2, A 4268/1), the tympanum poorly demarcated. In this case, the tympanum was distinguished either by smoother skin or by dissection of the tympanic region to verify the presence of the tympanum. Variation in the size, shape and presence/absence of the tympanum is a character often utilized in brevicipitine systematics (e.g. Parker, 1931; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA63E61FC1DFEBC8F62A631" author="Sa" box="[922,1093,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="de Sa, R. O., Loader S. P. and Channing, A. (2004) A new species of Callulina (Anura: Microhylidae) from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Herpetology 38 (2), 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Sá
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FC46FEBC88D9A632" box="[961,1022,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA63E61FBD5FEBC8E13A631" author="Loader" box="[1106,1332,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Loader, S. P., Channing, A., Menegon, M. and Davenport, T. (2006) A new species of Probreviceps from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Zootaxa 1237, 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Loader
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FB28FEBC8FCBA632" box="[1199,1260,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though caution is needed because the granular skin of brevicipitids can obscure its presence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E61FF42FEE98BF1A54C" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
The width of the distal phalange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FD02FEE98878A665" box="[645,863,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FD02FEE98878A665" box="[645,863,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is less expanded than other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FB43FEE98E1EA665" box="[1220,1337,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FB43FEE98E1EA665" box="[1220,1337,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species currently recognized, with the truncate end being almost always equal to the width at the first subarticular tubercle. However, in some specimens the finger-tips are slightly more expanded than the width of the tubercle (BMNH 2005.1574, A4268, and NMK A3647/1), but never reaching the degree of expansion found in either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FE86FE448A4EA51A" box="[257,361,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FE86FE448A4EA51A" box="[257,361,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FE15FE44891EA51A" box="[402,569,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FE15FE44891EA51A" box="[402,569,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The size and condition of hand and foot tubercles vary slightly between specimens, with some being slightly desiccated, such as specimen NMK A3534/3 where tubercles are less clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E61FF41FDD78EBAA47D" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF41FDD78AE6A596" bold="true" box="[198,449,615,641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
|
||
There is some size morphological difference between the sexes, mean SVL males = 27.1 (n = 9: 21.2—31.3) whereas mean SVL females = 29.1) (n = 9: 24.1—38.3). Three specimens were immature and not sexed or analysed. Females are larger than males, though not significantly (t-test, p = 0.5962). The position and size of the tympanum between male and females differ. Males have a significantly larger tympanum, e.g. tympanum-snout urostyle (t-test => 0.001); and the position of the eye to the tympanum (t-test => 0.001) is also greater in males. Besides these differences, we did not identify any other significant differences in body proportions. Males often appear lighter or more brightly coloured than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E61FF41FCC68A58A277" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF41FCC68A42A487" bold="true" box="[198,357,886,912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
In life, the dorsal colour is quite variable, ranging from shades of light yellow through orange, brown to dark brown. In darker individuals, the flanks, hind- and fore quarters are usually lighter, sometimes with the tubercles having white tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA63E61FC97FC7488A5A4C9" box="[784,898,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a" captionStartId="4.[151,256,1245,1269]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,622,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,622,1220]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535), Abbreviations, uro = Urostyle, sa = Sacrum, att = ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il = ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A 3535). Abbreviations, omo = Omosternum, clav = Clavicle, cor = Coracoid, procor = Procorocoid, ster = Sternum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188161/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral surface of body is pale and occasionally spotted. In preservative, the dorsal surface is dark tan brown with lighter patches towards the lateral sides of mid-body and head. A distinct, broad, and posteriorly directed light brown interorbital band emanates from both eyelids, meeting at centre of cranium. Almost continuous with the interorbital patterning, a light brown dorsolateral stripe continues from the eyelid along the sides to the hind limb insertion. The brown dorsolateral stripe darkens slightly posteriorly. Limbs are lighter in colour to dark brown dorsum, with their ventral side a light brown beige colour. The underside of the chin has distinctive brown markings. Dark brown colouration encroaches on the middle of throat region, resembling two triangles with the apex of each point meeting at the centre of the throat. The patterning varied between specimens, perhaps influenced by preservation, with some specimens showing a strong interorbital band and dorso-lateral stripe, and others with less clear markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E61FF41FADD8847A1AB" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF41FADD8AE6A290" bold="true" box="[198,449,1389,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Advertisement Call.</emphasis>
|
||
We made a detailed temporal analysis of 1.5 minutes of calling from a single male recorded on
|
||
<date id="30601035FFA63E61FEADFA248928A2B9" box="[298,527,1428,1454]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" value="2008-09-15">
|
||
15 September
|
||
<quantity id="83269B10FFA63E61FE53FA248928A2B9" box="[468,527,1428,1454]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.10032" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" unit="in" value="2008.0">2008</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in Wundanyi forest. This period comprised 10 calls, each call being made up of a mean of 7 "chirps" (range 5 to 9; std dev 1.15) with a mean duration of 0.06 seconds (range 0.05 to 0.07; std dev 0.007), and a mean interval of 0.17 seconds between chirps (range 0.14 to 0.28; std dev 0.03), three such chirps are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA63E61FE43F9B8892BA135" box="[452,524,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,973,997]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,310,944]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,310,949]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sonogram of Callulina dawida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188164/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
. The interval between calls had a mean of 7.21 seconds (range 0.75 to 15.11, std dev 4.82). Peak dominant frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FD26F99F8854A15F" box="[673,883,1583,1608]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FD26F99F8854A15F" box="[673,883,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is at 1.6 KHz, with a notable harmonic at 3.2 KHz. The call and harmonic fall below 3.5 KHz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA63E61FD63F9E5886CA178" box="[740,843,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,973,997]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,310,944]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,310,949]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sonogram of Callulina dawida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188164/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FC4CF9E58F5EA179" box="[971,1145,1621,1646]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FC4CF9E58F5EA179" box="[971,1145,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is always below 2 KHz, and peak dominant frequency in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FD98F9CC89AEA182" box="[543,649,1660,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FD98F9CC89AEA182" box="[543,649,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is always above 2 KHz but below 3 KHz (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="204F4B04FFA63E61FB28F9CC8E7DA181" author="Sa" box="[1199,1370,1660,1686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="de Sa, R. O., Loader S. P. and Channing, A. (2004) A new species of Callulina (Anura: Microhylidae) from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Herpetology 38 (2), 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Sá
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FB52F9CC8E2DA182" box="[1237,1290,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The call can best be described as a fast repeated "brrr brrr brrr...".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA63E6EFF41F9788944A6F0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E61FF41F9788973A069" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF41F9788A74A1F5" bold="true" box="[198,339,1736,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FDB8F97989B2A1F5" box="[575,661,1737,1762]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FDB8F97989B2A1F5" box="[575,661,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a noun in apposition. It is derived from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FB1DF9798FDFA1F4" box="[1178,1272,1737,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">Dawida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the language spoken by the inhabitants of Taita Hills where this species is found. The local Ki-dawida name king’ombe refers to the similarity in the movement of the animal to that of a cow (Ng’ombe = Ki-swahili for Cow). The common name Taita Warty Frog is given to reflect the restricted distribution of this species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FA8BF88D8E4EA040" box="[1292,1385,1853,1879]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">Dawida</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Mbololo blocks of Taita Hills,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3CC97665FFA63E61FD87F8D48977A069" box="[512,592,1892,1918]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA63E6EFF41F83A8944A6F0" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,487]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF41F83A892AA0B3" bold="true" box="[198,525,1930,1956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Morphometrics Analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
We conducted a morphometric analysis on 101
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FB1EF83B8E2FA0B3" box="[1177,1288,1931,1956]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FB1EF83B8E2FA0B3" box="[1177,1288,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FF10F8018A72A0DD" box="[151,341,1969,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FF10F8018A72A0DD" box="[151,341,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callulina kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(57 individuals),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FDADF80189FEA0DD" box="[554,729,1969,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FDADF80189FEA0DD" box="[554,729,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. kisiwamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(23 individuals), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA63E61FC66F8018F7BA0DD" box="[993,1116,1969,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA63E61FC66F8018F7BA0DD" box="[993,1116,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(21 individuals). Using an ANOVA analysis, we tested three sets (each species) for all measures including ratios using snout-urostyle length, to see if there were any statistically significant differences. Statistical significance was shown in the following characters: snout-urostyle length ratios, distal phalange width (p = ≥ 0.001), infraorbital distance (p = ≥ 0.001), and jaw width (p = ≥ 0.001) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="095C034EFFA93E6EFD12FF5589D5A7E8" box="[661,754,229,255]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,240,538,562]" captionText="TABLE 1. ANOVA analysis on select morphological characters in Callulina. See text for abbreviations. Group 1 — C. kreffti, Group 2 — C. kiswamsitu, and Group 3 — C. dawida." pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The degree of digital expansion is identified as a key diagnostic feature for discriminating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFDCDFEBC899FA632" box="[586,696,268,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFDCDFEBC899FA632" box="[586,696,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Furthermore, the robust shape of the head is shown to be statistically different in the new species from other species, as indicated by the significant larger jaw width (
|
||
<tableCitation id="095C034EFFA93E6EFF19FEE98BD0A664" box="[158,247,345,371]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,240,538,562]" captionText="TABLE 1. ANOVA analysis on select morphological characters in Callulina. See text for abbreviations. Group 1 — C. kreffti, Group 2 — C. kiswamsitu, and Group 3 — C. dawida." pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The infraorbital distance is also shown to be significantly different between species. The size of the tympanum is largest in the new species, although not statistically significant. All other morphological characters examined were not shown to be statistically significant, reflecting the generally similar shape and morphology of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFE6AFE7D897CA6F1" box="[493,603,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFE6AFE7D897CA6F1" box="[493,603,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA93E6EFF10FDAA8829A543" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6EFF10FDAA8829A543" blockId="8.[151,1436,538,860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFF10FDAA8A2CA525" bold="true" box="[151,267,538,562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
ANOVA analysis on select morphological characters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFCF6FDAA88F1A526" box="[881,982,538,561]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFCF6FDAA88F1A526" box="[881,982,538,561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See text for abbreviations. Group 1 —
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFA04FDAA8BFAA543" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFA04FDAA8BFEA543" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">C. kreffti</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Group 2—
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFED2FD8D8AD5A543" box="[341,498,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFED2FD8D8AC9A543" box="[341,494,573,596]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiswamsitu">C. kiswamsitu</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and Group 3—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFD1FFD8D882EA543" box="[664,777,573,596]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">C. dawida</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFA93E6CFEBFFDC08FEEA7CF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6EFEBFFDC08921A590" blockId="8.[151,1436,538,860]" box="[312,518,624,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">SUL/JAW WIDTH</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6EFF18FD2A8854A44B" blockId="8.[151,1436,538,860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Group N Mean Min Max Variance St. dev 1 57 0.264 0.228 0.359 0.000490 0.022144 2 23 0.252 0.223 0.278 0.000228 0.015089 3 21 0.322 0.274 0.392 0.000928 0.030458 ANOVA Current effect (group): F (2, 40)= 76.223, p= 0.00000</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6EFEBFFC2A8854A390" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<table id="36DEC455FFA9C199FF18FC2A8E57A390" box="[159,1392,922,1159]" gridcols="5" gridrows="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowsContinueIn="8.[159,1392,1221,1457]">
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FC2A8E57A4A6" box="[159,1392,922,945]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFC2A885CA4A6" box="[312,891,922,945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">SUL/DISTAL PHLANGE WIDTH</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FC758E57A4CB" box="[159,1392,965,988]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FC758BDBA4CB" box="[159,252,965,988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Group</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFC75885CA4CB" box="[312,891,965,988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">N Mean Min</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FC758F3EA4CB" box="[976,1049,965,988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Max</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FC758FF5A4CB" box="[1134,1234,965,988]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Variance</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFC758E57A4CB" box="[1292,1392,965,988]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">St. dev</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FC408E57A310" box="[159,1392,1008,1031]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FC408BDBA310" box="[159,252,1008,1031]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">1</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFC40885CA310" box="[312,891,1008,1031]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">57 0.0454 0.0340</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FC408F3EA310" box="[976,1049,1008,1031]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.0580</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FC408FF5A310" box="[1134,1234,1008,1031]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000036</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFC408E57A310" box="[1292,1392,1008,1031]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.006038</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FBAA8E57A326" box="[159,1392,1050,1073]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FBAA8BDBA326" box="[159,252,1050,1073]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">2</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFBAA885CA326" box="[312,891,1050,1073]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">23 0.0345 0.0314</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FBAA8F3EA326" box="[976,1049,1050,1073]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.0415</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FBAA8FF5A326" box="[1134,1234,1050,1073]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000005</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFBAA8E57A326" box="[1292,1392,1050,1073]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.002340</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FBF58E57A34B" box="[159,1392,1093,1116]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FBF58BDBA34B" box="[159,252,1093,1116]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">3</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFBF5885CA34B" box="[312,891,1093,1116]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">21 0.0338 0.0283</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FBF58F3EA34B" box="[976,1049,1093,1116]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.0388</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FBF58FF5A34B" box="[1134,1234,1093,1116]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000009</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFBF58E57A34B" box="[1292,1392,1093,1116]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.002924</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FBC08E57A390" box="[159,1392,1136,1159]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FBC08BDBA390" box="[159,252,1136,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">ANOVA</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFBC0885CA390" box="[312,891,1136,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Current effect (group): F (2, 40)= 76.923, p= 0.00000</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6EFEBFFB758854A2A6" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<table id="36DEC455FFA9C199FF18FB758E57A2A6" box="[159,1392,1221,1457]" gridcols="5" gridrows="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowsContinueFrom="8.[159,1392,922,1159]">
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FB758E57A3CB" box="[159,1392,1221,1244]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFB75885CA3CB" box="[312,891,1221,1244]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">SUL/INTERORBITAL</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FB408E57A210" box="[159,1392,1264,1287]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FB408BDBA210" box="[159,252,1264,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Group</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFB40885CA210" box="[312,891,1264,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">N Mean Min</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FB408F3EA210" box="[976,1049,1264,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Max</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FB408FF5A210" box="[1134,1234,1264,1287]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Variance</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFB408E57A210" box="[1292,1392,1264,1287]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">St. dev</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FAAA8E57A226" box="[159,1392,1306,1329]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FAAA8BDBA226" box="[159,252,1306,1329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">1</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFAAA885CA226" box="[312,891,1306,1329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">57 0.1988 0.1604</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FAAA8F3EA226" box="[976,1049,1306,1329]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.2463</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FAAA8FF5A226" box="[1134,1234,1306,1329]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000306</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFAAA8E57A226" box="[1292,1392,1306,1329]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.017496</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FAF58E57A24B" box="[159,1392,1349,1372]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FAF58BDBA24B" box="[159,252,1349,1372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">2</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFAF5885CA24B" box="[312,891,1349,1372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">23 0.1819 0.1643</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FAF58F3EA24B" box="[976,1049,1349,1372]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.2037</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FAF58FF5A24B" box="[1134,1234,1349,1372]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000088</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFAF58E57A24B" box="[1292,1392,1349,1372]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.009377</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FAC08E57A290" box="[159,1392,1392,1415]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FAC08BDBA290" box="[159,252,1392,1415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">3</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFAC0885CA290" box="[312,891,1392,1415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">21 0.1780 0.1587</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FC57FAC08F3EA290" box="[976,1049,1392,1415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.2157</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FBE9FAC08FF5A290" box="[1134,1234,1392,1415]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.000207</td>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FA8BFAC08E57A290" box="[1292,1392,1392,1415]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">0.014374</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAEE34B7FFA9C199FF18FA2A8E57A2A6" box="[159,1392,1434,1457]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FF18FA2A8BDBA2A6" box="[159,252,1434,1457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">ANOVA</th>
|
||
<td id="B93F5DCBFFA9C199FEBFFA2A885CA2A6" box="[312,891,1434,1457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Current effect (group): F (2, 38)= 25.508, p= 0.00000</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA93E6FFF41FA4B8BD4A7E8" blockId="8.[151,1438,1531,2022]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,255]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFF41FA4B8AC3A102" bold="true" box="[198,484,1531,1557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Phylogenetic Analyses.</emphasis>
|
||
An alignment of sequences was gathered to test two specific hypotheses, 1) that the new species forms a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFDB2F9938983A12B" box="[565,676,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFDB2F9938983A12B" box="[565,676,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and not other brevicipitids, and 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFB1CF9938E40A12B" box="[1179,1383,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFB1CF9938E40A12B" box="[1179,1383,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was sister group to a clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFDAEF9F989CAA175" box="[553,749,1609,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFDAEF9F989CAA175" box="[553,749,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFCADF9F98F19A175" box="[810,1086,1609,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kisiwamisitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFCADF9F98F19A175" box="[810,1086,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina kisiwamisitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. To test these hypotheses an alignment of eleven DNA-sequences were assembled. This resulted in a matrix of 1129 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 725 were constant, 110 variable, and 294 parsimony informative.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFA87F9278EBBA1A7" box="[1280,1436,1687,1712]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Hoplophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFA87F9278EBBA1A7" box="[1280,1436,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Hoplophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFF4DF90D8A57A1C1" box="[202,368,1725,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Phrynomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFF4DF90D8A57A1C1" box="[202,368,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Phrynomantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two microhylids, were used as outgroups. An exhaustive search option using parsimony yielded one best tree (863 steps;
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA93E6EFDB3F95489A8A1E9" box="[564,655,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. a" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1055,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,1051,1802]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. a) Maximum likelihood tree showing branch lengths. (- ln likelihood = 5576.01891). Nucleotide frequencies A = 0.3306 C = 0.2645 G = 0.1413 T = 0.2636, Nst = 6, Rmat = 1.0000 2.2193 1.0000 1.0000 and 4.7793, Rates = gamma, Shape = 0.7896, Pinvar = 0.3855. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support. b) Maximum Parsimony exhaustive tree showing branch lengths. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maximum Likelihood analyses were also conducted (using a heuristic search option using 10 random addition sequence replicates and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3CC97665FFA93E6EFB98F8BA8F7EA033" box="[1055,1113,1802,1828]" name="Tuvalu" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">TBR</collectingCountry>
|
||
swapping method under a GTR + G model as suggested by Modeltest 3.04, Posada and Crandall, 1998). The tree resembles the parsimony tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFA93E6EFEE7F8E88A8DA065" box="[352,426,1880,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. a" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1055,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,1051,1802]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. a) Maximum likelihood tree showing branch lengths. (- ln likelihood = 5576.01891). Nucleotide frequencies A = 0.3306 C = 0.2645 G = 0.1413 T = 0.2636, Nst = 6, Rmat = 1.0000 2.2193 1.0000 1.0000 and 4.7793, Rates = gamma, Shape = 0.7896, Pinvar = 0.3855. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support. b) Maximum Parsimony exhaustive tree showing branch lengths. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
b), only differing in the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFCE5F8E88F30A066" box="[866,1047,1880,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFCE5F8E88F30A066" box="[866,1047,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Spelaeophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– shown to have an ambiguous phylogenetic position in previous analyses (Loader
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFC99F8CF8879A08F" box="[798,862,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004). Support for clades was measured with bootstrap proportions (Felsenstein, 1985, 10,000 pseudoreplicates). In all analyses,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA93E6EFBFFF8158FCFA0A9" box="[1144,1256,1957,1982]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA93E6EFBFFF8158FCFA0A9" box="[1144,1256,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species form a well-supported clade – as demonstrated by high bootstrap values. Within this grouping, the geographically close Usambara species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA83E6FFE32FF28893BA7A6" box="[437,540,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kreffti">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFE32FF28893BA7A6" box="[437,540,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">C. kreffti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA83E6FFDD2FF2889DDA7A6" box="[597,762,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiswamsitu">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFDD2FF2889DDA7A6" box="[597,762,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">C. kiswamsitu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a clade – albeit weakly supported – with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA83E6FFAA4FF288EBBA7A6" box="[1315,1436,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFAA4FF288EBBA7A6" box="[1315,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">C. dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a sister group to this clade. Overall the analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA83E6FFAAAFF0F8EBBA7CF" box="[1325,1436,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFAAAFF0F8EBBA7CF" box="[1325,1436,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA83E6FFF10FC7D8955A4F3" box="[151,626,973,997]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188164/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[152,1435,310,944]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA83E6FFF10FC7D8955A4F3" blockId="9.[151,626,973,997]" box="[151,626,973,997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFF10FC7D8A3DA4F2" bold="true" box="[151,282,973,997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Sonogram of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFA83E6FFE36FC7E894DA4F2" box="[433,618,974,997]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFE36FC7E894DA4F2" box="[433,618,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="10A1667DFFA83E6FFF10F89288DCA0B6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188165/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[151,1435,1055,1801]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA83E6FFF10F89288DCA0B6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1826,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFF10F8928A3EA02D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1826,1850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
a) Maximum likelihood tree showing branch lengths. (-
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFCEAF89288A5A02E" box="[877,898,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">ln</emphasis>
|
||
likelihood = 5576.01891). Nucleotide frequencies A= 0.3306 C= 0.2645 G= 0.1413 T= 0.2636, Nst=6, Rmat= 1.0000 2.2193 1.0000 1.0000 and 4.7793, Rates=gamma, Shape= 0.7896, Pinvar= 0.3855. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support. b) Maximum Parsimony exhaustive tree showing branch lengths. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFA83E6CFF41F8638FEEA7CF" blockId="9.[198,1436,2003,2030]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,841]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFA83E6FFF41F8638AB3A0FA" bold="true" box="[198,404,2003,2029]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
During the day this species can be found buried in deep and wet leaf litter or associated with decomposing logs. At night, individuals are encountered moving through the leaf litter, where males have been seen to call. A minority of specimens were found low down on branches in trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC4657EFFAB3E6CFF41FF55887FA45E" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="446136F5FFAB3E6CFF41FF55887FA45E" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFAB3E6CFF41FF558985A7E8" bold="true" box="[198,674,229,255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Distribution and Conservation Status</emphasis>
|
||
The new species is presently only known from remnant forest patches in the Taita Hills,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3CC97665FFAB3E6CFE5EFEBC890BA631" box="[473,556,268,294]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Specimens were recorded from Mbololo and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFAB3E6CFBE4FEBC8FE6A631" box="[1123,1217,268,294]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">Dawida</taxonomicName>
|
||
blocks (Mbololo, Ngangao, Chawia, Fururu, Vuria, Ndiwenyi, Mwachora and Boma-Wundanyi forests;
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCE52A70FFAB3E6CFB2AFE828E31A65B" box="[1197,1302,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,361,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,313,1831]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the holotype of Callulina dawida (NMK A / 4267)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188160/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on surveys conducted in the Taita Hills, we calculated the spatial distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFAB3E6CFB9BFEE98FCFA665" box="[1052,1256,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFAB3E6CFB9BFEE98FCFA665" box="[1052,1256,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Callulina dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The estimated extent of occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFAB3E6CFE2BFE338903A68B" box="[428,548,387,412]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFAB3E6CFE2BFE338903A68B" box="[428,548,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">C. dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is equal to
|
||
<quantity id="83269B10FFAB3E6CFD2DFE32883DA68B" box="[682,794,386,412]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.682" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="168.2">168.2 km</quantity>
|
||
2 and the estimated area of occupancy is about
|
||
<quantity id="83269B10FFAB3E6CFABCFE328EAAA68B" box="[1339,1421,386,412]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="4.3">4.3 km</quantity>
|
||
2. These are respectively the area included in the polygon (minimum convex hull polygon) obtained by linking the localities where presence of the species was recorded and the area of eight forest fragments in the Taita Hills where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83DE4D76FFAB3E6CFEAEFE478A84A507" box="[297,419,503,528]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawida">
|
||
<emphasis id="76AAEAE7FFAB3E6CFEAEFE478A84A507" box="[297,419,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">C. dawida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur. Based on these spatial estimates we applied the criteria set out by the IUCN for assessing the conservation status of species. The area of occupancy, consisting of eight severely fragmented locations, was estimated to be less than
|
||
<quantity id="83269B10FFAB3E6CFD73FDF7881AA576" box="[756,829,583,609]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
2. In addition, some of the forest fragments in which this species occurs are under severe pressure from an increasing local population who utilise forest products (both cutting sticks and collecting dead wood). Therefore, according to the IUCN criteria, the species conservation status is critically endangered (CR B1a, b (ii, iii)). Positive steps are being made to conserve the indigenous forest of the Taita Hills. Several eucalyptus and pine plantations in the area have been earmarked for conversion back to indigenous forest, and it is hoped that these measures will increase the suitable habitats available for many of the endemic species of the Taita Hills.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |