359 lines
36 KiB
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359 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" ID-PMC="PMC8930920" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e76050" ID-Pensoft-UUID="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" ID-PubMed="35437414" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e76050" checkinTime="1647039089382" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Simon, Andrew D. F., Adamczyk, Emily M., Basman, Antranig, Chu, Jackson W. F., Gartner, Heidi N., Fletcher, Karin, Gibbs, Charles J., Gibbs, Donna M., Gilmore, Scott R., Harbo, Rick M., Harris, Leslie H., Humphrey, Elaine, Lamb, Andy, Lambert, Philip, McDaniel, Neil, Scott, Jessica & Starzomski, Brian M." docDate="2022" docId="CC76F9FF7BAF598290E9F415D4BDE467" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e76050" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" docTitle="P. Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" lastPageNumber="76050" masterDocId="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" masterDocTitle="Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology" masterLastPageNumber="76050" masterPageNumber="76050" pageNumber="76050" updateTime="1668121969866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Simon, Andrew D. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-8974</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">adfsimon@imerss.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Adamczyk, Emily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Basman, Antranig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Chu, Jackson W. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-9446</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gartner, Heidi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fletcher, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Port Orchard 98366, Port Orchard, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Donna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gilmore, Scott R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>7494 Andrea Cres, Lantzville, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbo, Rick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harris, Leslie H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Humphrey, Elaine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lamb, Andy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McDaniel, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>McDaniel Photography, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scott, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ocean Wise, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Starzomski, Brian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>76050</mods:start>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC76F9FF7BAF598290E9F415D4BDE467" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC76F9FF7BAF598290E9F415D4BDE467" lastPageNumber="76050" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName LSID="CC76F9FF-7BAF-5982-90E9-F415D4BDE467" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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[
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">5 classes: 31 orders: 101 families: 151 genera: 214 species</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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'
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<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">Mollusca</taxonomicName>
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' is rooted in the Modern Latin '
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<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">mollusca</taxonomicName>
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', the neuter plural form of 'molluscus', from 'mollis', meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“soft”">"soft"</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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With about 49,000 extant species (
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Cetacean Research and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6696482" refString="Board WoRMS Editorial World Register of Marine Species https://www.marinespecies.org 2021-01-12T00:00:00+02:00" year="2007">WoRMS Editorial Board 2021</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">Mollusca</taxonomicName>
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are the second largest phylum after
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<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="phylum">Arthropoda</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosenberg, Gary" journalOrPublisher="American Malacological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733572" refString="Rosenberg, Gary, 2014. A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent Mollusca *. American Malacological Bulletin 32 (2)" title="A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent Mollusca *" volume="32" year="2014">Rosenberg 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). The phylum comprises seven extant classes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Haszprunar, Gerhard" journalOrPublisher="Ecosphere" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B7630697" refString="Haszprunar, Gerhard, 2001. Mollusca (Molluscs). In: eLS." title="Mollusca (Molluscs)" volumeTitle="eLS." year="2001">Haszprunar 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), five of which are locally represented, including
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Bivalvia</taxonomicName>
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(bivalves),
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<taxonomicName class="Cephalopoda" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Cephalopoda</taxonomicName>
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(cephalopods),
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Gastropoda</taxonomicName>
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(snails and slugs),
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<taxonomicName class="Polyplacophora" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Polyplacophora</taxonomicName>
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(chitons) and
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<taxonomicName class="Scaphopoda" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Scaphopoda</taxonomicName>
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(tusk shells). Over 780 marine species are been identified in British Columbia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bernard, F." journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Research Board of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination=": 261 pp" refId="B6747139" refString="Bernard, F., 1967. Prodrome for a distributional check-list and bibliography of the recent marine mollusca of the west coast of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech Report 2: 261 pp" title="Prodrome for a distributional check-list and bibliography of the recent marine mollusca of the west coast of Canada" volume="Tech Report 2" year="1967">Bernard 1967</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Austin, W. C." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733589" refString="Baldwin A. Chitons of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/ChitonsofBCBaldwin2009.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Baldwin 2009b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="COSEWIC," journalOrPublisher="Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733605" refString="Cosgrove J. Cephalopods (octopuses and squids) of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/OctopusesSquidsofBC.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="2011">Cosgrove 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="McMurrich, J. Playfair" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737868" refString="Millen S. V. Subclass Opisthobranchia in British Columbia. https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/BCOpisthobranchsSandraMillen.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="1921">Millen 2012</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ford, J. K." journalOrPublisher="Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria (BC, Canada)" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733597" refString="Forsyth Robert G. Harbo Rick M. List of bivalve molluscs from British Columbia, Canada https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/Bivalve_List_11Oct2013.pdf" year="2014">Forsyth and Harbo 2013</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, R. N." journalOrPublisher="Festivus" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="294 - 315" refId="B6747109" refString="Clark, R. N., 2020. The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea. Festivus 52 (4): 294 - 315" title="The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea" volume="52" year="2020">Clark 2020</bibRefCitation>
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), 214 of which are reported for Galiano Island.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Mollusc inventories have historically been limited by outdated taxonomy and other challenges, leaving much hidden diversity that remains to be discovered in the region. As with other groups, European species concepts have historically been misapplied to Northeast Pacific taxa among
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<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">Mollusca</taxonomicName>
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. One example is the aeolid nudibranch
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Alder & Hancock" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Gastropoda" family="Cuthonidae" genus="Cuthona" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuthona pustulata" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pustulata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Cuthona pustulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Alder & Hancock, 1854), originally described from the Northeast Atlantic in 1854. Specimens collected under this name from Porlier Pass off Galiano Island by Sandra Millen in 1982 (RBCM 983-00026-001) have since been described as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Korshunova, Fletcher, Lundin, Picton & Martynov" authorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Trinchesiidae" genus="Zelentia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelentia nepunicea" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nepunicea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Zelentia nepunicea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Korshunova, Fletcher, Lundin, Picton & Martynov, 2018 (pimpled aeolid, Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F6746968" captionText="Figure 10. Zelentia nepunicea (pimpled aeolid) - Photograph by Karin Fletcher." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/509403" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">10</figureCitation>
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), based on genetic sequencing results (
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<bibRefCitation author="Korshunova, T." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="297 - 321" refId="B6746835" refString="Korshunova, T., Fletcher, K., Lundin, K., Picton, B., Martynov, A., 2018. The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae). Zootaxa 4482 (2): 297 - 321" title="The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae)" volume="4482" year="2018">Korshunova et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). Other novel nudibranch species have also been circumscribed in part based on specimens collected from local waters. One species complex, which was reported as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="MacFarland" authorityYear="1966" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Cadlinidae" genus="Cadlina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cadlina luteomarginata" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="luteomarginata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Cadlina luteomarginata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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MacFarland, 1966 (yellow-rimmed nudibranch) for over 50 years, has since been split into four different species, including
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. klasmalmbergi" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" rank="species" species="klasmalmbergi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">C. klasmalmbergi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Klas' yellow-rimmed nudibranch), first collected from Baines Bay on Galiano Island (
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<bibRefCitation author="Korshunova, T." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="762 - 827" refId="B6746845" refString="Korshunova, T., Fletcher, K., Picton, B., Lundin, K., Kashio, S., Sanamyan, N., Sanamyan, K., Padula, V., Schroedl, M., Martynov, A., 2020. The Emperor's Cadlina, hidden diversity and gill cavity evolution: new insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (3): 762 - 827" title="The Emperor's Cadlina, hidden diversity and gill cavity evolution: new insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" volume="189" year="2020">Korshunova et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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While many nudibranch species revealed through genetic methods can be determined based on morphology, other cryptic taxa often cannot be reliably identified by morphology alone, requiring molecular analysis for confirmation. Locally occurring genera currently under taxonomic revision include
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crepidula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Crepidula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1799 and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1800" class="Gastropoda" family="Vermetidae" genus="Vermetus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vermetus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Vermetus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
Daudin, 1800. Many more taxonomic issues remain to be resolved in future studies.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
|
|
The cold, rich waters surrounding Galiano Island are home to many remarkable molluscs, including
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wulker" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Cephalopoda" family="Enteroctopodidae" genus="Enteroctopus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enteroctopus dofleini" order="Octopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dofleini">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Enteroctopus dofleini</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wôlker">Wolker</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1910) (giant Pacific octopus), the largest octopus in the world. The largest chiton in the world,
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Middendorff" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Polyplacophora" family="Acanthochitonidae" genus="Cryptochiton" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptochiton stelleri" order="Chitonida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stelleri">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Cryptochiton stelleri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(von Middendorff, 1847) (gumboot chiton), is also known to the region and is reported for Galiano Island. Introduced bivalves present around Galiano Island include
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Magallana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magallana gigas" order="Ostreida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Phoronida" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Magallana gigas</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Thunberg, 1793) (Pacific oyster),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Bivalvia" family="Myidae" genus="Mya" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mya arenaria" order="Myida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Mya arenaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Linnaeus, 1758 (soft-shelled clam),
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loasaceae" genus="Nuttalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nuttalia obscurata" order="Cornales" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obscurata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Nuttalia obscurata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Reeve, 1857) (purple mahogany clam) and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="A. Adams & Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1850" class="Bivalvia" family="Veneridae" genus="Ruditapes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruditapes philippinarum" order="Venerida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="philippinarum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Ruditapes philippinarum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Adams & Reeve, 1850) (Japanese littleneck), all of which are now prolific in the Northeast Pacific. Introduced gastropods present include
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="G. B. Sowerby II" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Gastropoda" family="Batillariidae" genus="Batillaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batillaria attramentaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="attramentaria">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Batillaria attramentaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(G.B. Sowerby II, 1855) (Japanese false cerith) and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Draparnaud" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Myosotella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myosotella myosotis" order="Ellobiida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="myosotis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Myosotella myosotis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Draparnaud, 1801) (mouse-eared snail).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
|
|
Species that will likely be uncovered with further search effort include the threatened native
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1864" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ostrea lurida" order="Ostreida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lurida">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Ostrea lurida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Carpenter, 1864) (Olympia oyster), the endangered
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Haliotidae" genus="Haliotis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haliotis kamchatkana" order="Lepetellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kamchatkana">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Haliotis kamchatkana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Jonas, 1845) (northern abalone) and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Polychaeta" family="Pholadidae" genus="Penitella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Penitella penita" order="Myida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="penita">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Penitella penita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Conrad, 1837) (flat-tip piddock). Numerous families of minuscule
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“micro-molluscs”">"micro-molluscs"</normalizedToken>
|
|
are entirely unrepresented in the Galiano Island record. A diverse chiton fauna may also be under-represented locally, with 39 species in six families known from the intertidal zone to moderate diving depths (<30 m) in the Salish Sea (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, R. N." journalOrPublisher="Festivus" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="294 - 315" refId="B6747109" refString="Clark, R. N., 2020. The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea. Festivus 52 (4): 294 - 315" title="The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea" volume="52" year="2020">Clark 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), about two thirds of which (27 spp.) have been documented around Galiano Island to date.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
|
|
Molluscs were traditionally identified based on shell and other morphological characters. However, modern taxonomic treatments generally rely on genetics in addition to morphology, habitat and host species. Many snails also lay diagnostic egg cases. Regional references for
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="phylum">Mollusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
include:
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bernard, F." journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Research Board of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination=": 261 pp" refId="B6747139" refString="Bernard, F., 1967. Prodrome for a distributional check-list and bibliography of the recent marine mollusca of the west coast of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech Report 2: 261 pp" title="Prodrome for a distributional check-list and bibliography of the recent marine mollusca of the west coast of Canada" volume="Tech Report 2" year="1967">Bernard (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, R. T." journalOrPublisher="Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733613" refString="Abbott, R. T., 1974. American seashells. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York" title="American seashells" year="1974">Abbott (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, E. N." journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Press, Seattle" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662860" refString="Kozloff, E. N., 1996. Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle" title="Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest" year="1996">Kozloff (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Harbo, R. M." journalOrPublisher="Harbor Publishing, Madeira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733621" refString="Harbo, R. M., 1997. Shells & shellfish of the Pacific Northwest. Harbor Publishing, Madeira Park" title="Shells & shellfish of the Pacific Northwest" year="1997">Harbo (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Harbo, R. M." journalOrPublisher="Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, 245 pp" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6736254" refString="Harbo, R. M., Marcus, K., Boxwell, T., 1997. Intertidal clam resources (manila, littleneck and butter clam) volume II: the southern inside waters of Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland. Canadian manuscript report of fisheries and aquatic sciences 2417. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, 245 pp" title="Intertidal clam resources (manila, littleneck and butter clam) volume II: the southern inside waters of Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland. Canadian manuscript report of fisheries and aquatic sciences 2417" year="1997">Harbo et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lamb, A." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662869" refString="Lamb, A., Hanby, B. P., 2005. Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes" year="2005">Lamb and Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Carlton, JT" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662886" refString="Carlton, JT, 2007. The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon" year="2007">Carlton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Harbo, R. M." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662898" refString="Harbo, R. M., 2011. Whelks to whales. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Whelks to whales" year="2011">Harbo (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Jensen, G. C." journalOrPublisher="MolaMarine, Bremerton" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662971" refString="Jensen, G. C., Gotshall, D. W., Miller, R. E. F., 2018. Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast. MolaMarine, Bremerton" title="Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast" year="2018">Jensen et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Bivalves are treated by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Foster, N. R." journalOrPublisher="University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737808" refString="Foster, N. R., 1991. Intertidal bivalves: a guide to the common marine bivalves of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks" title="Intertidal bivalves: a guide to the common marine bivalves of Alaska" year="1991">Foster (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Coan, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737816" refString="Coan, E. V., Valentich-Scott, P., Bernard, F. R., 2000. Bivalve seashells of western North America: Marine bivalve mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" title="Bivalve seashells of western North America: Marine bivalve mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California" year="2000">Coan et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, M." journalOrPublisher="Conchbooks, Hackenheim" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737824" refString="Huber, M., 2010. Compendium of bivalves: A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. Conchbooks, Hackenheim" title="Compendium of bivalves: A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves" year="2010">Huber (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ford, J. K." journalOrPublisher="Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria (BC, Canada)" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733597" refString="Forsyth Robert G. Harbo Rick M. List of bivalve molluscs from British Columbia, Canada https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/Bivalve_List_11Oct2013.pdf" year="2014">Forsyth and Harbo (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; cephalopods by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="COSEWIC," journalOrPublisher="Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733605" refString="Cosgrove J. Cephalopods (octopuses and squids) of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/OctopusesSquidsofBC.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="2011">Cosgrove (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cosgrove, J. A." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737843" refString="Cosgrove, J. A., McDaniel, N., 2009. Super suckers: the giant Pacific octopus and other cephalopods of the Pacific coast. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park" title="Super suckers: the giant Pacific octopus and other cephalopods of the Pacific coast" year="2009">Cosgrove and McDaniel (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; chitons by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Austin, W. C." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6733589" refString="Baldwin A. Chitons of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/ChitonsofBCBaldwin2009.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Baldwin (2009b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, R. N." journalOrPublisher="Festivus" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="294 - 315" refId="B6747109" refString="Clark, R. N., 2020. The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea. Festivus 52 (4): 294 - 315" title="The shallow water chiton fauna of the Salish Sea" volume="52" year="2020">Clark (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; gastropods by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Behrens, D. W." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="11 - 54" refId="B6737851" refString="Behrens, D. W., 2004. Pacific coast nudibranchs, supplement II: new species to the Pacific Coast and new information on the oldies. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 55 (2): 11 - 54" title="Pacific coast nudibranchs, supplement II: new species to the Pacific Coast and new information on the oldies" volume="55" year="2004">Behrens (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Behrens, D. W." journalOrPublisher="Sea Challengers, Monterey" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737860" refString="Behrens, D. W., Hermosillo, A., 2005. Eastern Pacific nudibranchs. Sea Challengers, Monterey" title="Eastern Pacific nudibranchs" year="2005">Behrens and Hermosillo (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="McMurrich, J. Playfair" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6737868" refString="Millen S. V. Subclass Opisthobranchia in British Columbia. https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/BCOpisthobranchsSandraMillen.pdf 2021-02-06T00:00:00+02:00" year="1921">Millen (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Korshunova, T." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="297 - 321" refId="B6746835" refString="Korshunova, T., Fletcher, K., Lundin, K., Picton, B., Martynov, A., 2018. The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae). Zootaxa 4482 (2): 297 - 321" title="The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae)" volume="4482" year="2018">Korshunova et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Korshunova, T." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="762 - 827" refId="B6746845" refString="Korshunova, T., Fletcher, K., Picton, B., Lundin, K., Kashio, S., Sanamyan, N., Sanamyan, K., Padula, V., Schroedl, M., Martynov, A., 2020. The Emperor's Cadlina, hidden diversity and gill cavity evolution: new insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (3): 762 - 827" title="The Emperor's Cadlina, hidden diversity and gill cavity evolution: new insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" volume="189" year="2020">Korshunova et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; and tusk shells by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Carlton, JT" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662886" refString="Carlton, JT, 2007. The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon" year="2007">Carlton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. For annotated records of molluscs reported for Galiano Island, see supplementary materials (Suppl. material 8).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |