244 lines
20 KiB
XML
244 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.142.2036" ID-GBIF-Dataset="645d674a-bfd5-426c-a985-1fb5efdfdc0b" ID-PMC="PMC3208527" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-142-1" ID-PubMed="22144860" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-142-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 142" ModsDocTitle="First records of Gastrotricha from South Africa, with description of a new species of Halichaetonotus (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae)" checkinTime="1451249735528" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Todaro, M. Antonio, Zotto, Matteo Dal, Bownes, Sarah J. & Perissinotto, Renzo" docDate="2011" docId="733D5EE7AB1CDAB13E1E557B62481301" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 142: 1-13" docOrigin="ZooKeys 142" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.142.2036" docTitle="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae Todaro, Zotto, Bownes & Perissinotto, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="987C491BFFC9F12D134BFFB0FFA6FFC2" masterDocTitle="First records of Gastrotricha from South Africa, with description of a new species of Halichaetonotus (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae)" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668152519262" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First records of Gastrotricha from South Africa, with description of a new species of Halichaetonotus (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zotto, Matteo Dal</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bownes, Sarah J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Perissinotto, Renzo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>142</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>13</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.142.2036</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.142.2036</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-142-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152031750" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61F9C96F-6E24-493A-9CE8-7AC2F06F2CF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/733D5EE7AB1CDAB13E1E557B62481301" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61F9C96F-6E24-493A-9CE8-7AC2F06F2CF3" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 23
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, St. Lucia beach (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.383333">28°23'S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
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); among medium, moderately siliceous grains on a high-energy sandy beach at mid-tide level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Holotype, the 146.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long adult specimen shown in Figure 3
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Four specimens, two adults (including the holotype) plus one subadult collected on 22 February 2010 (NAF Miranda legit) and 1 adult collected on 7 October 2010 (SJ Bownes legit)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Medium-sized
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">Halichaetonotus</taxonomicName>
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(LT to 146.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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), head, neck and trunk well defined; head rounded, lacking hypostomion but with a small cephalion; medium-long furca projecting from the posterior of the trunk. Body enveloped by 15 columns (7 dorsal, 2 lateral + 2 ventrolateral hydrofoil scales, 2+2 ventral small
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">scales</pageBreakToken>
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) of alternating keeled scales each with 17-19 scales. Scales, round on head and neck becoming oval to semi-elliptical on the trunk; in general, keel extending beyond the edge of the scales as short spiny processes; on three posterior scales, one median and two lateral, keels forming long and robust spines extending beyond end of trunk. Two small spiny scales on dorsal and several keeled scales on ventral base of furca. Laterally and ventrolaterally, 2+2 columns of hydrofoil scales of varying length; ventrally, 2+2 additional columns of smaller scales; locomotory cilia arranged in two longitudinal bands, interciliary ventral field naked except for two pairs of perianal ovoid keeled/spiny scales. Almost circular mouth opening into cylindrical pharynx with 2 teeth, then sack-like intestine and terminal ventral anus. All specimens parthenogenetic, sometimes with single large egg in position dorsal to mid intestine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The specific name alludes to the geographic locality where the new species has been found.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The description is mainly based on an adult specimen, 146.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in total length. Head rounded, slightly elongated along anterior/posterior axis, bearing a shallow cephalion but no pleural lobes or visible hypostomion; neck narrower than head, trunk sac-like, terminating in a furcate caudum. Body widths at the head/neck/trunk/caudum are 31/22.5/34.5/22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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, at U11/27/58/81, respectively. Caudum of medium length (26.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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), paired laterally divergent adhesive tubes (20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length) with a slightly swollen base (6.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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), covered by scales.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Cuticular armature. Head, neck, and trunk covered dorsally and lateroventrally by alternating columns (7 dorsal, 1+1 lateral and 1+1 ventrolateral hydrofoil, 2+2 ventral) of 17-19 keeled scales, barely overlapping. On dorsal side, head and neck scales are round (3-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter), while trunk scales are oval to semi-elliptical (9.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5.5 - 12.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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). In general, keel on dorsal scales extends beyond the edge of scales as short spiny process; however, on two lateral and one median trunk scales, at U63 and U71, respectively, keels form robust, very long spines projecting 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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beyond scales. On posterior trunk region are two oval, double keeled scales (5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) each anchoring a sensorial bristle at U79.5 and a couple of oval spiny scales (4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) bearing spines (4-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long) protruding into the furcal indentation. Lateral and ventrolateral spines of hydrofoil scales bearing flattened lamellae, most of which taper into a long hairy process; lamellae bearing spines of the lateral scales are longer than related ventrolateral ones (up to 25 vs up to 19), while lamellae of a column are longest at mid trunk. On ventral side, up to five keeled scales, 3-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long, cover the fleshy portion of each furcal branch; the interciliary field appears naked except for two pairs of oval keeled scales in the perianal region; scales of anterior pair are larger (9.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) than posterior ones (6.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Ventral ciliation. paired longitudinal bands extending from U03 to approximately U77; each broadly club-shaped anteriorly, but narrowing considerably from the posterior pharyngeal region; bands approach each other immediately behind the mouth, but remain separate throughout their entire length; individual cilia are about 11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Digestive tract:Mouth of medium size (ca.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter), projecting very slightly ventrally and leading progressively into a 32
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long pharynx; pharynx muscular, roughly cylindrical (8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter), showing a bulb anteriorly (12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter); two cuticular teeth are visible within the bulb; pharynx connected to sack-like intestine at pharyngeo-intestinal junction at U25; intestine straight, narrowing posteriorly, anus ventral at U77.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reproductive tract. Three specimens were in parthenogenic phase, two of which with a large egg filling much of the trunk.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Figure 2. Gastrotricha from St. Lucia beach, South Africa.
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., schematic drawings A dorsal view B ventral view (locomotor cilia omitted).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Figure 3. Gastrotricha from St. Lucia beach, South Africa.
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view. DIC photomicrographs.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="taxonomic affinities">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Taxonomic affinities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Highly variable cuticular armature distinguishes the 30 species of
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">Halichaetonotus</taxonomicName>
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described so far (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 32" title="Analytic taxonomy and notes on marine, brackish-water and estuarine Gastrotricha." volume="2392" year="2010">Hummon and Todaro 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Meiofauna Marina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 40" title="Marine Gastrotricha of San Juan Island, Washington, USA, with notes on some species from Oregon and California." volume="18" year="2010">Hummon 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). The new species most closely resembles
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus marivagus" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="marivagus">Halichaetonotus marivagus</taxonomicName>
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, Balsamo, Todaro & Tongiorgi, 1992, and
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus australis" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="australis">Halichaetonotus australis</taxonomicName>
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Nichols & Todaro, 2005, in that all three species are characterised by three dorsal spines close to the posterior end of the trunk. Spines are longest in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus australis" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="australis">Halichaetonotus australis</taxonomicName>
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(up to 46
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), intermediate in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (up to 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) and shortest in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus marivagus" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="marivagus">Halichaetonotus marivagus</taxonomicName>
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(up to 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus marivagus" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="marivagus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Halichaetonotus</pageBreakToken>
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marivagus
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</taxonomicName>
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known from the Mediterranean, can easily be distinguished from the new species also on the basis of its wide hypostomion, which is absent in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., and for exhibiting a large cephalion that covers much of the dorsal side of its head (
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<bibRefCitation author="Balsamo, M" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino di Zoologia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="487 - 498" title="Marine gastrotrichs from the Tuscan Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea): II. Chaetonotida, with description of three new species." url="doi: 10.1080/11250009209386710" volume="59" year="1992">Balsamo et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus australis" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="australis">Halichaetonotus australis</taxonomicName>
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described from the east coast of Australia, is unique in that the large median dorsal spine precedes the lateral ones (the opposite is true for
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.). Moreover, the keel of the dorsal scales does not extend beyond the edge of the scales (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nicholas, W" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="973 - 980" title="Observations on Gastrotricha from a sandy beach in southeastern Australia with a description of Halichaetonotus australis sp. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)." url="doi: 10.1080/00288330.2005.9517367" volume="39" year="2005">Nicholas and Todaro 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), whereas in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus santaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="santaeluciae">Halichaetonotus santaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. keels form a spiny process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The new species also resembles
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus aculifer" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="aculifer">Halichaetonotus aculifer</taxonomicName>
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(Gerlach, 1953) in terms of size and, most importantly, the shape of the hydrofoil scales. However, the presence of three long spines on the posterior trunk and the absence of ventral interciliary field scales in
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sanctaeluciae">Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. are features that can easily differentiate this species from
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<taxonomicName family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Halichaetonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichaetonotus aculifer" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="aculifer">Halichaetonotus aculifer</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation author="Gerlach, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologisher Anzeiger" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="203 - 211" title="Gastrotrichen aus dem Kuestengrundwasser des Mittelmeeres." volume="150" year="1953">Gerlach 1953</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
|
||
</document> |