564 lines
72 KiB
XML
564 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="5C8D6984A70640A4BC15FEB3B256A5D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="296075" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ee186766-9739-403d-9d81-d8c3a1741438" ID-ZooBank="8D1CCA9B-7B9C-45CC-A21C-66F406ACBF6C" ID-publisher-id="115467" URI-arpha="922CBBA3-D902-55F3-A47A-CAFAAFEB9053" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/8D1CCA9B-7B9C-45CC-A21C-66F406ACBF6C" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1715703101813" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fedorov, Denis & Hornok, Sándor" docDate="2024" docId="BDAE1241C08F5E4C8EA80E08CFD31873" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1201: 255-343" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1201" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/115467/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Ixodes persulcatus Schulze 1930" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="343" masterDocId="922CBBA3D90255F3A47ACAFAAFEB9053" masterDocTitle="Checklist of hosts, illustrated geographical range, and ecology of tick species from the genus Ixodes (Acari, Ixodidae) in Russia and other post-Soviet countries" masterLastPageNumber="343" masterPageNumber="255" pageNumber="255" updateTime="1715760060250" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E8BBD8B4B0841CC9DB6E2BBD8AF71C57">Checklist of hosts, illustrated geographical range, and ecology of tick species from the genus Ixodes (Acari, Ixodidae) in Russia and other post-Soviet countries</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9886429ABE803B25E5BDC4F6353DF8E6">Fedorov, Denis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="501A8EA8F629776650D9CC34E12143CA" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0991-5728</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="52428840E3375357E640B67C9878F9F8">HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary & Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN-RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E417DC0AA93A262A79DE8E9112CD090">Hornok, Sándor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2E7D1EF14D288F548212514A2B9C5E01">HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary & Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:relatedItem id="3339D728C35F3BB8761618D219F44A6E" type="host">
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<mods:title id="B8E1567194C7C70E0B3C913A5613BB89">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="32CB3D28115276CEA9B06A54F8C1FC30">
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<mods:date id="D45FFD0A0C8D81299690D28C6972C867">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B07581E75FE5A29FB0D3F5BD982EEA34">2024-05-14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7DBC514208430A96F3F21831ED13A495" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="076E91066AD34CA4EA437F6095BD468D">1201</mods:number>
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<treatment id="BDAE1241C08F5E4C8EA80E08CFD31873" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11196111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11196111" ID-arpha="BDAE1241-C08F-5E4C-8EA8-0E08CFD31873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAE1241C08F5E4C8EA80E08CFD31873" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BDAE1241C08F5E4C8EA80E08CFD31873">
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<subSubSection id="68DF1519ED513E50ABF83001275D9BBB" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="25D764CB340BD6316B24FD554C769FD8">
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<taxonomicName id="48DAC563920EFB1EBF2B2F2112AC1094" ID-CoL="3QGK6" authority="Schulze, 1930" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
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<emphasis id="9512406D42B3411BE343BEAA6C96D75C" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="118A74FC7C994C8985D67355C65252E2" author="Schulze P" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pagination="294-303" refId="B362" refString="Schulze P (1930) Uber einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 90: 294 - 303. [In German]" title="Über einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien." volume="90" year="1930">Schulze, 1930</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8246EB1E815CEF26EAF5341B5365AB88" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BA9C6956B9E1CB1015F118F1855E2ACD">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="D9049C396ADA36B6254FAA244C5838AE">
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<treatmentCitation id="F0B12A6C4E95B9D97708F6ADA35B39F4" author="Schulze P" page="294" year="1930">
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<taxonomicName id="46B3954A8A681A486A9E69472C65E1AE" ID-CoL="3QGK6" authority="Schulze, 1930: 294" authorityName="Schulze" authorityPageNumber="294" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
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||
<emphasis id="E29EC7DE5BB7A49423DC9E7AC54EC044" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
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||
<comment id="10E2FA26250736F419BC5F5AB09EA392">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="03EFB0FF9BE0264E567FBDCB83B02EEC" author="Schulze P" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pagination="294-303" refId="B362" refString="Schulze P (1930) Uber einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 90: 294 - 303. [In German]" title="Über einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien." volume="90" year="1930">Schulze, 1930: 294</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</comment>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ECF7561AF59E76E68CD38AEB8D228723">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8E4DC1B7FA2B2D69F5DBBCFDC346F179">
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<treatmentCitation id="E3ABBE8909A2CE056C7D09D058983D85">
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<taxonomicName id="78DBDE134D306737CD5E64A56726781D" ID-CoL="7JXKZ" authority="Kishida" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ricinus" subSpecies="miyazakiensis">
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<emphasis id="897B4430AB0FCFD6C9004D07A88234F5" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus miyazakiensis</emphasis>
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<comment id="2EDE2A76869FD8AB23514F182B9A1226">
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Kishida:
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<treatmentCitation id="7FF834C1C67DB9AA652FADC5FF31E199" author="Morel PC & Perez C" page="201" year="1978">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="B7F3E64A7459561A4F0A30BFF86F62EB" author="Morel PC & Perez C" firstAuthor="Morel" journalOrPublisher="Acarologia" page="201" pagination="201-208" refId="B266" refString="Morel PC, Perez C (1978) Morphologie des stages préimaginales des Ixodidae s. str. d’Europe occidentale. IV. Généralité sur le sous-genre Ixodes (Ixodes). Acarologia 19: 201 – 208. [In French]" title="Morphologie des stages préimaginales des Ixodidae s. str. d’Europe occidentale. IV. Généralité sur le sous-genre Ixodes (Ixodes)." volume="19" year="1978">Morel and Pérez 1978: 201</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</comment>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="5411ECEF1BB46EAD9D83EC8A7576B3BD">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A41D1B6180F6D148522C2F4C671629E2">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F26528EC43D5805899021ABFE6EFA4F2" author="Schulze P" page="294" year="1930">
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<taxonomicName id="CEEB447CB9C28E9413107450AC18E7B3" ID-CoL="5J5TW" authority="Schulze, 1930: 294" authorityName="Schulze" authorityPageNumber="294" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="persulcatus" subSpecies="diversipalpis">
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<emphasis id="299D0426D6662C97E2DB6445F109285D" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus diversipalpis</emphasis>
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||
<comment id="F2AC237C17F380E52926F00D7384DB7E">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="9787968DDE6A3290689905B4FA414593">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B24EE10C975AC32184EF3237117DDF3" author="Schulze P" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pagination="294-303" refId="B362" refString="Schulze P (1930) Uber einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 90: 294 - 303. [In German]" title="Über einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien." volume="90" year="1930">Schulze, 1930: 294</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="8D5ED6FF99525CB35D4746E17FCEFC03" author="Pomerantsev BI" page="43" year="1950">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7FCE9D02554CC78BFA676224BD84E7F0" author="Pomerantsev BI" firstAuthor="Pomerantsev" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye" page="43" pagination="1-224" refId="B327" refString="Pomerantsev BI (1950) Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae). In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye 4 (2): 1 – 224. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)." volume="4" year="1950">Pomerantsev 1950: 43</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7699B8E08BE6F6E99EC23D9C1037EE11">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="85873963A46914FE8E54FD880852C8E5">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="E8CBFF968A722C77E15FD83095B2812A">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1A07C5A29020ED2EE3BCC26E4AF7E39" ID-CoL="3QGBZ" authority="Olenev" authorityName="Olenev" authorityYear="1941" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="persulcatus" subSpecies="cornuatus">
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<emphasis id="EE8B1AA798DF891D5A4CE0A4DABC7460" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus cornuatus</emphasis>
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<comment id="EE1A55937A95D9C9671F2907AEE17327">
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Olenev:
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<treatmentCitation id="4E0748EB39004645C2F74FDD10AF2DE9" author="Pomerantsev BI" page="43" year="1950">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8358374A0F7E9493EA974B7BAE45AFC6" author="Pomerantsev BI" firstAuthor="Pomerantsev" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye" page="43" pagination="1-224" refId="B327" refString="Pomerantsev BI (1950) Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae). In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye 4 (2): 1 – 224. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)." volume="4" year="1950">Pomerantsev 1950: 43</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</comment>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A7718BA17337DE85CCA5C7874147EF4">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B1451DF6E564CCDDD54F74C96BDC80B9">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5FE33B5C2B130F8194813AA26CC37C5B">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA9FD12AC3A8D35CF9792755DE32A721" ID-CoL="3QGLZ" authority="Filippova" authorityName="Filippova" authorityYear="1971" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
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<emphasis id="0AF218D03643AC3169906183CA532C13" italics="true">Ixodes sachalinensis</emphasis>
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<comment id="3AC4725D330460247D9AAF1DED413A14">
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Filippova:
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<treatmentCitation id="239133D95B4AA2C68694781C95C02C04" author="Kolonin GV" page="49" year="1981">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F4FDAB617964A3B911519A606E3BCC37" author="Kolonin GV" firstAuthor="Kolonin" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Moskva" page="49" refId="B208" refString="Kolonin GV (1981) World distribution of ixodid ticks (genus Ixodes). Nauka, Moskva, 114 pp. [In Russian]" title="World distribution of ixodid ticks (genus Ixodes)." year="1981">Kolonin 1981: 49</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</comment>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQHAK" type="Recorded hosts">
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<paragraph id="288E7375E9176AD47BC794E025E4B6EE">
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<heading id="E5375F5CDB59FE4C622C1F0DDA7FF87A" reason="title">Recorded hosts.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DDFF213E109A0F58FC3A1607E771511A">
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The spectrum of hosts of
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<taxonomicName id="4EBB3C6A8A3BD3EB49974311409804C2" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
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<emphasis id="B18BFA593E97E4394678F2FFEA73481F" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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is extremely broad both systematically and ecologically and includes more than 200 species of mammals and 100 species of birds (
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<bibRefCitation id="FE4294FAF5D784ED05E3642C188DF95B" author="Shilova and Clabovskii" firstAuthor="Shilova" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Otdelenie Biologii" pagination="40-51" refId="B376" refString="Shilova SA, Clabovskii VI (1968) The species composition of vertebrate animal hosts of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. within the distribution area of this species. Bulleten’ MOIP. Otdelenie Biologii 65 (5): 40 – 51. [In Russian]" title="The species composition of vertebrate animal hosts of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. within the distribution area of this species. Bulleten’ MOIP." volume="65" year="1968">Shilova and Clabovskii 1968</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Rarely it can parasitize reptiles – lizards of the family
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<taxonomicName id="D8D6F48EBFAC9B338928D8534EDDA051" authority="(Ravkin 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Ravkin" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Squamata" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Lacertidae (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="AA2A44843A9B5879FF0169C4B74DA7DE" author="Ravkin" editor="Cherepanov AI" firstAuthor="Ravkin" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Novosibirsk" pagination="170-173" refId="B337" refString="Ravkin ES (1969) Lizards as hosts of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in north-eastern Altai. In: Cherepanov AI (Ed.) Pereletnye Pticy I Ih Rol’ V Rasprostranenii Arbovirusov. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 170 – 173. [In Russian]" title="Lizards as hosts of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in north-eastern Altai." volumeTitle="Pereletnye Pticy I Ih Rol’ V Rasprostranenii Arbovirusov." year="1969">Ravkin 1969</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Literally almost all mammals and birds inhabiting various
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<typeStatus id="C814716062CA34EE71D0530624B1134E">types</typeStatus>
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||
of forests and their derivative biotopes can act as hosts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E19167BAC294B48713C4A7CDACAB4D" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
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||
<emphasis id="386FCDDC821FE3ECF257D095FD14220E" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Larvae and nymphs parasitize more often small and medium-sized mammals, such as shrews, hedgehogs, rodents, and lagomorphs, as well as ground-feeding and ground-nesting birds. Adults usually feed on large and medium-sized mammals – ungulates, carnivores, lagomorphs. Humans and domestic animals can also be hosts for this tick species (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="2EEDE8E712AF99B2CA0839376CF5A9BB" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4IAK" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="02D58961FBD5F6A1CE6EE1E83C0CD36E">
|
||
<heading id="F28D87510A8827DE91164B34B2FF281E" reason="title">
|
||
Distribution in
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||
<collectingCountry id="FA472F830FAD0493D2DBC7FC0D234B5C" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
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and other post-Soviet countries
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</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D76EB9B1E108102EA753D5D543AD34BD">
|
||
<emphasis id="965D8DAB1B3EBF75948088F85661EBD0" bold="true">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B26C764D7683A9A5D0729B412A30CEA" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Map of Russia and neighboring countries showing the locations where Ixodes persulcatus was reported." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049200">14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
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The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FFB87162A89C9CC562C61B99B7BB7BD" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CED02588CD0D4B696B1C0218B1B24625" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like no other Palearctic species, is extended in the latitudinal direction by a continuous strip, covering a significant part of the taiga forest zone in Eurasia between 21 ° – 66 ° latitude in the northern hemisphere from the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Baltic states,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DB6EDB45EE04D8A9827772B8188AACC9" name="Belarus">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="815373278A7E1C27716BF943AE231FE9" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the west where it is present sporadically to the east up to the Pacific coast including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Sakhalin Island and further to the north-east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FA8D55CE13783F8AE969A07281FFD9A4" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Korean Peninsula and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5F4774D8B7EAA8EC27A46A06E591BFCF" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F3C8F9B4255F315D66E6150F5142504" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EDDDD141F8DB64EDDB253B51377E5E29" DOI="10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100508" author="Wang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wang" refId="B440" refString="Wang SS, Liu JY, Wang BY, Wang WJ, Cui XM, Jiang JF, Sun Y, Wen-Bin G, Yu-Sheng P, Zhou YH, Zhe-Tao L, Jiang BG, Zhao L, Cao WC (2023) Geographical distribution of Ixodes persulcatus and associated pathogens: Analysis of integrated data from a China field survey and global published data. One Health 16: 100508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100508" year="2023">Wang et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This tick belongs to the tick fauna of the next post-Soviet countries:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8152DB66EA62C6534CDEF94265234E65" name="Estonia">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2A3EFA5A67253FA61D734296CD23CC99" name="Latvia">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FF803FDB68E37F20A45EFD07041B7210" name="Lithuania">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EEBB73D6E512E4AF8A5313B77379FEAB" name="Belarus">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3DEF6917DAD5B909806B67CEC907172" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="755C37148D0589FF7D9D05F92F26EE4A" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A823EE188DDA8BC1604A1F6B78D86266" name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3819FFB9D42948F8EEADE0A03B8606F" name="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DFA6B775AFF47BC9A9144F3B82CAD99" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1" author="Guglielmone" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guglielmone" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-274" refId="B158" refString="Guglielmone AA, Nava S, Robbins RG (2023) Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1 – 274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1" title="Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories." volume="5251" year="2023">Guglielmone et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53FC1491F6A5C1D17CBFA7F6D65C9D2E" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="476D78143E5E25C2971506D0DF5E4A26" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="13E9C249293161164AF21868ED4F2EA9" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
outside the south-west border of the taiga was mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F4DE6B821E60A640617B079247E6317" author="Filippova NA" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although the possibility of permanent populations existing there was disputed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C68C73977B2F1A95DDF3DC4A144DA824" author="Nebogatkin IV" firstAuthor="Nebogatkin" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pagination="76-78" refId="B278" refString="Nebogatkin IV (1993) About the absence of the taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus) and the disappearance of Boophilus annulatus in Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii 2: 76 – 78. [In Russian]" title="About the absence of the taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus) and the disappearance of Boophilus annulatus in Ukraine." volume="2" year="1993">Nebogatkin (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Therefore, this probably exemplifies transportation by migratory birds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9D3B4FED2B30881ADDD3A9A67F637D29" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467.figure14" ID-arpha="D1219728-CA55-5B31-B124-DE993BE54B18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049200" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph id="F38EF23C1271C53DC5EF392B5C24C2E6">
|
||
<label id="4F97F1538FF8E75D686B4626093C119A">Figure 14.</label>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="64CD35184A2825EFE179E8080AD81FDE">
|
||
Map of Russia and neighboring countries showing the locations where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="21E2D8F395EC166F3E925F35CD749956" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="80E81AB9CD00F038A8452F92517781A3" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMLAK" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="77943DB5C3C141FBFC7B59D4A703FD34">
|
||
<heading id="AFE812B98F11658510FFE8825C6AA116" reason="title">Ecology and other information.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4A59163BDF2ABB162E96C216FBA851FE">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="115C3354ED4AE177D65BF378D610C4FC" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26BADE5D0BD815F59244E9880401103D" italics="true">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an exophilic tick species widely distributed in the northern Palearctic along the forest zone. It may use almost all mammals and birds living in its biotopes; therefore, it is one of the most important vectors of a broad range of tick-borne pathogens. Since it can also transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6BE4D7F6C25AF3B54FF0F2726EFB1A3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEBF2F6B437C2BB2C48224D5D2FDA307" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it has the greatest medical and veterinary significance among other ticks of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43C5424842D0586A0F8536A0DF19DC28" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1795" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="048EC82AA7DC8564E795152953C35140" italics="true">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Palearctic. Another important fact is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35FC7BB4608E9EDA02CDA5C176446AED" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CC61C82B48CF5573C1F91A58BA05704" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very aggressive species toward humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4F4FE2A5E3BD8039CC713FC2FC564E5" DOI="10.1007/BF00058507" author="Uspensky" firstAuthor="Uspensky" issue="9" journalOrPublisher="Experimental & Applied Acarology" pagination="673-683" refId="B429" refString="Uspensky IV (1993) Ability of successful attack in two species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) as a manifestation of their aggressiveness. Experimental & Applied Acarology 17 (9): 673 – 683. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058507" title="Ability of successful attack in two species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) as a manifestation of their aggressiveness." volume="17" year="1993">Uspensky 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, therefore, this species represents especially high medical-epidemiological risks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1CBB26C1F108CE9400CF0EF8FEA2EFAB">
|
||
The most significant part of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7994FC1CD2E817B938C23C3642BBC375" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="065A08E6AAEAA40D7148BB0B8A3B2F1A" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stretches across the territory of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CB4001F900356E06EBD21316FF75934C" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
where we can observe the full spectrum of biotopes where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C22852D38A36FF8B0AD2ACBE80B913" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="755FBDFDA49FEB839CEC9D8E5DBCC29D" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found. There are a lot of published works about its ecology in different regions which depend on the climatic region and biotic-abiotic conditions in it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8FEC8F02E09C8DDDF0EEC5C6B371E7F0">
|
||
This tick prefers various
|
||
<typeStatus id="01F87B2D3A6CE4D2009ABC1C5578D4B7">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of forest and forest-steppe biotopes, especially taiga forests and their derivatives, i. e., mixed forests and bushes (both plain and mountainous), up to
|
||
<quantity id="3884E0534D2DF2C22F3B49F66E87664E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
a. s. l., like in the Tian Shan. In other words, it can inhabit any herbaceous forest and forest-steppe biotope with the level of humidity high enough for reproduction and supporting the life cycle, even in urban landscapes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5E0FE9CCFE893A367536D4C247AC74C" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Dzungarian Alatau there were some observations of occurring in steppe regions bordering forests and parasitizing the unusual host, namely the grey marmot
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC6B447EB06EA9613B2A538C6CC3F42A" authority="Kastschenko (Bibikov et al. 1961)" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Marmota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baibacina">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FED811F4592DB4F9F6752A191030125" italics="true">Marmota baibacina</emphasis>
|
||
Kastschenko (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48DD1B2FE02D8A45488E8C1353634DC2" author="Bibikov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bibikov" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Sredneaziatskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Protivochumnogo instituta" pagination="115-120" refId="B44" refString="Bibikov DI, Golubeva KN, Chekalin VB, Tarakanov NF (1961) Materials to the epizootological characterization of the Dzungarian Alatau. Communication 1. Trudy Sredneaziatskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Protivochumnogo instituta 7: 115 – 120. [In Russian]" title="Materials to the epizootological characterization of the Dzungarian Alatau. Communication 1." volume="7" year="1961">Bibikov et al. 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Permanent and stable populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD758F5618975154BE7D0A4F729FDF5" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5B47171C0D16FDF83A95362AA224DA9" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exist in some areas adjacent to cities within its range and even inside these cities on condition that the the suitable forest environment together with hosts, such as wild animals of different sizes and stray dogs are present. Examples of such cities are
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E49ADFFF004514DED9E09457A26603C" country="Russia" name="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Petrozavodsk,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3EAF19756F3D51C5169F042F03133984" country="Russia" name="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8FFB258273DA1461E3A9424E629EA04C" country="Russia" name="Tomsk">Tomsk</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="11A8EB63BA9ABE891EB341A49DFBDF2E" country="Russia" name="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Vladivostok (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A43F0D71C0D88F604410540F61BEA5A7" DOI="10.1134/S0013873817070107" author="Uspensky" firstAuthor="Uspensky" issue="7" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pagination="941-969" refId="B430" refString="Uspensky IV (2017) Blood-sucking ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) as an essential component of the urban environment. Entomological Review 97 (7): 941 – 969. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873817070107" title="Blood-sucking ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) as an essential component of the urban environment." volume="97" year="2017">Uspensky 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C909D7CBBCA17DF0F5AC4FECEEF3B1C3">
|
||
Several studies attest the changing boundaries of the ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CBA4DF9E7EE01DC697ED18A2065DD36" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8CB812B7F002BB243BE146395E26D21A" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is assumed that ticks of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB64993B307E0474FFF8BF122F8D82D0" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCBF7770F944A03967D88FD77E601C0D" italics="true">I. presulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group appeared and evolved in forest biotopes similar to modern relict forests of the Ussuri
|
||
<typeStatus id="B590C4A21553A9089CB815A1623F374A">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and the taiga of the mountains of Southern Primorye, Southern Siberia, and the Korean Peninsula in the Pliocene. The wide ecological niche of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="392E0FD785857FC14F81D8E2D1A83030" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="36461F1619B00A53862805BDFF5FC08F" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was formed during the formation of the species in the process of its adaptation to various landscape and climatic conditions. This allowed the species to gradually expand its range in the northwestern direction in the Holocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ACEF5C5E994E932200F5D95A79A01243" DOI="10.1134/S0013873817020117" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pagination="157-184" refId="B126" refString="Filippova NA (2017) The history of the range of ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) – carriers of pathogens of natural focal diseases as one of the factors in the formation of their intraspecific biodiversity. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 96 (1): 157 – 184. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873817020117 [In Russian]" title="The history of the range of ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) - carriers of pathogens of natural focal diseases as one of the factors in the formation of their intraspecific biodiversity." volume="96" year="2017">Filippova 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An increase in air temperature by one or several degrees in a particular region near the boundaries of its range was probably the main driver of its expanding distribution. The fact of finding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00847A64A862100FAB420E89451D4F27" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C51C5EE31E66A90046BA2AC5F6C3565" italics="true">I. presulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BB1A248AECE7F16FF62C2EA1CCD5331B" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F88A88E9E5A5EC3603F09C86025B2E6B" DOI="10.1186/s13071-016-1658-3" author="Jaenson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jaenson" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Parasites & Vectors" pagination="1-8" refId="B169" refString="Jaenson TG, Värv K, Fröjdman I, Jääskeläinen A, Rundgren K, Versteirt V, Estrada-Peña A, Medlock JM, Golovljova IV (2016) First evidence of established populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden. Parasites & Vectors 9 (1): 1 – 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1658-3" title="First evidence of established populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden." volume="9" year="2016">Jaenson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and even in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="438A279A1F9DE668B63C08DFBBC301AC" country="Russia" name="Magadan">Magadan Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the north-east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C76E54ED58252C061092EB7D89EE5C1" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
where it was absent before (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A28B75364167C57D25C95A5F1F6A4D07" DOI="10.1134/S0013873815050103" author="Yamborko" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yamborko" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pagination="666-671" refId="B448" refString="Yamborko AV, Tretyakov KA, Muravyova VP (2015) The first findings of Ixodes persulcatus (Acarina, Ixodidae) in Magadan Province. Entomological Review 95 (5): 666 – 671. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873815050103" title="The first findings of Ixodes persulcatus (Acarina, Ixodidae) in Magadan Province." volume="95" year="2015">Yamborko et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are good examples of the distribution expansion in several directions and confirm the tendency which continues.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E7D6DCBBCE84CB192F763478A002BE55">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B9C47B453332FCD6C11C7B2AFA95F678" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, high numbers of observations show noticeable changes in the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AF46BB695102F76DB09F0B5412C4CF6" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B79D04461D6175C12C8A460BB055055" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in certain regions. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C4974D558C13EAB313391CB191C91FE" country="Russia" name="Kareliya">Karelia</collectingRegion>
|
||
the range expansion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD9AED9419FC0E747944D9F71306C30C" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5D0A34C4C6E7D217696895DFEFEDE05" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the north is noted in relation to general climate warming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E28A01C5B272811BF41F297FE0BD87A1" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.004" author="Bugmyrin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bugmyrin" issue="1-2" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="57-62" refId="B55" refString="Bugmyrin SV, Bespyatova LA, Korotkov YS, Burenkova LA, Belova OA, Romanova LI, Kozlovskaya LI, Karganova GG, Ieshko EP (2013) Distribution of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in southern Karelia (Russia). Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 4 (1 – 2): 57 – 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.004" title="Distribution of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in southern Karelia (Russia)." volume="4" year="2013">Bugmyrin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar observation was also recorded in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B7EFB678FC9643982672DF87796C33D" country="Russia" name="Komi">Komi Republic</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B31D334F8A3272CB3B7680D1430466D" author="Glushakova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Glushakova" journalOrPublisher="Medicinskaja Parazitologiya I Parazitarnye Bolezni" pagination="48-50" refId="B147" refString="Glushakova LI, Korabelnikov IV, Egorova YuI (2011) Distribution of Ixodes persulcatus in the southern and central regions of the Komi Republic. Medicinskaja Parazitologiya I Parazitarnye Bolezni 3: 48 – 50. [In Russian]" title="Distribution of Ixodes persulcatus in the southern and central regions of the Komi Republic." volume="3" year="2011">Glushakova et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The range expansion of this tick species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="79C3F6295E2ADC8C566FD3F80930DF2F" country="Russia" name="Arkhangel'sk">Arkhangelsk Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Western and Central Siberia to the north is confirmed both by the results of their records and by the data on tick bites and morbidity in the human population, not only in places which were free from ticks before (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B2613E3B352668CE0787D4AABF96D" author="Pogodina" firstAuthor="Pogodina" journalOrPublisher="LLC « TFP », Tver" refId="B324" refString="Pogodina VV [Ed.] (2021) Evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (from the discovery of the pathogen to the present). LLC « TFP », Tver, 344 pp." title="Evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (from the discovery of the pathogen to the present)." year="2021">Pogodina 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Besides that, there are some data about the range expansion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8508EF06EF93A78AD266F5DA7AFE7DAB" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA1B9BFB65FD6546BD2368A1E8DA4350" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the north in the Republic of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="685247FED8E911A0B9946E90E200AD4A" country="Russia" name="Sakha">Sakha</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Yakutia). The reasons causing these changes are under evaluation but climate change, anthropogenic pressure in natural landscapes as well as the number of vertebrate animals are among the most influential factors. At the same time, it is also possible that inadvertent dispersal of ticks by timber material transported from tick-infested areas may be in part responsible for this phenomenon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89AE5DA57FE56C1FE0A28E87D288C50C" DOI="10.20538/1682-0363-2006--137-143" author="Danchinova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Danchinova" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Biulleten’ Sibirskoi Meditsiny" pagination="137-143" refId="B72" refString="Danchinova GA, Khasnatinov MA, Zlobin VI, Kozlova IV, Verkhozina MM, Suntsova OV, Shulunov SS, Abmed D, Bataa J, Bat-Ochir D, Tsend N, Badueva LN, Lisak OV, Gorina MO (2006) Ixodid ticks in southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents. Biulleten’ Sibirskoi Meditsiny 5 (1): 137 – 143. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2006--137-143 [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks in southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents." volume="5" year="2006">Danchinova et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although other factors are not excluded, it is believed that climate changes have made the greatest contribution to the increase in areas primarily for TBE foci in the northern regions of the country. But despite all this, as a result of the same changes, the southwestern part of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A2605EF5F8DBED720F4D9B58520167" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B1E0CABA6F3D9EC3B760EE81613AA0B" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CA17284582F3621D2AE2162D06FE86AF" name="Belarus">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Baltic countries has decreased (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C34F391D14ACE04794F5E339A36CD970" author="Pogodina" firstAuthor="Pogodina" journalOrPublisher="LLC « TFP », Tver" refId="B324" refString="Pogodina VV [Ed.] (2021) Evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (from the discovery of the pathogen to the present). LLC « TFP », Tver, 344 pp." title="Evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (from the discovery of the pathogen to the present)." year="2021">Pogodina 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CB02AE6AF9C4EFF4058F0A9BB80A7D7C">
|
||
Often it can be found in the same biotopes together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2869BC2D818D33B4AB4944F168C4C385" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A52BCF9A563B9E2983E5DED2ADEB49" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33A0C4FB3A2D10D85BDC73325C551DC2" baseAuthorityName="Filippova" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavlovskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5362BF4D72C7457273A435CF3589C86" italics="true">I. pavlovskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Siberia with complete or partial coincidence of the seasonal activity of these species at each ontogenetic stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC9CFA2E1A3C1386DFD65C668F623F1C" author="Ushakova and Filippova" firstAuthor="Ushakova" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="334-338" refId="B424" refString="Ushakova GV, Filippova NA (1968) On the species of the group of Ixodes persulcatus (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) On the ecology of I. pavlovskyi Pom. from East Kazakhstan. Parazitologiia 2 (4): 334 – 338. [In Russian]" title="On the species of the group of Ixodes persulcatus (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) On the ecology of I. pavlovskyi Pom. from East Kazakhstan." volume="2" year="1968">Ushakova and Filippova 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2AF872BA8A98EC4C6D5D4E3EA128CAD2" author="Bolotin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bolotin" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="225-229" refId="B52" refString="Bolotin EI, Kolonin GV, Kiselev AN, Matiushina OA (1977) Distribution and ecology of Ixodes pavlovskyi (Ixodidae) in Sykhote-Alin. Parazitologiia 11 (3): 225 – 229. [In Russian]" title="Distribution and ecology of Ixodes pavlovskyi (Ixodidae) in Sykhote-Alin." volume="11" year="1977">Bolotin et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1DC22303645BDDD51C53759DD3B99859" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="223-241" refId="B120" refString="Filippova NA (1999) Sympatry of closely related species of ixodid ticks and its possible role in parasitic systems of natural foci of transmissive diseases. Parazitologiia 33 (3): 223 – 241. [In Russian]" title="Sympatry of closely related species of ixodid ticks and its possible role in parasitic systems of natural foci of transmissive diseases." volume="33" year="1999">Filippova 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In zones of sympatry their hybridization can occur, and their hybrids can also transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus and probably other pathogens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="109B1318D6B7FCBB5D6CC9E82B7A356C" DOI="10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.003" author="Kovalev" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kovalev" journalOrPublisher="Infection, Genetics and Evolution" pagination="388-395" refId="B221" refString="Kovalev SY, Mikhaylishcheva MS, Mukhacheva TA (2015) Natural hybridization of the ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi in their sympatric populations in Western Siberia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 32: 388 – 395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.003" title="Natural hybridization of the ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi in their sympatric populations in Western Siberia." volume="32" year="2015">Kovalev et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E107F3586BAA38354C66FD01D28078CE" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.020" author="Rar" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rar" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="101254" refId="B335" refString="Rar VA, Livanova N, Sabitova Y, Igolkina Y, Tkachev S, Tikunov A, Babkin I, Golovljovaa I, Panov V, Tikunova N (2019) Ixodes persulcatus / pavlovskyi natural hybrids in Siberia: Occurrence in sympatric areas and infection by a wide range of tick-transmitted agents. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 10 (6): 101254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.020" title="Ixodes persulcatus / pavlovskyi natural hybrids in Siberia: Occurrence in sympatric areas and infection by a wide range of tick-transmitted agents." volume="10" year="2019">Rar et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="56AD8847ACF021B2E3D51AC85D51AF61" DOI="10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484" author="Belova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Belova" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology" pagination="1104484" refId="B34" refString="Belova OA, Polienko AE, Averianova AD, Karganova GG (2023) Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 13 (4): 1104484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484" title="Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus." volume="13" year="2023">Belova et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Under laboratory conditions, interspecific hybridization between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9709C3191E936F32FA32D3BD1F3B608" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BFD2938D504FADF289D959BF03CB1CF" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80F3FEA34E62DF50DA6806C1C17B8E9D" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1723DC548CEB6CFD01AC39A57BD403BE" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was successfully conducted as well. F 1 hybrid ticks were completely sterile, as revealed by unsuccessful attempts of their subsequent hybridization with ticks of the parent generation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B3A7DAA6682B87000BFD8A3C0771D4CA" author="Balashov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Balashov" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pagination="713-721" refId="B27" refString="Balashov YS, Grigorieva LA, Oliver J (1998) Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization of ixodid ticks of the Ixodes ricinus – I. persulcatus group (Acarina, Ixodidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 77 (3): 713 – 721. [In Russian]" title="Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization of ixodid ticks of the Ixodes ricinus - I. persulcatus group (Acarina, Ixodidae)." volume="77" year="1998">Balashov et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F04643717421D4D466831E529CC8CAB" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCFAF347FE5EE6E65CE244F1D9F55C" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E3176FE1D7AE00251756872784002B4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83A676C79BB7BB9B88D3FC69E17AED7B" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, any morphological barrier to crossing is undoubdetly absent and then sterility of the F 1 hybrid generation is probably a quite significant factor limiting the population size of both species in their sympatric areas. Hybrid ticks also have morphological features allowing to differentiate them at preimaginal and imaginal stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="930689AF3B335031E84B4F1FD3CD1A36" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.001" author="Bugmyrin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bugmyrin" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="129-133" refId="B56" refString="Bugmyrin SV, Belova OA, Ieshko EP, Bespyatova LA, Karganova GG (2015) Morphological differentiation of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 6 (2): 129 – 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.001" title="Morphological differentiation of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions." volume="6" year="2015">Bugmyrin et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="14D886FC3491BE81C1A9184B63A36B29" DOI="10.1007/s10493-016-0036-3" author="Bugmyrin" firstAuthor="Bugmyrin" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Experimental & Applied Acarology" pagination="359-369" refId="B57" refString="Bugmyrin SV, Belova OA, Bespyatova LA, Ieshko EP, Karganova GG (2016) Morphological features of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids: Nymphs and adults. Experimental & Applied Acarology 69 (3): 359 – 369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-016-0036-3" title="Morphological features of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids: Nymphs and adults." volume="69" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, some studies were conducted in the Southern Primorye (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABA002223BB66D3555FDAA0AEDD00BE4" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="457-468" refId="B121" refString="Filippova NA (2002) Morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species Ixodes persulcatus - I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus - I. ricinus (Ixodidae). Parazitologiia 36 (6): 457 – 468. [In Russian]" title="Morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species Ixodes persulcatus - I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus - I. ricinus (Ixodidae)." volume="36" year="2002">Filippova 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in sympatric zones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4088DF0063DD06C04A1B83CFE4F4B21" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6483DC5C653733DADB99838A35741C1" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27034239C49789EB50AA984D1304D6B5" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pavlovskyi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B17BE3B5F1D3F98491C3857AECF46770" italics="true">I. pavlovskyi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to the close cohabitation of both species. These showed that in case of these two species there are distinct morphological barriers which are manifested in the fitting of organs involved in mating, in particular their size proportions. According to the result of the studies, mating and hybridization of different tick species are possible only in the next combination: female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D667236618696FB07DEEB6B39BF384AC" baseAuthorityName="Filippova" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavlovskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D377424631F8FC707AE7D90B15D8DF44" italics="true">I. pavlovskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E474721974B63EAD831C29A1A377FB8E" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D24916E1C7337C75B73CC0275D92ED4" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Whereas in case of the reverse combination, the parameters of the genital aperture of the female exceed those of the largest width of the hypostome in the male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7FFAA8BF7C6555BBECA175958230AC7F">
|
||
There is an excellent summary on the questing behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71789A4D3F1EDD7C8491A26EF4F14F6A" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4814D8E2B0E83B3925B82EE0C0D3A2AE" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the monograph by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89F821E78A9E90B3F35D2C37487E5CD4" author="Filippova NA [Ed.]" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B118" refString="Filippova NA [Ed.] (1985) Taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): morphology, taxonomy, ecology, medical significance. Nauka, Leningrad, 416 pp. [In Russian]" title="Taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): morphology, taxonomy, ecology, medical significance." year="1985">Filippova (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In brief, the ticks climb onto the vegetation in quest of a host. When the host approaches, the tick spreads its first pair of legs and, upon contact with the host, become attached. From time to time, ticks perform vertical migrations and go even into the soil litter for rehydration. Horizontal movements of ticks towards trails used by potential hosts are also possible, as well as crawling onto a nearby animal. Ticks react to humans by spreading their first legs from distances of ~
|
||
<quantity id="ACEB5CB6412F1FF33A473B8F9FC221D0" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">
|
||
15–
|
||
<specimenCount id="042B5F58A5E8E37079234F45CDA3F0BA" count="20" type="generic">20 m.</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
At short distances, ticks also react to a heat source. In general, a similar pattern of questing behavior is used by other exophilic ticks of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9302C4E1576C054FB293E09CD798E68B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1795" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5C8F6228244FC6626530FB9223A57EF6" italics="true">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC65034099100EEACF0EFA4EF47DA14C">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D782D49C360178E4DF56352A878453F2" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B36940B09FB2E036299A75783F81ACE1" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is an important signaling mechanism causing a morphogenetic diapause – a developmental delay which is the response of ticks to the duration of the diurnal photoperiod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BEDAC696141C6960DE11D52BD69AA51D" author="Belozerov" firstAuthor="Belozerov" refId="B35" refString="Belozerov VN (1976) Life cycles and seasonal adaptations in ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Chtenija Pamjati O. N. Holodkovskogo. Leningrad, Nauka: 53 – 101. [In Russian]" year="1976">Belozerov 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00CCB98D132FDD4E936F16D195014E7E" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7259AC821BB59BCA6F43E5FC848896DF" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a behavioral diapause of non-engorged adult ticks, which is not connected with photoperiodic regulation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE653D574998235D6937CDB606ADEF1D" DOI="10.1134/S2079086421060050" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Biology Bulletin Reviews" pagination="602-615" refId="B217" refString="Korenberg EI, Sirotkin MB, Kovalevsky YV (2021) Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758). Biology Bulletin Reviews 11 (6): 602 – 615. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086421060050" title="Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758)." volume="11" year="2021">Korenberg et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But as the studies in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E61B074CA1F57A0D7208B15BD2E4D5B" country="Russia" name="Kirov">Kirov Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Udmurt Republic showed, in more warmer areas, an increased proportion of engorged larvae and nymphs develop without the diapause and the reason for this is the early activation and, as a result, their mass feeding on hosts in the first half of summer. The factors determining the diapause of engorged larvae and nymphs in the compared regions practically do not differ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB1C90E9DDE29632D587D7D267FCCC3A" author="Korotkov" firstAuthor="Korotkov" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="264-271" refId="B219" refString="Korotkov YuS (2008) Variability of the life cycle duration in the taiga tick from mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Udmurt Republic. Parazitologiia 42 (4): 264 – 271. [In Russian]" title="Variability of the life cycle duration in the taiga tick from mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Udmurt Republic." volume="42" year="2008">Korotkov 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The correlation of the tick number varies, depending on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="45F419BFDD333E10F51E02E7699F91AA">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of biotope, as well as temperature and humidity and also many other abiotic factors. For example, in boreal taiga forests of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0CC3DD1A49D28E816E65DBD1E6F891CE" country="Russia" name="Kareliya">Karelia</collectingRegion>
|
||
mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="611F9261D38FC1D2DC9B8F8DA8C695F0" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="084B8ABC536B4588A71B904BD844267D" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dominates (except the southwestern part where the mass species is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AEECF0633E23386E390FDFAA6358D2C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5393463E7FDEEA5AFF0CEFA3BEB1E4E1" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5ECA17B61AC6B519420BBBACE818D30A" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.004" author="Bugmyrin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bugmyrin" issue="1-2" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="57-62" refId="B55" refString="Bugmyrin SV, Bespyatova LA, Korotkov YS, Burenkova LA, Belova OA, Romanova LI, Kozlovskaya LI, Karganova GG, Ieshko EP (2013) Distribution of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in southern Karelia (Russia). Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 4 (1 – 2): 57 – 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.004" title="Distribution of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in southern Karelia (Russia)." volume="4" year="2013">Bugmyrin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The beginning of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FB0F0F5E1416406DA7752DAFE729813" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="033CCCD449E7E461E153796104E28B7E" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
activity also differs in different regions depending on the sum of abiotic factors listed above. For example, in the Far East the seasonal peak in the number of larvae is observed in the third decade of May – second decade of July, whereas in the European part of its range in the third decade of July (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="003CCBF91581BC4257D97FFB7FA338B4" author="Belozerov" firstAuthor="Belozerov" refId="B35" refString="Belozerov VN (1976) Life cycles and seasonal adaptations in ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Chtenija Pamjati O. N. Holodkovskogo. Leningrad, Nauka: 53 – 101. [In Russian]" year="1976">Belozerov 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="145381B0057E7727CAA6002D72E178EF" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="49CA5A2BAE0607A7932FCE30DC03110F" author="Balashov" firstAuthor="Balashov" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, St. Petersburg" refId="B26" refString="Balashov YS (1998) Ticks – parasites and vectors of infections. Nauka, St. Petersburg, 287 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ticks - parasites and vectors of infections." year="1998">Balashov 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8DAE41DDFC9848AC82653192F761A578" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" journalOrPublisher="Commentarij, Moscow" refId="B214" refString="Korenberg EI, Pomelova VG, Osin NS (2013) Natural-focal infections transmitted by Ixodidae ticks. Commentarij, Moscow, 463 pp. [In Russian]" title="Natural-focal infections transmitted by Ixodidae ticks." year="2013">Korenberg et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the territory from the Volga River to Primorye the average activity of adult ticks varies from 60 to 140 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C28394A2F239F3D279ABAE7279026A60" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Otdelenie Biologii" pagination="34-43" refId="B213" refString="Korenberg EI, Lebedeva NN, Zhukov VI (1974) Geographical variability and types of seasonal activity of adult Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. Bulleten’ MOIP. Otdelenie Biologii 79 (4): 34 – 43. [In Russian]" title="Geographical variability and types of seasonal activity of adult Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. Bulleten’ MOIP." volume="79" year="1974">Korenberg et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The boundaries of the range of the tick are determined mainly by the combination of photo- and hygrothermal factors. The general indicators of warmth and moisture along the range of this tick species vary widely. The fundamental ecological niche of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="400B85362B250E3B88B43EFCF96EEC18" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1B1D785CC1C0465F4D48CEE8D029D5CB" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the broad scope of its preferred conditions allows it to adapt to the wide diversity of biotopes in the forest zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2DD351409965139C72B0AEE23EC194F0">
|
||
Some type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1A6283B4A269846AAB1F41A68179D20" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="337BD4A423B674775ED78E7D9F857116" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are deposited at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE53608D866E1D8D06BF4CA3EAB7ACFF" authority="(Schulze 1930: 300)" baseAuthorityName="Schulze" baseAuthorityPageNumber="300" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="persulcatus" subSpecies="diversipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D3114637E6A9A06F9BB0A36945622FB" italics="true">I. persulcatus subsp. diversipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E6DCB9CBB0FC9509413874A82E9A1ED" author="Schulze P" firstAuthor="Schulze" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" page="300" pagination="294-303" refId="B362" refString="Schulze P (1930) Über einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 90: 294 – 303. [In German]" title="Über einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien." volume="90" year="1930">Schulze 1930: 300</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="15778F38460062AF5E2299C0B02267DB" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: male; [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1B6F4BA98726693BFF281CD8897A5D04" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Primorskii Terr.], lower
|
||
<collectingRegion id="90B412422A93B0FF1D1D15958027589E" country="Russia" name="Amur">Amur</collectingRegion>
|
||
River,
|
||
<quantity id="AF9B1561FC72C9826007CE2FB76732AD" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
of Vyatskoe Vill.,
|
||
<date id="E0EF2DB480CD48B45882188B75E1A855" value="1910-06-26">
|
||
26.
|
||
<collectionCode id="E9421537FE135136A3644AFE13F35E47" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
|
||
. 1910
|
||
</date>
|
||
, coll. Soldatov, det. N. О. Olenev:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58EB3698D8B26237D95D6F5AD157DF4A" authorityName="Nuttall & Warburton" authorityYear="1911" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ricinus" subSpecies="ovatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9037C39A63CC5F503E43A874606B2FC" italics="true">I. ricinus ovatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; AL I 266, as well as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0ABEB05AAD95EB1BDDE53069EBA5F3DD" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="AD890C8D3018AC853AE7B1DD64DD6D70" count="1" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="95E3ED15EC857A4EC5563FAC7B41967E" count="1" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
; AL I 266 a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E21DA04C8479756123F1E6EDA92F4BE" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3A5C186CE860BA262A5629DA960F8FDF" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C46BC7943CD919D35EF17E303239184" author="Filippova NA" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" page="677" pagination="675-688" refId="B113" refString="Filippova NA (1969) Taxonomic aspects of the study of ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latr. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 48 (3): 675 – 688. [In Russian]" title="Taxonomic aspects of the study of ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latr. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses." volume="48" year="1969">Filippova 1969: 677</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Description –
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0EEB539CDCEA17065D8DBA89EE971E3C" author="Filippova NA" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" page="316 - 327" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977: 316–327</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(female, male, nymph, larva) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8273537DD99F1C1FD42B222AE9921E5B" DOI="10.1134/S0013873808080149" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="8" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pagination="1002-1011" refId="B123" refString="Filippova NA (2008) Type specimens of argasid and ixodid ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Entomological Review 88 (8): 1002 – 1011. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873808080149" title="Type specimens of argasid and ixodid ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)." volume="88" year="2008">Filippova 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F993A8EC0AC51B870A6B3C99B7201ADE" author="Filippova NA" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pagination="675-688" refId="B113" refString="Filippova NA (1969) Taxonomic aspects of the study of ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latr. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 48 (3): 675 – 688. [In Russian]" title="Taxonomic aspects of the study of ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latr. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses." volume="48" year="1969">Filippova (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also states that re-examination of the type material of the above subspecies demonstrated that the specimens used for describing differences of this subspecies are damaged in some morphologically important parts (not noticed before), and the key morphological characters that were previously thought to distinguish the subspecies are not specific enough and can be found in ticks throughout their entire geographical range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |