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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249160" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-31-119" ID-Pensoft-UUID="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574808" ID-ZooBank="10404A9C126A44C8BD485DB72CD3E3FF" ModsDocID="1314-2607-31-119" checkinTime="1621552913932" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lenhart, Paul A., Dash, Shawn T. &amp; Mackay, William P." docDate="2013" docId="1A66BBF231FB0790394E66EA59C98B87" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31" docPubDate="2013-03-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335" docTitle="Dinoponera gigantea" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" masterDocTitle="A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="119" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1643538942448" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lenhart, Paul A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, Texas USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dash, Shawn T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mackay, William P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2013-03-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-31-119</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1A66BBF231FB0790394E66EA59C98B87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A66BBF231FB0790394E66EA59C98B87" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dinoponera_gigantea" authority="(Perty)" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dinoponera gigantea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="137" start="start">Dinoponera</pageBreakToken>
gigantea (Perty)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Features of Dinoponera workers. A Head, frontal view B-C Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view D-E Pronotum, lateral view F-H Petiole, lateral view. A-B Dinoponera longipes C Dinoponera hispida D Dinoponera gigantea. E-F Dinoponera mutica G Dinoponera hispida H Dinoponera lucida." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Features of Dinoponera males. A-E Head, frontal view F-J Right scape, first and second funicular segments, frontal view K-O Pygidial spine, dorsal view A, F, K Dinoponera gigantea B, G, L Dinoponera quadriceps C, H, M Dinoponera longipes D, I, N Dinoponera snellingi E, J, O Dinoponera australis." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11665" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">, 4A, F, K</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Wings of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11666" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">, 5C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Dinoponera rightbasiparamere / paramere of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11670" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">, 9C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Dinoponera rightvolsella of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11671" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">, 10C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Dinoponera rightpenis valves from the aedeagus of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11672" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">, 11B, C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">Ponera gigantea</taxonomicName>
Perty, 1833: 135, pl. 27, Fig. 3. (worker) BRAZIL: Amazonas, Rio Negro [type not found]; Kempf, 1971: 372 (male); combination in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Roger, 1861:38.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Ponera grandis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
, 1838: 206 (worker) [type not found]; combination in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Roger, 1861:38; junior synonym of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">gigantea</emphasis>
: Roger, 1861: 38; Kempf, 1971:371. Emery, 1911: 219 (male); Wheeler, G.C. and Wheeler, J. 1985: 387 (larvae).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="137" type="worker diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Worker diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by the following combination of character states: antero-inferior corner of pronotum with distinct tooth-like process (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Features of Dinoponera workers. A Head, frontal view B-C Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view D-E Pronotum, lateral view F-H Petiole, lateral view. A-B Dinoponera longipes C Dinoponera hispida D Dinoponera gigantea. E-F Dinoponera mutica G Dinoponera hispida H Dinoponera lucida." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
); integument finely micro-sculptured and not shiny (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12. " captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Worker head, oblique antero-lateral view illustrating microsculpturing difference. A Dinoponera mutica (this smooth integument type is also found in Dinoponera lucida, Dinoponera longipes and Dinoponera hispida) B Dinoponera quadriceps (this rough integument type is also found in Dinoponera gigantea and Dinoponera australis)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11673" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
); drab pilosity notably dense, long and flagellate; scape length longer than head width; total body length over 30 mm.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the largest species in the genus reaching up to 3.6 cm total body length.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from all but two species by the presence of a tooth-like process on the antero-inferior corner of the pronotum.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a tooth-like process on the pronotum, but are smaller (usually less than 30 mm). In addition
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a shiny integument and
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the long, flagellate pubescence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="18" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">Description of the worker.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
Measurements (mm) (n=15) TBL: 31.62-36.02 (34.34); MDL: 4.59-5.35 (4.92); HL: 5.89-6.65 (6.31); HW: 5.74-6.27 (6.00); SL: 5.95-6.43 (6.30); WL: 8.71-9.94 (9.35); PL: 2.72-3.06 (2.81); PH: 3.08-3.67 (3.59); PW: 1.85-2.07 (1.98); GL: 9.43-12.24 (10.94); HFL: 8.10-9.3 (8.74). A description of the external morphology of the worker is given in
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf (1971)</bibRefCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="18" pageNumber="137">
Length of scape exceeding maximum width of head. Pubescence on front of head quite dense yet inconspicuous, not concealing the integument. Gular (ventral) surface of head reticulate-punctate throughout, very finely striate in front, the striae strongly converging mesad toward the anterior border. Sides of head reticulate-punctate, subopaque. Antero-inferior corner of pronotum dentate. Pronotal disc reticulate-punctate, subopaque, the paired swellings rather inconspicuous, but the median impression between swellings distinct, integument irregularly wrinkled. Tarsus I of hind leg longer than maximum head length. Petiole reticulate-punctate and subopaque, rectangular in profile, the anterior surface straight to slightly concave; the anterior upper corner more narrowly, the posterior corner more broadly rounded; posterior surface with the vertical sulcus always distinct; in dorsal view the petiole is decidedly longer than broad, width-length proportion below 0.80. Terga I and II of gaster opaque, sharply reticulate-punctate, densely foveolate (from each foveola arises a short decumbent hair), with scattered, bristle bearing, larger pints. The appressed pubescence, although inconspicuous, is densely spread over the entire terga, stridulatory file on acrotergite (portion of tergum that is normally concealed under the overlapping preceding tergum)
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="138" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
tergum II short, narrow, inconspicuous, not crossing beyond anterior half of acrotergite (hence not easily seen if entire acrotergite is not exposed)
</emphasis>
.&quot;
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="male diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Male diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
Males of this species are easily recognized by their funiculus which is covered in long standing setae (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Features of Dinoponera males. A-E Head, frontal view F-J Right scape, first and second funicular segments, frontal view K-O Pygidial spine, dorsal view A, F, K Dinoponera gigantea B, G, L Dinoponera quadriceps C, H, M Dinoponera longipes D, I, N Dinoponera snellingi E, J, O Dinoponera australis." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11665" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
), shiny dark reddish brown integument and the combination of a long pygidial spine (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Features of Dinoponera males. A-E Head, frontal view F-J Right scape, first and second funicular segments, frontal view K-O Pygidial spine, dorsal view A, F, K Dinoponera gigantea B, G, L Dinoponera quadriceps C, H, M Dinoponera longipes D, I, N Dinoponera snellingi E, J, O Dinoponera australis." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11665" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4K</figureCitation>
), volsella with two basal teeth, lobed end of digitus volsellaris (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Dinoponera rightvolsella of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11671" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
) and deep concavity on the side of the penis valve of the aedeagus (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Dinoponera rightpenis valves from the aedeagus of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11672" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Description of the male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
A description of the external morphology of the male is given in
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. Measurements done by
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf (1971)</bibRefCitation>
are included as only one male
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was examined by us while the measurements of
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf (1971)</bibRefCitation>
most likely represent the means of the four males examined in that study:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
Measurements in millimeters: total length 22.0; maximum length of head capsule 2.48; maximum width of head (eyes included) 3.10; maximum diameter of eyes 1.86; scape length 0.93; length of funicular articles I: 0.21, II: 1.86;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
length of thorax 7.12; hind femur length 5.57; hind tarsus I length 5.38; petiole length 2.16, width 1.24, height 1.76; tergum I of gaster length 3.09, width 2.88; fore wing length 15.6; hind wing length 12.15. Chestnut brown, smooth and shining except funiculi, clypeus, front, tibiae and tarsi which are finely punctuate to reticulate-punctate; terga III and following of gaster weakly, superficially and finely reticulate. The entire insect covered with long, subdecumbent, silky pubescence, except funiculi where the pubescence is minute. Standing hairs long and abundant on body, lacking on mid-dorsum of terga II-V of gaster; long hairs on scapes rather numerous, length not much longer than twice the diameter of scape
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
Anterior border of labrum rounded, not visibly excised
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
Pygidial spine long and well developed. Parameres (gonostyli) of genitalia in side-view narrow and spear-pointed
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
Hypopygidium (subgenital plate of subandrium) apically rounded
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
&quot;
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Description of male genitalia.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
Basal ring with wide dorso-anterior loop structures, dorsal depression on basal ring posterior to cleft between dorso-anterior loops, ridge extending from anterior of depression to center; parameres long, narrow, rounded spade-shape, emarginated ventro-basal edge (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Dinoponera rightbasiparamere / paramere of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11670" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
); volsella with finger-like cuspis volsellaris and broad cusp-like digitus volsellaris, cuspis volsellaris with pointed end, flange extending on dorsal edge, digitus volsellaris with numerous small circular bumps, lobe on postero-dorsal edge, 2 teeth on medial ventro-basal corner of volsella, posterior tooth with lobe on posterior edge; penis valve of aedeagus with lateral arm of apodeme at anterior border, deep, wide, ventral concavity under ridge at base of apodeme, distal edge of valve wedge-shaped, proximal ventral edge of valve ending in tooth descending at roughly 45°, ventral edge with large laterally curved lip, serrated edge (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Dinoponera rightpenis valves from the aedeagus of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11672" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
), serrations facing laterally on either side of aedeagus in dorsal view (similar to penis valve in
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dinoponera longipes male genitalia. A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11669" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found on the coast of Guyana, in the Brazilian states of Amazonas,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
including Marajo Island, Mato Grosso and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
as well as the Loreto Province in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported to be common in un-flooded forests in the vicinity of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Overal, WL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="466 - 469" refId="B51" refString="Overal, WL, 1980. Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 15: 466 - 469" title="Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea." volume="15" year="1980">Overal 1980</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution map of Dinoponera species. Symbols in black are records added by this study; open symbols are from literature sources (Kempf 1971, 1975, Araujo et al. 1990, Peeters et al. 1999, Monnin and Peeters 1999, Fourcassie and Oliviera 2002, Monnin et al. 2003, Mariano et al. 2004, Araujo and Rodriques 2006, Marques-Silva et al. 2006)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11674" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). It is probable that
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in French Guyana, Surinam,
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="139" start="start">Venezuela</pageBreakToken>
and southeastern Colombia because these regions are adjacent to known
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
localities and have similar lowland rainforest habitat. However, no specimens from these nations are known to us, perhaps as a result of a lack of sampling or the range is absent from Colombia and southwestern Venezuela.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="139">
A record from Rio de Janeiro (from the CASC) is puzzling as it is disjunct from the known range of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The most southeastern locality for
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is over 1,480 km to the nearest portion of the state of Rio de Janeiro. In addition, Rio de Janeiro is in a well collected area where no other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found. The label reads 'R.d.Janeiro, Brazil, D.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Davis’">Davis'</normalizedToken>
and the specimen agrees in all morphological characters with
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This locality is omitted from the
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
range map (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution map of Dinoponera species. Symbols in black are records added by this study; open symbols are from literature sources (Kempf 1971, 1975, Araujo et al. 1990, Peeters et al. 1999, Monnin and Peeters 1999, Fourcassie and Oliviera 2002, Monnin et al. 2003, Mariano et al. 2004, Araujo and Rodriques 2006, Marques-Silva et al. 2006)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11674" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) because of its questionable nature. If other collections can validate this locality it would mean a significant range extension for
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="139" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species with a distinct suite of morphological characters listed in the diagnosis above. The validity of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strengthened by range overlaps with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and actual sympatry with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart &amp; Dash &amp; Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both with no integration of morphological characters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="139" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="139">
BRAZIL
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">,</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="PARÁ">PARA</normalizedToken>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
(6 w, v.1924, FX Williams, LACM, 7 w, vi.1924, FX Williams, LACM, USNM, 1 w, i.1938, GN Wolcott and LF Martorell, USNM, 1 w, 19.ix.1943, MCZC, 1 w, vii.1961, WA Burk, LACM, 1 w, 17.iii.1964, CE and ES Ross, CASC, 1 w, 16.ii.1975, ES Ross, CASC, 1 m, 21.vii.1979, JO Schmidt, LACM);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
APEG Forest flight trap (1 w, 29.vii-6.viii.1974, DG Young, FSCA); Braganza (1 w, HB Merrill, USNM); Jabaty (1 w, v.1924, JF Illigworth, LACM); Marajo Island (3 w, viii-x.1907, HB Merril,FMNH); Mocajuba (1 w, 9.xii.1926, EG Holt, USNM); Peixe Boi (1 w, viii-x.1907
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">,</emphasis>
HB Merrill
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">,</emphasis>
FMNH);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guamá">Guama</normalizedToken>
nr.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
(20 w, 10.xii.1976, CL Hogue, LACM);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucuruí">Tucurui</normalizedToken>
Margem esq. (1 w, 16.iii.1979, WL Overal, LACM); Utinga tract nr.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
(1 w, 2.viii.1962, PF Darlington, MCZC); Souza (2 w, but the 16.ix.1920, LACM, AMNH); locality not specified (1 w, HB Merrill, LACM); locality not specified (2 w, 1954, WM Mann, LACM, USNM), 4 w, Baker, MCZC, CUIC, USNM, 4 w, Thayer Expedition, AMNH, 1 w, G Franch, AMNH); RIO DE JANEIRO: locality not specified (1 w, D Davis, CASC); State and locality not specified (1 w, HH Smith and T Pergande, USNM). GUYANA, CUYUNI-MAZARUNI: Dist. Bartica Kalacoon (1 w, 1916, AMNH).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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