422 lines
48 KiB
XML
422 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1038212" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5d8103a-3589-4d3f-a11b-a2f6366135cf" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1038212" approvalRequired="123" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="123" checkinTime="1509026046185" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Carpenter, K." docDate="1992" docId="C35987894579FFFC3DB030D60D4B4CD8" docLanguage="en" docName="Carpenter_1992_Tyrannosaurids(almost done).pdf.imf" docOrigin="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology, Beijing: China Ocean Press" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus bataar Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="30" lastPageNumber="256" masterDocId="3F60FFF1457DFFFA3C0B350408274D37" masterDocTitle="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" masterLastPageNumber="268" masterPageNumber="250" pageNumber="254" updateTime="1673700490250" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carpenter, K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">1992-12-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>China Ocean Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Beijing</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mateer, N. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chen, P. - J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>250</mods:start>
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<mods:end>268</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1038212</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e5d8103a-3589-4d3f-a11b-a2f6366135cf</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1038212</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4570386" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135476426" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4570386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35987894579FFFC3DB030D60D4B4CD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C35987894579FFFC3DB030D60D4B4CD8" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<subSubSection box="[443,1341,1490,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1341,1490,1731]" box="[443,1341,1490,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<heading box="[443,1341,1490,1535]" centered="true" fontSize="16" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Maleev, 1995a" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[443,1183,1490,1535]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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<emphasis box="[443,843,1490,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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bataarMaleev
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</taxonomicName>
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1995a
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[769,1016,1550,1586]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1341,1490,1731]" box="[769,1016,1550,1586]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<figureCitation box="[769,913,1550,1586]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="15.[186,268,2285,2312]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 2. Comparison of tyrannosaurid skulls: A-Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH 5027 (modified from Osborn, 1912); B-Tyrannosaurus bataar holotype PIN 551-1, with missing areas restored after PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974 and Barsbold,1983);C-Maleevosaurus novojilovi holotype PIN 552-2 (modified from Maleev, 1974);D-Albertosaurus sarcophagus AMNH 5222, with lower jaws based on NMC 5600 and NMC 5601 (modified from photographs and Lambe, 1904);E-Albertosaurus libratus(modified from Russell, 1970); F-? Albertosaurus lancensis holotype CMNH 7541, composite of the left and right side (modified from photographs);G-Daspletosaurus torosus(modified from Russell, 1970 and photographs of NMC 8506). All drawn to scale;scale beneath Tyrannosaurus rex = 10 cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843437/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Figs. 2B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[931,963,1550,1586]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="17.[170,253,2251,2278]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. Growth series for skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar: A-PIN 551-1 (holotype) with missing areas reconstructed from PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974,and Barsbold 1980);B-PIN 551-3 (holotype of Tyrannosaurus bataar) (from photographs and Maleev, 1974; the posterior margins of the squamosal and quadratojugal are apparently incomplete or curved away from the viewer, hence the different shape of these bones compared to the other skulls);C-GI SPS 100/59 (modified from Barsbold, 1980);D-PIN 552-2 (holotype of Gorgosaurus lancinator) (modified from Maleev, 1974). All skulls to scale;scale under A= 10cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843447/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[973,1016,1550,1586]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="18.[189,271,2303,2329]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of tyrannosaurid skeletons: A-Tyrannosaurus rex(based on drawings and photographs of AMNH 5027 and CM 9380);B-Tyrannosaurus bataar (based on photographs of PIN 552-1,a young adult);C- Maleevosaurus novojilovi (modified from Maleev, 1974);D-Albertosaurus sarcophagus (skeleton based on photographs and drawings of ROM 807,with the skull based on photographs and drawings of AMNH 5222,NMC 5600 and NMC 5601); E- Albertosaurus libratus (skeleton modified from Lambe, 1914,and skull modified from Russell, 1970);F-Daspletosaurus torosus (modified from Russell, 1970). All drawn to scale;height of scale beneath Tyrannosaurus rex tail = 1 m ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843449/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">5B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1341,1490,1731]" box="[182,853,1598,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<treatmentCitation authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[182,853,1598,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis box="[182,568,1598,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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=
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<taxonomicName authority="Maleev 1955 b" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[221,853,1598,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="efremovi">
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Tarbosaurus efremovi
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[612,853,1598,1634]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="779 - 782" part="104" refString="------, 1955 b, New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 779 - 782." title="New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">Maleev 1955b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1341,1490,1731]" box="[181,865,1646,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis box="[181,580,1646,1682]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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=
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<taxonomicName authority="Maleev 1955 b" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[221,865,1646,1683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancinator">
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Gorgosaurus lancinator
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[624,865,1647,1683]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="779 - 782" part="104" refString="------, 1955 b, New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 779 - 782." title="New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">Maleev 1955b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1341,1490,1731]" box="[181,822,1695,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis box="[181,521,1695,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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=
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<treatmentCitation authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[203,822,1695,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Maleev) 1955" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[203,801,1695,1731]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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Tarbosaurus bataar (
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[554,801,1695,1731]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="779 - 782" part="104" refString="------, 1955 b, New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 779 - 782." title="New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955">Maleev) 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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b
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</treatmentCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[176,1608,1794,1879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1675757327" collectionCode="PIN" country="Mongolia" formation="Nemegt Formation" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" preperations="partial skull" specimenCode="PIN 551-1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,344,1794,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<typeStatus box="[176,336,1794,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[419,614,1794,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">PIN 551-1</specimenCode>
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partial skull from the Nemegt Formation,
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<collectingCountry pageId="4" pageNumber="254" value="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People’s Republic</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[175,1606,1940,2074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,351,1941,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Angular terminates anterior to the surangular fenestra;surangular fenestra proportionally smaller than in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[811,1117,1990,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[811,1117,1990,2026]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; surangular fenestra proportionally smaller than in
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<emphasis box="[588,693,2038,2074]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[588,688,2038,2074]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[175,1607,2135,2270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,1038,2136,2171]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Stratigraphic and Paleobiogeographic Distribution:</emphasis>
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Nemegt Formation and Upper White Beds of Khermeen Tsav, Mongolian People’s Republic; possibly
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<emphasis box="[1395,1445,2184,2220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">the</emphasis>
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Subashi Formation,Xinjiang,People’s Republic of China.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[174,1607,2330,2563]" lastBlockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,367,2331,2366]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">Discussion:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[416,693,2330,2366]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="634 - 637" part="104" refString="Maleev, E., 1955 a, Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 634 - 637." title="Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Maleev (1955a</bibRefCitation>
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,b;
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[733,835,2330,2366]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="132 - 190" part="l" refString="------, 1974, Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia: Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, v. l, p. 132 - 190." title="Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia" type="book chapter" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
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) recognized three genera and four species of tyrannosaurids from Mongolia:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rozhdestvensky" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[749,1110,2380,2416]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tyrannosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[1138,1507,2380,2416]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="efremovi">Tarbosaurus efremovi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancinator">Gorgosaurus lancinator</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[571,946,2429,2465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[571,941,2429,2465]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">Gorgosaurus novojilovi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Rozhdestvensky, A." box="[958,1384,2429,2465]" journalOrPublisher="paleontologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" pagination="95 - 109" refString="Rozhdestvensky, A., 1965, Growth changes in Asian dinosaurs and some problems of their taxonomy. paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, p. 95 - 109." title="Growth changes in Asian dinosaurs and some problems of their taxonomy" type="book chapter" year="1965">Rozhdestvensky (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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,however,argued that most of the differences cited by Maleev were ontogenetic, and that only a single species was represented. Rozhdestvensky also argued that this single species was intermediate between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[634,848,266,302]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[634,848,266,302]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[941,1171,266,302]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[941,1171,266,302]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and, thus, represented a distinct genus for which the name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[875,1068,315,351]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[875,1068,315,351]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was available. Accordingly, Rozhdestvensky referred all Mongolian tyrannosaurid to
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<emphasis box="[1144,1454,363,399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1144,1450,363,399]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tarbosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
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Re-examination of Maleev’s figures (
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[912,1172,412,448]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="634 - 637" part="104" refString="Maleev, E., 1955 a, Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 634 - 637." title="Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Maleev, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[1189,1301,412,448]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="779 - 782" part="104" refString="------, 1955 b, New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 779 - 782." title="New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">
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1955
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<emphasis box="[1278,1301,412,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">b</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[1317,1405,412,448]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="132 - 190" part="l" refString="------, 1974, Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia: Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, v. l, p. 132 - 190." title="Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia" type="book chapter" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),as well as photographs of these specimens and of those collected by the Polish palaeontological expeditions to Mongolia, reveal that Rozhdestvensky erred in a number of points in his analysis. The quadratojugal process of the jugal in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1105,1246,558,594]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1105,1246,558,594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaches the posterior rim of the lateral temporal fenestra
|
||
<emphasis box="[792,866,607,643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">as it</emphasis>
|
||
does in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1020,1221,606,643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1020,1124,606,642]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
tetragonal-shaped
|
||
<emphasis box="[1547,1594,607,643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">ascending</emphasis>
|
||
process of the jugal in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[702,805,655,691]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[702,805,655,691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,this observation is based on
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1291,1414,655,691]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H." journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, new series" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refString="------, 1912, Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus: American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, new series v. 1, p. 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A new skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[680,788,703,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,788,703,739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[801,912,703,739]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844,has a tapering ascending process as in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[272,340,752,788]" collectionName="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">PIN</collectionCode>
|
||
551-3, thus showing the shape of this bone is variable. Development of the ascending process into the orbit is variable as indicated by the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1222,1363,800,836]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1375,1516,800,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1375,1516,800,836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1529,1597,800,836]" collectionName="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">PIN</collectionCode>
|
||
551-1, which shows a slight development of the jugal within the orbint. This makes it intermediate in shape between
|
||
<collectionCode box="[701,823,898,934]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1014,1082,898,934]" collectionName="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">PIN</collectionCode>
|
||
551-3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Another taxonomical difference Rozhdestvensky stated was the smaller size of the Mongolian tyrannosaurid. However,the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[918,1061,994,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1073,1166,994,1030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">skull</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1173,1240,994,1030]" collectionName="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">PIN</collectionCode>
|
||
551-1,has premaxillary to occipital condyle length of
|
||
<quantity box="[778,939,1043,1079]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="1220.0">1220 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[959,1221,1043,1079]" journalOrPublisher="Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="634 - 637" part="104" refString="Maleev, E., 1955 a, Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia: Dokladi Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., v. 104, p. 634 - 637." title="Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Maleev, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E." box="[1239,1334,1043,1079]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="132 - 190" part="l" refString="------, 1974, Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia: Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, v. l, p. 132 - 190." title="Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas and biostratigraphy of Mongolia" type="book chapter" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This compares to
|
||
<quantity box="[228,388,1092,1128]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="1210.0">1210 mm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectionCode box="[467,589,1092,1128]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[703,1074,1091,1128]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[703,798,1091,1128]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H." box="[818,1061,1092,1128]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, new series" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refString="------, 1912, Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus: American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, new series v. 1, p. 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Thus,contrary to Rozhdestvensky’s(1965)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1015,1134,1140,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">claims</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1141,1280,1140,1176]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1141,1280,1140,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[335,549,1188,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,549,1188,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[649,885,1188,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,885,1188,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is generically indistinguishable from
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,417,1235,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[179,413,1235,1271]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It is remarkable that of the five skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1147,1244,1235,1271]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1147,1244,1235,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known all are adults (however see below). This is not the case with
|
||
<emphasis box="[974,1125,1285,1321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[974,1121,1285,1321]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1137,1276,1285,1321]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="17.[170,253,2251,2278]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. Growth series for skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar: A-PIN 551-1 (holotype) with missing areas reconstructed from PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974,and Barsbold 1980);B-PIN 551-3 (holotype of Tyrannosaurus bataar) (from photographs and Maleev, 1974; the posterior margins of the squamosal and quadratojugal are apparently incomplete or curved away from the viewer, hence the different shape of these bones compared to the other skulls);C-GI SPS 100/59 (modified from Barsbold, 1980);D-PIN 552-2 (holotype of Gorgosaurus lancinator) (modified from Maleev, 1974). All skulls to scale;scale under A= 10cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843447/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
shows a growth series of skulls from the smallest with a premaxillary-occipital condyle length of
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="825.0">825 mm</quantity>
|
||
to the largest with a premaxillary-occipital condyle length of
|
||
<quantity box="[1289,1441,1382,1418]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="1220.0">1220mm</quantity>
|
||
. The general ontogenetic trend is a deepening of the skull, shortening of the muzzle,and an increase in the rugosity of the region dorsal to the orbit. As may be seen, the smaller skulls resemble that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[585,797,1525,1561]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[978,1171,1525,1561]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="17.[170,253,2251,2278]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. Growth series for skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar: A-PIN 551-1 (holotype) with missing areas reconstructed from PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974,and Barsbold 1980);B-PIN 551-3 (holotype of Tyrannosaurus bataar) (from photographs and Maleev, 1974; the posterior margins of the squamosal and quadratojugal are apparently incomplete or curved away from the viewer, hence the different shape of these bones compared to the other skulls);C-GI SPS 100/59 (modified from Barsbold, 1980);D-PIN 552-2 (holotype of Gorgosaurus lancinator) (modified from Maleev, 1974). All skulls to scale;scale under A= 10cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843447/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Figs. 4
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1097,1129,1525,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">C</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1136,1171,1525,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1171,1525,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">D</emphasis>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1277,1407,1525,1561]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="15.[186,268,2285,2312]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 2. Comparison of tyrannosaurid skulls: A-Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH 5027 (modified from Osborn, 1912); B-Tyrannosaurus bataar holotype PIN 551-1, with missing areas restored after PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974 and Barsbold,1983);C-Maleevosaurus novojilovi holotype PIN 552-2 (modified from Maleev, 1974);D-Albertosaurus sarcophagus AMNH 5222, with lower jaws based on NMC 5600 and NMC 5601 (modified from photographs and Lambe, 1904);E-Albertosaurus libratus(modified from Russell, 1970); F-? Albertosaurus lancensis holotype CMNH 7541, composite of the left and right side (modified from photographs);G-Daspletosaurus torosus(modified from Russell, 1970 and photographs of NMC 8506). All drawn to scale;scale beneath Tyrannosaurus rex = 10 cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843437/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Fig. 2
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1378,1407,1525,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
),especially because of the longer muzzle.
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,799,1575,1611]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Thus</emphasis>
|
||
,it is understandable that Maleev referred these skulls to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[334,531,1624,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,531,1624,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,828,1624,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[585,810,1624,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However,the well-developed stereoscopic
|
||
<emphasis box="[1550,1596,1624,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">vision</emphasis>
|
||
(due to the differentiation of the muzzle from the cranium) separates these skulls from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[385,601,1720,1756]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Variation in the skulls is apparent in the posterior portion of the lateral temporal fenestra where the squamosal may butt against the quadratojugal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[292,547,1818,1854]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="17.[170,253,2251,2278]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. Growth series for skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar: A-PIN 551-1 (holotype) with missing areas reconstructed from PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974,and Barsbold 1980);B-PIN 551-3 (holotype of Tyrannosaurus bataar) (from photographs and Maleev, 1974; the posterior margins of the squamosal and quadratojugal are apparently incomplete or curved away from the viewer, hence the different shape of these bones compared to the other skulls);C-GI SPS 100/59 (modified from Barsbold, 1980);D-PIN 552-2 (holotype of Gorgosaurus lancinator) (modified from Maleev, 1974). All skulls to scale;scale under A= 10cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843447/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Fig. 4
|
||
<collectionCode box="[396,420,1818,1854]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">B</collectionCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[513,547,1818,1854]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">D</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) or there may be an overlap (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1095,1238,1818,1854]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="17.[170,253,2251,2278]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. Growth series for skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar: A-PIN 551-1 (holotype) with missing areas reconstructed from PIN 551-3 and GI SPS 100/59 (from photographs,Maleev, 1974,and Barsbold 1980);B-PIN 551-3 (holotype of Tyrannosaurus bataar) (from photographs and Maleev, 1974; the posterior margins of the squamosal and quadratojugal are apparently incomplete or curved away from the viewer, hence the different shape of these bones compared to the other skulls);C-GI SPS 100/59 (modified from Barsbold, 1980);D-PIN 552-2 (holotype of Gorgosaurus lancinator) (modified from Maleev, 1974). All skulls to scale;scale under A= 10cm ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843447/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Fig. 4
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1205,1238,1818,1854]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">C</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A similar pattern is seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[311,407,1865,1901]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[311,407,1865,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[570,901,1865,1901]" editor="Currie, P." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" refString="Carpenter, K., in press, Examples of variation in Tyrannosaurus rex: in Currie, P. and Carpenter, K., eds., Dinosaur Systematics: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" title="Examples of variantion in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur systematics" year="in press">Carpenter,in press</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
There has been some confusion about the astragulus in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1242,1480,1915,1951]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1242,1476,1915,1951]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Welles, S. & Long, R." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" pagination="191 - 218" part="64" refString="Welles, S. and Long, R., 1974, The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs: Annals of the South African Museum, v. 64, p. 191 - 218." title="The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1974">Welles and Long (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figured an element associated with
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1078,1201,1964,2000]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5827 that they ascribed as a
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[259,488,2011,2047]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[259,488,2011,2047]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
astragulus. This element, however, is unlike any theropod astragulus
|
||
<emphasis box="[241,368,2060,2096]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">known</emphasis>
|
||
,and is certainly very different from the astragulus associated with
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1518,1608,2060,2096]" collectionName="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">MOR</collectionCode>
|
||
009,
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,574,2109,2145]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[268,569,2109,2145]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This astragulus resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1172,1384,2109,2145]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1172,1384,2109,2145]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as would be expected. Comparison of the original drawings by Christman of the element figured by Welles and Long show that it is,in fact,a medial and dorsal view of the right quadrate of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[386,508,2254,2290]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[643,749,2254,2290]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="16.[202,283,2388,2415]" captionTargetBox="[307,1310,332,2191]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 3. Medial view of the quadrate of Tyrannosaurus rex (cast at the ANSP) with B, drawings made by Erwin Christman and identified by Welles and Long (1974) as the astragulus. 1 - pterygoid process of the quadrate. 2 - quadrate foramen. 3 - occipital condyle. 4 - paroccipital process. 5 - basisphenoid. 6 - prearticular. 7 - articular. 8 - quadratojugal. 9 - articulating surface for the squamosal. Scale below the articular in A = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1038214/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[177,1608,266,2531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
At this time the specific differences between the postcrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1358,1467,2301,2337]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1358,1467,2301,2337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rew</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
T,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[178,272,2350,2386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">bataar</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have not been established. This is due to the considerable amount of variation among the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[371,469,2399,2435]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[371,469,2399,2435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[686,1024,2399,2435]" editor="Currie, P." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" refString="Carpenter, K., in press, Examples of variation in Tyrannosaurus rex: in Currie, P. and Carpenter, K., eds., Dinosaur Systematics: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" title="Examples of variantion in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur systematics" year="in press">Carpenter,in press</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some of the differences may be individual, but most appear to be sexual. Until the range of this variation can be determined, it is not certain what postcranial characters separate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1239,1334,2495,2531]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1239,1334,2495,2531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis box="[1444,1596,2495,2531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1444,1592,2495,2531]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,1619,314,495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">
|
||
With regard to the maxilla from the Tornillo Formation of Texas ascribed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lawson, D." box="[189,456,362,398]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" pagination="158 - 164" part="50" refString="Lawson, D., 1976, Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian dinosaurs from Trans-Pecos, Texas: Journal of Paleontology 50, p. 158 - 164." title="Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian dinosaurs from Trans-Pecos, Texas" type="journal article" year="1976">Lawson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,557,361,397]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">T.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[568,633,361,397]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,it does not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1000,1229,361,397]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1229,361,397]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[1260,1584,362,398]" editor="Currie, P." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" refString="Carpenter, K., in press, Examples of variation in Tyrannosaurus rex: in Currie, P. and Carpenter, K., eds., Dinosaur Systematics: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press" title="Examples of variantion in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur systematics" year="in press">Carpenter,in press</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but another short-faced theropod.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,1619,314,495]" box="[276,1388,459,495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">
|
||
A description of the postcrania of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[860,1089,459,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,1089,459,495]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in preparation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |