258 lines
34 KiB
XML
258 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="AF8F944226148CDA32A43E7F0F29F714" ID-CLB-Dataset="80831" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6727957" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9b14435-eb35-414e-8820-b9eda51268f3" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727957" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1656102006799" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="03D787BA0E38FFC2FAE6F83EFD7BC2BB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Hylobatidae_0778.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hoolock leuconedys" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="780" masterDocId="FFEEFFC20E39FFC0FF86FFAFFFB9CB7E" masterDocTitle="Hylobatidae" masterLastPageNumber="791" masterPageNumber="778" pageNumber="779" updateTime="1699350032655" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8726E9F8D61669E8CB0709593C801C14">
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<mods:title id="A6ADC81F8A42BC6C669694D148511221">Hylobatidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2A5FF4D4C1A52D5980A8A674A449288A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="904D0EB01E3CEDF6B39C8D4DAE267181">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="174624BAA5635A00BB43FD5AD7C30C66">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3579EAE0304345ED4AEF700CE9A7E790">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F3FFD6ADDB78BA563D88007A4758EE70">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2F2C97274F1F55E9C998F05DB510A673" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="3EDB669875C005ACF720DE51E26818C6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="B67249B341BF40ADF8DEC884D490A177">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="974F9628DA12A76F0A75FEB825332D8F">
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<mods:title id="104EE4EE8862D0ABC3FBA8F9E0CDAD73">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="91CDC4B6276DA5ECADB45EB3DFF28FD9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6727957</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D787BA0E38FFC2FAE6F83EFD7BC2BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728283" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196222191" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6728283" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787BA0E38FFC2FAE6F83EFD7BC2BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787BA0E38FFC2FAE6F83EFD7BC2BB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAE6F83EFAC6CCC1" box="[1376,1407,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAE6F83EFAC6CCC1" blockId="1.[1373,2371,1937,2024]" box="[1376,1407,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<heading id="D08981C00E38FFC1FAE6F83EFAC6CCC1" box="[1376,1407,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<figureCitation id="13452A290E38FFC1FAE6F83EFAC6CCC1" box="[1376,1407,1937,1983]" captionStart="Plate 53: Hylobatidae" captionStartId="1.[100,130,3414,3439]" captionTargetBox="[11,2743,13,3642]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="1. Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), 2. Eastern Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys), 3. Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis), 4. Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbs), 5. Kloss’s Gibbon (Hylobates klossu), 6. Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar), 7. Moloch Gibbon (Hylobates moloch), 8. Muller’s Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), 9. Abbott's Gray Gibbon (Hylobates abbotti), 10. East Bornean Gray Gibbon (Hylobates funereus), 11. Pileated Gibbon (Hylobates pileatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6727999/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FA16F83EF820CCC1" box="[1424,1945,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FA16F83EF820CCC1" blockId="1.[1373,2371,1937,2024]" box="[1424,1945,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<heading id="D08981C00E38FFC1FA16F83EF820CCC1" box="[1424,1945,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E38FFC1FA16F83EF820CCC1" box="[1424,1945,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Eastern Hoolock Gibbon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1F866F83EF68ACCC1" box="[2016,2355,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1F866F83EF68ACCC1" blockId="1.[1373,2371,1937,2024]" box="[2016,2355,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<heading id="D08981C00E38FFC1F866F83EF68ACCC1" box="[2016,2355,1937,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F866F83EF68ACCC1" ID-CoL="3MJBF" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[2016,2355,1937,1983]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1F866F83EF68ACCC1" box="[2016,2355,1937,1983]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Hoolock leuconedys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAD9F87FF6FBCC9B" box="[1375,2370,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAD9F87FF6FBCC9B" blockId="1.[1373,2371,1937,2024]" box="[1375,2370,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<heading id="D08981C00E38FFC1FAD9F87FF6FBCC9B" box="[1375,2370,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FAD9F87FFA15CC9B" bold="true" box="[1375,1452,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E38FFC1FA33F87FF9D0CC9B" box="[1461,1641,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Gibbon de Groves</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1F9F8F87FF960CC9B" bold="true" box="[1662,1753,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E38FFC1F964F87FF7B8CC9B" box="[1762,2049,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Ostlicher WeiRbrauengibbon</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1F791F87FF7CBCC9B" bold="true" box="[2071,2162,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E38FFC1F7FAF87FF6FBCC9B" box="[2172,2370,2000,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Gibén huloc oriental</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1F841F7B8F721C325" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1F841F7B8F721C325" blockId="1.[1991,2581,2071,2494]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1F841F7B8F7DAC34A" bold="true" box="[1991,2147,2071,2100]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F705F7B8F72AC325" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hoolock" subSpecies="leuconedys">Hylobates hoolock leuconedys Groves, 1967</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1F73CF795F74FC3FD" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1F73CF795F74FC3FD" blockId="1.[1991,2581,2071,2494]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<materialsCitation id="3B163CF10E38FFC1F73CF795F74BC3FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818819302" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Burma (= Myanmar), Sumprabum, 1200 m</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1F84EF726F5B1C239" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1F84EF726F5B1C239" blockId="1.[1991,2581,2071,2494]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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Previously considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F84FF716F7EDC3AC" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1993,2132,2233,2258]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">H. hoolock</taxonomicName>
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, but now treated as a full species. It is separated from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F6AAF777F60AC387" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[2348,2483,2264,2297]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">H. hoolock</taxonomicName>
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by the Chindwin River, although intermediates may occur in the headwaters. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1F84EF6F9FA66C173" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF0166240E38FFC1F84EF6F9FA66C173" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6727961/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" targetBox="[1377,1961,2077,2486]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1F84EF6F9FA66C173" blockId="1.[1991,2581,2071,2494]" lastBlockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1F84EF6F9F7C1C211" bold="true" box="[1992,2168,2390,2415]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE India, marginally in the states of Arunachal Pradesh (Lohit and Lower Dibang Valley districts) and Assam (Tinsukia District), E Myanmar (E of the Chindwin River), and S China in W Yunnan Province.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAD8F5BCF8BAC187" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAD8F5BCF8BAC187" blockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FAD8F5BCF9E1C14A" bold="true" box="[1374,1624,2579,2612]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 45-65 cm; weight 6-9 kg. In a mixed sex sample from China, the average weight was 7-2 kg (n = 5). The Eastern
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F720F595F6A6C125" box="[2214,2335,2618,2651]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F6ACF595F62AC125" box="[2346,2451,2618,2651]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from the Western
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F953F5CDF8F7C1FD" box="[1749,1870,2658,2691]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F8DEF5CDF878C1FD" box="[1880,1985,2658,2691]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F85FF5CDF7D8C1FD" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[2009,2145,2658,2691]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">H. hoolock</taxonomicName>
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) by its white preputial tuft, the complete separation of the white eyebrows, a lighter silvery chest, and generally white hairs under the eyes and on the chin in the black phase. Hands of females may be lighter in color than the body.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAD8F4A7F706C0E9" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAD8F4A7F706C0E9" blockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FAD8F4A7FA74C05F" bold="true" box="[1374,1485,2824,2849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Closed-canopy, lowland, broadleaved evergreen forest; lowland, semi-evergreen, and mixed deciduous forests and higher elevation evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Elevational records of the Eastern
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F78EF4E1F738C011" box="[2056,2177,2894,2927]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F70DF4E1F74DC011" box="[2187,2292,2894,2927]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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are 1600-2600 m in China, 142-1865 m in India, and up to ¢.2300 m in Myanmar.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAD8F432F603C09B" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAD8F432F603C09B" blockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FAD8F432F9D1C0C0" bold="true" box="[1374,1640,2973,3006]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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There is no specific information for this species, but its diet and feeding behavior are probably similar to those of the Western
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F741F46BF6F9C09B" box="[2247,2368,3012,3045]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F6CCF46BF60FC09B" box="[2378,2486,3012,3045]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FAD8F444F90FC74A" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FAD8F444F90FC74A" blockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FAD8F444FA5DC772" bold="true" box="[1374,1508,3051,3084]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Breeding.</emphasis>
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First menstruation occurred in one female Eastern
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F771F444F6C9C772" box="[2295,2416,3051,3084]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F6F9F444F651C772" box="[2431,2536,3051,3084]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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at about seven years of age.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E38FFC1FADAF395FA6CC786" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FADAF395FA6CC786" blockId="1.[1372,2579,2504,3320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E38FFC1FADAF395F9FEC725" bold="true" box="[1372,1607,3130,3163]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F881F395F839C725" box="[1799,1920,3130,3163]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F80FF395F84BC725" box="[1929,2034,3130,3163]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal and arboreal. No behavioral studies have been published on Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F812F3CEF734C7FC" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" box="[1940,2189,3169,3202]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they are probably similar in their behavior to Western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F898F33EF7FAC7D4" authority="Gibbons. In" authorityName="Gibbons. In" box="[1822,2115,3217,3242]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons. In</taxonomicName>
|
||
India, Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F69CF33EF5A8C7D4" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" box="[2330,2577,3217,3242]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
call between 07:00 h and 12:00 h, and singing bouts last 5-35 minutes and average 18 minutes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0166240E38FFC1FFE2F2F9F7B5C6E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6727999/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" startId="1.[100,130,3414,3439]" targetBox="[11,2743,13,3642]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E38FFC1FFE2F2F9F7B5C6E8" blockId="1.[98,2493,3414,3481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="779">
|
||
On following pages: 3. Agile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FE24F2F9FE54C611" box="[418,493,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FE79F2F9FD12C611" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1821" box="[511,683,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">Hylobates agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 4. Bornean White-bearded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FC6FF2F9FB8CC611" box="[1001,1077,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FBC0F2F9FA9BC611" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1911" box="[1094,1314,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albibarbis">Hylobates albibarbis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 5 8. Muller's
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FF59F2D2FE93C6E8" box="[223,298,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FEBAF2D2FE10C6E8" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[316,425,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hylobates</taxonomicName>
|
||
mueller); 9. Abbott's Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FD50F2D2FC9BC6E8" box="[726,802,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FCB5F2D2FC4DC6E8" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1929" box="[819,1012,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abbotti">Hylobates abbotti</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 10. East Bornean Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FA8EF2D2FAEAC6E8" box="[1288,1363,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Kloss's
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FA21F2F9FA4AC611" box="[1447,1523,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F982F2F9F9C9C611" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1540,1648,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hylobates</taxonomicName>
|
||
klossil); 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F968F2F9F8B7C611" box="[1774,1806,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lar">Lar</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F891F2F9F8DBC611" box="[1815,1890,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F8F2F2F9F859C611" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1908,2016,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hylobates</taxonomicName>
|
||
lan; 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F7B3F2F9F73DC611" authorityName="Audebert" authorityYear="1798" box="[2101,2180,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moloch">Moloch</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F708F2F9F760C611" box="[2190,2265,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F76DF2F9F608C611" authorityName="Audebert" authorityYear="1798" box="[2283,2481,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="783" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moloch">Hylobates moloch</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1FAE3F2D2F983C6E8" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1850" box="[1381,1594,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="784" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="funereus">Hylobates funereus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 11. Pileated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F95CF2D2F89CC6E8" box="[1754,1829,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E38FFC1F8B1F2D2F7B8C6E8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1861" box="[1847,2049,3453,3478]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="785" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pileatus">Hylobates pileatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E3BFFC2FF38FE83FCD0C9D1" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E3BFFC2FF38FE83FCD0C9D1" blockId="2.[183,1398,300,2503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E3BFFC2FF38FE83FC28CA33" bold="true" box="[190,913,300,333]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FBD9FE83FB61CA33" box="[1119,1240,300,333]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FB60FE83FAF6CA33" box="[1254,1359,300,333]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presumably territorial, although no specific data exist. Mean group size has been recorded in a number of population surveys; 3-9 individuals (n = 9) in China, three individuals (n = 7) in Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, and 3-1 individuals (n = 28) in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Two of nine groups observed in China had more than one adult female. Population density estimates from 17 spot surveys in Myanmar averaged 2-6 groups/km?. Densities from one well-studied site in Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar, were 0-71-5-1 groups/km?in eleven sampled areas and averaged 2:2 groups/km?* or 8-9 ind/km®. At the time of this survey, densities seemed to be unaffected by recent selective logging at this site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E3BFFC2FF38FD19FCE7C3A6" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E3BFFC2FF38FD19FCE7C3A6" blockId="2.[183,1398,300,2503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E3BFFC2FF38FD19FD9DC9A9" bold="true" box="[190,548,694,727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FE7CFD72FDCDC980" box="[506,628,733,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FD06FD72FD50C980" box="[640,745,733,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is legally protected in Myanmar, China, and India. Threats to the Myanmar population include hunting, especially in northern areas near the Chinese border, and habitat degradation and fragmentation. Some sites that maintain populations of Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FC9AFCFCFBAEC80A" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" box="[796,1047,851,884]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently have no major threats. Since 1984, 56 locality records have been verified in Myanmar. Less than 200 individuals are now believed to persist in China, restricted to only three counties and fragmented into 17 subpopulations, the largest of which has only five groups. The population in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China, appears to be relatively secure, although it is small and therefore vulnerable. The Chinese population is declining, with nine recorded local extinctions in the past two decades and five subpopulations now having only one remaining group, suggesting their imminent demise. Local extinctions have been caused by logging operations, hunting, agricultural encroachment for cardamom cultivation, and shifting agriculture. Hunting of Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FE13FB71FD2BCF81" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" box="[405,658,1246,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
was very high in the past, but in some areas, local communities do not hunt them (although they do hunt other primates), which is at least partially responsible for their persistence. The population of Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FB71FA82FE8DCE0B" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
in India is restricted to a small area in the north-east, with an estimated 3000 individuals, including c.157 groups in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary. Populations in India are probably declining, with habitat destruction and hunting being the major threats. Habitat conversion for cultivation (including cardamom), habitat fragmentation, and slash-and-burn agriculture are threats in Mehao. The most significant populations occur in Myanmar, with a recent national status review suggesting a population of 290,000-370,000 individuals, based on density estimates from 17 spot surveys and an estimate of 42,500 km? of remaining habitat suitable for Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FBE9F9C7FECACDCF" authority="Gibbons. Nevertheless" authorityName="Gibbons. Nevertheless" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons. Nevertheless</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these estimates may have significant bias, because the areas surveyed were in localities known to have gibbons, sample size was small, and estimates of forest cover were problematic. Regardless, it is clear that Myanmar holds the vast majority of Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FEDFF8A9FDEECC59" authority="Gibbons" authorityName="Gibbons" box="[345,599,1798,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock Gibbons</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the Kachin Northern Forest Complex and Southern Kachin-Northern Sagaing forests estimated to hold the majority of the national and therefore global population. The best-documented population is in Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, which had an estimated 1051-2468 groups or 3500-8100 individuals in 2004. Overall, the Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FD1EF80CFCABCCBA" box="[664,786,1955,1988]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FC98F80CFC31CCBA" box="[798,904,1955,1988]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in at least eight protected areas including Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in China; Mehao and Kamlang wildlife sanctuaries in India; and Mahamyaing, Phongun Razi, Htamanthi, and Indawgyi Lake wildlife sanctuaries, and Panlaung-Padah-Lin Caves Reserved Forest in Myanmar. Additional populations in the headwaters on the Chindwin River including Hukawng Valley Wildlife Sanctuary and Hukawng Valley Tiger Reserve (an extension), Myanmar, are of unknown taxonomic affinity, existing in the transition zone between Eastern and Western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E3BFFC2FDEAF718FD66C3A6" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[620,735,2231,2264]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
|
||
gibbons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E3BFFC2FF3BF747FD7BC2BB" pageId="2" pageNumber="780" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E3BFFC2FF3BF747FD7BC2BB" blockId="2.[183,1398,300,2503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E3BFFC2FF3BF747FEEEC27F" bold="true" box="[189,343,2280,2305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="780">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brockelman et al. (2009), Chetry & Chetry (2010, 2011), Chetry, Chetry, Das et al. (2008), Chetry, Chetry, Gosh & Singh (2010), Chivers (2001), Das, J. et al. (2006, 2009), Fan Pengfei & Ai Huaisen (2011), Fan Pengfei, Xiao Wen et al. (2011), Francis (2008), Geissmann (2007a), Groves (1967), Haimoff et al. (1987), Ji Weizhi & Jiang Xuelong (2004), Matthews (1946), Mootnick & Groves (2005), Ma Shilai et al. (1988), Ngwe Lwin et al. (2011), Smith & Jungers (1997), Van Ngoc Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al. (2010), Yang Dehua et al. (1987), Zhang Yongzu et al. (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |