treatments-xml/data/03/FC/87/03FC87BCFFF5FFC2FF62ADF46144FA84.xml

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<mods:title id="A1A1B80B916DEFB5D5EB0E669DD8D44A">A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9137C69A421C475561137AA352FB97DF">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDCA8C82A3C2D23B43F86111FFC2B28C">Baxter, E. J.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF5FFDAFF62ADF4601BF980" blockId="40.[151,544,1519,1546]" box="[151,544,1519,1546]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<heading id="D0A281C6FFF5FFDAFF62ADF4601BF980" bold="true" box="[151,544,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF5FFDAFF62ADF4601BF980" ID-CoL="6KYT7" authority="Totton, 1965" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,544,1519,1546]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFF62ADF4601BF980" bold="true" box="[151,544,1519,1546]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFF62ADF46346F983" bold="true" box="[151,381,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF5FFDAFE71ADEB601BF980" author="Totton, A. K." box="[388,544,1520,1546]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref60962" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 240 pp., 40 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF5FFDAFF62AE236060F9C4" ID-CoL="6KYT7" authority="Totton, 1965, pp. 59 - 60" authorityName="Totton" authorityPageNumber="59 - 60" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,603,1592,1614]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFF62AE236360F9C4" box="[151,347,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF5FFDAFE97AE2263DCF9C4" author="Totton, A. K." box="[354,487,1592,1614]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref60962" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 240 pp., 40 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, pp. 59–60
</taxonomicName>
, text.—fig. 24; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF410BBFFF5FFDAFCF4AE2361E4F9C4" author="Margulis, R. Ya." box="[769,991,1592,1614]" page="23" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF5FFDAFCF4AE2361A5F9C4" author="Margulis, R. Ya." box="[769,926,1592,1614]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref58992" refString="Margulis, R. Ya. (1969) Distribution of some siphonophore species of the suborder Physophorae in the Atlantic Ocean. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 24, 17 - 38. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1969">Margulis, 1969</bibRefCitation>
, p. 23
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, fig. 2 (4,5); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF410BBFFF5FFDAFB9CAE236756F9C4" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[1129,1389,1592,1614]" page="61" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF5FFDAFB9CAE236717F9C4" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[1129,1324,1592,1614]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="74 - 99" refId="ref60741" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1977 b) Some peculiarities of the distribution of the surface plankton in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. In: The ecology of marine organisms. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 19 (27), pp. 74 - 99. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1977">Stepanjants, 1977b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 61
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, fig. 3В–Д; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF5FFDAFEE3AE4363A3F9E4" author="Pugh, P. R." box="[278,408,1624,1646]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="467 - 511" refId="ref59825" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999 a) ' Siphonophorae'. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh, 1999a</bibRefCitation>
, p. 482
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, fig. 3.12.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34F6521FFF5FFDBFF62AE8066F8FF6D" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF5FFDAFF62AE80676DF8ED" blockId="40.[151,1436,1690,1967]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFF62AE806332F938" box="[151,265,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Nectophores with four pairs of vertical lateral ridges. The proximal three are complete, uniting with both the upper and lower lateral ridges, while the most distal arises from the lateral ridge, a short distance after the latter divides from the upper lateral ridge, and does not join with the lower lateral ridge. The lateral ridge is complete, reaching the ostium. Close to the ostium the upper lateral ridges diverge and run laterally before petering out. Two 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF5FFDAFEF1AF306304F8C9" box="[260,319,1835,1859]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">types</typeStatus>
of adult bract, with the 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF5FFDAFDA3AF3060B5F8C9" box="[598,654,1835,1859]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFD63AF30609CF8C8" box="[662,679,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
bracts having two different forms. Tentilla with small involucrum covering the proximal 1.5 spirals of the cnidoband. Terminal filament without cupulate process at distal end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF5FFDAFF62AF6960D3F825" blockId="40.[151,1436,1690,1967]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF5FFDAFF62AF696350F801" box="[151,363,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Material examined</emphasis>
: Two specimens collected by the Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) submersibles; one from 
<collectingCountry id="F342763AFFF5FFDAFAF9AF6967A7F801" box="[1292,1436,1906,1931]" name="Bahamas" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
and from off the Florida coast in the Gulf of Mexico.
</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFF4FFDBFF53A8CA632FFF6D" box="[166,276,209,231]" collectionCode="JSL" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCode="II 990" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED44AE6FFFF4FFDBFF53A8CA62F6FF6D" box="[166,205,209,231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">JSL</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBF39ED1FFF4FFDBFF21A8C9632FFF6D" box="[212,276,209,231]" collectionCode="JSL" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">II 990</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
- 
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFF4FFDBFEEEA8CA66F8FF6D" box="[283,1219,209,231]" collectingDate="1984-10-29" collectionCode="JSL" elevation="706" latitude="25.375" longLatPrecision="124" longitude="-77.90833" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCode="SS12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF39ED1FFF4FFDBFEEEA8CA6374FF6D" box="[283,335,209,231]" collectionCode="JSL" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">SS12</specimenCode>
<date id="FFEB106AFFF4FFDBFE4EA8CA605EFF6D" box="[443,613,209,231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="1984-10-29">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE982FFF4FFDBFE4EA8CA605EFF6D" box="[443,613,209,231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="1984-10-29">29 October 1984</collectingDate>
</date>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF4FFDBFCAAA8CA61F0FF6D" box="[863,971,209,231]" degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="54.5" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" precision="92" value="-77.90833">77°54.5'W</geoCoordinate>
depth 
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<elevation id="0078D199FFF4FFDBFB77A8CA66F8FF6D" box="[1154,1219,209,231]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.06" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="706.0">706 m</elevation>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6521FFF4FFC2FF50A8E66144FA84" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF4FFDBFF50A8E6673AFE99" blockId="41.[165,1281,209,275]" box="[165,1281,253,275]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFF4FFDBFF50A8E66371FE99" box="[165,330,253,275]" collectingDate="2664-01" collectionCode="JSL" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED44AE6FFFF4FFDBFF50A8E662F7FE99" box="[165,204,253,275]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">JSL</collectionCode>
<date id="FFEB106AFFF4FFDBFF26A8E56323FE99" box="[211,280,253,275]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="2664-01">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE982FFF4FFDBFF26A8E56323FE99" box="[211,280,253,275]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="2664-01">I 2664</collectingDate>
</date>
-DS8
</materialsCitation>
<date id="FFEB106AFFF4FFDBFE4EA8E660BBFE99" box="[443,640,253,275]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="1995-09-16">16 September 1995</date>
c. 
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c 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF4FFDBFC9AA8E661F5FE99" box="[879,974,253,275]" degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="0.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" precision="92" value="-85.0">85°0.0'W</geoCoordinate>
No depth recorded
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFF62AC4D6319FBE6" bold="true" box="[151,290,1110,1132]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
A probable specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF4FFDBFDD8AC4D60C9FBE6" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[557,754,1110,1132]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFDD8AC4D60C9FBE6" box="[557,754,1110,1132]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
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. Scale not known. © Dr. Mark Benfield and the Gulf SERPENT Project.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF4FFDBFF32ACA863FCFA61" blockId="41.[151,1437,1202,2019]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFF32ACA86370FB40" box="[199,331,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Description</emphasis>
: The description will be based entirely on the JSL II Dive 990-SS 
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, although not all of the specimen was preserved, as the other is even less complete and in poor condition. Photographs of this specimen were taken, but they are not good enough to reproduce. However, an 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFC34ACE06631FA98" box="[961,1034,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">in situ</emphasis>
photograph of what most likely is 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF4FFDBFF62AD056355FABC" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,366,1310,1335]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFF62AD056355FABC" box="[151,366,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it was not collected, was kindly sent to me by Dr. Mark Benfield and is reproduced as 
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF4FFDBFF62AD596333FAD1" box="[151,264,1346,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,349,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-489@41.[264,1323,349,1089]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 39. A probable specimen of Halistemma striata. Scale not known. © Dr. Mark Benfield and the Gulf SERPENT Project." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086583/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 39</figureCitation>
. It was taken in the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion id="4991F848FFF4FFDBFDA1AD596092FAD1" box="[596,681,1346,1371]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mexico</collectingRegion>
at 
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, 
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at 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF4FFDBFBFBAD596661FAD0" box="[1038,1114,1346,1371]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.68" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="768.0">768 m</quantity>
, during the Gulf SERPENT Project. The whole specimen and, in particular, the robustness of the bracts, together with the long patches of nematocysts at their distal tips bears a close resemblance to the photographs of the JSL II Dive 990-SS 
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. Although the bracts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF4FFDBFDE3ADB460B6FA4D" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[534,653,1454,1479]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFDE3ADB460B6FA4D" box="[534,653,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">H. rubrum</emphasis>
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also have relatively long patches of nematocysts the bracts are small and less robust (see video).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF4FFDBFF32ADEC610FF914" blockId="41.[151,1437,1202,2019]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFF32ADEC6379F984" box="[199,322,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Nectosome</emphasis>
: The nectosome and pneumatophore for both specimens was not found with the preserved material and so it was not possible to confirm that nectophores were budded off on the dorsal side of the stem. However, at least 
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of 
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<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFE57AE256045F9DC" box="[418,638,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected at 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFCACAE2461F0F9DC" box="[857,971,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Discovery</emphasis>
St. 10523#6 (see below) and these had pneumatophores measuring c. 
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in length and 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF4FFDBFCD3AE7961AAF9F0" box="[806,913,1634,1659]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
in diameter, and it was also clear that the nectophores were attached to the dorsal surface of the stem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF4FFD8FF32AEB1617DFF7D" blockId="41.[151,1437,1202,2019]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF4FFDBFF32AEB16368F949" box="[199,339,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Nectophores</emphasis>
: No nectophoral buds or young nectophores were found with the specimen, and the eighteen preserved nectophores were all of a similar size, with a maximum length of 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF4FFDBFC0AAED56674F96C" box="[1023,1103,1742,1767]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
and a maximum width of 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF4FFDBFA75AED562F8F880" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF4FFDBFF27AEE9637EF881" box="[210,325,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1041,1063]" captionTargetBox="[249,1343,317,1001]" captionTargetId="figure-568@42.[244,1349,304,1008]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 40. Upper (A), Lower (B), and Lateral (C) views of a mature nectophore of Halistemma striata. For Legend see Figures 14 and 29. Scale bar 5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086585/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 40</figureCitation>
). The ridge pattern is characteristic for the species. There were four vertical lateral ridges on each side. The three more proximal ridges were complete, running obliquely down the lateral sides of the nectophore from the upper lateral ridge to the lower one at an angle of c. 30°, as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF4FFDBFC55AF206600F8D9" author="Totton, A. K." box="[928,1083,1850,1875]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref60962" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 240 pp., 40 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965)</bibRefCitation>
noted. The most proximal bent slightly distad close to its junction with both the upper and lower lateral ridges. The next bent distad close to the upper lateral ridge, while the third was almost straight. In the preserved state, this pair of ridges was found in the depths of furrows running down the sides of the nectophore, but this was probably a preservation artefact. The distal-most ridge that branched from the upper lateral soon bifurcated to form the fourth vertical lateral ridge and the lateral one. The vertical lateral one continued obliquely down the side of the nectophore but before reaching the lower lateral it curved toward the ostium and petered out. The lateral ridge ran in a broad arc toward the ostium, and formed part of the edge of the large lateral ostial process.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF7FFD8FF62AC0A63C3FBCF" blockId="42.[151,1436,1041,1093]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FF62AC0A6319FBAD" bold="true" box="[151,290,1041,1063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
Upper (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FE8EAC0A63B6FBAD" bold="true" box="[379,397,1041,1063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
), Lower (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FE0DAC0A6032FBAD" bold="true" box="[504,521,1041,1063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
), and Lateral (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FD52AC0A6082FBAD" bold="true" box="[679,697,1041,1063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
) views of a mature nectophore of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF7FFD8FBD3AC0A66D7FBAD" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[1062,1260,1041,1063]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FBD3AC0A66D7FBAD" box="[1062,1260,1041,1063]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For Legend see Figures 14 and 29. Scale bar 5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF7FFD8FF32AC776309FA9C" blockId="42.[151,1437,1132,2022]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">The axial wings were prominent, but quite short, and were truncated proximally, while laterally they were triangular in shape. Approximately in the middle of this lateral facet was an elongate concavity that was lined with ectodermal cells, which probably were sites of bioluminescence. These were the only patches of cells found on the nectophores. The broad thrust block did not extend, proximally, as far as the axial wings and had a wide median emargination.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF7FFD8FF32AD3B61B0F99B" blockId="42.[151,1437,1132,2022]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
The ascending branch of the mantle canal was slightly longer than the descending one, and in the preserved state it ran along a raised process on the lower side of the thrust block. The pedicular canal was about half its length. The latter reached the nectosac on its lower side, just below its apex, and immediately gave rise to the four radial canals. The lateral radial canals followed the typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF7FFD8FCAFAD9661DAFA2C" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[858,993,1421,1446]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FCAFAD9661DAFA2C" box="[858,993,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Halistemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
course, looping outward and slightly downwards toward the lateral sides of the nectosac; then looping up and down the lateral sides, passing briefly onto the lower side of the nectosac, before looping up to the mid height of the nectosac and travelling directly to join the ostial ring canal. Minor sub-loops were noted in several specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF7FFD8FF32AE0661EEF9F4" blockId="42.[151,1437,1132,2022]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FF32AE06637BF9BC" box="[199,320,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Siphosome</emphasis>
: The siphosome was relatively wide and robust, with the large bracts entirely covering the other zooids. The cormidia, even in the contracted state, were quite clearly separated from each other; although the arrangement of the zooids within each cormidium was difficult to discern.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF7FFD8FF32AE92671CF92B" blockId="42.[151,1437,1132,2022]" box="[199,1319,1672,1697]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FF32AE92632BF92A" box="[199,272,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Bracts</emphasis>
: There were basically 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFF7FFD8FDFBAE926040F92B" box="[526,635,1673,1697]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of bract, although one, the 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF7FFD8FC5AAE9261DCF92B" box="[943,999,1673,1697]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FC18AE9261C5F92A" box="[1005,1022,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
was present in two forms.
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF7FFD8FF32AEB662C4F94F" box="[199,255,1709,1733]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF7FFD8FEF2AEB66323F94E" box="[263,280,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
—These bracts were robust measuring up to 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF7FFD8FCEFAEB66150F94E" box="[794,875,1709,1734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="63.0">63 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF7FFD8FBE7AEB66677F94C" box="[1042,1100,1709,1734]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="in" value="32.0">32 in</quantity>
width (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF7FFD8FB50AEB66774F94C" box="[1189,1359,1709,1734]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 41" captionStart-1="FIGURE 42" captionStartId-0="43.[151,250,854,876]" captionStartId-1="43.[151,250,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox-0="[347,1244,275,829]" captionTargetBox-1="[395,1189,960,1670]" captionTargetId-0="figure-242@43.[343,1250,268,836]" captionTargetId-1="figure-251@43.[387,1198,957,1673]" captionTargetPageId-0="43" captionTargetPageId-1="43" captionText-0="FIGURE 41. Halistemma striata. Upper views of young Type A bracts. Type A-1 (left and centre), Type A-2 (right). Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 42. Halistemma striata. Upper views of mature Type A-1 (left) and A-2 (right) bracts. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086587" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086589" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10086587/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10086589/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figures 41–42</figureCitation>
). They were widest toward the proximal end, while the distal end came to a point. Both forms of this bract had a weak median ridge in the distal half, where a pair of prominent, asymmetrically placed lateral teeth was present. There was a large patch of ectodermal cells, probably sites of bioluminescence, on one side of the bract in its proximal half, and up to six pairs of smaller rounded patches on either side of the mid-line in the distal half. At the distal end of the bract in the mid-line, there was a long narrow strip of nematocysts. The bracteal canal ran the full length of the bract and, particularly in the younger bracts (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF7FFD8FD4EAF9E6106F814" box="[699,829,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="43.[151,250,854,876]" captionTargetBox="[347,1244,275,829]" captionTargetId="figure-242@43.[343,1250,268,836]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 41. Halistemma striata. Upper views of young Type A bracts. Type A-1 (left and centre), Type A-2 (right). Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086587/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 41C</figureCitation>
) it was thickened for most of its length, but narrowed both proximally and distally. Proximally it ran up onto the upper side of the bract for a short distance and remained in contact with the lower wall of the bract for most of its length. Just before reaching the level of the proximal end of the patch of nematocysts it penetrated into the mesogloea and as a narrow canal continued obliquely upwards to the upper surface, where it continued below the nematocysts to the distal tip.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF6FFD9FF62AB4D6017FC01" blockId="43.[151,1436,854,907]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FF62AB4D631BFCE6" bold="true" box="[151,288,854,876]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF6FFD9FED3AB4D63D2FCE6" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[294,489,854,876]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FED3AB4D63D2FCE6" box="[294,489,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Upper views of young Type 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FCECAB4D6113FCE6" box="[793,808,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A</emphasis>
bracts. Type 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FC47AB4D61EDFCE6" box="[946,982,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-1</emphasis>
(left and centre), Type 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FB33AB4D66D0FCE6" box="[1222,1259,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-2</emphasis>
(right). Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF6FFD9FF62AEBB63ABF95E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086589/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,250,1696,1718]" targetBox="[395,1189,960,1670]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF6FFD9FF62AEBB63ABF95E" blockId="43.[151,1436,1696,1748]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FF62AEBB6318F93C" bold="true" box="[151,291,1696,1718]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF6FFD9FED9AEBB63C9F93C" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[300,498,1696,1718]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FED9AEBB63C9F93C" box="[300,498,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Upper views of mature Type 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FCCFAEBB6165F93C" box="[826,862,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-1</emphasis>
(left) and 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FC27AEBB61CCF93C" box="[978,1015,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-2</emphasis>
(right) bracts. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF6FFD9FF32AEE761BBF867" blockId="43.[151,1437,1788,2029]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF6FFD9FF32AEE762C4F89E" box="[199,255,1788,1812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FEF0AEE76316F89F" box="[261,301,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-1</emphasis>
. In addition to the pair of lateral teeth, on one side of the triangular distal process there was a distinct point, where the lateral walls of the bract overlapped each other. Usually the proximal patch of ectodermal cells was more elongate and less wide than that on the 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF6FFD9FD48AF5F60CEF8D6" box="[701,757,1860,1884]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FD0EAF5F6118F8D7" box="[763,803,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-2</emphasis>
bracts. On the lower side of the bract the mesogloea was distinctly thickened close to the proximal end, being more extensive on the side where the ectodermal patch was present on the upper side. There was also a distal extension of thickened mesogloea on that side that continued for some distance down the bract; either forming part of the proximal thickening or completely separate from it. The distal strip of nematocysts was shorter than in the 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF6FFD9FD32AFCF60C4F866" box="[711,767,2004,2028]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF6FFD9FCF3AFCF6115F867" box="[774,814,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">A-2</emphasis>
bracts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDEFF62A88C609BFF72" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
One of the younger bracts (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF1FFDEFE3CA88C600CFF3A" box="[457,567,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="43.[151,250,854,876]" captionTargetBox="[347,1244,275,829]" captionTargetId="figure-242@43.[343,1250,268,836]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 41. Halistemma striata. Upper views of young Type A bracts. Type A-1 (left and centre), Type A-2 (right). Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086587/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 41</figureCitation>
centre, arrowed) had a small, lateral cusp-like structure close to the proximal end, which somewhat resembled the situation in the 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFD12A8A66177FF5F" box="[743,844,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFD12A8A66126FF5E" box="[743,797,189,212]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
A-2
</emphasis>
bracts. However, this was unusual and, by the distal lateral process, it clearly was a 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFE00A8FA6062FF72" box="[501,601,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFE00A8FA6010FF72" box="[501,555,225,248]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
A-1
</emphasis>
bract.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDEFF32A91E610BFE02" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFF32A91E6317FE97" box="[199,300,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFF32A91E62C6FE96" box="[199,253,261,284]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
A-2
</emphasis>
. The main difference that these bracts showed from the previous ones was the presence, proximally and on one side, of a distinctive circular indentation. The thickening of the mesogloea on the lower side was also arranged differently, being also exclusively on the same side as the indentation and proximal to it. A shorter distal extension was also present, but it lay closer to the mid-line.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF1FFDEFF62ACA166C9FB5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086591" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086591" box="[151,1266,1210,1232]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086591/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[151,250,1210,1232]" targetBox="[390,1206,487,1188]" targetPageId="44">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDEFF62ACA166C9FB5A" blockId="44.[151,1266,1210,1232]" box="[151,1266,1210,1232]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFF62ACA16324FB5A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1210,1232]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF1FFDEFED0ACA163D3FB5A" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[293,488,1210,1232]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFED0ACA163D3FB5A" box="[293,488,1210,1232]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Type 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFDD8ACA06007FB5A" box="[557,572,1211,1232]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
bracts—upper views. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDEFF32ACE3603BF9A5" blockId="44.[151,1437,1271,2016]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFF32ACE362C4FA9A" box="[199,255,1272,1296]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFEF3ACE3632CFA85" box="[262,279,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
—These bracts measured up to 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF1FFDEFD8EACEC60F1FA85" box="[635,714,1271,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF1FFDEFC99ACEC6187FA85" box="[876,956,1271,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
in width (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF1FFDEFBDAACEC669AFA9A" box="[1071,1185,1271,1296]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1210,1232]" captionTargetBox="[390,1206,487,1188]" captionTargetId="figure-529@44.[380,1212,481,1193]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 43. Halistemma striata. Type B bracts—upper views. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086591/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 43</figureCitation>
). They were distinctly asymmetrical, foliaceous and pointed at both ends. There were two pairs of large asymmetrical lateral teeth, and a pair of ectodermal cells, of distinctly different sizes on the upper side in its distal half. The inner side of the bract, from distal to the origin of the bracteal canal to the more proximal lateral tooth, was distinctly thinner than the rest of the bract and formed a flap The bracteal canal arose on one side of the pointed proximal end and, as with the 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFF62ADB762F4FA4E" box="[151,207,1452,1476]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFF20ADB762DDFA49" box="[213,230,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
bracts it ran along the median lower surface for most of its length, before narrowing and running obliquely up through the mesogloea to reach the relatively short strip of nematocysts, under which it continued to the distal tip. The 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF1FFDEFF00ADEF631EF986" box="[245,293,1524,1548]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
of nematocysts present was not investigated. In the proximal half of the bract, the canal was raised on a thickened mesogloeal process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDEFF32AE2062E7F94A" blockId="44.[151,1437,1271,2016]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFF32AE2063D2F9DE" box="[199,489,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Gastrozooid and tentacle</emphasis>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFF1FFDEFE0EAE2062E2F94A" collectionCode="JSL" collectorName="II Dive" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" specimenCount="12">
The large gastrozooids showed no unusual features, while the tentacles, in their preserved and contracted state, were relatively thickened with musculature (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF1FFDEFC11AE44666EF9F2" box="[996,1109,1631,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="45.[151,250,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,267,942]" captionTargetId="figure-254@45.[340,1247,267,942]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 44. Halistemma striata. Thickened tentacle bearing tentilla on long pedicels. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086593/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 44</figureCitation>
). The photographs of the 
<collectionCode id="ED44AE6FFFF1FFDEFA84AE4467A6F9F2" box="[1393,1437,1631,1656]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">JSL</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26A0537CFFF1FFDEFF62AE9F62D3F916" box="[151,232,1667,1692]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">II Dive</collectorName>
990-SS 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFF1FFDEFEB1AE9863EAF916" box="[324,465,1667,1692]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="generic">12 specimen</specimenCount>
show that the basigaster was deep red in colour, while the stomach region was milky white
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF1FFDFFF32AED06719FF5F" blockId="44.[151,1437,1271,2016]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,151,213]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFF32AED06320F96E" box="[199,283,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tentilla</emphasis>
: A mature tentillum is shown in 
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF1FFDEFD55AED06129F96E" box="[672,786,1739,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[302,1284,1038,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-263@45.[302,1285,1038,1605]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 45. Halistemma striata. Individual tentillum (scale bar 5 mm), with (inset) detail of terminal filament (scale bar 2 mm.) i indicates the distal most tip of the involucrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086595/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 45</figureCitation>
. In life the cnidobands were orange in colour, while the terminal filaments were white. The long, thick, rigid in preservation, pedicel ended distally in a small involucrum, which covered the proximal 1.5 spirals of the cnidoband (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF1FFDEFCE8AF0861A1F8A1" box="[797,922,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[302,1284,1038,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-263@45.[302,1285,1038,1605]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 45. Halistemma striata. Individual tentillum (scale bar 5 mm), with (inset) detail of terminal filament (scale bar 2 mm.) i indicates the distal most tip of the involucrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086595/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Figure 45 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF1FFDEFC67AF0961A1F8A1" bold="true" box="[914,922,1810,1835]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">i</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The latter consisted of up to ten spiral coils, particularly in the JSL Dive 2664 specimen, although c. 7 was more common in the JSL Dive 990 one. There were relatively few, but large stenoteles, measuring c. 92 x 
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, confined to the sides of the proximal end of the cnidoband. The remainder of the cnidoband was filled with innumerable banana-shaped nematocysts, presumably anisorhizas that measured c. 81 x 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF1FFDEFDE1AFB8604EF836" box="[532,629,1955,1980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 µm</quantity>
. Within the cnidoband the double elastic band was very prominent. The terminal filament contained 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFF1FFDEFE20AFD3607AF86A" box="[469,577,1992,2016]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of nematocysts, which as discussed above were presumably acrophores and desmonemes, measuring c. 31 x 11 and c. 25 x 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF0FFDFFD3DA88C6110FF3A" box="[712,811,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 µm</quantity>
, respectively. The long, loosely and irregularly coiled terminal filament did not end, distally, in a cupulate process, but was just rounded off (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF0FFDFFB95A8A766EAFF5F" box="[1120,1233,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[302,1284,1038,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-263@45.[302,1285,1038,1605]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 45. Halistemma striata. Individual tentillum (scale bar 5 mm), with (inset) detail of terminal filament (scale bar 2 mm.) i indicates the distal most tip of the involucrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086595/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 45</figureCitation>
, inset).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF0FFDFFF62ABDD6689FC56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086593" box="[151,1202,966,988]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086593/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,966,988]" targetBox="[340,1247,267,942]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF0FFDFFF62ABDD6689FC56" blockId="45.[151,1202,966,988]" box="[151,1202,966,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFF62ABDD631BFC56" bold="true" box="[151,288,966,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF0FFDFFED0ABDD63D3FC56" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[293,488,966,988]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFED0ABDD63D3FC56" box="[293,488,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thickened tentacle bearing tentilla on long pedicels. Scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF0FFDFFF62AE406082F905" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086595/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1627,1649]" targetBox="[302,1284,1038,1605]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF0FFDFFF62AE406082F905" blockId="45.[151,1435,1627,1679]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFF62AE40631AF9FB" bold="true" box="[151,289,1627,1649]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 45.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF0FFDFFEDCAE4063D5F9FA" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[297,494,1627,1649]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFEDCAE4063D5F9FA" box="[297,494,1627,1649]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Individual tentillum (scale bar 5 mm), with (inset) detail of terminal filament (scale bar 2 mm.) 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFF26AE6262E1F905" bold="true" box="[211,218,1657,1679]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">i</emphasis>
indicates the distal most tip of the involucrum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF0FFDFFF32AEAD61EEF8B6" blockId="45.[151,1437,1718,2031]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFF32AEAD6318F945" box="[199,291,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Palpons</emphasis>
: The thin-walled palpons (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF0FFDFFD91AEAD60E2F945" box="[612,729,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="46.[151,250,787,809]" captionText="FIGURE 46. Halistemma striata. Palpon and palpacle. Scale bar 5 mm." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 46</figureCitation>
) were generally featureless, but were clearly divided into a narrow tubular proximal region and an expanded distal part, with a distinct terminal proboscis surrounding the terminal opening. In their preserved state many palpons exceeded 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF0FFDFFC72AEE561F5F89D" box="[903,974,1790,1815]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
in length. At their base they bore a long palpacle. No nematocysts were found on either the palpon or the palpacle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF0FFDFFF32AF5D61D7F846" blockId="45.[151,1437,1718,2031]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF0FFDFFF32AF5D636BF8D5" box="[199,336,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Gonophores</emphasis>
: The female gonodendron was borne on a very broad, long but thin-walled stalk (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF0FFDFFB10AF5D676DF8D5" box="[1253,1366,1862,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,859,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-285@46.[340,1248,859,1663]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 47. Halistemma striata. Part of partially denuded siphosome (anterior to the right). fg: female gonodendron, with gonophores borne on a broad thin stalk (sfg); mg: male gonodendra 1, 2, 3 and 4; p: palpon. Scale bar 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086597/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 47</figureCitation>
), with strengthening rings towards its base. This usually divided into two main branches on which the racemes of female gonophores were arranged. Mature female gonophores were quite variable in shape measuring up to 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF0FFDFFAC2AF956747F82C" box="[1335,1404,1934,1959]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF0FFDFFEE6AFA8636FF840" box="[275,340,1971,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in width, and had a broadly open distal orifice (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF0FFDFFC98AFA861E4F846" box="[877,991,1971,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="47.[151,250,961,983]" captionText="FIGURE 48. Halistemma striata. Individual female gonophores. Scale bar 1 mm." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 48</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF0FFDCFF32AFCD6321FEB5" blockId="45.[151,1437,1718,2031]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
There were 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFF0FFDFFEA1AFCD63F8F865" box="[340,451,2006,2031]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="male">four male</specimenCount>
gonodendra in each cormidium, which is the most that have been observed for any 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFF62A88C6398FF3A" box="[151,419,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undefined-h">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFF62A88C6325FF3A" box="[151,286,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Halistemma</emphasis>
species. 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFE7EA8826398FF3A" box="[395,419,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">H</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFE56A882603EFF3A" box="[419,517,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">. rubrum</emphasis>
is the next most complex (see also the discussion regarding gonodendra in 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFA74A88262CAFF5F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="foliacea">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFA74A88262CAFF5F" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">H. foliacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which has three. All the other species, where known have a single male and a single female gonodendron, with the male one anterior to the female. For 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFCC5A8FA61A0FF7D" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[816,923,224,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFCC5A8FA61A0FF7D" box="[816,923,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">H. striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFF3FFDCFC0CA8FB6665FF72" box="[1017,1118,223,248]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
gonodendron anterior to the female one, alongside which sits the second male one. Then there are two further male gonodendra posterior to the female one.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF3FFDCFF62AB086148FCA3" box="[151,883,787,809]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,250,787,809]">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF3FFDCFF62AB086148FCA3" blockId="46.[151,883,787,809]" box="[151,883,787,809]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFF62AB08631BFCA3" bold="true" box="[151,288,787,809]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 46.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFED0AB0863D3FCA3" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[293,488,787,809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFED0AB0863D3FCA3" box="[293,488,787,809]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Palpon and palpacle. Scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF3FFDCFF62AE8F66DCF943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10086597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10086597/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,250,1684,1706]" targetBox="[340,1248,859,1663]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF3FFDCFF62AE8F66DCF943" blockId="46.[151,1436,1684,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFF62AE8F6319F920" bold="true" box="[151,290,1684,1706]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 47.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFEDFAE8F63D4F920" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[298,495,1684,1706]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFEDFAE8F63D4F920" box="[298,495,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Part of partially denuded siphosome (anterior to the right). 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFB9DAE8F6646F920" bold="true" box="[1128,1149,1684,1706]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">fg</emphasis>
: female gonodendron, with gonophores borne on a broad thin stalk (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFDC4AEA8606BF943" bold="true" box="[561,592,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">sfg</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFD90AEA860BCF943" bold="true" box="[613,647,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">mg</emphasis>
: male gonodendra 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFCBFAEA8616CF943" bold="true" box="[842,855,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">1</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFC96AEA861B2F943" bold="true" box="[867,905,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">2, 3</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFC4FAEA861FDF943" bold="true" box="[954,966,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">4</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFC21AEA861D9F943" bold="true" box="[980,994,1715,1737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">p</emphasis>
: palpon. Scale bar 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF3FFDCFF32AEEB61E5F8FF" blockId="46.[151,1436,1776,2017]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
The male gonophores were long and cylindrical, measuring up to 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF3FFDCFC4EAEEB6628F882" box="[955,1043,1776,1801]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF3FFDCFB4EAEEB6728F882" box="[1211,1299,1776,1801]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="136E2A2FFFF3FFDCFF6BAF0F6329F8A7" box="[158,274,1812,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1844,1866]" captionText="FIGURE 49. Halistemma striata. Individual male gonophores. Scale bar 1 mm." pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figure 49</figureCitation>
), and possessed long proximal pedicels. Distally the mouth opening was wide open, like that of the female gonophores. The gonodendral cluster usually consisted of a small bundle of gonophores, usually consisting of a mature one distally and a group of developing gonophores proximally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF3FFDCFF32AF9B665EF813" blockId="46.[151,1436,1776,2017]" box="[199,1125,1920,1945]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFF32AF9B631DF813" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,294,1920,1945]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Nectalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFF32AF9B631DF813" box="[199,294,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Nectalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFEDBAF9A63F0F813" authority=": Neither" authorityName="Neither" box="[302,459,1920,1945]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Nectalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stage">stage: Neither</taxonomicName>
of the JSL specimens was at the 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFCCAAF9B61A5F813" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[831,926,1920,1945]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Nectalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFCCAAF9B61A5F813" box="[831,926,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Nectalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
post-larval stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF3FFDDFF32AFBF63DBFEE9" blockId="46.[151,1436,1776,2017]" lastBlockId="47.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFF32AFBF6312F837" box="[199,297,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks</emphasis>
: The nectophores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFDECAFBF60CAF836" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[537,753,1956,1981]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFDECAFBF60CAF836" box="[537,753,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily identified by the presence of four pairs of vertical lateral ridges. They are also the largest of any 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF3FFDCFD35AFD3619DF86B" box="[704,934,1992,2017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF3FFDCFD35AFD3617CF86B" box="[704,839,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Halistemma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, and the largest nectophores in the present material, measuring 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF2FFDDFE8EA88C6388FF25" box="[379,435,151,176]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
in width, were considerably larger than the range of 
<quantity id="4CAD9B4FFFF2FFDDFC0BA88C6653FF25" box="[1022,1128,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="8.0">8–19 mm</quantity>
for 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF2FFDDFB60A88C6704FF3A" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1173,1343,151,176]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref60962" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 240 pp., 40 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton's (1965)</bibRefCitation>
original material. They are slightly larger than the nectophores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFCE8A8A661A1FF5F" box="[797,922,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="foliacea">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFCE8A8A661A1FF5F" box="[797,922,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">H. foliacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that species has just two pairs of vertical lateral ridges. The 
<typeStatus id="54EE8808FFF2FFDDFE87A8FB6391FF72" box="[370,426,224,248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFE41A8C463E7FF72" box="[436,476,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A-2</emphasis>
bracts are also very distinctive, as is the distal end of the terminal filament of the tentillum. In most 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFE84A91F6068FE97" box="[369,595,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFE84A91F63C3FE97" box="[369,504,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Halistemma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
there is a cupulate process present, which differs morphologically from species to species. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFE7EA9326039FECA" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[395,514,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFE7EA9326039FECA" box="[395,514,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">H. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the terminal filament ends in a tightly coiled tapering process, while in 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFAC5A93267A7FEB5" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[1328,1436,296,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFAC5A93267A7FEB5" box="[1328,1436,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">H. striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
no distinct process is present.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF2FFDDFF62ABDA61EDFC5D" box="[151,982,961,983]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[151,250,961,983]">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF2FFDDFF62ABDA61EDFC5D" blockId="47.[151,982,961,983]" box="[151,982,961,983]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFF62ABDA6324FC5D" bold="true" box="[151,287,961,983]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 48.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFED0ABDA63D3FC5D" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[293,488,961,983]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFED0ABDA63D3FC5D" box="[293,488,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Individual female gonophores. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2A6622FFF2FFDDFF62AF2F61F8F8C3" box="[151,963,1844,1866]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[151,250,1844,1866]">
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF2FFDDFF62AF2F61F8F8C3" blockId="47.[151,963,1844,1866]" box="[151,963,1844,1866]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFF62AF2F6324F8C0" bold="true" box="[151,287,1844,1866]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 49.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFED0AF2F63D3F8C3" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[293,488,1844,1866]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFED0AF2F63D3F8C3" box="[293,488,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Individual male gonophores. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFF2FFDDFF32AF6A67A7F87C" blockId="47.[151,1436,1905,2038]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFF32AF6A636BF800" box="[199,336,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF2FFDDFE91AF6A602FF800" author="Totton, A. K." box="[356,532,1905,1930]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref60962" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 240 pp., 40 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton's (1965)</bibRefCitation>
original material came from the Beebe collections centred around 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFACDAF6A67ACF800" box="[1336,1431,1905,1930]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="32.2">32°12'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFF62AF8E62C1F824" box="[151,250,1941,1966]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-64.6">64°36'W</geoCoordinate>
south of 
<collectingCountry id="F342763AFFF2FFDDFE96AF8E63F6F824" box="[355,461,1941,1966]" name="Bermuda" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
, and two 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFDCDAF8D6092F827" box="[568,681,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Discovery</emphasis>
stations, in the central south (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFC0EAF8D6657F827" box="[1019,1132,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Discovery</emphasis>
St. 81, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFB36AF8E671FF824" box="[1219,1316,1941,1966]" degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-32.75">32° 45'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFAC5AF8E67B4F824" box="[1328,1423,1941,1966]" degrees="8" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-8.783334">8° 47'W</geoCoordinate>
), and equatorial north Atlantic (
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFE19AFA16066F85B" box="[492,605,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Discovery</emphasis>
St. 704, 3° 37'7'N, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFCCEAFA26193F858" box="[827,936,1977,2002]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-29.233334">29° 14'W</geoCoordinate>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFF2FFDDFC48AFA26648F858" author="Margulis, R. Ya." box="[957,1139,1977,2002]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref58992" refString="Margulis, R. Ya. (1969) Distribution of some siphonophore species of the suborder Physophorae in the Atlantic Ocean. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 24, 17 - 38. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1969">Margulis (1969)</bibRefCitation>
found 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFF2FFDDFB31AFA267A7F85B" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[1220,1436,1977,2002]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFF2FFDDFB31AFA267A7F85B" box="[1220,1436,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at 18 sites throughout the Atlantic Ocean, all but two of which were found between 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFB99AFC6669CF87C" box="[1132,1191,2013,2038]" degrees="40" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="55555" value="40.0">40°N</geoCoordinate>
and 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFF2FFDDFB11AFC66726F87C" box="[1252,1309,2013,2038]" degrees="20" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" precision="55555" value="-20.0">20°S</geoCoordinate>
; the others
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF62A88C673DFF5F" blockId="48.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFEDFFC2FF62A88C673AFF5F" country="Puerto Rico" county="Discovery" latitude="-42.0" location="Atlantic" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-21.5" municipality="It" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" specimenCount="1">
being at c. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FEE0A88C6369FF3A" box="[277,338,151,176]" degrees="56" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55555" value="56.0">56°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FEAAA88C638DFF3A" box="[351,438,151,176]" degrees="21.5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="5555" value="-21.5">21.5°W</geoCoordinate>
and 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FE1AA88C601CFF3A" box="[495,551,151,176]" degrees="42" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55555" value="-42.0">42°S</geoCoordinate>
, 38.5'W. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFEDFFC2FD64A88C615FFF3A" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[657,868,151,176]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="96 - 126" refId="ref60642" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1975) Species composition and distributional pattern of Siphonophora of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent waters of the Atlantic. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 100, 96 - 126. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1975">Stepanjants (1975)</bibRefCitation>
had another 
<location id="8E8A6071FFEDFFC2FC0CA88C6668FF3A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87BCFFF5FFC2FF62ADF46144FA84:8E8A6071FFEDFFC2FC0CA88C6668FF3A" box="[1017,1107,151,176]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Discovery" latitude="-42.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-21.5" municipality="It" name="Atlantic" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Atlantic</location>
record, from north of 
<collectingCountry id="F342763AFFEDFFC2FAA6A88362F4FF5F" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EACD0FFEDFFC2FF2FA8A762D0FF59" box="[218,235,188,211]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">It</collectingMunicipality>
has also been found in eight recent 
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFEDFFC2FD88A8A660D4FF5E" box="[637,751,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<collectingCounty id="628B4E26FFEDFFC2FD88A8A660D4FF5E" box="[637,751,189,212]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Discovery</collectingCounty>
</emphasis>
samples, shown in decreasing latitudinal order
</materialsCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A9026707FEA5" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1340,281,303]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Station Nect Bract Date Latitude Longitude Depth Range (m)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A95E66DDFED1" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1254,325,347]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
7711#09 5 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEA95E608DFED1" box="[555,694,325,347]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1971-05-18">18-May-1971</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAA95E61BEFED1" box="[799,901,325,347]" degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="50.5" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="52.841667">52°50.5'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27A95E6605FED1" box="[978,1086,325,347]" degrees="20" direction="west" minutes="09.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-20.155">20°09.3'W</geoCoordinate>
605–700
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A96A66D7FE0D" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1260,369,391]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
9791#10 4 12 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEA96A608DFE0D" box="[555,694,369,391]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1978-05-06">06-May-1978</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAA96A61BEFE0D" box="[799,901,369,391]" degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="28.5" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="49.475">49°28.5'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27A96A6605FE0D" box="[978,1086,369,391]" degrees="14" direction="west" minutes="00.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-14.013333">14°00.8'W</geoCoordinate>
500– 600
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A98666DCFE39" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1255,413,435]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
53305#32 1 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEA9866094FE39" box="[555,687,413,435]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1994-04-21">21-Apr-1994</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAA98661BEFE39" box="[799,901,413,435]" degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="14.1" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="49.235">49°14.1'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27A9866605FE39" box="[978,1086,413,435]" degrees="12" direction="west" minutes="15.2" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-12.253333">12°15.2'W</geoCoordinate>
200–310
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A9D266E2FE55" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1241,457,479]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
11058#03 1 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEA9D26094FE55" box="[555,687,457,479]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1984-04-11">11-Apr-1984</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAA9D261BEFE55" box="[799,901,457,479]" degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="34.9" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="45.581665">45°34.9'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27A9D26605FE55" box="[978,1086,457,479]" degrees="13" direction="west" minutes="36.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-13.606667">13°36.4'W</geoCoordinate>
95–200
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50A9EE66DDFD81" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1254,501,523]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
8508#33 48 107 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEA9EE6094FD81" box="[555,687,501,523]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1974-04-16">16-Apr-1974</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAA9EE61BEFD81" box="[799,901,501,523]" degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="04.8" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="44.08">44°04.8'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27A9EE6605FD81" box="[978,1086,501,523]" degrees="13" direction="west" minutes="07.6" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-13.126667">13°07.6'W</geoCoordinate>
302–400
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AA3A66E2FDBD" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1241,545,567]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
7800#02 55 138 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEAA3A6095FDBD" box="[555,686,545,567]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1972-02-18">18-Feb-1972</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAAA3A61BEFDBD" box="[799,901,545,567]" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="46.7" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="19.778334">19°46.7'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27AA3A6605FDBD" box="[978,1086,545,567]" degrees="22" direction="west" minutes="32.7" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-22.545">22°32.7'W</geoCoordinate>
0–1000
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AA5666DDFDE9" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1254,589,611]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
7089#23 29 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEAA566088FDE9" box="[555,691,589,611]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1969-11-16">16-Nov-1969</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAAA5661BEFDE9" box="[799,901,589,611]" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="40.7" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="17.678333">17°40.7'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27AA566605FDE9" box="[978,1086,589,611]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="19.7" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-25.328333">25°19.7'W</geoCoordinate>
110–200
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AA6266DDFD05" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1254,633,655]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
6662#11 102 271 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEAA626095FD05" box="[555,686,633,655]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1968-02-15">15-Feb-1968</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAAA6261BEFD05" box="[799,901,633,655]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="03.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="11.05">11°03.0'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27AA626605FD05" box="[978,1086,633,655]" degrees="19" direction="west" minutes="52.6" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-19.876667">19°52.6'W</geoCoordinate>
510–590
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AABE66DCFD31" blockId="48.[165,1340,281,699]" box="[165,1255,677,699]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
10523#06 139 232 
<date id="FFEB106AFFEDFFC2FDDEAABE608CFD31" box="[555,695,677,699]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1982-05-10">10-May-1982</date>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCEAAABE61BAFD31" box="[799,897,677,699]" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="41.9" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="-5.6983333">05°41.9'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FC27AABE660DFD31" box="[978,1078,677,699]" degrees="00" direction="east" minutes="29.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="92" value="0.48999998">00°29.4'E</geoCoordinate>
400–500
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF32AB1B6679FC93" blockId="48.[199,1090,768,793]" box="[199,1090,768,793]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3CF7FFEDFFC2FF32AB1B6605FC93" box="[199,1086,768,793]" country="Bermuda" location="The Beebe" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8E8A6071FFEDFFC2FF32AB1B6304FC93" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87BCFFF5FFC2FF62ADF46144FA84:8E8A6071FFEDFFC2FF32AB1B6304FC93" box="[199,319,768,793]" country="Bermuda" name="The Beebe" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The Beebe</location>
collections, from 
<collectingCountry id="F342763AFFEDFFC2FDFEAB1B604EFC93" box="[523,629,768,793]" name="Bermuda" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
, contain at least 
<specimenCount id="9D53FD23FFEDFFC2FCDAAB1B61E7FC93" box="[815,988,768,793]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
, namely
</materialsCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AB45661BFCFF" blockId="48.[165,1147,862,1021]" box="[165,1056,862,885]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimen No. 29365 600 fm 22 nectophores</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50AB90661BFC28" blockId="48.[165,1147,862,1021]" box="[165,1056,907,930]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimen No. 29372 700 fm 23 nectophores</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50ABA2662BFC5A" blockId="48.[165,1147,862,1021]" box="[165,1040,953,976]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimen No. 301371 600 fm 1 nectophore.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF50ABFD6640FC77" blockId="48.[165,1147,862,1021]" box="[165,1147,998,1021]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimen No. 312196 600 fm 6 nectophores, 2 bracts.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36AAFFEDFFC2FF32AC596144FA84" blockId="48.[151,1436,1090,1295]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFEDFFC2FF32AC59639DFBD1" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[199,422,1090,1115]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="54 - 81" refId="ref60686" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1977 a) Siphonophora of the central part of the Pacific Ocean. In: Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, XX (XXVIII) [Marine Plankton. (Systematics and Faunistics)], pp. 54 - 81. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1977">Stepanjants (1977a)</bibRefCitation>
gave the first Pacific Ocean record, from south-east of the 
<collectingCountry id="F342763AFFEDFFC2FBCBAC5966C7FBD1" box="[1086,1276,1090,1115]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFEDFFC2FAC2AC5962DAFBF5" author="Margulis, R. Ya." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="24 - 28" refId="ref59062" refString="Margulis, R. Ya. (1987) On siphonophores from the southern part of the Pacific Ocean (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Ser. 16 Biol. No. 2, 24 - 28. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1987">Margulis (1987)</bibRefCitation>
gave the second from the region of 41– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FD4EAC7D60CBFBF5" box="[699,752,1126,1151]" degrees="48" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55555" value="-48.0">48°S</geoCoordinate>
106– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE61506DFFEDFFC2FCC6AC7D61B9FBF5" box="[819,898,1126,1151]" degrees="110" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55555" value="-110.0">110°W</geoCoordinate>
. Recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B5BFFEDFFC2FBF7AC7C664CFBF5" author="Yu, P. - W." box="[1026,1143,1126,1151]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61271" refString="Yu, P. - W. (2006) Seasonal dynamics of siphonophores in waters of southern and northern Taiwan. Ph. D. thesis. Marine Biological Research Institute, Department of Technology and Resources (Marine Biotechnology and Resources), Sun Yatsen University, Taiwan, 118 pp." type="book" year="2006">Yu (2006)</bibRefCitation>
has added a record from Taiwanese waters, and it has also been found from Japanese waters (Dhugal Lindsay, personal communication). It has not been noted during the extensive observations in the Monterey Bay, California, region, nor in the Gulf of California. In conclusion, it appears that 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D29FFEDFFC2FD8BACC96161FB60" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[638,858,1234,1259]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Halistemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B921EAB8FFEDFFC2FD8BACC96161FB60" box="[638,858,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Halistemma striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rare species with an extensive geographical distribution, generally in the warmer waters of the World's oceans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>