443 lines
57 KiB
XML
443 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="6D18E31875C63B69D1F6787E8EB86C2E" ID-CLB-Dataset="29979" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdd567ed-ebd8-4801-a6a4-af6c9fb964fd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1271239" ID-ZooBank="18929E20-5296-4458-8A8A-4F5316A290FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1528147699440" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J." docDate="2018" docId="386CC616DC3AA57AFF678A63FAF6FCC5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4426.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4426 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Leucascus schleyeri Van & De 2018, sp.nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="C455BE6EDC72A531FFF0880AFFCEFF99" masterDocTitle="Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1698547079698" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A6AD650FE534E3B15C6D7E3BC9BEC89C">Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4B0E5AB6988F7E08F706B66BA9693D78">Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A62C03FFC83C6A792B9DB94096D0731C">De, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B492F66554BE8D74617AF725C1DB7962">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B47AAA0711E64F0407A65F8B2E833B4F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B42AAA96FE40759E3B61B78445733EF6">
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<mods:date id="C2AC31799A35459195A5CBD4016FDF41">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8CBB48EBB430B3B7E686436B12DC367F">2018-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F234A35C0E05BBBCC198AAFBD578C9E6">4426</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="82F011EEFA454E510333C1C8123901BA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="386CC616DC3AA57AFF678A63FAF6FCC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5966720" ID-GBIF-Taxon="144239489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5966720" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:386CC616DC3AA57AFF678A63FAF6FCC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/386CC616DC3AA57AFF678A63FAF6FCC5" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF678A63FE47FD3C" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF678A63FE28FD1A" blockId="72.[151,486,617,677]" box="[151,486,617,643]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="EB32C06CDC3AA579FF678A63FE28FD1A" bold="true" box="[151,486,617,643]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF678A63FE28FD1A" bold="true" box="[151,486,617,643]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FF678A63FE46FD1A" ID-CoL="6PS9K" authority="Van & De, 2018" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,392,617,643]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schleyeri" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF678A63FE46FD1A" bold="true" box="[151,392,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Leucascus schleyeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="99821669DC3AA579FE608A63FE28FD1A" box="[400,486,617,643]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF678A86FE47FD3C" blockId="72.[151,486,617,677]" box="[151,393,652,677]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FF678A86FEF7FD3D" box="[151,313,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figures 41a–g</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FEB48A86FE47FD3C" box="[324,393,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">42a–h</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF678ADEFD4EFC91" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF678ADEFCA4FD73" blockId="72.[151,874,724,776]" box="[151,874,724,746]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="90D5502EDC3AA579FF678ADEFCA4FD73" box="[151,874,724,746]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FF588ADEFEBFFD73" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[168,369,724,746]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF588ADEFEBFFD73" box="[168,369,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Clathrina reticulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="31645111DC3AA579FE8F8ADEFD9FFD73" author="" box="[383,593,724,746]" page="189" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC3AA579FE8F8ADEFDD1FD73" box="[383,543,724,746]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref63394" refString="Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066" type="journal article">Borojević 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 189
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 2 (not:
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<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC3AA579FD3D8ADEFC91FD73" box="[717,863,724,746]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref68612" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book">Schmidt 1862</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF678AF8FD4EFC91" blockId="72.[151,874,724,776]" box="[151,640,754,776]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="90D5502EDC3AA579FF678AF8FD4EFC91" box="[151,640,754,776]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FF678AF8FE46FC91" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,392,754,776]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF678AF8FF34FC91" box="[151,250,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Clathrina</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FED88AF8FE46FC91" box="[296,392,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">reticulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="31645111DC3AA579FE658AF8FDB2FC91" author="" box="[405,636,754,776]" page="1434" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC3AA579FE658AF8FDF3FC91" box="[405,573,754,776]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref68540" refString="Rudi, A., Schleyer, M. & Kashman, Y. (2000) Clathculins A and B, two novel nitrogen-containing metabolites from the sponge Clathrina aff. reticulum. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 1434 - 1436. Available from: http: // pubs. acs. org / doi / abs / 10.1021 / np 000149 o (accessed 21 January 2018)" type="journal article">
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Rudi
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FE3D8AF9FDCEFC91" box="[461,512,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2000
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 1434
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF678B3FFB75FCEB" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF678B3FFB75FCEB" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<materialsCitation id="00AD7D5DDC3AA579FF678B3FFB75FCEB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848255677" collectionCode="ZMA" collectorName="M. Schleyer" country="South Africa" county="Sodwana Bay" elevation="25" latitude="-27.55" location="Material" longLatPrecision="555" longitude="32.6833" municipality="Kwazulu Natal" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="TASA53" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF678B3FFEB1FCD7" bold="true" box="[151,383,821,846]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<location id="B51A21DBDC3AA579FF678B3FFF31FCD7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:386CC616DC3AA57AFF678A63FAF6FCC5:B51A21DBDC3AA579FF678B3FFF31FCD7" box="[151,255,821,846]" country="South Africa" county="Sodwana Bay" latitude="-27.55" longLatPrecision="555" longitude="32.6833" municipality="Kwazulu Natal" name="Material" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Material</location>
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||
examined.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<typeStatus id="6F7EC9A2DC3AA579FE768B3FFE3FFCD7" box="[390,497,821,846]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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||
<collectionCode id="D6D4EFC5DC3AA579FE0B8B3CFDF7FCD7" box="[507,569,822,846]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ZMA</collectionCode>
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Por. 15734,
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<collectingCountry id="C8D23790DC3AA579FD368B3FFC96FCD7" box="[710,856,821,846]" name="South Africa" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="501EED7ADC3AA579FC938B3FFBC0FCD7" box="[867,1038,821,846]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Kwazulu Natal</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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||
<collectingCounty id="591B0F8CDC3AA579FBE88B3FFB7DFCD7" box="[1048,1203,821,846]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Sodwana Bay</collectingCounty>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D5F111C7DC3AA579FB4E8B3FFAD6FCD7" box="[1214,1304,821,846]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="555" value="-27.55">27.55°S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="D5F111C7DC3AA579FAEE8B3FFA56FCD7" box="[1310,1432,821,846]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="5" value="32.6833">32.6833°E</geoCoordinate>
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, coral reef, depth
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<quantity id="773DDAE5DC3AA579FEA58B50FE7DFCEB" box="[341,435,858,882]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="24.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="22.0">
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<elevation id="3BE89033DC3AA579FEA58B50FE7DFCEB" box="[341,435,858,882]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="24.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="22.0">22–27m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, scuba, coll.
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<collectorName id="1D3012D6DC3AA579FDB48B50FD01FCEB" box="[580,719,857,882]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">M. Schleyer</collectorName>
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, field nr.
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<specimenCode id="E063DF7BDC3AA579FCC88B53FC6EFCEB" box="[824,928,857,882]" collectionCode="TASA" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">TASA53</specimenCode>
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-S52, year 2000, undated.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF378B77FE87F913" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378B77FF14FBBF" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378B77FE97FC0F" bold="true" box="[199,345,893,918]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Description.</emphasis>
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Massive lobate cormus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FD8E8B77FD2FFC0F" box="[638,737,893,918]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41a</figureCitation>
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), consisting of densely and tightly anastomosed tubuli, with oscules on top of the lobes leading to atrial spaces. Color pink in situ. Preserved material consists of two fragments, each
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||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FF228BCCFEECFC44" box="[210,290,966,990]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">2 x 2 x</date>
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||
<quantity id="773DDAE5DC3AA579FEDA8BCCFEACFC44" box="[298,354,966,990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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||
of the much larger specimen, estimated to be
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||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FC9E8BCFFC70FC44" box="[878,958,965,990]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">6 x 4 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="773DDAE5DC3AA579FC368BCCFBCFFC44" box="[966,1025,966,990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
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, most of which was used for natural products research. The preserved fragments are white or cream colored (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FC348BE3FBEAFB9B" box="[964,1060,1001,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41b</figureCitation>
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||
) and comprise several contracted lobes.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378C3BFC66FBD3" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" box="[199,936,1073,1098]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378C3BFE65FBD3" bold="true" box="[199,427,1073,1098]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Aquiferous system.</emphasis>
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||
Asconoid, limited to the anastomosed tubuli.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378C5FFEC0FADF" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378C5FFEFBFBF7" bold="true" box="[199,309,1109,1134]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
In cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FDF98C5FFD42FBF7" box="[521,652,1109,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 41c–d</figureCitation>
|
||
) the skeleton shows the dense arrangement of contracted tubuli of
|
||
<quantity id="773DDAE5DC3AA579FF678C70FED1FB08" box="[151,287,1146,1170]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter surrounding shallow atria (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FD108C73FC8AFB0B" box="[736,836,1145,1170]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41d</figureCitation>
|
||
). The atrial walls are separated from the walls of the tubuli by their own layer of tri- and tetractines, as is visible in some parts of
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FC008C97FBBEFB2F" box="[1008,1136,1181,1206]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 41c–d</figureCitation>
|
||
. There is a cortical surface layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FF2E8CCBFE97FB43" box="[222,345,1217,1242]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 41e–f</figureCitation>
|
||
) recognizable by the presence of erect banana-shaped diactines, detailed also in
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FB168CCBFAABFB43" box="[1254,1381,1217,1242]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="37.[151,249,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,409,1910]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 15. Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003, a, light microscopic view of part of the cormus and tubuli of RMNH Por. 10003 from Jeddah, b–d, SEM images of spicules, b, of Jeddah specimen RMNH Por. 10003, c, of Aqaba specimen ZMA Por. 13414, d, of Aqaba specimen ZMA Por. 13476." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271301/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 15c–d</figureCitation>
|
||
. The walls of the tubuli are built by several layers of triactines and tetractines. The latter protrude with their apical actines into the tubule lumen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FE178D03FD89FABB" box="[487,583,1289,1314]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42a</figureCitation>
|
||
). We noticed the presence of parasitic or commensal copepods in the cormus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FF6F8D27FECCFADF" box="[159,258,1325,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378D5BFB4BFAF3" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" box="[199,1157,1361,1386]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378D5BFEFEFAF3" bold="true" box="[199,304,1361,1386]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FECF8D5BFE73FAF3" box="[319,445,1361,1386]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 42e–h</figureCitation>
|
||
) Triactines and tetractines, the latter with spined apical actines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378D7FFE9EFA2B" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FEBC8D7FFE7FFA17" box="[332,433,1397,1422]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42e</figureCitation>
|
||
) equiradiate and equiangular, with cylindroconical actines measuring 54–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FAD58D7FFA98FA17" box="[1317,1366,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">74.6</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FA948D7CFA52FA14" box="[1380,1436,1398,1422]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1990-10">90 x</date>
|
||
4.5–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF388D93FF25FA2B" box="[200,235,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">6.7</emphasis>
|
||
–8.5 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378DB7FE7CF9DB" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FEA28DB7FE1EFA4F" box="[338,464,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 42f–g</figureCitation>
|
||
) similar in shape and size to the triactines, occasionally somewhat sagittal, with thin straight apical actines provided with three rows of strong spines the position of which is matching the basal triradiate system (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FE9B8E0FFE19F987" box="[363,471,1541,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[171,1423,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 42. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Figs
|
||
<quantity id="773DDAE5DC3AA579FE598E0CFE19F987" box="[425,471,1542,1566]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="42.0">42g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), actines of the basal triradiate system 63–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FC2B8E0CFC39F987" box="[987,1015,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">78</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FBF68E0CFB9BF987" box="[1030,1109,1541,1566]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1991-10-05">91 x 5</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FB948E0FFB49F987" box="[1124,1159,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">6.5</emphasis>
|
||
–8.5 µm, apical actines 31–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF318E20FF13F9DB" box="[193,221,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">49</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FF1B8E23FEFEF9DB" box="[235,304,1577,1602]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1976-10-02">76 x 2</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FECF8E20FEACF9DB" box="[319,354,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">4.4</emphasis>
|
||
–7 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378E47FE87F913" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Diactines, asymmetrical, curved, ‘banana’-shaped, often eroded (probably artefactual) and grooved, 48–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FAA68E47FABCF9FF" box="[1366,1394,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">76</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FA718E44FF76F913" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1998-10-08">98 x 8</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF388E7BFF25F913" box="[200,235,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">9.6</emphasis>
|
||
–12 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF378E9FFC66F937" box="[199,936,1685,1710]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378E9FFC66F937" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" box="[199,936,1685,1710]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378E9FFE25F937" bold="true" box="[199,491,1685,1710]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
|
||
. Natal coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8D23790DC3AA579FD6C8E9FFCE0F937" box="[668,814,1685,1710]" name="South Africa" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC3AA579FD6C8E9FFD13F937" box="[668,733,1685,1710]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, deep reef.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA579FF378EB3FAD4F96F" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378EB3FAD4F96F" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378EB3FE80F94B" bold="true" box="[199,334,1721,1746]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named after Dr Michael Schleyer, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8D23790DC3AA579FB3D8EB3FAAFF94B" box="[1229,1377,1721,1746]" name="South Africa" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC3AA579FB3D8EB3FAC1F94B" box="[1229,1295,1721,1746]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, who collected the material, and in recognition of his important work on the marine ecology of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8D23790DC3AA579FB728ED7FADBF96F" box="[1154,1301,1757,1782]" name="South Africa" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC3AA579FB728ED7FB0DF96F" box="[1154,1219,1757,1782]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8DF248BDC3AA57AFF378F0BFAF6FCC5" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3AA579FF378F0BFC14F86B" blockId="72.[151,1437,821,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FF378F0BFEF5F883" bold="true" box="[199,315,1793,1818]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Although we do not have molecular sequence data for this specimen, the overall similarity of the present material with
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FE7B8F2CFDC8F8A4" box="[395,518,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FE7B8F2CFDCCF8A4" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[395,514,1830,1853]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Leucascus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
reviewed by Cavalcanti
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FCED8F2CFC98F8A7" box="[797,854,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003), makes it likely that the present new species is also a member of that genus. Our SEM cross sections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC3AA579FCC48F43FC78F8FB" box="[820,950,1865,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 41. Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 41c–d</figureCitation>
|
||
) show the characteristic structure of short atrial cavities surrounded by tightly anastomosed tubuli, with the whole cormus covered with a cortex of erect short diactines. Of the described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FD958F98FD14F830" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[613,730,1938,1961]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FD958F98FD14F830" box="[613,730,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Leucascus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC3AA579FCDE8F9BFCBEF833" box="[814,880,1937,1962]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3AA579FC0F8F98FAEDF833" authority="Dendy, 1892" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[1023,1315,1937,1962]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3AA579FC0F8F98FB4EF833" box="[1023,1152,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">L. clavatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC3AA579FB7E8F9BFAEDF833" box="[1166,1315,1937,1962]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref65646" refString="Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series 5, 69 - 116. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 34434 # page / 111 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)" type="journal article">Dendy, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses diactines, but these are much larger and thicker (350–850
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FCD78FBCFC97F857" box="[807,857,1974,1998]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1999-10">x 99</date>
|
||
–140 µm) than those of the new species, while also the tri- and tetractines are significantly larger (actines 70–160
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC3AA579FCA08FD0FC53F86B" box="[848,925,2010,2034]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1919-10-09">x 9–19</date>
|
||
µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E4BA2788DC3BA578FF678F7AFDB3F87B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271381/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" startId="73.[151,249,1904,1926]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" targetPageId="73">
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC3BA578FF678F7AFDB3F87B" blockId="73.[151,1436,1904,2018]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3BA578FF678F7AFEECF81C" bold="true" box="[151,290,1904,1926]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC3BA578FEDB8F7BFE36F81F" authority="Van & De, 2018" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[299,504,1904,1926]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schleyeri" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3BA578FEDB8F7BFE36F81F" box="[299,504,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Leucascus schleyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99821669DC3BA578FDF28F7AFD82F81F" box="[514,588,1904,1926]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC3BA578FDF28F7AFD88F81C" bold="true" box="[514,582,1904,1925]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">sp.nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, habitus in situ on the deep reef of Sodwana Bay, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa (photo M. Schleyer), b, preserved fragments of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm), c, SEM image of cross section of cormus showing dense mass of tubuli, d, detail of c showing shallow pseudoatrium, e, SEM image of overview of surface, f, detail of e showing erect diactines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E4BA2788DC38A57BFF678F5BFE82F87B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271383/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" startId="74.[151,249,1873,1895]" targetBox="[171,1423,193,1861]" targetPageId="74">
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC38A57BFF678F5BFE82F87B" blockId="74.[151,1436,1873,2018]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC38A57BFF678F5BFEEEF8FF" bold="true" box="[151,288,1873,1895]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC38A57BFED68F58FE3CF8FE" authority="Van & De, 2018" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[294,498,1873,1895]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schleyeri" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC38A57BFED68F58FE3CF8FE" box="[294,498,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Leucascus schleyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99821669DC38A57BFE088F5BFD8CF8FE" box="[504,578,1873,1895]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC38A57BFE088F5BFDF2F8FF" bold="true" box="[504,572,1873,1894]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">sp.nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype ZMA Por. 15734, a, SEM image of wall of tubulus with protruding apical actines of tetractines, b, SEM image of parasitic or commensal copepods lodged in the cormus, c, SEM image of perpendicular section of the upper surface showing crowded ‘banana’-shaped erect diactines, d, light microscopic image of the same, e–h, SEM images of spicules, e, triactine, f, tetractines, g, details of apical actines of tetractines, h, ‘banana’-shaped diactines from the upper surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC39A57AFF37889DFE09FD54" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFF37889DFE49FF29" box="[199,391,151,176]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref63394" refString="Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066" type="journal article">Borojević (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFE03889DFCB4FF29" authority="(Schmidt, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[499,890,151,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFE03889DFD73FF29" box="[499,701,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis reticulum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFD3B889DFCBCFF29" box="[715,882,151,176]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref68612" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book">Schmidt, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFC5A889DFBD9FF29" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[938,1047,151,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFC5A889DFBD9FF29" box="[938,1047,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Clathrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8D23790DC39A57AFB95889DFB36FF29" box="[1125,1272,151,176]" name="South Africa" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC39A57AFB95889DFB68FF29" box="[1125,1190,151,176]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from both the Indian Ocean coast (‘Natal shore’) and from the Atlantic coast (False Bay). He gave a general description for these specimens, which fits our material except for the diactines, which measured 100–200
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC39A57AFB9488EAFB0EFF61" box="[1124,1216,223,248]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="2015-10-20">x 15–20</date>
|
||
µm, well in excess of our diactines.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC39A57AFEA6890FFEB6FE85" box="[342,376,261,284]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
mention was made of spines on the apical actines of the tetractines.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFB72890EFAC2FE84" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1154,1292,260,285]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFB72890EFAC2FE84" box="[1154,1292,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">A. reticulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is originally described from the Mediterranean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFDC8892DFD29FED9" box="[568,743,295,320]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref68612" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book">Schmidt, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that at least the Natal specimens could be conspecific with our specimen rather than with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFD4D8946FC86FEFC" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[701,840,332,357]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFD4D8946FC86FEFC" box="[701,840,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">A. reticulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Klautau
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFC4B8947FC38FEFC" box="[955,1014,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016) redescribed Adriatic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFAB38946FE73FE11" authority="(Schmidt, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFAB38946FECFFE11" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis reticulum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFEFF8965FE7BFE11" box="[271,437,367,392]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref68612" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book">Schmidt, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and provided molecular sequence data. The spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="6F7EC9A2DC39A57AFBF2897AFBF3FE11" box="[1026,1085,368,392]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and sizes described by Klautau
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFF67899FFF01FE34" box="[151,207,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
conform rather closely to those cited above for our specimen, except for the diactines which were longer and thinner (60–142
|
||
<date id="C47B51C0DC39A57AFEA789B2FE57FE49" box="[343,409,439,464]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">x 4–6</date>
|
||
µm) and not eroded. Of course,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFCEA89BDFCBDFE49" box="[794,883,439,464]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFCEA89BDFCBDFE49" box="[794,883,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFBE089B3FB4BFE49" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[1040,1157,441,464]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFBE089B3FB4BFE49" box="[1040,1157,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucascus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a lined atrial cavity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFF1B89D6FE23FE6D" box="[235,493,476,501]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref63854" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002 a) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1141 - 1152. Available from: http: // www. springer. com / us / book / 9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)" type="journal article">
|
||
Borojević
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFE9389D7FE52FE6C" box="[355,412,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and generally is less elaborate in shape and structure. Molecular sequence data of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFF6789F5FEADFD81" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,355,511,536]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFF6789F5FEADFD81" box="[151,355,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis reticulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by Klautau
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFD938A0BFD50FD81" box="[611,670,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016), and downloaded from GenBank were found to group at a rather low bootstrap value with sequences of the Indonesian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFCAB8A2FFBD3FDA4" box="[859,1053,548,573]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFCAB8A2FFBD3FDA4" box="[859,1053,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucascus flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by us previously (Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015) in our Calcinea phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28FE6B85DC39A57AFD058A4DFC83FDF9" box="[757,845,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1826,1848]" captionTargetBox="[180,1383,196,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[172,1416,195,1804]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood tree based on analysis of sequences of the partial 28S gene (C2–D2 region, comprising 442 sites) of Western Indian Ocean Calcinea newly generated by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center and sequences additionally obtained from GenBank, the Sponge Barcode Project and from Oliver Voigt (München) from the Red Sea, Indonesia, Australia, and a few sequences from other parts of the world, to demonstrate the affiliation of the compared species. Please note that Arturia sequences do not appear in the same clade, indicating Arturia is non-monophyletic. Numbers at the root of clades are bootstrap values of 1000 replicates. Since the high number of sequences were difficult to read in detail, we subdivided the present tree in three detailed sections 2A, 2B, and 2C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1271249/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This would confirm a close relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFAB38A4DFA52FDF9" box="[1347,1436,583,608]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFAB38A4DFA52FDF9" box="[1347,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFF3B8A67FE8EFD1D" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[203,320,621,644]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFF3B8A67FE8EFD1D" box="[203,320,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucascus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as postulated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFDE58A66FCFCFD1D" box="[533,818,620,645]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref63854" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002 a) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1141 - 1152. Available from: http: // www. springer. com / us / book / 9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)" type="journal article">
|
||
Borojević
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFD608A67FD03FD1C" box="[656,717,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Nevertheless, there are no molecular sequence data available for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6F7EC9A2DC39A57AFEAD8A9AFE43FD31" box="[349,397,656,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFDE48A85FDA3FD31" box="[532,621,655,680]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFDE48A85FDA3FD31" box="[532,621,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFD8E8A9AFC09FD31" authority="(Haeckel, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[638,967,655,680]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lamarcki">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFD8E8A9AFCCDFD31" box="[638,771,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">A. lamarcki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFCE58A85FC71FD31" box="[789,959,655,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref66738" refString="Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 # page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)" type="book chapter">Haeckel, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so the true affiliation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFB048A9BFAA7FD31" authorityName="Van & De" authorityYear="2018" box="[1268,1385,657,680]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFB048A9BFAA7FD31" box="[1268,1385,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucascus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFF678ABEFF3EFD54" box="[151,240,692,717]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFF678ABEFF3EFD54" box="[151,240,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC39A57AFF378ADDFD96FCAE" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Dendy’s (1913)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFE728ADDFD45FD69" authorityName="Dendy, 1913 sensu Burton" authorityYear="1959" box="[386,651,727,752]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gardineri">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFE728ADDFD45FD69" box="[386,651,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucosolenia gardineri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7201B9E2DC39A57AFCF08AD2FC95FD76" box="[768,859,728,751]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Indian Ocean on paper looks close to the present new species, the major obvious difference appearing to be the lack of banana-shaped diactines in
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFB2C8AF7FAA4FC8C" box="[1244,1386,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFB2C8AF7FAA8FC8C" authorityName="Dendy, 1913 sensu Burton" authorityYear="1959" box="[1244,1382,764,789]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gardineri">L. gardineri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The species is currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77C50C83DC39A57AFE098B15FD9CFCA1" box="[505,594,799,824]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Ascaltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFE098B15FD9CFCA1" box="[505,594,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ascaltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B07A7700DC39A57AFF678B4EFAF6FCC5" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,861]" box="[151,1336,836,861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Novel natural products, clathculins A and B, have been described from this specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4540AF1DC39A57AFB8C8B4EFAFAFCC5" box="[1148,1332,836,861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref68540" refString="Rudi, A., Schleyer, M. & Kashman, Y. (2000) Clathculins A and B, two novel nitrogen-containing metabolites from the sponge Clathrina aff. reticulum. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 1434 - 1436. Available from: http: // pubs. acs. org / doi / abs / 10.1021 / np 000149 o (accessed 21 January 2018)" type="journal article">
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Rudi
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<emphasis id="82B1AB12DC39A57AFB498B4FFB3FFCC4" box="[1209,1265,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
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2000
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.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |