215 lines
31 KiB
XML
215 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" ID-PMC="PMC5523356" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-683-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" ID-PubMed="28769729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1149788" ID-ZooBank="D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32" ModsDocID="1313-2970-683-51" checkinTime="1502744546974" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Anzaldo, Salvatore S." docDate="2017" docId="248ADE8EE2255448919C509DF4F0B640" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 683: 51-138" docOrigin="ZooKeys 683" docPubDate="2017-07-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" docTitle="Philides Champion 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" masterDocTitle="Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="93" updateTime="1668164589837" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Anzaldo, Salvatore S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287 - 4501, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sanzaldo@asu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2017-07-07</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>683</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>51</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>138</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-683-51</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1149788</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182230651" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:248ADE8EE2255448919C509DF4F0B640" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/248ADE8EE2255448919C509DF4F0B640" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="42" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="93" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="248ADE8E-E225-5448-919C-509DF4F0B640" authority="Champion, 1906 b: 129" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philides Champion, 1906b: 129</taxonomicName>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–66" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 55 - 66. Miscellaneous morphological structures. 55 Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] with an overlay showing an elongate second funicular article that is more than twice the length of the first 56 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001064] with an overlay showing a second funicular article that is subequal to the first, and seven distinct funicular articles 57 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing a funiculus composed of six articles 58 Microzurus sp. [SSAC 0001290] showing a short, slender fifth tarsal article and minute claws 59 Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] with a broad tooth at the base of the tarsal claw 60 Left metafemoral apex of Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] that is unarmed at the mesal and lateral faces 61 Left metafemoral apex of Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a tooth only at the mesal face 62 Left metafemoral apex of Peltophorus polymitus seminiveus [SSAC 0001117] showing a small tooth at both mesal and lateral faces 63 Left metafemoral apex of Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] showing a small tooth at the lateral face and an acuminate process at the mesal face 64 Metaventrite of Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [SSAC 0001291] showing deep, arcuate sulc 65 Lateral view of the metathorax of Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] showing a large tubercle in anterior to the metacoxa 66 Dorsal view of the profemora of Copturomimus caeruleotinctus [SSAC 0001059] showing denuded, striolate regions." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures55–66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143835" pageId="42" pageNumber="93">Figs 59</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 103–105" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 103 - 105. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Zygopini and Conoderinae incertae sedis. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise specified. 103 a-b Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526]; scale bar = 2 mm 104 a-b Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] 105 a-b Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000532]." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures103–105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143841" pageId="42" pageNumber="93">, 104</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="43" pageNumber="94" type="type species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="94" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides anthonomoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthonomoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philides anthonomoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Champion, 1906 [by monotypy].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="43" pageNumber="94" type="gender">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Gender.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Masculine.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="43" pageNumber="94" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily differentiated from all other genera treated here except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characteristics: the body, especially the lateral surfaces, are densely covered in multifid setae; the antennal funiculus has 6 instead of 7 articles (as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–66" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 55 - 66. Miscellaneous morphological structures. 55 Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] with an overlay showing an elongate second funicular article that is more than twice the length of the first 56 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001064] with an overlay showing a second funicular article that is subequal to the first, and seven distinct funicular articles 57 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing a funiculus composed of six articles 58 Microzurus sp. [SSAC 0001290] showing a short, slender fifth tarsal article and minute claws 59 Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] with a broad tooth at the base of the tarsal claw 60 Left metafemoral apex of Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] that is unarmed at the mesal and lateral faces 61 Left metafemoral apex of Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a tooth only at the mesal face 62 Left metafemoral apex of Peltophorus polymitus seminiveus [SSAC 0001117] showing a small tooth at both mesal and lateral faces 63 Left metafemoral apex of Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] showing a small tooth at the lateral face and an acuminate process at the mesal face 64 Metaventrite of Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [SSAC 0001291] showing deep, arcuate sulc 65 Lateral view of the metathorax of Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] showing a large tubercle in anterior to the metacoxa 66 Dorsal view of the profemora of Copturomimus caeruleotinctus [SSAC 0001059] showing denuded, striolate regions." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures55–66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143835" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">57</figureCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the tibial apex does not have an uncus at the posterior apical angle and has either a small process at inner apical angle (as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–36" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures19–36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143828" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">36</figureCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or no process at all; the tibial apex is subcircular in cross-section (not laterally compressed as in all other genera) and with distinct fringe of spine-like setae around the apex; the prosternum behind the procoxae has ventrally projecting laterally compressed tubercles (as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 18. Variation in the mesoventrite. 10 Lechriops californicus [ASUHIC 0024146] showing relatively parallel carinae marking the lateral margin of the rostral channel and a closure of the channel on the metaventrite 11 Microzygops nigrofasciatus [ARTSYS 0000797] with tubercles anterior to the mesocoxae and slight, arcuate carinae on the anterior region of the mesoventrite (encircling the central scaled region) 12 Paramnemyne decemcostata [ARTSYS 0000798] showing tuberculate posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a transverse carina near the posterior margin of the metaventrite 13 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing a deep ovoid receptacle on the meso- and metaventrite 14 Turcopus viscivorus [ARTSYS 0000530] showing a receptacle on the mesoventrite with prominently carinate posterior margin 15 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001066] showing a completely unmodified mesoventrite covered with multifid setae 16 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0031514] showing a ventrally expanded posterior margin of the mesoventrite to receive the rostrum in repose 17 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] with tubercles at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a deep depression at the posterior margin in between 18 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing slight lamellate processes at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite as well as transversely flattened projections behind the procoxae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures10–18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143827" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">18</figureCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the mesoventrite is vertical, unmodified or with posterolateral margins modified into somewhat projecting lamellae (as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 18. Variation in the mesoventrite. 10 Lechriops californicus [ASUHIC 0024146] showing relatively parallel carinae marking the lateral margin of the rostral channel and a closure of the channel on the metaventrite 11 Microzygops nigrofasciatus [ARTSYS 0000797] with tubercles anterior to the mesocoxae and slight, arcuate carinae on the anterior region of the mesoventrite (encircling the central scaled region) 12 Paramnemyne decemcostata [ARTSYS 0000798] showing tuberculate posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a transverse carina near the posterior margin of the metaventrite 13 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing a deep ovoid receptacle on the meso- and metaventrite 14 Turcopus viscivorus [ARTSYS 0000530] showing a receptacle on the mesoventrite with prominently carinate posterior margin 15 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001066] showing a completely unmodified mesoventrite covered with multifid setae 16 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0031514] showing a ventrally expanded posterior margin of the mesoventrite to receive the rostrum in repose 17 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] with tubercles at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a deep depression at the posterior margin in between 18 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing slight lamellate processes at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite as well as transversely flattened projections behind the procoxae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures10–18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143827" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">18</figureCitation>
|
||
); the first elytral interval has elongate, stout setae crossing over the suture in roughly posterior half (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 103–105" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 103 - 105. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Zygopini and Conoderinae incertae sedis. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise specified. 103 a-b Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526]; scale bar = 2 mm 104 a-b Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] 105 a-b Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000532]." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures103–105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143841" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">104b</figureCitation>
|
||
); and the fifth abdominal ventrite is strongly emarginate to accommodate the exposed pygidium.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the presence of tarsal claws with a broad tooth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–66" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 55 - 66. Miscellaneous morphological structures. 55 Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] with an overlay showing an elongate second funicular article that is more than twice the length of the first 56 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001064] with an overlay showing a second funicular article that is subequal to the first, and seven distinct funicular articles 57 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing a funiculus composed of six articles 58 Microzurus sp. [SSAC 0001290] showing a short, slender fifth tarsal article and minute claws 59 Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] with a broad tooth at the base of the tarsal claw 60 Left metafemoral apex of Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] that is unarmed at the mesal and lateral faces 61 Left metafemoral apex of Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a tooth only at the mesal face 62 Left metafemoral apex of Peltophorus polymitus seminiveus [SSAC 0001117] showing a small tooth at both mesal and lateral faces 63 Left metafemoral apex of Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] showing a small tooth at the lateral face and an acuminate process at the mesal face 64 Metaventrite of Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [SSAC 0001291] showing deep, arcuate sulc 65 Lateral view of the metathorax of Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] showing a large tubercle in anterior to the metacoxa 66 Dorsal view of the profemora of Copturomimus caeruleotinctus [SSAC 0001059] showing denuded, striolate regions." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures55–66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143835" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">59</figureCitation>
|
||
; seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides comans" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philides comans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Champion, 1909, but not all observed specimens identified to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. anthonomoides" order="Violales" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="anthonomoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">P. anthonomoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had this tooth) and in overall appearance, with the known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belonging to the "shiny black" mimicry complex of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hespenheide, HA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="55" pageNumber="106" pagination="145 - 154" refId="B67" refString="Hespenheide, HA, 1995. Mimicry in the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 14: 145 - 154" title="Mimicry in the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="14" year="1995">Hespenheide (1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 149). Some observed specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. anthonomoides" order="Violales" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="anthonomoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">P. anthonomoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the mesoventrite unmodified, with slight projections at the posterolateral margins or with the mesoventrite strongly excavated apically to receive the rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">
|
||
The numerous characters that differentiate this genus and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="94">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rest of the conoderines treated here suggest improper placement in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Conoderinae">Conoderinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" author="Lyal, CHC" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="203 - 241" refId="B105" refString="Lyal, CHC, Douglas, DA, Hine, SJ, 2006. Morphology and systematic significance of sclerolepidia in the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4 (2): 203 - 241, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" title="Morphology and systematic significance of sclerolepidia in the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" volume="4" year="2006">Lyal et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
due to the lack of sclerolepidia and differently constructed mesoventrite. Champion (1906: 130) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hespenheide, HA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="55" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B66" refString="Hespenheide, HA, 1992. A review of the genus Tachygonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 94 (1): 1 - 11" title="A review of the genus Tachygonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) north of Mexico." volume="94" year="1992">Hespenheide (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2, 2002: 756) noted the similarity of these genera with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" rank="tribe" tribe="Tachygonini">Tachygonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a group sometimes included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Conoderinae">Conoderinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but since relegated to a subtribe in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Curculioninae">Curculioninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhamphini">Rhamphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, treated there most recently in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Caldara, R" editor="Leschen, RAB" journalOrPublisher="De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="589 - 628" refId="B15" refString="Caldara, R, Franz, NM, Oberprieler, RG, 2014. 3.7.10 Curculioninae Latreille, 1802. In: Leschen, RAB, Beutel, RG, Eds., Handbook of Zoology: Coleoptera, Beetles Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston: 589 - 628" title="3.7.10 Curculioninae Latreille, 1802." volumeTitle="Handbook of Zoology: Coleoptera, Beetles Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga)." year="2014">Caldara et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in having multifid setae covering much of the body. Further similarities of these three genera are the stout,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="95" start="start">crossed</pageBreakToken>
|
||
setae along the elytral suture. Tachygonines, however, have a more conoderine-like tibial apex than either
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being laterally compressed and with an uncus at the posterior apical angle. Specimens were not observed for two of the three genera currently placed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Tachygonina">Tachygonina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reserving a reconsideration of the placement of the subtribe for future phylogenetic study.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also bears a resemblance to the Old World conoderine tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" lsidName="" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" rank="tribe" tribe="Lobotrachelini">Lobotrachelini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the observed species of that tribe also differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philinna" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a more typical conoderine tibial apex. The only other genus treated here without simple tarsal claws is
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Psomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Casey, which does not have a similar broad, flat tooth as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Philides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="95" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Host associations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The larva of at least one species is an inquiline in galls made by a buprestid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2007)61[568:GPBHTC]2.0.CO;2" author="Medianero, E" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" refId="B113" refString="Medianero, E, Paniagua, MC, Barrios, H, 2007. Galls produced by Hylaeogena thoracica (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and the effect of the inquiline Philides anthonomoides (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 61(4): 568-572. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2007)61[568:GPBHTC]2.0.CO;2" title="Galls produced by Hylaeogena thoracica (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and the effect of the inquiline Philides anthonomoides (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 61 (4): 568 - 572." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2007)61[568:GPBHTC]2.0.CO;2" year="2007">Medianero et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="95" type="described species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Described species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Two. Numerous undescribed species and related genera occur in Central America (H. Barrios, personal communication). One additional described species is known from South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rheinheimer, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B137" refString="Rheinheimer, J, 2011. Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65-88." title="Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65 - 88." year="2011">Rheinheimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="95" type="range">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">Range.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Mexico, El Salvador, Panama; South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rheinheimer, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B137" refString="Rheinheimer, J, 2011. Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65-88." title="Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65 - 88." year="2011">Rheinheimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |