treatments-xml/data/5D/4B/87/5D4B87BC8B25FFACCF87FD3FDAA1FED5.xml

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<mods:title id="9CDCFBFE4E2FA7B496143C21D443EC6C">A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FFC3841450B7229B0E374D04232DB4E5">Forasiepi, Analía M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C4B014CFCE11357237E3E73F859FE865">Carlini, Alfredo A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5D4B87BC8B25FFACCF87FD3FDAA1FED5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6200141" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119392170" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6200141" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D4B87BC8B25FFACCF87FD3FDAA1FED5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D4B87BC8B25FFACCF87FD3FDAA1FED5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CF87FD3FDC0DFD7D" blockId="3.[151,572,725,786]" box="[151,572,725,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<heading id="8E1581C68B25FFA6CF87FD3FDC0DFD7D" bold="true" box="[151,572,725,751]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87FD3FDC0DFD7D" bold="true" box="[151,572,725,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CF87FD3FDF4EFD7D" box="[151,383,725,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87FD3FDF4EFD7D" bold="true" box="[151,383,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CF87FD12DF13FC80" blockId="3.[151,572,725,786]" box="[151,290,760,786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B25FFA6CF87FD12DF13FC80" box="[151,290,760,786]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1723,1747]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,255,774,798]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,255,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox-0="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetBox-1="[206,1377,215,1684]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1430,400,729]" captionTargetBox-3="[154,1429,927,1562]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[194,1392,194,1701]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[151,1436,383,752]" captionTargetId-3="figure@9.[151,1436,913,1569]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: ec, ectocingulum; me, metacone; n, nutrient foramina; P 2, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; p, pit for housing the protoconid; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; ppa, preparacrista; st, stylar shelf." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Third upper premolar of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lingual (A) and labial (B) views. Abbreviations: alr, anterior labial root; lgr, lingual root; me, metacone; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; plr, posterior labial root;" captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Patagosmilus goini specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1. Magnum in lateral, anterior, and medial views from left to right (A), and proximal portion of an ungual phalanx in lateral view (B). Abbreviations: mcIII, facet for articulation with the third metacarpal; sc, facet for scaphoid; se, facet for semilunar; sp, subungual process; t, palmar tubercle; tra, facet for trapezoid; uc, ungicular crest; uf, ungual foramen; un, facet for unciform." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/196842/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/196843/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Figures 2–5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CF87FCA8DDE9FC10" blockId="3.[151,1437,834,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87FCA8DFA4FCCE" bold="true" box="[151,405,834,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Derivation of name</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CEB5FCA8DFDAFCC9" box="[421,491,834,859]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CEB5FCA8DFDAFCC9" box="[421,491,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Goini</emphasis>
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, in honor of the tireless work and patient teaching of Dr. Francisco J. Goin, 
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paleontologist whose focus is South American metatherians.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9DF865218B25FFA6CFD5FC67DB6EFB40" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CFD5FC67DF0BFC35" bold="true" box="[197,314,909,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="0A5988088B25FFA6CFD5FC67DF0BFC35" box="[197,314,909,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
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<date id="A15C106A8B25FFA6CE80FC67DC27FC35" box="[400,534,909,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" value="2007-07-01" valueMax="2007-07-01" valueMin="2007-07-01">07-VII-1-1</date>
, most of the left side of the skull with upper dentition, right magnum, and proximal portion of ungual phalanx.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CFD5FC3DDB45FB85" blockId="3.[151,1437,834,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CFD5FC3DDF66FC63" bold="true" box="[197,343,983,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Occurrence</emphasis>
. West margin of the Río Chico, Río Negro Province (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B25FFA6CCC3FC32DA26FC60" box="[979,1047,984,1010]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,257,880,904]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,209,843]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,194,858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location map of the fossil locality, at the west margin of the Río Chico (Colloncuran SALMA, middle Miocene), Rio Negro Province, where the holotype of Patagosmilus goini (MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1) was found." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196839/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), from levels of the Collón Curá Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CE30FC17DC62FB85" author="Ravazzoli" box="[288,595,1021,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Ravazzoli, I. A. &amp; Sesana, F. (1977) Descripcion geologica de la Hoja 41 c, Rio Chico, Provincia de Rio Negro. Boletin del Servicio Geologico Nacional, 148, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1977">Ravazzoli &amp; Sesana 1977</bibRefCitation>
), Colloncuran 
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, middle Miocene (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CB54FC17DB78FB85" author="Goin" box="[1092,1353,1021,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Carlini, A. A. (1993 a) Un primitivo Thylacosmilidae (Marsupialia, Sparassodonta) del Mioceno medio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana, 30, 107 - 108." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Goin &amp; Carlini 1993a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CA45FC17DB56FB85" author="Goin" box="[1365,1383,1021,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Carlini, A. A. (1993 b) The most primitive South American sabretooth marsupials: their significance in the reassessment of sparassodont phylogeny. Sixth International Theriological Congress (Sydney), 113." type="book chapter" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CFD5FBC8DB6EFB40" blockId="3.[151,1437,834,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
Along the margin of the Río Chico, fossil-bearing exposures of the Collón Curá Formation (about 
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<quantity id="121A9B4F8B25FFA6CA7FFBC8DE84FBF0" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
.
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s.l.) overlay metamorphic basement, Tertiary basalts, and the Miocene La Pava Formation and are in turn overlaid by Pliocene deposits of the &quot;Rionegrense&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CDEEFB87DA02FB15" author="Ravazzoli" box="[766,1075,1133,1159]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Ravazzoli, I. A. &amp; Sesana, F. (1977) Descripcion geologica de la Hoja 41 c, Rio Chico, Provincia de Rio Negro. Boletin del Servicio Geologico Nacional, 148, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1977">Ravazzoli &amp; Sesana 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CB2FFB87DB05FB15" author="Gonzalez" box="[1087,1332,1133,1159]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Gonzalez Diaz, E. F. (1990) Las relaciones entre las formaciones Campana y Collon Cura en el valle del Rio Chico (paralelo 42 o 00 '), provincias de Rio Negro y Chubut: Reconocimiento de dos unidades diferenciables temporalmente en la definicion de la Fm. Campana. Actas del XI Congreso Geologico Argentino (San Juan), 2, 93 - 96." type="journal article" year="1990">González Díaz 1990</bibRefCitation>
). During fieldwork, the outcrops were subdivided into northern (Duke University/ 
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Fossil Localities RCH-018 and RCH-018N) and southern exposures (RCH-018S). The specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CCA8FB52DA69FB43" box="[952,1112,1208,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CCA8FB52DA69FB43" box="[952,1112,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from the latter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9DF865218B25FFA6CFD5FB37DED0F9FE" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA6CFD5FB37DED0F9FE" blockId="3.[151,1437,834,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CFD5FB37DF63FB65" bold="true" box="[197,338,1245,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CE4BFB37DC66FB64" box="[347,599,1245,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CE4BFB37DC66FB64" box="[347,599,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller than 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CC39FB37DDD2FB64" box="[809,995,1245,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CC39FB37DDD2FB64" box="[809,995,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CB34FB37DAE0FB64" box="[1060,1233,1245,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CB34FB37DAE0FB64" box="[1060,1233,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Anachlysictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CF87FAE9DF04FA8E" box="[151,309,1283,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87FAE9DF04FA8E" box="[151,309,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Anachlysictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following derived features: conspicuous bowed postcanine tooth row and short distance between the glenoid cavity (or condyle) and postmetacrista of M3 (or preprotocristid of m4). It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CF87FAA7DF72FAF4" box="[151,323,1357,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87FAA7DF72FAF4" box="[151,323,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following plesiomorphic features: slightly longer skull, maxilla confined to the lateral side of the skull (i.e., not exposed in dorsal view), nasals widely exposed in dorsal view, presence of a subtle lacrimal process, continuous orbit and temporal fossa, lack of an anteorbital fossa and anterior notch of the orbit, longer sagittal crest, slightly shorter and straighter upper canine, P2 double rooted, molars with small protocone, M3 with narrow stylar shelf and slightly shorter postmetacrista. In addition, features unique to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CF87F9E2DFB3F9B3" box="[151,386,1544,1569]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87F9E2DFB3F9B3" box="[151,386,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: P2 equidistantly separated from the canine and P3, sphenopalatine foramen more anteriorly located, and anterior half of nasals extremely narrow, widening conspicuously at the level of the orbits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B25FFA1CFD5F99DDB49F965" blockId="3.[151,1437,834,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CFD5F99DDC08F903" bold="true" box="[197,569,1655,1681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Description and comparisons.</emphasis>
Skull. The skull of the 
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of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CCCCF992DA8FF903" box="[988,1214,1656,1681]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CCCCF992DA8FF903" box="[988,1214,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is partially broken and laterally compressed (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B25FFA6CEDBF977DC25F925" box="[459,532,1693,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The left side is better preserved, although the bone is mostly fractured. The snout is short and high with two premolars and the typical hyperdeveloped upper canine that characterizes the family. The back of the skull is also high and short, though somewhat less so than in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CBD0F902DB43F893" box="[1216,1394,1768,1793]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CBD0F902DB43F893" box="[1216,1394,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CF87F8E7DF0AF8B4" box="[151,315,1805,1830]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CF87F8E7DF0AF8B4" box="[151,315,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the nasals are widely exposed in dorsal view; very narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly, widening at the level of the orbit (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B25FFA6CD25F8D8DCB1F8DE" box="[565,640,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This difference in width is even more conspicuous than in other sparassodonts (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CE59F8B2DFDDF8E0" author="Sinclair" box="[329,492,1880,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CEE8F8B2DCF7F8E0" author="Babot" box="[504,710,1880,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CD56F8B2DCB0F8E3" box="[582,641,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CDC3F8B2DDB6F8E0" author="Forasiepi" box="[723,903,1880,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CCABF8B2DA55F8E3" box="[955,1124,1880,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CCABF8B2DA55F8E3" box="[955,1124,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast, the nasals are almost completely hidden in dorsal view. The nasals are apparently long, as evidenced by the section of the skull (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CFF0F848DF5FF82E" author="Riggs" box="[224,366,1954,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
), but developed under the maxilla; the portion seen in dorsal view is triangular, narrowing posteriorly, and restricted to the anterior part of the snout (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CC4EF822DDDCF870" author="Riggs" box="[862,1005,1992,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B25FFA6CCEAF822DA0AF870" author="Riggs" box="[1018,1083,1992,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B25FFA6CB62F822DB27F873" box="[1138,1302,1992,2017]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B25FFA6CB62F822DB27F873" box="[1138,1302,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the suture between nasals and frontals defines a very open “U” outline in dorsal view, as in other sparassodonts (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CA2FFF72DEE4FF45" author="Sinclair" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CFF1FF57DFA4FF45" author="Forasiepi" box="[225,405,189,215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CEB9FF57DC62FF44" box="[425,595,189,214]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CEB9FF57DC62FF44" box="[425,595,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the exception: the frontal is not in contact with the nasal but with the maxilla, because of the enlargement of the latter (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CC22FF08DDF0FF6E" author="Riggs" box="[818,961,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CCDEFF08DAB0FF6E" author="Marshall" box="[974,1153,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1976) Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber- tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios, 23, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B22FFA1CCDEFF08DA08FF6E" box="[974,1081,226,252]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1976
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB9FFF08DBA9FF6E" author="Goin" box="[1167,1432,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CF87FEE2DF76FEB0" author="Muizon" box="[151,327,264,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Muizon, C. de (1999) Marsupial skulls from the Deseadean (late Oligocene) of Bolivia and phylogenetic analysis of the Borhyaenoidea (Marsupialia, Mammalia). Geobios, 32, 483 - 509." type="journal article" year="1999">Muizon 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CE91FEE2DC1FFEB3" box="[385,558,264,289]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CE91FEE2DC1FFEB3" box="[385,558,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the maxilla and the frontal are separated by the nasal and lacrimal, resembling other sparassodonts. Furthermore, the maxilla of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CC4EFEC7DDCCFED4" box="[862,1021,301,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CC4EFEC7DDCCFED4" box="[862,1021,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is anteroposteriorly short and high, and confined to the lateral aspect of the skull (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B22FFA1CDD5FEB8DD3EFEFE" box="[709,783,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This condition differs from that of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CBD9FEB8DB44FEF9" box="[1225,1397,338,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CBD9FEB8DB44FEF9" box="[1225,1397,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the maxilla projects dorsally and posteriorly up to the level of the orbit. The root of the canine defines a prominent swelling (juga alveolaria) at the anterior border of the maxilla, which projects dorsally, following the suture with the nasal. Similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CD5DFE28DCCBFE49" box="[589,762,450,475]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CD5DFE28DCCBFE49" box="[589,762,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several minute vascular foramina open on this surface. The infraorbital foramen is relatively small, located dorsal to the posterior root of the last premolar (P3; see below); there is no anteorbital fossa, such as that found in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CC5BFDE7DDC4FDB4" box="[843,1013,525,550]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CC5BFDE7DDC4FDB4" box="[843,1013,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB15FDE7DAA1FDB5" author="Riggs" box="[1029,1168,525,551]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB8DFDE7DAEDFDB5" author="Riggs" box="[1181,1244,525,551]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
). At the level of the postcanine teeth, the maxilla curves laterally, defining a medially concave arcade, similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CF87FDB2DF71FDE3" box="[151,320,600,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CF87FDB2DF71FDE3" box="[151,320,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CE40FDB2DFEBFDE0" author="Riggs" box="[336,474,600,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CEF6FDB2DC14FDE0" author="Riggs" box="[486,549,600,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
). In more generalized sparassodonts, in contrast, the postcanine upper tooth row is laterally straight or nearly straight (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CDB9FD97DD64FD05" author="Sinclair" box="[681,853,637,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CC73FD97DA0FFD05" author="Babot" box="[867,1086,637,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CCA5FD97DDC4FD04" box="[949,1013,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB5CFD97DB3AFD05" author="Forasiepi" box="[1100,1291,637,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). There is a weakly-defined maxillary tuberosity developed above the last molars. In ventral view, the lateral border of the maxilla is nearly flat with regard to the labial border of the teeth, similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CB25FD22DAD2FD73" box="[1077,1251,712,737]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CB25FD22DAD2FD73" box="[1077,1251,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, in several more generalized sparassodonts (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CDA4FD07DD09FC94" box="[692,824,749,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Cladosictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CDA4FD07DD09FC94" box="[692,824,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Cladosictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CC57FD07DA44FC94" authority="Callistoe" authorityName="Callistoe" box="[839,1141,749,775]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CC57FD07DDCDFC94" box="[839,1020,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CB1BFD07DA44FC94" box="[1035,1141,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Callistoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CB94FD07DB35FC94" box="[1156,1284,749,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CB94FD07DB35FC94" box="[1156,1284,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Borhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CA04FD07DBA2FC94" box="[1300,1427,749,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CA04FD07DBA2FC94" box="[1300,1427,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Arctodictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CF87FCF8DF75FCBE" author="Marshall" box="[151,324,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1981) Review of the Hathlyacyninae, an extinct subfamily of South American &quot; dog-like &quot; marsupials. Fieldiana Geology, n. s., 7, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1981">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B22FFA1CF87FCF8DECEFCBE" box="[151,255,786,812]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CE5FFCF8DC2AFCBE" author="Babot" box="[335,539,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CE8CFCF8DFFEFCB9" box="[412,463,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CD37FCF8DCEBFCBE" author="Forasiepi" box="[551,730,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
), the maxilla protrudes laterally from the labial border of the teeth, forming “cheeks”. In ventral view, the palate is mostly fractured; sutures between bones are not observable. The lateral border of the palate, which would correspond to part of the maxilla, is very high (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B22FFA1CA7DFCB7DE97FC0E" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,215,1684]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[194,1392,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: ec, ectocingulum; me, metacone; n, nutrient foramina; P 2, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; p, pit for housing the protoconid; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; ppa, preparacrista; st, stylar shelf." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B), similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CE5EFC68DFCBFC09" box="[334,506,898,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CE5EFC68DFCBFC09" box="[334,506,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CD1BFC68DCA9FC0E" author="Riggs" box="[523,664,898,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CDB5FC68DCD5FC0E" author="Riggs" box="[677,740,898,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CDE1FC68DDC9FC0E" author="Goin" box="[753,1016,898,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). There are several minute nutrient foramina on this bone surface and deep circular depressions between the molars to house the tip of the protoconid of the lower molars when the jaws are closed. The back of the palate, which would correspond to the palatine portion, is slightly thicker than the rest of the horizontal plate, forming the border of the choanae. At mid-line, the bone is broken. However, based on the fracture and the condition seen in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CBD0FBF2DB58FBA3" box="[1216,1385,1048,1073]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CBD0FBF2DB58FBA3" box="[1216,1385,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other sparassodonts, it is probable that there was a median nasal spine (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CCC3FBD7DA45FBC5" author="Sinclair" box="[979,1140,1085,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB90FBD7DB38FBC5" author="Riggs" box="[1152,1289,1085,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CA05FBD7DEE4FBEE" author="Babot" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CA72FBD7DBA5FBC4" box="[1378,1428,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CFF1FB88DFA7FBEE" author="Forasiepi" box="[225,406,1122,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The posterior part of the minor palatine foramen is preserved, seen towards the lateral side of the palate and in ventral view. This foramen was apparently large and oval. 
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B22FFA1CBB3FB62DAF4FB30" box="[1187,1221,1160,1186]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">As</collectingCountry>
suggested by the irregular, suture-like surface of the palatine as seen in dorsal view, the minor palatine foramen was closed at the front by a now-missing portion of the maxilla, as frequently occurs among sparassodonts (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CBE3FB38DBA6FB7E" author="Sinclair" box="[1267,1431,1234,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CF87FB12DF2EFA80" author="Riggs" box="[151,287,1272,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CE3BFB12DF58FA80" author="Riggs" box="[299,361,1272,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CE64FB12DC71FA80" author="Babot" box="[372,576,1272,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CED1FB12DFC5FA83" box="[449,500,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CD5CFB12DD31FA80" author="Forasiepi" box="[588,768,1272,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It is also worth mentioning that in at least one specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CFA8FAF7DF54FAA4" box="[184,357,1309,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CFA8FAF7DF54FAA4" box="[184,357,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MLP 
<date id="A15C106A8B22FFA1CEADFAF7DC3BFAA5" box="[445,522,1309,1335]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1935-10">35-X-</date>
41-1; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CD5BFAF7DCE4FAA5" author="Riggs" box="[587,725,1309,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
:figure 4), the minor palatine foramen opens entirely in the palatine bone. The palatine and maxilla are exposed in the floor of the orbit. Unfortunately, however, the bones are fractured in this area and anatomical details are not discernible. At the junction of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit, a notch in the palatine bone is observed that would represent the dorsal border of the sphenopalatine foramen (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B22FFA1CEDFFA58DC2AFA5E" box="[463,539,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This aperture is close to the anterior border of the orbit, while in other sparassodonts, including 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CEDDFA32DC4CFA63" box="[461,637,1496,1521]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CEDDFA32DC4CFA63" box="[461,637,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this aperture is more posterior (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB02FA32DA92FA60" author="Riggs" box="[1042,1187,1496,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CBA1FA32DB5CFA60" author="Forasiepi" box="[1201,1389,1496,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). In lateral view, the lacrimal is severely damaged (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B22FFA1CDA8FA17DCCEF985" box="[696,767,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The orbital portion of this bone is better developed than the facial part. In the rostrum, the lacrimal extends just beyond the orbit, with the height of the facial process more than half of its width. The lacrimal tubercle is relatively weak compared with that of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CBFEF9A2DF04F915" authority="Riggs 1934" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CBFEF9A2DBADF9F3" box="[1262,1436,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CF8FF987DF1DF915" author="Riggs" box="[159,300,1645,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The lacrimal foramina could not be identified unequivocally on account of breakage. However, there is a shallow notch in the orbital process of the lacrimal bone that could lead to the now-missing lacrimal foramen. Among sparassodonts, a single lacrimal foramen located inside the orbit is the generalized condition (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CF8FF937DF70F965" author="Sinclair" box="[159,321,1757,1783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CE5DF937DFE4F965" author="Riggs" box="[333,469,1757,1783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
) and it seems probable that the same condition occurred in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CB9EF937DB40F964" box="[1166,1393,1757,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CB9EF937DB40F964" box="[1166,1393,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B22FFA0CFD5F8E8DAB2FEFE" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
The zygomatic arch is broken. However, the anterior base corresponding to the maxilla is deep, suggesting that the zygoma was probably robust, similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CC77F8C2DA22F8D3" box="[871,1043,1832,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CC77F8C2DA22F8D3" box="[871,1043,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB35F8C2DA83F8D0" author="Riggs" box="[1061,1202,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CBD0F8C2DB31F8D0" author="Riggs" box="[1216,1280,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
). The frontal bone is partially preserved and the overall morphology resembles more generalized sparassodonts and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CF87F899DF05F81E" box="[151,308,1907,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CF87F899DF05F81E" box="[151,308,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Anachlysictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among thylacosmilids (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CD5EF898DCFEF81E" author="Goin" box="[590,719,1906,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. (1997) New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. &amp; Flynn, J. (Eds.), A History of the Neotropical Fauna - Vertebrate Paleobiology of the Miocene in Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin 1997</bibRefCitation>
) than 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CC0AF899DDF2F81E" box="[794,963,1907,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CC0AF899DDF2F81E" box="[794,963,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The postorbital process is pronounced, but does not form a postorbital bar such as in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B22FFA1CDC7F872DDBBF823" box="[727,906,1944,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B22FFA1CDC7F872DDBBF823" box="[727,906,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is noteworthy that the latter is the only sparassodont in which the orbit is completely separated from the temporal fossa (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CB9AF857DB2CF845" author="Riggs" box="[1162,1309,1981,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B22FFA1CA3BF857DB5FF845" author="Riggs" box="[1323,1390,1981,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B23FFA0CF87FF72DF0AFF23" box="[151,315,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CF87FF72DF0AFF23" box="[151,315,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is a small foramen below the postorbital process that opens forwards, and that would correspond to the foramen for the frontal diploic vein (
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CC0EFF57DD6EFF44" box="[798,863,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B23FFA0CC77FF57DDC4FF45" author="Wible" box="[871,1013,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Wible, J. R. (2003) On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 72, 137 - 202." type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The temporal lines are weak; both contact at the mid-line of the skull and broadly diverge to the lateral side. The sagittal crest, in contrast, is better defined and sharp, tall and long, resembling other sparassodonts. In 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CB1DFEE2DA8EFEB3" box="[1037,1215,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B23FFA0CB1DFEE2DA8BFEB3" box="[1037,1210,264,289]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thylacosmilus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the temporal lines are comparatively stronger; both converge backwards in the skull, describing a sigmoid line. The sagittal crest in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B23FFA0CFA5FEB8DF6EFEF9" box="[181,351,338,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CFA5FEB8DF6EFEF9" box="[181,351,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considerably shorter and much more robust than in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B23FFA0CCCCFEB8DA4AFEF9" box="[988,1147,338,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CCCCFEB8DA4AFEF9" box="[988,1147,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="819D66228B23FFA0CF87F8AADFAFF845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B23FFA0CF87F8AADFAFF845" blockId="5.[151,1437,1856,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CF87F8AADF24F8CA" bold="true" box="[151,277,1856,1880]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Skull of 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CE93F8AADC6FF8C5" box="[387,606,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B23FFA0CE93F8AADC6BF8C5" box="[387,602,1856,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">Patagosmilus goini</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
specimen MLP 07-VII-1-1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CBF6F8AADAC8F8CA" bold="true" box="[1254,1273,1856,1880]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">C</emphasis>
, upper canine; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CF87F88ADE8BF8EA" bold="true" box="[151,186,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">fdv</emphasis>
, foramen for the frontal diploic vein 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CD59F88ADC55F8EA" bold="true" box="[585,612,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Fr</emphasis>
, frontal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CDD7F88ADCD5F8EA" bold="true" box="[711,740,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">iof</emphasis>
, infraorbital foramen; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CCC8F88ADDC6F8EA" bold="true" box="[984,1015,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">La</emphasis>
, lacrimal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CB7AF88ADAB6F8EA" bold="true" box="[1130,1159,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">lat</emphasis>
, lacrimal tuberosity; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CA7CF88ADE8FF80A" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">M1- M4</emphasis>
, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CDBBF86ADCE3F80A" bold="true" box="[683,722,1920,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Mx</emphasis>
, maxilla; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CC56F86ADD45F80A" bold="true" box="[838,884,1920,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">mxt</emphasis>
, maxillary tuberosity; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CB67F86ADAA8F80A" bold="true" box="[1143,1177,1920,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Na</emphasis>
, nasal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CBE2F86ADB21F80A" bold="true" box="[1266,1296,1920,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">P3</emphasis>
, third upper premolar; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CE1CF84ADF1AF82A" bold="true" box="[268,299,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Pa</emphasis>
, parietal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CEB0F84ADFFCF82A" bold="true" box="[416,461,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">pop</emphasis>
, postorbital process of frontal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CC25F84ADD7CF82A" bold="true" box="[821,845,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">sc</emphasis>
, sagittal crest; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CCECF84ADA2AF82A" bold="true" box="[1020,1051,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Sq</emphasis>
, squamosal; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CBA1F84ADA8BF82A" bold="true" box="[1201,1210,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">t</emphasis>
l temporal line; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B23FFA0CA61F84ADBA4F82A" bold="true" box="[1393,1429,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">spf</emphasis>
, sphenopalatine foramen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="819D66228B20FFA3CF87F951DDC9F8A0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[206,1377,215,1684]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B20FFA3CF87F951DDC9F8A0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1723,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CF87F951DF25F941" bold="true" box="[151,276,1723,1747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B20FFA3CB08F951DAD8F940" box="[1048,1257,1723,1746]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CB08F951DAD8F940" box="[1048,1257,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimen MLP 07-VII-1-1 in occlusal (
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CEA0F931DFF2F961" bold="true" box="[432,451,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
) and lingual (
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CD7DF931DC4EF961" bold="true" box="[621,639,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">B</emphasis>
) views. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CC88F931DD83F961" bold="true" box="[920,946,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">ec</emphasis>
, ectocingulum; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CB7FF931DAA2F961" bold="true" box="[1135,1171,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">me</emphasis>
, metacone; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CA31F931DB01F961" bold="true" box="[1313,1328,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
, nutrient foramina; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CE15F911DF12F881" bold="true" box="[261,291,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">P2</emphasis>
, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CB01F911DA11F881" bold="true" box="[1041,1056,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
, pit for housing the protoconid; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CA69F911DBA4F881" bold="true" box="[1401,1429,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">pa</emphasis>
, paracone; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CE15F8F1DF07F8A1" bold="true" box="[261,310,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">pme</emphasis>
, postmetacrista; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CEFBF8F1DC34F8A1" bold="true" box="[491,517,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">pr</emphasis>
, protocone; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CD9BF8F1DC87F8A1" bold="true" box="[651,694,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">ppa</emphasis>
, preparacrista; 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CC4BF8F1DD5FF8A1" bold="true" box="[859,878,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">st</emphasis>
, stylar shelf.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B20FFA3CFD5F88ADBADF878" blockId="6.[151,1438,1888,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
The frontals contact the parietals by means of a transverse suture visible in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B20FFA3CBD8F88ADB3EF8E8" box="[1224,1295,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The entire fronto-parietal portion of the temporal fossa displays shallow scars for attachment of the temporal musculature. These scars are deeper in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B20FFA3CD68F841DD16F856" box="[632,807,1963,1988]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B20FFA3CD68F841DD16F856" box="[632,807,1963,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In lateral view, the frontal and parietal contact the squamous portion of the temporal, which, in turn, is the only portion of this bone that is preserved (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B20FFA3CA53F83ADBBFF878" box="[1347,1422,2000,2026]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B21FFA2CF87FF72DED2FEFE" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Similar to other sparassodonts, including 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CD90FF72DD18FF23" box="[640,809,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CD90FF72DD18FF23" box="[640,809,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the squamous portion in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CB4CFF72DACDFF23" box="[1116,1276,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CB4CFF72DACDFF23" box="[1116,1276,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tall, nearly reaching the dorsal surface of the skull (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CD7CFF57DD3EFF45" author="Sinclair" box="[620,783,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC0BFF57DD94FF45" author="Riggs" box="[795,933,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CCA1FF57DA54FF45" author="Forasiepi" box="[945,1125,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The most ventral portion of the squamosal that is preserved is slightly flatter to laterally concave, suggesting that this area would correspond to the posterior base of the zygomatic process. If so, then the distance between the glenoid cavity and the last molar is very short, resembling 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CD8DFEC7DD77FED4" box="[669,838,301,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CD8DFEC7DD77FED4" box="[669,838,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more so than any other sparassodont (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CA1CFEC7DBA6FED5" author="Riggs" box="[1292,1431,301,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CF87FEB8DEE7FEFE" author="Riggs" box="[151,214,338,364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B21FFA2CFD5FE92DBADFCBE" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Dentition. The upper dentition is represented by one hyperdeveloped canine, one premolar (and the alveolus of a second), and four molars. This upper tooth count is also observed in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CB42FE77DACAFE24" box="[1106,1275,413,438]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CB42FE77DACAFE24" box="[1106,1275,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and probably 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CF87FE28DF02FE49" box="[151,307,450,475]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CF87FE28DF02FE49" box="[151,307,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Anachlysictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as judged by its lower dentition (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CDABFE28DD74FE4E" author="Riggs" box="[699,837,450,476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC42FE28DDA1FE4E" author="Riggs" box="[850,912,450,476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC8CFE28DA7BFE4E" author="Marshall" box="[924,1098,450,476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1976) Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber- tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios, 23, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B21FFA2CC8CFE28DA35FE4E" box="[924,1028,450,476]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1976
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CB46FE28DB64FE4E" author="Goin" box="[1110,1365,450,476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CA71FE28DEE7FD90" author="Goin" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. (1997) New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. &amp; Flynn, J. (Eds.), A History of the Neotropical Fauna - Vertebrate Paleobiology of the Miocene in Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The incisors, if present, are unknown in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CDD7FE02DD56FD93" box="[711,871,488,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CDD7FE02DD56FD93" box="[711,871,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CC86FE02DA0EFD93" box="[918,1087,488,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC86FE02DA0EFD93" box="[918,1087,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, upper incisors are unknown, while there are two lower incisors (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CD5AFDE7DD66FDB5" author="Goin" box="[586,855,525,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Based on wear surfaces on the lower canines, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CF87FDD8DF70FDD9" box="[151,321,562,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CF87FDD8DF70FDD9" box="[151,321,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed at least one pair of upper incisors (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC44FDD8DA3BFDDE" author="Churcher" box="[852,1034,562,588]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Churcher, C. S. (1985) Dental functional morphology in the marsupial sabre-tooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilidae) compared to that of felid sabre-tooths. Australian Mammalogy, 8, 201 - 220." type="journal article" year="1985">Churcher 1985</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CB0EFDD8DAF6FDD9" box="[1054,1223,562,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CB0EFDD8DAF6FDD9" box="[1054,1223,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CA10FDD8DBADFDD9" box="[1280,1436,562,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CA10FDD8DBADFDD9" box="[1280,1436,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Anachlysictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have two lower premolars. In the dentary of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CDA8FDB2DD57FDE3" box="[696,870,600,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CDA8FDB2DD57FDE3" box="[696,870,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both premolars are similar in size and located closer to the molars than the canine. In the thylacosmilid-like taxon from La Venta (IGM 
<date id="A15C106A8B21FFA2CBB9FD97DB32FD05" box="[1193,1283,637,663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" value="08-11-25">251108</date>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CA1FFD97DBBFFD05" author="Goin" box="[1295,1422,637,663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. (1997) New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. &amp; Flynn, J. (Eds.), A History of the Neotropical Fauna - Vertebrate Paleobiology of the Miocene in Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin 1997</bibRefCitation>
), there are three lower premolars (the upper dentition is unknown); p1 is very small and p2-p3 are larger and similar in size. If the Colombian form in fact corresponds to a thylacosmilid, then the two lower premolars present in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CE05FD07DFF3FC94" box="[277,450,749,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CE05FD07DFF3FC94" box="[277,450,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CEEEFD07DCACFC94" box="[510,669,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Anachlysistis</emphasis>
would correspond to p2-p3 (p1 is lost; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CB6DFD07DB04FC95" author="Forasiepi" box="[1149,1333,749,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and by extension, the upper premolars of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CD35FCF8DCFFFCB9" box="[549,718,786,811]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CD35FCF8DCFFFCB9" box="[549,718,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CC17FCF8DD96FCB9" box="[775,935,786,811]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC17FCF8DD96FCB9" box="[775,935,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would likely correspond to P2-P3 (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B21FFA2CA56FCF8DBBDFCBE" box="[1350,1420,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,215,1684]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[194,1392,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: ec, ectocingulum; me, metacone; n, nutrient foramina; P 2, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; p, pit for housing the protoconid; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; ppa, preparacrista; st, stylar shelf." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B21FFA2CFD6FCD2DA24FACE" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Such as other thylacosmilids, the most outstanding feature of the upper dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CBA3FCD2DB62FCC3" box="[1203,1363,824,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CBA3FCD2DB62FCC3" box="[1203,1363,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the canine. This tooth is large, narrow, and saber-like, with a pointed tip (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B21FFA2CCFEFCB7DA0BFCE5" box="[1006,1082,861,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[318,1258,415,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[304,1273,386,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lateral view. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; fdv, foramen for the frontal diploic vein Fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tuberosity; M 1 - M 4, upper molars, from the first to the fourth; Mx, maxilla; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; Na, nasal; P 3, third upper premolar; Pa, parietal; pop, postorbital process of frontal; sc, sagittal crest; Sq, squamosal; t l temporal line; spf, sphenopalatine foramen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196840/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Both anterior and posterior edges are posteriorly concave, the anterior is the most curved. The anterior border is blunt and slightly thick, whereas the posterior is sharp. In macroscopic view, the surface of the tooth is smooth, lacking grooves and crests such as those found in some sparassodonts (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CC67FC27DAF8FC74" authority="Callistoe" authorityName="Callistoe" box="[887,1225,973,999]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC67FC27DA71FC74" box="[887,1088,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CB42FC27DAF8FC74" box="[1106,1225,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Callistoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CBCBFC27DBA5FC74" box="[1243,1428,973,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Proborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CBCBFC27DBA5FC74" box="[1243,1428,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Proborhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CF87FC18DF7FFB99" box="[151,334,1010,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Paraborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CF87FC18DF7FFB99" box="[151,334,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Paraborhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CE4DFC18DC32FB99" box="[349,515,1010,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Pharsophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CE4DFC18DC32FB99" box="[349,515,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Pharsophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CD03FC18DCA8FB99" box="[531,665,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CD03FC18DCA4FB99" box="[531,661,1010,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arctodictis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
among others; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC41FC18DA10FB9E" author="Babot" box="[849,1057,1010,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC8FFC18DDE2FB99" box="[927,979,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CB3DFC18DAD3FB9E" author="Forasiepi" box="[1069,1250,1010,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The enamel is thin and restricted to the labial face of the tooth, and covers the tip and the posterior part of the blade, close to the posterior border of the tooth. The surface of the enamel has shallow wrinkles (i.e., ridges and valleys), even more conspicuous than those seen in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CD97FB89DABBFBEE" authority="Koenigswald &amp; Goin 2000" authorityName="Koenigswald &amp; Goin" authorityYear="2000" box="[647,1162,1122,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CD97FB89DD01FBEE" box="[647,816,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC2FFB88DAB3FBEE" author="Koenigswald" box="[831,1154,1122,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Koenigswald, W. V. &amp; Goin, F. J. (2000) Enamel differentiation in South American marsupials and a comparison of placental and marsupial enamel. Palaeontographica, 255, 129 - 168." type="journal article" year="2000">Koenigswald &amp; Goin 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In lingual view, the tip of the canine of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CE44FB62DFC5FB33" box="[340,500,1160,1185]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CE44FB62DFC5FB33" box="[340,500,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two main wear surfaces: one adjacent to the anterior border of the tooth and the other closer to the posterior one. A similar wear pattern was described for 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CB38FB47DEEEFB7E" authority="Goin &amp; Pascual 1997" authorityName="Goin &amp; Pascual" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CB38FB47DAE3FB54" box="[1064,1234,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CBF1FB47DEE7FB7E" author="Goin" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. (1997) New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. &amp; Flynn, J. (Eds.), A History of the Neotropical Fauna - Vertebrate Paleobiology of the Miocene in Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin &amp; Pascual 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting a similar functional significance. The root of the canine is deeply inserted in the alveolus and it widens toward the base, suggesting that in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CDE7FB12DDADFA83" box="[759,924,1272,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CDE7FB12DDADFA83" box="[759,924,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the tooth was likely hypsodont similar to 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CF87FAF7DF75FAA4" box="[151,324,1309,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CF87FAF7DF75FAA4" box="[151,324,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CE44FAF7DCB8FAA4" authority="Callistoe" authorityName="Callistoe" box="[340,649,1309,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CE44FAF7DCB8FAA4" box="[340,649,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Arminiheringia, Callistoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and probably 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CC50FAF7DDDDFAA4" box="[832,1004,1309,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Proborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC50FAF7DDDDFAA4" box="[832,1004,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Proborhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the sparassodonts (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CA21FAF7DEE4FACE" author="Simpson" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Simpson, G. G. (1948) The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 91, 1 - 232." type="journal article" year="1948">Simpson 1948</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CFF1FAA8DFBFFACE" author="Marshall" box="[225,398,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1978) Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, extinct South American predaceous marsupials. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 117, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1978">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B21FFA2CFF1FAA8DF78FACE" box="[225,329,1346,1372]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1978
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CE8AFAA8DC59FACE" author="Babot" box="[410,616,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Babot, M. J., Powell, J. E. &amp; Muizon, C. (2002) Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios, 35, 615 - 629." type="journal article" year="2002">
Babot 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CEF8FAA9DC2AFACE" box="[488,539,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; but see also 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CC14FAA8DA39FACE" author="Bond" box="[772,1032,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Bond, M. &amp; Pascual, R. (1983) Nuevos y elocuentes restos craneanos de Proborhyaena gigantea Ameghino, 1897 (Marsupialia, Borhyanidae, Proborhyaeninae) de la edad Deseadense - un ejemplo de coevolucion. Ameghiniana, 20, 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond &amp; Pascual 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B21FFA2CFD5FA82DCC5F820" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
The first premolar (i.e., P2) is not preserved. There are only vestiges of what is interpreted here as the alveoli for two roots in the ventral margin of the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B21FFA2CC59FA67DDA2FA35" box="[841,915,1421,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,215,1684]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[194,1392,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: ec, ectocingulum; me, metacone; n, nutrient foramina; P 2, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; p, pit for housing the protoconid; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; ppa, preparacrista; st, stylar shelf." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The alveoli are minute and almost closed, suggesting that the tooth was lost in life and the bone was reabsorbed. The alveoli of P2 is set parallel to the margin of the maxilla and equidistantly separated from the canine and the following premolar (i.e., P3). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CF87FA17DF71F984" box="[151,320,1533,1558]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CF87FA17DF71F984" box="[151,320,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the first upper premolar (P2) is single-rooted and set closer to other cheek teeth than the canine (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CF8FF9C8DF1DF9AE" author="Riggs" box="[159,300,1570,1596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CE29F9C8DF49F9AE" author="Riggs" box="[313,376,1570,1596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CE95F9C8DC07F9AE" author="Marshall" box="[389,566,1570,1596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1978) Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, extinct South American predaceous marsupials. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 117, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1978">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B21FFA2CE95F9C8DFDFF9AE" box="[389,494,1570,1596]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1978
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CD52F9C8DD79F9AE" author="Goin" box="[578,840,1570,1596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CC6EF9C9DA11F9AE" box="[894,1056,1571,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CC6EF9C9DA11F9AE" box="[894,1056,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, P3 is the only premolar whose crown is known (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B21FFA2CE6BF9A2DFFEF9F0" box="[379,463,1608,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,255,774,798]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,400,729]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,383,752]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Third upper premolar of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in lingual (A) and labial (B) views. Abbreviations: alr, anterior labial root; lgr, lingual root; me, metacone; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; plr, posterior labial root;" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Its morphology is complex, resembling the deciduous premolar of other sparassodonts (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CE59F987DFDAF915" author="Sinclair" box="[329,491,1645,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CEE8F987DC94F915" author="Marshall" box="[504,677,1645,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1978) Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, extinct South American predaceous marsupials. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 117, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1978">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B21FFA2CEE8F987DC51F915" box="[504,608,1645,1671]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1978
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CDA1F987DD57F915" author="Forasiepi" box="[689,870,1645,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). This premolar is small compared to the molars (measurements in table 1), with three roots: one lingual and two labials, such as previously described for some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B21FFA2CE5AF952DC35F943" box="[330,516,1720,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B21FFA2CE5AF952DC35F943" box="[330,516,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CD05F952DC9EF940" author="Riggs" box="[533,687,1720,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1933) Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CDAEF952DDE9F940" author="Goin" box="[702,984,1720,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. (1997) New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. &amp; Flynn, J. (Eds.), A History of the Neotropical Fauna - Vertebrate Paleobiology of the Miocene in Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin &amp; Pascual 1997</bibRefCitation>
; see also MNHNA 1636, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B21FFA2CA36F952DF4FF965" author="Mones" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Mones, A. &amp; Rinderknecht, A. (2004) Primer registro de Thylacosmilidae en el Uruguay (Mammalia: Marsupialia: Sparassodonta). Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologia, 34, 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="2004">Mones &amp; Rinderknecht 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The lingual root is the smallest and the posterolabial is the largest. The morphology of the crown consists of three aligned main structures, interpreted here as paracone, metacone, and postmetacrista, and a lower swelling on the lingual root that is probably homologous to the protocone. The paracone and the metacone are oval in cross section. The metacone is slightly larger than the paracone. The postmetacrista is tall and blunt. There are two notches: one between the paracone and the metacone and the other between the metacone and the postmetacrista.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B2EFFADCFD6FF72DA15FB55" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
The four upper molars are preserved, completely erupted in the maxilla. The wear facets are poorly defined, suggesting that specimen MLP 
<date id="A15C106A8B2EFFADCD7DFF57DCDCFF45" box="[621,749,189,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" value="2007-07-01" valueMax="2007-07-01" valueMin="2007-07-01">07-VII-1-1</date>
is a young adult. The molars have conspicuous carnassials features, which are roughly summarized as possessing reduced crushing surfaces in favor of cutting blades (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCF8FFEE2DF1EFEB0" author="Butler" box="[159,303,264,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Butler, P. M. (1946) The evolution of carnassial dentitions in the Mammalia. Journal of Zoology, 116, 198 - 220." type="journal article" year="1946">Butler 1946</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE2BFEE2DCABFEB0" author="Muizon" box="[315,666,264,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Muizon, C. de &amp; Lange-Badre, B. (1997) Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction. Lethaia, 30, 351 - 366." type="journal article" year="1997">Muizon &amp; Lange-Badré 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The size of the molars increases from M1 to M3, whereas M4 is small (measurements in table 1). With the exception of M4, whose morphology is simpler, the aspect of M1- M3 is largely similar among them, differing in the relative development of cusps and crests. The protocone is very narrow and considerably low, positioned at the base of the crown, while in 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCB4BFE92DB3CFE03" box="[1115,1293,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCB4BFE92DB3BFE03" box="[1115,1290,376,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thylacosmilus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
this cusp is absent in all upper molars and the lingual surface of the teeth is nearly vertical (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCB42FE77DB68FE25" author="Goin" box="[1106,1369,413,439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The paracone and the metacone are tall and conical. The metacone is the tallest cusp in all the molars and is more prominent in the posterior molars (except for M4). In lingual view (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B2EFFADCCABFE02DA33FD90" box="[955,1026,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,215,1684]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[194,1392,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Stereographic photographs and line drawing of the upper dentition of Patagosmilus goini, specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: ec, ectocingulum; me, metacone; n, nutrient foramina; P 2, alveoli for the anterior and posterior roots of second upper premolar; p, pit for housing the protoconid; pa, paracone; pme, postmetacrista; pr, protocone; ppa, preparacrista; st, stylar shelf." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B), the paracone and the metacone have two crests that descend towards the protocone. The paracone and the metacone sit very close to each other and are adjoined at their base, and for this reason the centrocrista, as such, is not identified. The postmetacrista is long and oblique in all molars, with a deep carnassial notch at the base of the metacone. In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCF87FD97DF72FD04" box="[151,323,637,662]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCF87FD97DF72FD04" box="[151,323,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the postmetacrista is even longer, and in M1-M3, it is half the length of the anteroposterior length of the teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE6FFD48DCB7FD2E" author="Goin" box="[383,646,674,700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCDABFD48DD6DFD29" box="[699,860,674,699]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCDABFD48DD6DFD29" box="[699,860,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no stylar shelf in M1; the labial face of the tooth is nearly vertical. On M2, the labial face is slightly oblique, whereas on M3, there is a narrow stylar surface. In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCE39FD07DFD0FC94" box="[297,481,749,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCE39FD07DFD0FC94" box="[297,481,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the stylar shelf is absent in all molars (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCCFCFD07DB39FC95" author="Goin" box="[1004,1288,749,775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pascual, R. (1987) News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, 39, 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin &amp; Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
). On M1 of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCF87FCF8DF06FCB9" box="[151,311,786,811]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCF87FCF8DF06FCB9" box="[151,311,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is a tiny, blunt cusp located almost at the same level as the protocone and nearly aligned with the paracone and the metacone, and this would be homologous to the parastyle. On M2, the parastyle connects with a very short cingulum that descends towards the labial side of the tooth, forming a small ectocingulum (
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCE57FC68DFB9FC09" box="[327,392,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE9FFC68DC0CFC0E" author="Marshall" box="[399,573,898,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Marshall, L. G. (1978) Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, extinct South American predaceous marsupials. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 117, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1978">
<collectingCountry id="ADF5763A8B2EFFADCE9FFC68DFC6FC0E" box="[399,503,898,924]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Marshall</collectingCountry>
1978
</bibRefCitation>
). This structure is better defined in M3. The anterior cingulum is virtually absent in the molars, being only weakly present in M3. There is no preparacrista in M1-M2 and it is present only in M3, where it runs transverse to the labial border of the tooth. M4 has a simpler morphology than previous molars: it is labiolingually wide and anteroposteriorly short with only one tall cusp, the paracone. The protocone is represented by a short cingulum, whereas the metacone is absent. Differing from previous molars, the stylar region is well-developed and labial to the paracone. There is, in addition, a long and narrow anterior cingulum that descends from the anterolabial angle of the tooth to the base of the paracone. In this tooth, the preparacrista is twice larger than in M3 and nearly transversal. There is a very short postparacrista that descends from the tip of the paracone to the posterior border of the tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B2EFFADCFD5FB38DCECF940" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
Postcranium. The right magnum and a small proximal fragment of an ungual phalanx are the only postcranial elements preserved (
<figureCitation id="4DD92A2F8B2EFFADCD1EFB12DC64FA80" box="[526,597,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,1429,927,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,913,1569]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Patagosmilus goini specimen MLP 07 - VII- 1 - 1. Magnum in lateral, anterior, and medial views from left to right (A), and proximal portion of an ungual phalanx in lateral view (B). Abbreviations: mcIII, facet for articulation with the third metacarpal; sc, facet for scaphoid; se, facet for semilunar; sp, subungual process; t, palmar tubercle; tra, facet for trapezoid; uc, ungicular crest; uf, ungual foramen; un, facet for unciform." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196843/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The magnum is a small piece, very similar to the homologous element in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCFA5FAF7DF6CFAA4" box="[181,349,1309,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCFA5FAF7DF6CFAA4" box="[181,349,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE7EFAF7DC20FAA5" author="Sinclair" box="[366,529,1309,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCD0DFAF7DC99FAA5" author="Argot" box="[541,680,1309,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot 2003</bibRefCitation>
), with a roughly rectangular outline in lateral and medial views. The lateral surface is nearly vertical and bears an elongated, articular facet adjacent to the anterior border of the bone, for articulation with the unciform. The medial surface is slightly oblique, apparently less so than in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCF87FA67DFD2FA35" authority="Riggs 1934" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,483,1421,1447]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCF87FA67DF70FA34" box="[151,321,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE5FFA67DFE8FA35" author="Riggs" box="[335,473,1421,1447]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and proximally convex. The proximal portion of this bone is head-like, and bears two facets: one for the semilunar in the most proximal part of the bone and one for the scaphoid, facing medially. The distal portion is massive and with straight borders. There are also two facets, one developed in medial view for articulation with the trapezoid, and the other on the distal face for articulation with the metacarpal III. The later is nearly trapezoidal in shape and slightly concave. The palmar tubercle is relatively poorly defined. Among the sparassodonts, the morphology of the magnum of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCB36F9A2DAF7F9F3" box="[1062,1222,1608,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCB36F9A2DAF7F9F3" box="[1062,1222,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCFFEF987DFABF914" box="[238,410,1645,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCFFEF987DFABF914" box="[238,410,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCEBBF987DC63F915" author="Sinclair" box="[427,594,1645,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCD70F987DCDFF915" author="Argot" box="[608,750,1645,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot 2003</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCC35F987DDE3F914" box="[805,978,1645,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCC35F987DDE3F914" box="[805,978,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCCF2F987DA54F914" box="[994,1125,1645,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCCF2F987DA54F914" box="[994,1125,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Arctodictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCBB9F987DB1DF914" box="[1193,1324,1645,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCBB9F987DB1DF914" box="[1193,1324,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Borhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCA2DF987DEE4F93E" author="Sinclair" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCFF1F978DF5BF93E" author="Riggs" box="[225,362,1682,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1934) A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 24, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE65F978DFCFF93E" author="Argot" box="[373,510,1682,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCD19F978DC76F93E" author="Argot" box="[521,583,1682,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2004) Functional-adaptive features and paleobiologic implications of the postcranial skeleton of the late Miocene sabretooth borhyaenoid, Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria). Alcheringa, 28, 229 - 266." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCD43F978DD37F93E" author="Forasiepi" box="[595,774,1682,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
), this bone is more pyramidal, with triangular lateral and medial surfaces, and stronger palmar tuberosities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B2EFFADCFD6F937DF0CF845" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
The ungual phalanx is very fragmentary and the preserved portion resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCBA6F937DB6FF964" box="[1206,1374,1757,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCBA6F937DB6FF964" box="[1206,1374,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The blade was apparently sharp dorsally, rather than blunt as in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCC99F8E9DA20F88E" box="[905,1041,1795,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCC99F8E9DA20F88E" box="[905,1041,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Borhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCB5FF8E9DAE9F88E" box="[1103,1240,1795,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCB5FF8E9DAE9F88E" box="[1103,1240,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Arctodictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCBF8F8E8DBA6F88E" author="Sinclair" box="[1256,1431,1794,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Sinclair, W. J. (1906) Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia, 4 (3), 333 - 460." type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCF87F8C2DF7AF8D0" author="Forasiepi" box="[151,331,1832,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Forasiepi, A. M. (2009) Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n. s., 6, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The articular surface is nearly circular in outline, and in this regard, it is similar to 
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<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCA0CF8C2DBADF8D3" box="[1308,1436,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Borhyaena</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCF8FF8A7DF1EF8F5" author="Argot" box="[159,303,1869,1895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In 
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<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCE75F8A7DC20F8F4" box="[357,529,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the articular surface is wider than tall, while in 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCB4FF8A7DB3AF8F4" box="[1119,1291,1869,1894]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCB4FF8A7DB3AF8F4" box="[1119,1291,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is higher than wide (
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2EFFADCE09F898DF94F81E" author="Argot" box="[281,421,1906,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
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). The flexor and extensor processes are subtly defined, the subungual process is small, and the ungual foramen is minute. In 
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCDD9F872DDB6F823" box="[713,903,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2EFFADCDD9F872DDB0F823" box="[713,897,1944,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thylacosmilus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in turn, the processes are stronger than in 
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<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2EFFADCF87F857DF06F844" box="[151,311,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D55D36AA8B2FFFACCFD5FF72DAA1FED5" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
After a broad analysis of the postcranial skeletons of several sparassodonts, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2FFFACCB2FFF72DAE0FF20" author="Argot" box="[1087,1233,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2003) Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria) Borhyaena and Prothylacynus, from South America. Palaeontology, 46, 1213 - 1267." type="journal article" year="2003">Argot (2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B1734B5B8B2FFFACCBCDFF72DB2BFF20" author="Argot" box="[1245,1306,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" refString="Argot, C. (2004) Functional-adaptive features and paleobiologic implications of the postcranial skeleton of the late Miocene sabretooth borhyaenoid, Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria). Alcheringa, 28, 229 - 266." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that among large-sized forms, 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCEEEFF57DC97FF44" box="[510,678,189,214]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCEEEFF57DC97FF44" box="[510,678,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the most arboreally adapted taxon, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCBFAFF57DB5BFF44" box="[1258,1386,189,214]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCBFAFF57DB5BFF44" box="[1258,1386,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Borhyaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCF87FF08DF75FF69" box="[151,324,226,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCF87FF08DF75FF69" box="[151,324,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were the most terrestrial. Because of close resemblances in the elements of the postcranium between 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCE11FEE2DF90FEB3" box="[257,417,264,289]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCE11FEE2DF90FEB3" box="[257,417,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCECCFEE2DCB4FEB3" box="[476,645,264,289]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCECCFEE2DCB4FEB3" box="[476,645,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and if the morphology of the magnum and ungual phalanx in fact reflects functional capabilities, then it is probable that 
<taxonomicName id="12E24D298B2FFFACCC04FEC7DD85FED4" box="[788,948,301,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E796EAB88B2FFFACCC04FEC7DD85FED4" box="[788,948,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was able to climb.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>