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<document id="8AEF61012B1CDB998F252C20E1069DD8" ID-CLB-Dataset="37555" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275566" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7595a203-d678-45c7-a4fd-e3a9c5ff5c0c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275566" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1481580068644" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ferris, Clifford D. &amp; Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="03BF6D3AFFFEDF7768C415D6FF33FE81" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02347p036.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2347" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tetracis cervinaria Packard" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF861542FFF5DF7B68531541FFC6FFC6" masterDocTitle="Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698433713681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="33D0E6874A44E651D1B4A2ED6F657DF1">Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B6D6639E783AABCF9E03C2A9A5056716">Ferris, Clifford D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B691E648A85073AB38A336B13E9F392A">Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="FE1CAFDAA34C44706A8C211710080450">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B4573FB33CF05065CFE3592F79A51989">2347</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D1E7203DBF81FA14704B457B3891EE3C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275566</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF6D3AFFFEDF7768C415D6FF33FE81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209049" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125107150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209049" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF6D3AFFFEDF7768C415D6FF33FE81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF6D3AFFFEDF7768C415D6FF33FE81" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF7068C415D6FD8DFF12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C415D6FE3BFF77" blockId="11.[151,587,151,212]" box="[151,509,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0E16B40FFFEDF7068C415D6FE3BFF77" bold="true" box="[151,509,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7068C415D6FE3BFF77" ID-CoL="95GX3" authority="Packard" authorityName="Packard" box="[151,509,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C415D6FE3BFF77" bold="true" box="[151,509,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C415D6FEBFFF77" bold="true" box="[151,377,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tetracis cervinaria</emphasis>
(Packard)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C415FBFD8DFF12" blockId="11.[151,587,151,212]" box="[151,587,186,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF7068CC15FBFED6FF12" box="[159,272,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF70694F15FBFEAEFF12" box="[284,360,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[234,1368,414,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[217,1369,383,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 26. Tetracis adults: 12 – 15. T. crocallata, 12. Penobscot Co., ME, 13 – 14. Lagrange Co., IL, 15. Elkhart Co., IN; 16 – 18. T. cachexiata, Elkhart Co., IN; 19 – 23. T. cervinaria, 19, 23. Franklin Co., ID, 20 – 22. Wallowa Co., OR; 24 – 26. T. australis, Los Angeles Co., CA, paratypes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275570/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19–23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF70692715FBFE52FF12" box="[372,404,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 87 – 94" captionStartId="24.[151,270,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[233,1348,174,1660]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 87 – 94. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 87. T. crocallata. 88. T. cachexiata. 89. T. cervinaria. 90. T. australis. 91. T. fuscata. 92. T. pallulata. 93. T. mosesiani. 94. T. j. jubararia. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275575/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF7069F315FBFE09FF12" box="[416,463,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">104</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF70698915FBFDCFFF12" box="[474,521,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 118 – 124" captionStartId="27.[151,274,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[234,1338,186,1665]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[217,1369,176,1712]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 118 – 124. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 118. T. crocallata. 119. T. cachexiata. 120. T. cervinaria. 121. T. australis. 122. T. fuscata. 123. T. pallulata. 124. T. mosesiani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275578/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">120</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706A4615FBFD84FF12" box="[533,578,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 135 – 136" captionStartId="30.[151,269,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,696,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[217,1369,679,1831]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 135 – 136. Tetracis distribution maps. 135. T. cervinaria. 136. T. australis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275581/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">135</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF7068C41444FCF7FDDA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C41444FE4AFE7A" blockId="11.[151,1437,261,540]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7068C41444FDE3FEDA" authority="Packard, 1871" authorityName="Packard" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,549,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metanema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C41444FEB9FEDA" box="[151,383,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Metanema cervinaria</emphasis>
Packard, 1871
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706A621444FBB5FEDA" box="[561,1139,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History</emphasis>
, 13:386.
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFEDF706C881444FAF8FEDA" box="[1243,1342,261,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFEDF706D141444FA9DFEDA" box="[1351,1371,261,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">♂</specimenCount>
, “W. Springs, Cal. Behrens.” [MCZ]. Note: The naturalist James Behrens came to America from
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFEDF706CE31464FAD5FEFA" box="[1200,1299,293,316]" name="Germany" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Germany</collectingCountry>
in 1853 and settled in San Francisco,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF7069801404FD85FE9A" box="[467,579,325,348]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
. He collected in the San Francisco Bay Area and around the northern part of the state. Ferris interprets “W. Springs” to be an abbreviation for Warm Springs, Alameda Co,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706CFA1424FADEFEBA" box="[1193,1304,357,380]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
, and hereby fixes this location as the
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFEDF70698E14C4FDCDFE5A" box="[477,523,389,412]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
locality. The
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFEDF706AF614C4FCC4FE5A" box="[677,770,389,412]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706B4714C4FC90FE5A" box="[788,854,389,412]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) is missing its forewings, abdomen, and most of the antennae and legs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C41484FB4FFE3A" blockId="11.[151,1437,261,540]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7068C41484FD8FFE1A" authority="Packard. 1873" authorityName="Packard." authorityYear="1873" box="[151,585,453,476]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metanema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiacaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C41484FE62FE1A" box="[151,420,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Metanema aurantiacaria</emphasis>
Packard. 1873
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706A051484FB51FE1A" box="[598,1175,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History</emphasis>
, 16:34.
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFEDF706CA01484FA90FE1A" box="[1267,1366,453,476]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFEDF706D0D1484FAB4FE1A" box="[1374,1394,453,476]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">♀</specimenCount>
“S.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF70689414A4FED8FE3A" box="[199,286,485,508]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nevada</collectingRegion>
.” [MCZ]. The
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFEDF7069E914A4FDD1FE3A" box="[442,535,485,508]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706A7514A4FDA3FE3A" box="[550,613,485,508]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) is in good condition except for a missing antenna.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C41744FCF7FDDA" blockId="11.[151,1437,261,540]" box="[151,817,517,540]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7068C41744FDF8FDDA" authority="McDunnough, 1938" authorityName="McDunnough" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,574,517,540]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C41744FE98FDDA" box="[151,350,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Synaxis cervinaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFEDF7069371744FDF8FDDA" author="McDunnough, J." bookContentInfo="272 pp." box="[356,574,517,540]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="McDunnough, J. (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. part 1, Macrolepidoptera, Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, 272 pp." title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. part 1, Macrolepidoptera" type="book" year="1938">McDunnough, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, page 173, entry 5191.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF7068C4170BFEC2FD3C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068C4170BFEC2FD3C" blockId="11.[151,1437,586,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C4170BFEDFFDA2" bold="true" box="[151,281,586,612]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
The nearly straight DFW PM line, typically fawn color, and early-season flight period (February– June; stragglers to mid-July) separate
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706A341731FD23FD4F" box="[615,741,624,649]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706A341731FD23FD4F" box="[615,741,624,649]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cervinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its congeners except
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706C631731FB5CFD4F" box="[1072,1178,624,649]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706C631731FB5CFD4F" box="[1072,1178,624,649]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Genitalic characters (male genitalia: length of furca shorter than length of aedeagus, ratio ca. 0.7) and geography (widely distributed in western North American, but not in coastal southern
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706B8A17FBFB9EFD12" box="[985,1112,698,724]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
) separate
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706C8B17FBFA9FFD15" box="[1240,1369,698,723]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706C8B17FBFA9FFD15" box="[1240,1369,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cervinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7068C417A1FF38FD3F" box="[151,254,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068C417A1FF38FD3F" box="[151,254,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF7068971644FB9CF9CC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068971644FB9CF9CC" blockId="11.[151,1437,586,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068971644FEA7FCD9" bold="true" box="[196,353,773,799]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7069391644FE70FCD8" box="[362,438,773,798]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF70699B1644FDFDFCD9" box="[456,571,773,799]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) &amp; ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706A1A1644FD5FFCD9" box="[585,665,773,799]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[234,1368,414,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[217,1369,383,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 26. Tetracis adults: 12 – 15. T. crocallata, 12. Penobscot Co., ME, 13 – 14. Lagrange Co., IL, 15. Elkhart Co., IN; 16 – 18. T. cachexiata, Elkhart Co., IN; 19 – 23. T. cervinaria, 19, 23. Franklin Co., ID, 20 – 22. Wallowa Co., OR; 24 – 26. T. australis, Los Angeles Co., CA, paratypes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275570/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19–23</figureCitation>
): FWL:
<quantity id="4CEE71C9FFFEDF706AAE1644FC44FCD9" box="[765,898,773,799]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="21.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="19.0">19–23 mm</quantity>
. Antenna (both sexes) dorsally white, nearly filiform, densely setose ventrally. Head (except frons), thorax, abdomen, basal and outer marginal areas of wings essentially concolorous; frons and terminal segment of palpi darker. Palpi broad, upcurved, slightly longer than width of eye. Abdomen laterally and ventrally sparsely speckled with individual brown scales. Legs whitish overlaid nonuniformly with dark brown scales defining diffuse bands.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706CEB16DBFAC5FC75" box="[1208,1283,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wings</emphasis>
: DFW apex strongly falcate; males tawny or cinnamon-tan with narrow pale ochre AM and PM lines with or without dark edging, PM line nearly straight, MB frequently darker; females often orange or cinnamon-rufous with welldefined brown or brownish-orange AM and PM lines with usually darker MB. DHW with nearly straight median line duplicating color of PM line, in some examples there is a distal indistinct convex dark satellite line originating from the top to the middle of the median line; small FW and HW discal dots are present. Ventrally the dorsal markings are repeated to some degree depending upon individual specimens; there is also a widely distributed speckling by dark scales.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706AE311E1FC9DFB7F" box="[688,859,1184,1209]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706B3811E1FC0BFB7C" box="[875,973,1184,1210]" captionStart="FIGURES 87 – 94" captionStartId="24.[151,270,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[233,1348,174,1660]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 87 – 94. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 87. T. crocallata. 88. T. cachexiata. 89. T. cervinaria. 90. T. australis. 91. T. fuscata. 92. T. pallulata. 93. T. mosesiani. 94. T. j. jubararia. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275575/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706B8B11E1FBC3FB7C" box="[984,1029,1184,1210]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">104</figureCitation>
): Uncus slightly decurved, basally broad tapering to rounded apex. Gnathos typically with 2 or 3 robust upcuved spines projecting from opposite ends of dorso-caudal margin. Robust furca from middle of anellus tapers to rounded apex, length of furca shorter than length of aedeagus, ratio ca. 0.7. Valve broad with even margins, tapering slightly to rounded apex lacking an apical projection. Aedeagus with lightly sclerotized projection at posterior end, but without ring of spinules at base of vesica; everted vesica with well-defined dome; irregularly-shaped setose lightly sclerotized plate at base of vesica; smaller irregularly-shaped slightly setose sclerotized plate and scattered small sclerotized nodules on dome.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706A6810E4FCC4FA78" box="[571,770,1445,1470]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF706B4210E4FCBFFA79" box="[785,889,1445,1471]" captionStart="FIGURES 118 – 124" captionStartId="27.[151,274,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[234,1338,186,1665]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[217,1369,176,1712]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 118 – 124. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 118. T. crocallata. 119. T. cachexiata. 120. T. cervinaria. 121. T. australis. 122. T. fuscata. 123. T. pallulata. 124. T. mosesiani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275578/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 120</figureCitation>
): A/P = 0.4. Tubular ductus bursae moderately long, linearly sclerotized; corpus bursae ovoid with rounded fundus, slightly shorter than length of ductus bursae; large oval and strongly dentate signum below junction with ductus bursae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF7068971354FDE6F992" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF7068971354FDE6F992" blockId="11.[151,1437,586,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7068971354FE78F9E9" bold="true" box="[196,446,1557,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined:</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFEDF7069941354FDBEF9E9" box="[455,632,1557,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">160 specimens</specimenCount>
with 30 dissections. Additional material and genitalic preparations examined by digital photographs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF706897131EFDCCF8F2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF706897131EFDCCF8F2" blockId="11.[151,1437,586,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706897131EFEF6F9BF" bold="true" box="[196,304,1631,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology:</emphasis>
Mature larva described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFEDF706AD11321FC9EF9BC" author="McGuffin, W. C." box="[642,856,1632,1658]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 138" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 182" part="4" refString="McGuffin, W. C. (1987) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae 4. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 138, 1 - 182." title="Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae" type="journal article" year="1987">McGuffin (1987)</bibRefCitation>
. Previous literature citations of larval hosts are suspect because localities are generally not provided, so that it is not known to which group II species they pertain. Based on label data from museum specimens reared from wild-caught larvae, two confirmed hosts in northern
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF7069511391FEBFF92C" box="[258,377,1744,1770]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF7069F91391FDE2F92F" box="[426,548,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF7069F91391FDE2F92F" box="[426,548,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cervinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706A041391FB87F92C" authority="(Douglas) D. Dietrich" authorityName="(Douglas) D. Dietrich" box="[599,1089,1744,1770]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706A041391FCFFF92F" box="[599,825,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prunus emarginata</emphasis>
(Douglas) D. Dietrich
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706C281391FACBF92F" box="[1147,1293,1744,1769]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706C281391FACBF92F" box="[1147,1293,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. virginiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFEDF706D691391FE98F8C9" authority="Dougl." authorityName="Dougl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="garryana">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706D691391FEC3F8C8" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quercus garryana</emphasis>
Dougl.
</taxonomicName>
was cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFEDF706A5113B4FD5DF8C9" author="Jones, J. R. J. L." bookContentInfo="148 pp." box="[514,667,1781,1807]" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, No. 1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Jones, J. R. J. L. (1951) An annotated check list of the Macrolepidoptera of British Columbia. Occasional Paper of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, No. 1, 148 pp." title="An annotated check list of the Macrolepidoptera of British Columbia" type="book" year="1951">Jones (1951)</bibRefCitation>
in
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706A9113B4FC54F8C9" box="[706,914,1781,1807]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
. Adults as early as February into June, with female stragglers into mid-July.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFEDF776897127EFF33FE81" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFEDF776897127EFF33FE81" blockId="11.[151,1437,586,2031]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,327]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFEDF706897127EFEAFF89F" bold="true" box="[196,361,1855,1881]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFEDF7069281201FE2EF89C" box="[379,488,1856,1882]" captionStart="FIGURES 135 – 136" captionStartId="30.[151,269,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,696,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[217,1369,679,1831]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 135 – 136. Tetracis distribution maps. 135. T. cervinaria. 136. T. australis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275581/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 135</figureCitation>
):
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706A561201FD27F89C" box="[517,737,1856,1882]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
south to Kern Co.,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706B8C1201FBA6F89C" box="[991,1120,1856,1882]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
and eastward to western
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF7068C41224FEC0F8B9" box="[151,262,1893,1919]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Montana</collectingRegion>
, SE
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF70696C1224FE41F8B9" box="[319,391,1893,1919]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Idaho</collectingRegion>
, Carbon Co.,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706A611224FD6AF8B9" box="[562,684,1893,1919]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
, and Larimer Co.,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706BC71224FBCEF8B9" box="[916,1032,1893,1919]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, from 2600–7800’ (
<quantity id="4CEE71C9FFFEDF706CAE1224FA56F8B9" box="[1277,1424,1893,1919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5825" metricValueMax="2.375" metricValueMin="0.79" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="1582.5" valueMax="2375.0" valueMin="790.0">790-2375m</quantity>
). Records by province/state/county are:
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFEDF706A2612CBFD3AF862" box="[629,764,1930,1956]" name="Canada" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">CANADA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706B5B12CBFC53F862" box="[776,917,1930,1956]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ALBERTA</collectingRegion>
. Waterton Lakes.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706C2012CBFA5FF862" box="[1139,1433,1930,1956]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">BRITISH COLUMBIA</collectingRegion>
. Vancouver, Vancouver Is.
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFEDF70698012F1FD71F80C" box="[467,695,1968,1994]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFEDF706A9112F1FCBDF80C" box="[706,891,1968,1994]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">CALIFORNIA</collectingRegion>
. Alameda, Alpine, Amador, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Fresno, Humboldt, Inyo, Kern, Lake,, Madera, Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino, Modoc, Mono, Napa, Placer, Plumas, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Trinity, Tulare, Tuolumne, Yolo.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF7768B715FCFE52FF11" box="[228,404,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">COLORADO</collectingRegion>
. Garfield, Larimer, Mesa, Rio Blanco.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF776BD815FCFC32FF11" box="[907,1012,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IDAHO</collectingRegion>
. Bannock, Franklin,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF776CAD15FCFA5FFF11" box="[1278,1433,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Washington</collectingRegion>
.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF7768C415A3FEE9FF3A" box="[151,303,226,252]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MONTANA</collectingRegion>
. Lewis &amp; Clark.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF7769A515A3FDB4FF3A" box="[502,626,226,252]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">NEVADA</collectingRegion>
. Lander, White Pine.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF776B2315A3FC28FF3A" box="[880,1006,226,252]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">OREGON</collectingRegion>
. Benton, Douglas, Harney, Klamath, Union, Wallowa.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF7769231449FE00FEE4" box="[368,454,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UTAH</collectingRegion>
. Summit.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF776A171449FCD4FEE4" box="[580,786,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">WASHINGTON</collectingRegion>
. Benton,
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFF9DF776BDB1449FC11FEE4" box="[904,983,264,290]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Island</collectingCountry>
, Pend Oreille, Yakima.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFF9DF776CAC1449FA5FFEE4" box="[1279,1433,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">WYOMING</collectingRegion>
. Carbon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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