165 lines
22 KiB
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165 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="2885F92FB236F33A9EACCF39EA457164" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFB9321984ECFCA99868FC86" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Heterodon Latreille 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="CD891511BE2E8AE14FFB5790C7D72B36">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D53743565BDB6C5D7DABBDCD597931E7">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49126FA8EBB6793EB74062A139A3804D">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="35C2FFA76521FF4EBEE5E3E6634F7CFC">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D1BEC4DCC2E812390191E52424D7EB28">
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<mods:date id="F44FF53CF234968AA65D77ED7136DC17">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="0BAAC6C87B3335430226462A6475244C">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="EF1E90D695B65D186BA81771FAC38E05">27</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFB9321984ECFCA99868FC86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11034064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11034064" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFB9321984ECFCA99868FC86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFB9321984ECFCA99868FC86" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB9321A84ECFCA99C35FC1E" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A84ECFCA99C35FC1E" blockId="17.[919,1361,883,975]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A8482FCA99C2FFC55" ID-CoL="636SP" ID-ENA="8596" authority="Latreille, 1801" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1010,1355,883,908]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8482FCA99DF8FC55" box="[1010,1180,883,908]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">HETERODON</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A83D4FCA99C2FFC55" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[1188,1355,883,908]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1801" refId="ref21055" refString="Latreille, P. A. 1801. In Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. N. S. and Latreille, P. A. 1801. Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book chapter" year="1801">Latreille, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84A5FC499C76FC75" author="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. N. S. & Latreille, P. A." box="[981,1298,915,941]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref23102" refString="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. N. S. and Latreille, P. A. 1801. Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book" year="1801">Sonnini and Latreille, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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) or
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A84E7FC6C9DFCFC16" box="[919,1176,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">PALEOHETERODON</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A83EFFC6C9C21FC16" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1183,1349,950,975]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="631 - 637" refId="ref19619" refString="Holman, J. A. 1964. Fossil snakes from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska. Copeia, 1964: 631 - 637. https: // doi. org / 1441438" type="journal article" year="1964">Holman, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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<superScript id="7C6F9BB6FFB9321A8235FC699C35FC1E" attach="none" box="[1349,1361,947,967]" fontSize="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">†</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB9321A8438FC3B9D6CF8C3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A8438FC3B9D6CF8C3" blockId="17.[840,1441,993,1914]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8438FC3B9AABFC23" bold="true" box="[840,975,993,1018]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The trunk vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A839EFC3B9C0EFC23" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1262,1386,993,1018]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A839EFC3B9C0EFC23" box="[1262,1386,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8438FBDB9D60FBC3" box="[840,1028,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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can exhibit a very depressed to slightly more vaulted neural arch (though relatively depressed overall compared to other dipsadids), a narrow neural spine that is longer than it is high, and a wide but flattened hemal keel (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A824BFB5B9AEEFB63" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The vertebrae are slightly more long than wide, including the centrum, but still somewhat squarish appearance (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8310FB3B9C73FB23" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1120,1303,1249,1274]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The zygpophyseal articular facets are ovoid, and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are moderately well-developed, end in somewhat obtuse points, and extend just beyond the prezygapophyseal articular facets (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A837CFA5B9DD9FA43" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1036,1213,1409,1434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A83BCFA5B9AAAFA63" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84ADFA7B9DD8FA63" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[989,1212,1441,1466]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The condyle and cotyle are mostly round but may be slightly dorso-ventrally compressed and flattened on the ventral side; both are similar in size to the neural canal (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A843FF9FB9D62F9E3" author="Holman, J. A." box="[847,1030,1569,1594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The synapophyses are divided into distinct diapophyses and parapophyses. Subcentral ridges are present adjacent to the hemal keel but are not prominent, the epizygapophyseal spines are absent, and hypapophyses are absent from post-cervical vertebrae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A83DBF91B9C39F903" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1195,1373,1729,1754]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The zygosphene is variably crenate/convex or concave (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A843FF8DB9A99F8C3" author="Holman, J. A." box="[847,1021,1793,1818]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB932198438F8FB9868FC86" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB932198438F8FB9868FC86" blockId="17.[840,1441,993,1914]" lastBlockId="18.[192,793,166,863]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8438F8FB9AA4F8E3" bold="true" box="[840,960,1825,1850]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Though it is possible to identify trunk vertebrae to genus for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A83F5F89B9C65F883" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1157,1281,1857,1882]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A83F5F89B9C65F883" box="[1157,1281,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or possibly
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8438F8BB9D60F8A3" box="[840,1028,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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, individual vertebrae of this group are difficult to distinguish at the species level. They share most diagnostic features with the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321987B0FF3C984CFF26" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[192,296,230,255]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321987B0FF3C984CFF26" box="[192,296,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198549FF3C9BC5FF26" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[569,673,230,255]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198549FF3C9BC5FF26" box="[569,673,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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generally exhibit greater anteroposterior compression (leading to a laterally wider appearance overall;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321987B0FE9C98FAFE86" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[192,414,326,351]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) a more vaulted neural arch, and a neural spine that is more deeply undercut both anteriorly and posteriorly than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321985ECFE5C981BFE66" authority="(Holman, 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321985ECFE5C9A7CFE46" box="[668,792,390,415]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321987B7FE7C981DFE66" author="Holman, J. A." box="[199,377,422,447]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Vertebrae associated with specimens previously assigned to
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198550FE1C9BB8FE06" box="[544,732,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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may show the same differences from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA3219853EFE3C9BD2FE26" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[590,694,486,511]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA3219853EFE3C9BD2FE26" box="[590,694,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198596FE3C9877FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198596FE3C9877FDC6" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, except in the neural arch, which overlaps with both
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198628FDFC98A4FDE6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[344,448,550,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198628FDFC98A4FDE6" box="[344,448,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198551FDFC9BF9FDE6" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[545,669,550,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198551FDFC9BF9FDE6" box="[545,669,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in how depressed/vaulted the shape of that region is (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198595FD9C9825FDA6" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA3219863CFDBC9BE1FDA6" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." box="[332,645,614,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321985E0FDBC9866FD46" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198669FD5C98E5FD46" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[281,385,646,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198669FD5C98E5FD46" box="[281,385,646,671]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA3219868CFD5C9988FD66" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA3219868CFD5C9B12FD46" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[508,630,646,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Heterodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
/Paleoheterodon
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
group are both identifiable within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198508FD7C9B99FD66" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[632,765,678,703]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipsadidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in possessing comparatively flattened and depressed neural arches (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198601FD3C9B22FD26" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[369,582,742,767]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), longer than high neural spines (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198603FCDC9B34FCC6" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[371,592,774,799]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and wide, relatively flat hemal keels (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321986BEFCFC9B1EFCE6" author="Holman, J. A." box="[462,634,806,831]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321985F6FCFC9865FC86" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |