3079 lines
406 KiB
XML
3079 lines
406 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="90306942C0B30E03D44F70DFD5A0BFFB">Microtus agrestis (Rodentia: Cricetidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="50CC671E0D39F444CDFB0686A5BB7AE0">Mathias, Maria Da Luz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B08080FDF187A3F6EE06FF3E753448A">Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C- 2, 30 Piso, 1749 - 016 Lisboa, Portugal;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="65892B02A8F0EF151D73C67EC779FF40">Hart, E. Blake</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EFFAC0083A32D3B9E2AA52D5078761D6">Ramalhinho, Maria Da Graca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6D1217A582CDAD228B36E13CBF0DDF9F">Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Museu Nacional de História and da Ciência, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 58, 1269 - 102 Lisboa, Portugal;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1065FC9F4F3B5AB78E3EBDBA8AC97AE4" type="email">gramalhinho@fc.ul.pt</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DFFD10599009B1AD5B1FEA7B3592C8F3">Jaarola, Maarit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="35D637F2C403618B34DCE5C3A7BB4C28">Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE- 581 85 Linköping, Sweden;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FE25F10D00B7B111B483CC1C7A2ADD5B" type="email">jaarola@liu.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="D51B7AA6644D5B8026A2279C62828D8C">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5A7EBE684BA4DB917FC53EDF002FD8C0">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B3878FB659FFB776B8FB46FAC23A1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4593825" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181002432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4593825" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3878FB659FFB776B8FB46FAC23A1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B3878FB659FFB776B8FB46FAC23A1E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="D0ED81F5B659FFBC76B8FB46FD7F3F99" box="[238,664,1195,1222]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC76B8FB46FD7F3F99" authority="(Linnaeus, 1761)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[238,664,1195,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC76B8FB46FD7F3F99" bold="true" box="[238,664,1195,1222]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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Microtus agrestis (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC7787FB41FD693F99" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[465,654,1195,1221]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref18501" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761. Fauna Suecica. 2 nd ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1761">Linnaeus, 1761</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC77F4FB32FDE93FB3" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" box="[418,526,1240,1263]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Field Vole</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC763BFAE9FE6E3E66" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BFAE9FE103E46" authority="Linnaeus, 1761: 11" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1761" box="[109,503,1283,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BFAE9FEE13E46" box="[109,262,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mus agrestis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC774BFAE9FE103E46" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[285,503,1283,1306]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref18501" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761. Fauna Suecica. 2 nd ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1761">Linnaeus, 1761:11</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC7444FAE9FDA03E46" box="[530,583,1283,1306]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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“Svecia [=
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],”
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB659FFBC777CFAC9FE623E66" box="[298,389,1315,1338]" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Uppsala</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BFAA9FE0B3E06" authority="Linnaeus, 1766: 84" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1766" box="[109,492,1347,1370]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gregarius">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BFAA9FEE83E06" box="[109,271,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mus gregarius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC774AFAA9FE0B3E06" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[284,492,1347,1370]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref18521" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1766. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1766">Linnaeus, 1766:84</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC77ABFAA9FDD53E06" box="[509,562,1347,1370]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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“
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, Svecia [=
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC775FFA89FE8B3E26" box="[265,364,1379,1402]" name="Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Germany</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC77F6FA89FE1D3E26" box="[416,506,1379,1402]" name="Sweden" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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],”
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East Prussia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC7620FA69FE303EE6" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC7620FA69FDF23EC6" authority="Kerr, 1792: 239" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="239" authorityYear="1792" box="[118,533,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="arvalis" subSpecies="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC7620FA69FE813EC6" box="[118,358,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mus arvalis nigricans</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC7738FA69FDF23EC6" author="KERR, R." box="[366,533,1411,1434]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref17403" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; Class I. Mammalia: containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Geottingen. J. Murray and R. Faulder, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:239</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC76CBFA49FE373EE6" authority="Linnaeus, 1761" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1761" box="[157,464,1443,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC76CBFA49FEC23EE6" box="[157,293,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mus agrestis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC777AFA49FE373EE6" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[300,464,1443,1466]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref18501" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761. Fauna Suecica. 2 nd ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1761">Linnaeus, 1761</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC763BFA29FE623EA6" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BFA29FE053E86" authority="Bellamy, 1839: 373" authorityName="Bellamy" authorityPageNumber="373" authorityYear="1839" box="[109,482,1475,1498]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirta">
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BFA29FEE03E86" box="[109,263,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Arvicola hirta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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locality
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<quote id="F9E5C18BB659FFBC74DEFA29FCFF3E86" box="[648,792,1475,1498]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">“Yealmpton,”</quote>
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Devonshire,
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC7772FA09FE673EA6" box="[292,384,1507,1530]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">England</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BF9E9FF7D3D46" box="[109,154,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Arv.</emphasis>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC76F7F9E9FF313D46" box="[161,214,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">icola</emphasis>
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]
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<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC76B3F9E9FEDC3D46" box="[229,315,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bailloni</emphasis>
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.
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locality
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“Abita il Nord della
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC77C9F9C9FE083D66" box="[415,495,1571,1594]" name="France" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Francia</collectingCountry>
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e della
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[=Inhabits the North of
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and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC77F5F9A9FDC13D06" box="[419,550,1603,1626]" name="Switzerland" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC763BF989FE0D3DC6" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BF989FE1B3D26" authority="Jenyns, 1841: 270" authorityName="Jenyns" authorityPageNumber="270" authorityYear="1841" box="[109,508,1635,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neglecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BF989FEC93D26" box="[109,302,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Arvicola neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC776CF989FE1B3D26" author="JENYNS, G. L." box="[314,508,1635,1658]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref17147" refString="JENYNS, G. L. 1841. Notes on some of the smaller British Mammalia, including the description of a new species of Arvicola, found in Scotland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 1 7: 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="1841">Jenyns, 1841:270</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC745DF989FDA73D26" box="[523,576,1635,1658]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB659FFBC74F1F989FE983DC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">“Megarnie Castle in Perthshire,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC77D0F969FE003DC6" box="[390,487,1667,1690]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC763BF949FE033DA6" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BF949FDF93DE6" authority="Crespon, 1844: 73" authorityName="Crespon" authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1844" box="[109,542,1699,1722]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levernedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BF949FEA43DE6" box="[109,323,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Arvicola levernedii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC7702F949FDF93DE6" author="CRESPON, J." box="[340,542,1699,1722]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref14705" refString="CRESPON, J. 1844. Faune Meridionale ou description de tous les animaux vertebres vivans et fossiles, sauvages ou domestiques qui se rencontrent toute l'annee ou quine sont que de passage dans la plus grande partie du mididella de la France. Survix d'une methode de taxidermie ou l'art d'empailler les oiseaux. M. Lebrun, Montpelier, France." type="book" year="1844">Crespon, 1844:73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC7464F949FD803DE6" box="[562,615,1699,1722]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB659FFBC7481F949FEAC3DA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">“entre St-Gilles et Aiguesmortes [= between St. Gilles and Aiguesmortes],”</quote>
|
||
Gard,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC77C2F909FE073DA6" box="[404,480,1763,1786]" name="France" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF656611B659FFBC751FF900FAFC3C66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683694" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683694" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683694/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" startId="0.[841,876,1770,1791]" targetBox="[878,1486,1344,1757]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC751FF900FAFC3C66" blockId="0.[841,1525,1770,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC751FF900FC683DA3" bold="true" box="[841,911,1770,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC75F0F901FB5D3C5C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[934,1210,1771,1792]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="gregarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC75F0F901FB5D3C5C" box="[934,1210,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Microtus agrestis gregarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Belgium. Image 547 of the Mammal Images Library, American Society of Mammalogists. Photograph by M. Andera used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC763BF8E9FE8B3C66" blockId="0.[109,793,1195,1850]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB659FFBC763BF8E9FE1D3C46" authority="Nilsson, 1844: 34" authorityName="Nilsson" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1844" box="[109,506,1795,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC763BF8E9FEC83C46" box="[109,303,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Lemmus insularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC776DF8E9FE1D3C46" author="NILSSON, S." box="[315,506,1795,1818]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="ref20247" refString="NILSSON, S. 1844. Ofversigt of Kongl Vetensk. Kungliga Vetenskapliga Akadademins Forhandlingar, Ostgotha, Skargard, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1844">Nilsson, 1844:34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC745FF8E9FDD93C46" box="[521,574,1795,1818]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB659FFBC74F3F8E9FEED3C66" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">“Ostgötha, skärgård,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC7746F8C9FE8F3C66" box="[272,360,1827,1850]" name="Sweden" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B659FFBC751EFB41FA143FBE" blockId="0.[840,1523,1195,1250]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC751EFB41FCB83F9E" box="[840,863,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="169F5158B659FFBC7509FB41FC5B3F9E" box="[863,956,1195,1218]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC753EFB41FC533F9E" box="[872,948,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">rvicola</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB659FFBC7590FB41FBD83F9E" box="[966,1087,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">britannicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B659FFBC721FFB41FA563F9E" author="DE SeLYS LONGCHAMPS, E. D." box="[1097,1457,1195,1218]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="305 - 315" refId="ref14907" refString="DE SeLYS LONGCHAMPS, E. D. 1847. Distribution geographique des Campagnola (Arvicola en Europe). Revue Zoologique 10: 305 - 315." type="journal article" year="1847">de Sélys Longchamps, 1847:307</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB659FFBC73E8FB41FA143F9E" box="[1470,1523,1195,1218]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB659FFBC759AFB21FA143FBE" box="[972,1523,1227,1250]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
|
||
“L’Angleterre et l’Écosse [=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B659FFBC72A6FB21FA383FBE" box="[1264,1503,1227,1250]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">England and Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFF21FD013A5E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFF21FE063BBE" authority="Bocage, 1865: 7" authorityName="Bocage" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1865" box="[109,481,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rozianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFF21FECA3BBE" box="[109,301,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Arvicola rozianus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7760FF21FE063BBE" author="BOCAGE, B. D." box="[310,481,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref13696" refString="BOCAGE, B. D. 1865. Noticia acerca dos Arvicolas de Portugal. Memorias da Academia Real de Sciencias de Lisboa, N. S., III, Pt. 2." type="book" year="1865">Bocage, 1865:7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD77B8FF21FDC43BBE" box="[494,547,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD74D3FF21FD993A5E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD74D8FF21FD173BBE" box="[654,752,203,226]" country="Portugal" name="Coimbra" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Coimbra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, no sitio da Geria,[=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD7704FF01FE553A5E" box="[338,434,235,258]" country="Portugal" name="Coimbra" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Coimbra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, county of Geria],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD74D2FF01FD053A5E" box="[644,738,235,258]" name="Portugal" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFEE1FD1A3A1E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFEE1FDA33A7E" authority="Fatio, 1869: 241" authorityName="Fatio" authorityPageNumber="241" authorityYear="1869" box="[109,580,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="agrestis" variety="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFEE1FE763A7E" box="[109,401,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Arvicola agrestis var. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77CEFEE1FDA33A7E" author="FATIO, V." box="[408,580,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref15356" refString="FATIO, V. 1869. Faune des vertebres de la Suisse. Histoire naturelle des mammiferes (H. Geirg Ligrairep, ed.). Engstlen, Berne, Switerzland." type="book" year="1869">Fatio, 1869:241</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD7418FEE1FD643A7E" box="[590,643,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD74B6FEE1FDC53A1E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“près d’Engstlen [= vicinity of Engstlen],”</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD747FFEC1FD8C3A1E" box="[553,619,299,322]" country="Switzerland" name="Bern" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Berne</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7420FEC1FD1E3A1E" box="[630,761,299,322]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFEA1FCEE3AFE" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<insertion id="169F5158B658FFBD763BFEA1FE863A3E" box="[109,353,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7620FEA1FEBE3A3E" box="[118,345,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7620FEA1FECC3A3E" authority="Fatio, 1900" box="[118,299,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">Arvicola agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
var.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7730FEA1FE753A3E" box="[358,402,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">rufa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77CEFEA1FDA43A3E" author="FATIO, V." box="[408,579,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="472" refId="ref15389" refString="FATIO, V. 1900. Deux petits vertebres nouveaux pour la Suisse. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 8: 472." type="journal article" year="1900">Fatio, 1900:472</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD741DFEA1FD673A3E" box="[587,640,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD748DFEA1FDF93AFE" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“dans les Alpes savoisiennes, frontière du
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD744FFE81FDBA3ADE" box="[537,605,363,386]" country="Switzerland" name="Valais" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Valais</collectingRegion>
|
||
, et dans les Alpes vaudoises (aux plans de Frenières),”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD7473FE61FD9F3AFE" box="[549,632,395,418]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD74D4FE61FCE23AFE" box="[642,773,395,418]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFE41FEC3397E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFE41FD903A9E" authority="Fatio, 1905: 191" authorityName="Fatio" authorityPageNumber="191" authorityYear="1905" box="[109,631,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="angustifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFE41FE5E3A9E" box="[109,441,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Arvicola agrestis angustifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7790FE41FD903A9E" author="FATIO, V." box="[454,631,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref15411" refString="FATIO, V. 1905. Liste preliminaire de mammiferes, en vue d'un supplement general a la faune des vertebras de la Suisse. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, Geneve, 4 Series 19: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="1905">Fatio, 1905:191</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D1FE41FD5B3A9E" box="[647,700,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFE21FCFF395E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“près de Zermatt, entre 1620 et
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB658FFBD77AFFE21FDA83ABE" box="[505,591,459,482]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
|
||
. s/m., en
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD74E1FE21FD1F3ABE" box="[695,760,459,482]" country="Switzerland" name="Valais" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Valais</collectingRegion>
|
||
[= near Zermatt between 1,620 and 1,700 meters in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD74EBFE01FCE3395E" box="[701,772,491,514]" country="Switzerland" name="Valais" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Valais</collectingRegion>
|
||
],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD76CBFDE1FEC7397E" box="[157,288,523,546]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFDC1FD96399E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFDC1FDA3391E" authority="Fatio, 1905: 194" authorityName="Fatio" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1905" box="[109,580,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFDC1FE6D391E" box="[109,394,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Arvicola agrestis latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77C3FDC1FDA3391E" author="FATIO, V." box="[405,580,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref15411" refString="FATIO, V. 1905. Liste preliminaire de mammiferes, en vue d'un supplement general a la faune des vertebras de la Suisse. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, Geneve, 4 Series 19: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="1905">Fatio, 1905:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD7404FDC1FD60391E" box="[594,647,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD74BAFDC1FD96399E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“sur quelques points en
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD773BFDA1FE53393E" box="[365,436,587,610]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Suisse</collectingCountry>
|
||
, dans les bois de Veyrier, près de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD76CBFD81FF1639DE" box="[157,241,619,642]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Geneve</collectingRegion>
|
||
; entre autres et dans les environs de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD74D2FD81FD3C39DE" box="[644,731,619,642]" country="Switzerland" name="Luzern" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
|
||
[= at some points in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD771CFD61FE2B39FE" box="[330,460,651,674]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the woods of Veyrier near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD76CBFD41FF16399E" box="[157,241,683,706]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
; including in and around
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD7456FD41FDB9399E" box="[512,606,683,706]" country="Switzerland" name="Luzern" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFD21FE53385E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFD21FDCC39BE" authority="Miller, 1908: 201" authorityName="Miller" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1908" box="[109,555,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="exsul">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFD21FE8F39BE" box="[109,360,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis exsul</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7727FD21FDCC39BE" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[369,555,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19353" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1908. New European voles (from North Uist, Hebrides, Scotland). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8: 201." type="book" year="1908">Miller, 1908:201</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD7461FD21FD8B39BE" box="[567,620,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD7498FD21FEAF385E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“North Uist,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7681FD01FEDD385E" box="[215,314,747,770]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7719FD01FE57385E" box="[335,432,747,770]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFCE1FD93381E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFCE1FDD6387E" authority="Lydekker, 1909: 74" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1909" box="[109,561,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="insul">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFCE1FE87387E" box="[109,352,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis insul</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7730FCE1FDD6387E" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[358,561,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="74" refId="ref18641" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1909. Microtus agrestis insul. Zoological Record, Mammals 45: 74 [dated 1908, but published in 1909]." type="journal article" year="1909">Lydekker, 1909:74</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7743FCC1FD8A381E" authority="Nilsson, 1844" authorityName="Nilsson" authorityYear="1844" box="[277,621,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7743FCC1FE35381E" box="[277,466,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Lemmus insularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD778FFCC1FD8A381E" author="NILSSON, S." box="[473,621,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref20247" refString="NILSSON, S. 1844. Ofversigt of Kongl Vetensk. Kungliga Vetenskapliga Akadademins Forhandlingar, Ostgotha, Skargard, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1844">Nilsson, 1844</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFCA1FD2B38DE" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFCA1FD96383E" authority="Thomas, 1911: 759" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="759" authorityYear="1911" box="[109,625,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="mongol">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFCA1FE68383E" box="[109,399,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis mongol</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77CBFCA1FD96383E" author="THOMAS, O." box="[413,625,843,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="758 - 762" refId="ref21940" refString="THOMAS, O. 1911. New mammals from central and western Asia, mostly collected by Mr. Douglas Caruthers. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 8: 758 - 762." type="journal article" year="1911">Thomas, 1911:759</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D2FCA1FD5E383E" box="[644,697,843,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFC81FD2B38DE" box="[157,716,875,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Kemtchik Valley, Tannu-ola Mts., N.W.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7405FC81FD5838DE" box="[595,703,875,898]" name="Mongolia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFC61FDBF389E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFC61FD9238FE" authority="Thomas, 1912: 398" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="398" authorityYear="1912" box="[109,629,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="arcturus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFC61FE7338FE" box="[109,404,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis arcturus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77F4FC61FD9238FE" author="THOMAS, O." box="[418,629,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="391 - 408" refId="ref21977" refString="THOMAS, O. 1912. On mammals from central Asia, collected by Mr. Douglas Caruthers. Two new Asiatic Voles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 9: 391 - 408." type="journal article" year="1912">Thomas, 1912:398</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D3FC61FD5D38FE" box="[645,698,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFC41FDED389E" box="[157,522,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Barlik Mts. S., N.W. Dzungaria,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7446FC41FDB4389E" box="[528,595,939,962]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFC21FD713F5E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFC21FCF238BE" authority="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913 a: 364" authorityName="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton" authorityPageNumber="364" authorityYear="1913" box="[109,789,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="mial">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFC21FEBD38BE" box="[109,346,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis mial</emphasis>
|
||
Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913a:364
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD76CBFC01FF353F5E" box="[157,210,1003,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD7779FC01FDCC3F5E" box="[303,555,1003,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Eigg, Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD77ECFC01FDFA3F5E" box="[442,541,1003,1026]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7467FC01FD753F5E" box="[561,658,1003,1026]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFBE1FD453F1E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFBE1FCF23F7E" authority="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913 a: 366" authorityName="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton" authorityPageNumber="366" authorityYear="1913" box="[109,789,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="luch">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFBE1FEBD3F7E" box="[109,346,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis luch</emphasis>
|
||
Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913a:366
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD76CBFBC1FF353F1E" box="[157,210,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD7779FBC1FDD03F1E" box="[303,567,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Muck, Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7790FBC1FDCE3F1E" box="[454,553,1067,1090]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD746BFBC1FD793F1E" box="[573,670,1067,1090]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFBA1FCF23FDE" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFBA1FEF53FDE" authority="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913 b: 831" authorityName="Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton" authorityPageNumber="831" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="macgillivrayii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFBA1FE2D3F3E" box="[109,458,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis macgillivrayii</emphasis>
|
||
Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913b:831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD774AFB81FEB63FDE" box="[284,337,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD77F8FB81FE1A3FDE" box="[430,509,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Islay,”</quote>
|
||
Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7414FB81FD423FDE" box="[578,677,1131,1154]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD74E6FB81FCF63FDE" box="[688,785,1131,1154]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFB61FDF43F9E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFB61FD8B3FFE" authority="Montagu, 1922: 940" authorityName="Montagu" authorityPageNumber="940" authorityYear="1922" box="[109,620,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="fiona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFB61FE9E3FFE" box="[109,377,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis fiona</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77DDFB61FD8B3FFE" author="MONTAGU, I. G. S." box="[395,620,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="929 - 941" refId="ref19589" refString="MONTAGU, I. G. S. 1922. On a further collection of mammals from the Inner Hebrides. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1922: 929 - 941." type="journal article" year="1922">Montagu, 1922:940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D7FB61FD513FFE" box="[641,694,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFB41FF1C3F9E" box="[157,251,1195,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Gigha,”</quote>
|
||
Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7717FB41FE433F9E" box="[321,420,1195,1218]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD77F8FB41FDE83F9E" box="[430,527,1195,1218]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFB21FEB13E5E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFB21FD913FBE" authority="Montagu, 1923: 868" authorityName="Montagu" authorityPageNumber="868" authorityYear="1923" box="[109,630,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="punctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFB21FE6A3FBE" box="[109,397,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis punctus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77CCFB21FD913FBE" author="MONTAGU, I. G. S." box="[410,630,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="865 - 870" refId="ref19623" refString="MONTAGU, I. G. S. 1923. On some mammals from Jugoslavia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 865 - 870." type="journal article" year="1923">Montagu, 1923:868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D0FB21FD5C3FBE" box="[646,699,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFB01FEB13E5E" box="[157,342,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD76FEFB01FF393E5E" box="[168,222,1259,1282]" country="Slovenia" name="Bled" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Bled</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD76BFFB01FEAE3E5E" box="[233,329,1259,1282]" name="Slovenia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFAE1FE1C3E1E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFAE1FDC63E7E" authority="Cabrera, 1924: 8" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1924" box="[109,545,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hirtus" subSpecies="orioecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFAE1FE963E7E" box="[109,369,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus hirtus orioecus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7720FAE1FDC63E7E" author="CABRERA, A." box="[374,545,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref14039" refString="CABRERA, A. 1924. Sobre alguns Microtinae de Cataluna. Publicaciones de la Junta de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona, Trabajos del Museo Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona 7: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1924">Cabrera, 1924:8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD747DFAE1FD873E7E" box="[555,608,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD74ECFAE1FE573E1E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Molins, Montseny, Prov. Gerona,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD77E1FAC1FE103E1E" box="[439,503,1323,1346]" name="Spain" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFAA1FD5E3EDE" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFAA1FD883E3E" authority="Ehik, 1924: 76" authorityName="Ehik" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1924" box="[109,623,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="pannonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFAA1FE5C3E3E" box="[109,443,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis pannonicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD779AFAA1FD883E3E" author="EHIK, J." box="[460,623,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="76" refId="ref15072" refString="EHIK, J. 1924. Preliminary description of a new Microtus agrestis from Hungary. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 21: 76." type="journal article" year="1924">Ehik, 1924:76</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D5FAA1FD5F3E3E" box="[643,696,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFA81FD5E3EDE" box="[157,697,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Orman, near Komarviros County
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD7459FA81FDA63EDE" box="[527,577,1387,1410]" country="Hungary" name="Zala" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Zala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD741AFA81FD4C3EDE" box="[588,683,1387,1410]" name="Hungary" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFA61FD803E9E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFA61FD9C3EFE" authority="Dal Piaz, 1924: 10" authorityName="Dal Piaz" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1924" box="[109,635,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="tridentinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFA61FE4F3EFE" box="[109,424,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis tridentinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77E4FA61FD9C3EFE" author="DAL PIAZ, G. B." box="[434,635,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref14803" refString="DAL PIAZ, G. B. 1924. Studio sulle Arvicole Tridentine. Publication by the Curator of the Civic Museum of Trento. Studi Trentini 4: 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1924">Dal Piaz, 1924:10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74DFFA61FD593EFE" box="[649,702,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFA41FDCD3E9E" box="[157,554,1451,1474]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Brennero, Alto Adige,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB658FFBD77CDFA41FE0B3E9E" box="[411,492,1451,1474]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
s/m,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7467FA41FD833E9E" box="[561,612,1451,1474]" name="Italy" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BFA21FE863D7E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BFA21FD893EBE" authority="Reinwaldt, 1927: 13" authorityName="Reinwaldt" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1927" box="[109,622,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="estiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BFA21FE983EBE" box="[109,383,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis estiae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77C6FA21FD893EBE" author="REINWALDT, E. R." box="[400,622,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref21190" refString="REINWALDT, E. R. 1927. Uber Verbreitung und Schutz einiger Saugtiere Estlands nach Daten einer Enquete der Naturschutzsektion der Universitat Tartu (Dorpat) no 10. Published by Edwin Reinwaldt (Ed: Bergmann), Truckerei, Tautu, Estonia." type="book" year="1927">Reinwaldt, 1927:13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D5FA21FD5F3EBE" box="[643,696,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBFA01FEE53D7E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Inseln Villsandi und Abruka, [= Villsandi and Abruka Islands],”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD775FF9E1FEBA3D7E" box="[265,349,1547,1570]" name="Estonia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BF9C1FDD93D3E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BF9C1FDA13D1E" authority="Wettsteini Ehik, 1928: 197" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityPageNumber="197" authorityYear="1928" box="[109,582,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BF9C1FE713D1E" box="[109,406,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis Wettsteini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77C8F9C1FDA13D1E" author="EHIK, J." box="[414,582,1579,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="197" refId="ref15096" refString="EHIK, J. 1928. Einige daten zur saugetierkunde ungarns. Annales Musei Naationalis Hungarici 25: 197." type="journal article" year="1928">Ehik, 1928:197</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD7404F9C1FD603D1E" box="[594,647,1579,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD74B0F9C1FE043D3E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Ob. Trixen,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD76A6F9A1FEA03D3E" box="[240,327,1611,1634]" country="Austria" name="Karnten" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Karintia</collectingRegion>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD7735F9A1FE283D3E" box="[355,463,1611,1634]" country="Austria" name="Karnten" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Carinthia</collectingRegion>
|
||
],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD77BEF9A1FDDD3D3E" box="[488,570,1611,1634]" name="Austria" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BF981FE653D9E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BF981FD823DDE" authority="Skalon, 1935: 11" authorityName="Skalon" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1935" box="[109,613,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="ognevi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BF981FE773DDE" box="[109,400,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis ognevi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77F0F981FD823DDE" author="SKALON, V. N." box="[422,613,1643,1666]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="44 - 45" refId="ref21612" refString="SKALON, V. N. 1935. Microtus agrestis ognevi. Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo Protivochumnogo Instituta II: 44 - 45." type="journal article" year="1935">Skalon, 1935:11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD7428F981FD543DDE" box="[638,691,1643,1666]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Церковенское на р. Таз [=Tserkovenskoe on Taz River],” northwestern Siberia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BF921FD0B3C7E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BF921FD973DBE" authority="Melander, 1938: 74" authorityName="Melander" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1938" box="[109,624,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BF921FE6C3DBE" box="[109,395,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis pallida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77CDF921FD973DBE" author="MELANDER, V. A." box="[411,624,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19292" refString="MELANDER, V. A. 1938. Microtus agrestis pallida. Opredeliitel' mlekopitayushchikh Smolenskoi i smezhnykh oblastei (Key to mammals of Smolensk and adjacent regions [Elnya County, former Smolensk Province])." type="book" year="1938">Melander, 1938:74</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D2F921FD5E3DBE" box="[644,697,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBF901FD703C7E" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“Смоленская обл, Ельнинский р- н. [= Elninsky department of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB658FFBD76A0F8E1FE213C7E" box="[246,454,1803,1826]" country="Russia" name="Smolensk" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Smolensk province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, near vill. Miloje],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD74CBF8E1FD0F3C7E" box="[669,744,1803,1826]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BF8C1FD9F3C3E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BF8C1FD913C1E" authority="Ognev, 1944: 179" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1944" box="[109,630,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="argyropoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BF8C1FE4E3C1E" box="[109,425,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis argyropoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD77E0F8C1FD913C1E" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[438,630,1835,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="177 - 190" refId="ref20555" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1944. Contribution to the taxonomy of Palearctic Microtine. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 43: 177 - 190." type="journal article" year="1944">Ognev, 1944:179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD74D0F8C1FD5C3C1E" box="[646,699,1835,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD76CBF8A1FDC53C3E" box="[157,546,1867,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“South Urals, Valley of Inzer River,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD747FF8A1FD933C3E" box="[553,628,1867,1890]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD763BF881FD833CFE" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD763BF881FDA23CDE" authority="Heptner, 1948: 710" authorityName="Heptner" authorityPageNumber="710" authorityYear="1948" box="[109,581,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="scaloni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD763BF881FE903CDE" box="[109,375,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis scaloni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD772AF881FDA23CDE" author="HEPTNER, V. G." box="[380,581,1899,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="709 - 712" refId="ref16522" refString="HEPTNER, V. G. 1948. On the nomenclature of some mammals. Doklady Akademiia Nauk SSSR 60: 709 - 712." type="journal article" year="1948">Heptner, 1948:710</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7695F861FDBB3CFE" authority="Skalon, 1935" authorityName="Skalon" authorityYear="1935" box="[195,604,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="ognevi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7695F861FE2E3CFE" box="[195,457,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis ognevi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7786F861FDBB3CFE" author="SKALON, V. N." box="[464,604,1931,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="44 - 45" refId="ref21612" refString="SKALON, V. N. 1935. Microtus agrestis ognevi. Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo Protivochumnogo Instituta II: 44 - 45." type="journal article" year="1935">Skalon, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFF21FA853A5E" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFF21FAF53BBE" authority="Ognev, 1950" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1950" box="[840,1298,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="argyropuli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFF21FB993BBE" box="[840,1150,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis argyropuli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD72DEFF21FAF53BBE" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1160,1298,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refId="ref20581" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1950. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries. Rodents, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, Volume 7. English Translation: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel, 1964." type="book" year="1950">Ognev, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD75C8FF01FABC3A5E" authority="Ognev, 1944" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1944" box="[926,1371,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="argyropoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD75C8FF01FB2A3A5E" box="[926,1229,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis argyropoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7282FF01FABC3A5E" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1236,1371,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="177 - 190" refId="ref20555" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1944. Contribution to the taxonomy of Palearctic Microtine. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 43: 177 - 190." type="journal article" year="1944">Ognev, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFEE1FAE23A1E" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFEE1FABE3A7E" authority="Kretzoi, 1958: 57" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1958" box="[840,1369,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="carinthiacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFEE1FB733A7E" box="[840,1172,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis carinthiacus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD72C8FEE1FABE3A7E" author="KRETZOI, M." box="[1182,1369,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="55 - 58" refId="ref18074" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1958. New names for Arvicolid homonyms. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 50: 55 - 58." type="journal article" year="1958">Kretzoi, 1958:57</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Replacement name for
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7588FEC1FB653A1E" box="[990,1154,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. a. wettsteini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD72DFFEC1FB193A1E" author="EHIK, J." box="[1161,1278,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="197" refId="ref15096" refString="EHIK, J. 1928. Einige daten zur saugetierkunde ungarns. Annales Musei Naationalis Hungarici 25: 197." type="journal article" year="1928">Ehik, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFEA1FA233ADE" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFEA1FC073ADE" authority="Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort, 1966: 638" authorityName="Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort" authorityPageNumber="638" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="enez-groezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFEA1FB633A3E" box="[840,1156,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis enez-groezi</emphasis>
|
||
Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort, 1966:638
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD75BCFE81FBF83ADE" box="[1002,1055,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD722AFE81FA893ADE" box="[1148,1390,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“Groix (= Morbihan),”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD7322FE81FA273ADE" box="[1396,1472,363,386]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFE61FC2F3ABE" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFE61FC073A9E" authority="Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort, 1966: 638" authorityName="Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort" authorityPageNumber="638" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="armoricanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFE61FB683AFE" box="[840,1167,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis armoricanus</emphasis>
|
||
Heim de Balsac and de Beaufort, 1966:638
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB658FFBD75B1FE41FBFB3A9E" box="[999,1052,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E5C18BB658FFBD7222FE41FA143A9E" box="[1140,1523,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">“environs de Quimper (= Finistère),”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B658FFBD752EFE21FC233ABE" box="[888,964,459,482]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B658FFBD751EFDE9FBF339E6" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFDE9FBF339E6" blockId="1.[840,1523,515,698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD72CFFDE9FB1B3946" box="[1177,1276,515,538]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD733EFDE9FA083946" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" box="[1384,1519,515,538]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD759AFDC9FBD13966" box="[972,1078,547,570]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muroidea">Muroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD72DEFDC9FB1F3966" box="[1160,1272,547,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cricetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamilyArvicolinae, genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD75DBFDA9FC0B3906" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1798" box="[909,1004,579,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD75DBFDA9FC0B3906" box="[909,1004,579,602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7232FDA9FB243906" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1798" box="[1124,1219,579,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7232FDA9FB243906" box="[1124,1219,579,602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There remains some uncertainty concerning valid subspecies. Musser and Carleton (2005) list the above 39 named forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD72F2FD69FABC39C6" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[1188,1371,643,666]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD72F2FD69FABC39C6" box="[1188,1371,643,666]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without reference to subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B658FFBD751EFD39FB2A3E76" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD751EFD39FC283F16" blockId="1.[840,1523,723,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD723AFD39FAD739B6" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[1132,1328,723,746]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD723AFD39FAD739B6" box="[1132,1328,723,746]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFD19FBFF3856" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[840,1048,755,778]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFD19FBFF3856" box="[840,1048,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar morphologically (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7335FD19FC983876" author="KLIMKIEWICZ, H. K." pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="640 - 665" refId="ref17654" refString="KLIMKIEWICZ, H. K. 1970. The taxonomic status of the nominal species Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus agrestis (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Mammalia 64: 640 - 665." type="journal article" year="1970">Klimkiewicz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, this similarity represents convergence, not a phylogenetic relationship (Krapp and Niethammer 1982; Musser and Carleton 2005). Phylogenetic analyses based both on karyotypes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7262FC99FB5738D6" author="MODI, W. S." box="[1076,1200,883,906]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="109 - 136" refId="ref19482" refString="MODI, W. S. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns among the Nearctic Arvicolidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Systematic Zoology 36: 109 - 136." type="journal article" year="1987">Modi 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and DNA sequences of the entire cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7241FC79FBC938F6" box="[1047,1070,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">-b</emphasis>
|
||
gene (Conroy and Cook 2000;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD73F5FC79FC223896" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND J. B." pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="228 - 234" refId="ref16813" refString="JAAROLA, M., AND J. B. SEARLE. 2004. A highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineage of Microtus agrestis in southern Europe. Heredity 92: 228 - 234." type="journal article" year="2004">Jaarola et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) clearly show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD72FAFC59FACA3896" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[1196,1325,947,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD72FAFC59FACA3896" box="[1196,1325,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD733DFC59FC7A38B6" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD733DFC59FC7A38B6" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are separate species. The European populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFC19FC233F56" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[840,964,1011,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFC19FC233F56" box="[840,964,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are differentiated as 3 evolutionary units that may represent cryptic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7228FBF9FA9D3F76" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[1150,1402,1043,1066]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD73C6FBF9FC593F16" author="PAUPeRIO, J. & HERMAN, J. & FERREIRA, M. & JAAROLA, P. C. & ALVES & AND J. B." pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="6015 - 6032" refId="ref20643" refString="PAUPeRIO, J., J. S. HERMAN, J. MELO- FERREIRA, M. JAAROLA, P. C. ALVES, AND J. B. SEARLE. 2012. Cryptic speciation in the field vole: a multilocus approach confirms three highly divergent lineages in Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 21: 6015 - 6032." type="journal article" year="2012">Paupério et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD7525FBB9FB2A3E76" blockId="1.[840,1523,723,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7211FBB9FB413F36" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1798" box="[1095,1190,1107,1130]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7211FBB9FB413F36" box="[1095,1190,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a combination of 2 Greek words,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD75C1FB99FC393FD6" box="[919,990,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">micros</emphasis>
|
||
for small and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD722DFB99FB473FD6" box="[1147,1184,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">ous</emphasis>
|
||
for ear, and the specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EFB79FC7C3FF6" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[840,923,1171,1194]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EFB79FC7C3FF6" box="[840,923,1171,1194]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Latin word meaning “of the field.” Vernacular names assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7593FB59FBDC3F96" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[965,1083,1203,1226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7593FB59FBDC3F96" box="[965,1083,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include common field vole, grass mouse, short-tailed vole, dark vole, blackish meadow mouse, and shorttailed field mouse (Alibhai and Gipps 1991; MacDonald and Barrett 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD758AFAF9FB5A3E76" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[988,1213,1299,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B658FFBE721AFA8CFE9B389E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD721AFA8CFB083EDC" blockId="1.[1100,1263,1382,1408]" box="[1100,1263,1382,1408]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD721AFA8CFB083EDC" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,1382,1408]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBD7525FA40FB693DBD" blockId="1.[840,1523,1450,1953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD758FFA40FB7D3E9D" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[985,1178,1450,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD758FFA40FB7D3E9D" box="[985,1178,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the common vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD73D8FA40FC863EBD" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD73D8FA40FC863EBD" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. arvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the root vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD727AFA20FB283EBD" box="[1068,1231,1482,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oeconomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD727AFA20FB283EBD" box="[1068,1231,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. oeconomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the East European vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD75DBFA00FC0F3D5D" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[909,1000,1514,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD75DBFA00FC0F3D5D" box="[909,1000,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. levis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7226FA00FA963D5D" box="[1136,1393,1514,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rossiaermeridonalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7226FA00FA963D5D" box="[1136,1393,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. rossiaermeridonalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are virtually indistinguishable by gross morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD7363F9E0FC9A3D1D" author="NEKRUTENKO, A. & K. D. MAKOVA & AND R. J." pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref20000" refString="NEKRUTENKO, A., K. D. MAKOVA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2000. Isolation of binary species-specific PCR-based markers and their value for diagnostic applications. Gene 249: 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="2000">Nekrutenko et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Representational difference analysis was used to isolate species-specific markers—Mag3 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD728FF9A0FAB53D3D" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[1241,1362,1610,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD728FF9A0FAB53D3D" box="[1241,1362,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Moe1 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD751EF980FB163DDD" authority="(Nekrutenko et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Nekrutenko" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[840,1265,1642,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oeconomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD751EF980FC043DDD" box="[840,995,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. oeconomus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B658FFBD75A5F980FB013DDD" author="NEKRUTENKO, A. & K. D. MAKOVA & AND R. J." box="[1011,1254,1642,1665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref20000" refString="NEKRUTENKO, A., K. D. MAKOVA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2000. Isolation of binary species-specific PCR-based markers and their value for diagnostic applications. Gene 249: 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="2000">Nekrutenko et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Using these sequences, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers produced unique amplification products that were able to distinguish between these 2 species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B658FFBE7525F900FED9393E" blockId="1.[840,1523,1450,1953]" lastBlockId="2.[109,793,203,962]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7525F900FBCC3C5D" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[883,1067,1770,1793]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7525F900FBCC3C5D" box="[883,1067,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A1CB658FFBD726CF900FB9F3C5D" box="[1082,1144,1770,1793]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1770,1791]" captionTargetBox="[878,1486,1344,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-497@0.[878,1486,1344,1757]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Microtus agrestis gregarius from Belgium. Image 547 of the Mammal Images Library, American Society of Mammalogists. Photograph by M. Andera used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683694" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be characterized by its pelage, rather long, shaggy, grayish brown, often tinged with russet and by its bicolored tail with dark dorsal fur. Tail length is about one-third the length of head and body. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7370F8A0FC803CDD" baseAuthorityName="de Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duodecimcostatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7370F8A0FC803CDD" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. duodecimcostatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD75CCF880FBD63CDD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[922,1073,1898,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD75CCF880FBD63CDD" box="[922,1073,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. lusitanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have shorter tail lengths. These characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB658FFBD7530F860FC393CFD" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[870,990,1930,1953]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB658FFBD7530F860FC393CFD" box="[870,990,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
combined with some or all (depending on which comparison is being made) of the following are diagnostic of the species: skull moderately broad, with width> one-half the length; width of interorbital constriction>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE7406FEE1FD4D3A7E" box="[592,682,267,290]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; M2 with 3 inner ridges ≤ 5 fields: an anterior loop, 2 outer and 1 inner closed triangles, a character absent in other European vole species, and a 5th field in a postero-internal position; M3 with 5 fields: an anterior loop, 3 closed triangles, and a long terminal loop rarely simplex; m1 with ≥ 7 fields and 4 outer ridges on the outer side; m3 with 3 transverse fields; length of upper molar toothrow never>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE776DFE01FE65395E" box="[315,386,491,514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; foramen mandibulare usually lying over protuberance of lower incisor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE77BEFDE1FD81397E" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[488,614,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7422FDE1FCF7397E" author="ELLERMAN, J. R." box="[628,784,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref15116" refString="ELLERMAN, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. I. Family Muridae. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1940">Ellerman 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE763BFDC1FEFA391E" author="REICHSTEIN, H." box="[109,285,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="367 - 382" refId="ref21097" refString="REICHSTEIN, H. 1959. Populationsstudien an Erdmausen, Microtus agrestis L. (Markierungsversuche). Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 86: 367 - 382." type="journal article" year="1959">Reichstein 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Saint-Girons 1973;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE745CFDC1FD75391E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[522,658,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref14585" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palearctic region: a taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBE76CEFD81FE9B389E" blockId="2.[109,793,203,962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE76CEFD81FEB139DE" authorityName="Wettsteini Ehik" authorityYear="1928" box="[152,342,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE76CEFD81FEB139DE" box="[152,342,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE7477FD81FD7539DE" box="[545,658,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE7477FD81FD7539DE" box="[545,658,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. arvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the latter can be distinguished by its pelage that is more yellowishbrown and its slightly smaller size (body length of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE74F0FD41FCFF399E" box="[678,792,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE74F0FD41FD5B399E" box="[678,700,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE749AFD41FCFF399E" box="[716,792,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">arvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE763BFD21FF1139BE" box="[109,246,715,738]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="90.0">90–120 mm</quantity>
|
||
, body weight 14–40 g—Krapp and Niethammer 1982; MacDonald and Barrett 1993). Hairs inserted near the base of the ear are shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE77A4FCE1FD80387E" box="[498,615,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE77A4FCE1FD80387E" box="[498,615,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. arvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE74FAFCE1FEA7381E" authority="(Dienske 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE74FAFCE1FF60381E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE76CDFCC1FED3381E" author="DIENSKE, H." box="[155,308,811,834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref14963" refString="DIENSKE, H. 1969. Notes on differences between some external and skull characters of Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Zoologische Mededelingen 44: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1969">Dienske 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The asynaptic X and Y chromosomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE763BFCA1FF0F383E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[109,232,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE763BFCA1FF0F383E" box="[109,232,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain additional, nonobligatory heterochromatic blocks not found in another species of asynaptic vole, the Mediterranean pine vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE77D9FC61FD9E38FE" baseAuthorityName="de Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[399,633,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duodecimcostatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE77D9FC61FD9E38FE" box="[399,633,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. duodecimcostatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as addressed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE76D9FC41FE92389E" author="BORODIN, P. M. & O. V. SABLINA & AND M. I." box="[143,373,939,962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="17 - 23" refId="ref13731" refString="BORODIN, P. M., O. V. SABLINA, AND M. I. RODIONOVA. 1995. Pattern of X-Y chromosome pairing in microtine rodents. Hereditas 123: 17 - 23." type="journal article" year="1995">Borodin et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B65BFFBF7747FC17FB65385E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBE7747FC17FD923F4B" blockId="2.[273,629,1021,1047]" box="[273,629,1021,1047]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE7747FC17FD923F4B" bold="true" box="[273,629,1021,1047]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBE76CEFBABFE8A3D64" blockId="2.[109,792,1089,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
General form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE770FFBABFDFA3F04" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[345,541,1089,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE770FFBABFDFA3F04" box="[345,541,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is robust with a large head (broad posteriorly), short and rounded ears, small eyes with diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE777BFB6BFE553FC4" box="[301,434,1153,1176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="3.1">3.1–3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Krapp and Niethammer 1982), and blunt snout. Mouth is small with upper incisors projecting very slightly. Tail is scantily covered with hair and has as many as 20 visible rings per cm near middle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE74DFFB0BFCF73FA4" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[649,784,1249,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982). Ears are mostly covered by fur; meatal lobe (length) is frequently> l mm though <
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE748FFACBFCF03E64" box="[729,791,1313,1336]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7621FAABFEF33E04" author="DIENSKE, H." box="[119,276,1345,1368]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref14963" refString="DIENSKE, H. 1969. Notes on differences between some external and skull characters of Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Zoologische Mededelingen 44: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1969">Dienske 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). General color of dorsum varies from dark gray-brown to chestnut-brown, with underparts pure gray or pale brown (Corbet and Harris 1991; MacDonald and Barrett 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7751FA4BFE793EE4" author="MATHIAS, M. L." box="[263,414,1441,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19104" refString="MATHIAS, M. L. 1999. Mamiferos Terrestres de Portugal Continental, Acores e Madeira. Instituto da Conservacao da Natureza, Lisboa, Portugal." type="book" year="1999">Mathias 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles are darker than adults.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE763BFA2BFF093E84" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[109,238,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE763BFA2BFF093E84" box="[109,238,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 2 pairs of pectoral and 2 pairs of inguinal mammae. Hind feet have 6 plantar pads, whereas forefeet have 5 palmar pads and inner digit is reduced to a minute tubercle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE768EF9CBFEBB3D64" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[216,348,1569,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBE76CEF9ABFAAB3ADE" blockId="2.[109,792,1089,1944]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Dorsal profile of skull is moderately convex. Condyles are visible in dorsal view due to forward projection of occiput (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A1CB65BFFBE7620F96BFF5F3DC4" box="[118,184,1665,1688]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[840,875,1773,1794]" captionTargetBox="[877,1485,648,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-671@2.[877,1485,648,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of Microtus agrestis. Male from the National Park of Montezinho (Serra Serrada) Portugal, preserved in the Museu Natural de Historia Natural, Museu e Laboratorio Zoologico e Antropologico, Lisbon, Portugal (Museum No. 87.05.21). Condylobasal length of 25.82 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In older animals, outer edges of parietals have welldeveloped longitudinal ridges that are continuous posteriorly with lambdoidal crest and which come together abruptly anteriorly to join interorbital ridge (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7784F90BFDB33DA4" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[466,596,1761,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Auditory bullae are large and evenly inflated. Interorbital region is narrow, subcylindrical, and has distinct temporal ridges, which can unite to form a definite median crest extending well forward to nasals (Magalhães and Madureira 1980). Nasals are broad anteriorly and abruptly narrow at middle; posterior end is pointed, blunt, or angular. Incisive foramen is long and narrow, extending approximately to molar alveoli. Well-developed postorbital processes are present (Magalhães and Madureira 1980). Posterior edge of foramen mandibulare is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65BFFBE72CDFEC1FB083A1E" box="[1179,1263,299,322]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
from posterior edge of mandible (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE75EAFEA1FBA83A3E" author="DIENSKE, H." box="[956,1103,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref14963" refString="DIENSKE, H. 1969. Notes on differences between some external and skull characters of Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Zoologische Mededelingen 44: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1969">Dienske 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fedyk and Ruprecht 1971). Mandible is robust and masseteric ridge is well developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBF7525FE61FECF3A5E" blockId="2.[840,1523,203,610]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Lower incisors are much less strongly curved than upper incisors. Molar teeth are open-rooted throughout life, decreasing in size posteriorly. A postero-internal loop is present in M1, similar to that in M2; this is a frequent character in some populations (morphotype
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE75B6FDE1FBF1397E" box="[992,1046,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">exsul</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7267FDE1FB50397E" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[1073,1207,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE729BFDE1FAB0397E" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1229,1367,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref20581" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1950. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries. Rodents, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, Volume 7. English Translation: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel, 1964." type="book" year="1950">Ognev 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE733BFDE1FC9A391E" author="NIETHAMMER, J." pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="193 - 220" refId="ref20224" refString="NIETHAMMER, J. 1964. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Kleinsauger Nordspaniens. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 29: 193 - 220." type="journal article" year="1964">Niethammer 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Reichstein and Reise 1965;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE728FFDC1FA6B391E" author="REICHSTEIN, H." box="[1241,1420,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="480 - 481" refId="ref21126" refString="REICHSTEIN, H. 1966. Abweichendes Molaren-Schmelzchlingenmuster am M 1 beieiner Erdmaus Microtus agrestis (L.). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 31: 480 - 481." type="journal article" year="1966">Reichstein 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE73F4FDC1FC9A393E" author="MEYLAN, A." pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="225 - 245" refId="ref19329" refString="MEYLAN, A. 1967. Les petits mammiferes terrestres du Valais central (Suisse). Mammalia 31: 225 - 245." type="journal article" year="1967">Meylan 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE75DBFDA1FBF8393E" author="ALMAcA, C." box="[909,1055,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" pagination="319 - 335" refId="ref12987" refString="ALMAcA, C. 1993. On the Portuguese population of Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Arquivos do Museu Bocage Novo Serie 2: 319 - 335." type="journal article" year="1993">Almaça 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65BFFBE7278FDA1FB50393E" author="YALDEN, D." box="[1070,1207,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refId="ref22556" refString="YALDEN, D. 1999. The history of British mammals. Poyser, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1999">Yalden 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An 8th field in an anterior position can also occur in M1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF779BFF21FD843BBE" author="DIENSKE, H." box="[461,611,203,226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref14963" refString="DIENSKE, H. 1969. Notes on differences between some external and skull characters of Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Zoologische Mededelingen 44: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1969">Dienske 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Magalhães and Madureira 1980).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF656611B65BFFBE751EF907FC573CC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683696" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" startId="2.[840,875,1773,1794]" targetBox="[877,1485,648,1760]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65BFFBE751EF907FC573CC9" blockId="2.[840,1523,1773,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE751EF907FC6C3C5E" bold="true" box="[840,907,1773,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65BFFBE75BAF8E1FB783C7C" box="[1004,1183,1803,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65BFFBE75BAF8E1FB7C3C7C" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1004,1179,1803,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">Microtus agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Male from the National Park of Montezinho (Serra Serrada) Portugal, preserved in the Museu Natural de Historia Natural, Museu e Laboratorio Zoologico e Antropologico, Lisbon, Portugal (Museum No. 87.05.21). Condylobasal length of 25.82 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF76CEFEE1FF55399E" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Marked geographical variation is found in size and color patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7694FEC1FEDF3A1E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[194,312,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7694FEC1FEDF3A1E" box="[194,312,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7712FEC1FE5D3A1E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[324,442,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7712FEC1FEBD3A1E" box="[324,346,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7731FEC1FE5D3A1E" box="[359,442,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern Europe (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF74E4FEC1FCF43A1E" box="[690,787,299,322]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Scandinavia, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF770AFEA1FE403A3E" box="[348,423,331,354]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the Alps, and Camargue (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7493FEA1FCF63A3E" box="[709,785,331,354]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) are larger than those from central Europe (Krapp and Niethammer 1982). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF76BEFE61FEA63AFE" box="[232,321,395,418]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Alibhai and Gipps 1991) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7492FE61FCFF3AFE" box="[708,792,395,418]" name="Sweden" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Hansson and Jaarola 1989) size increases from south to north. Size also varies with elevation; larger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF745EFE21FD673ABE" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[520,640,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF745EFE21FDF93ABE" box="[520,542,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF747BFE21FD673ABE" box="[557,640,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present at higher elevations in the area that was formerly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7426FE01FCFF395E" box="[624,792,491,514]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Czechoslovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Krapp and Niethammer 1982) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7465FDE1FD9B397E" box="[563,636,523,546]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF74E8FDE1FCFF397E" box="[702,792,523,546]" name="Portugal" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7620FDC1FEE0391E" author="ALMAcA, C." box="[118,263,555,578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="319 - 335" refId="ref12987" refString="ALMAcA, C. 1993. On the Portuguese population of Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Arquivos do Museu Bocage Novo Serie 2: 319 - 335." type="journal article" year="1993">Almaça 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Individuals with darker dorsal pelage occur in Scandinavia and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF777CFDA1FE6D393E" box="[298,394,587,610]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and individuals with lighter pelage are found in central Europe, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF77AFFD81FDB239DE" box="[505,597,619,642]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northernmost Scandinavia (Corbet and Southern 1977; Krapp and Niethammer 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF76CEFD21FE9A3EFE" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF76CEFD21FEB639BE" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[152,337,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF76CEFD21FEB639BE" box="[152,337,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males average slightly larger than females in external and cranial measurements in some populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7620FCE1FECF387E" author="REICHSTEIN, H." box="[118,296,779,802]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="367 - 382" refId="ref21097" refString="REICHSTEIN, H. 1959. Populationsstudien an Erdmausen, Microtus agrestis L. (Markierungsversuche). Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 86: 367 - 382." type="journal article" year="1959">Reichstein 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982), but exhibit little or no secondary sexual variation in size in other populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF76E5FCA1FE8D383E" author="WASILEWSKI, W." box="[179,362,843,866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="261 - 305" refId="ref22363" refString="WASILEWSKI, W. 1956. Untersuchungen uber die morphologische Veranderlichkeit der Erdmaus (Microtus agrestis Linne). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska (C) 9: 261 - 305." type="journal article" year="1956">Wasilewski 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF772CFCA1FDDD383E" author="GEBCZYNSKA, Z." box="[378,570,843,866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="67 - 79" refId="ref15781" refString="GEBCZYNSKA, Z. 1964. Morphological changes occurring in laboratory Microtus agrestis with age. Acta Theriologica 9: 67 - 79." type="journal article" year="1964">Gebczynska 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Saint-Girons 1973; Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Selected ranges of external and cranial measurements (mm; sexes combined) for adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7431FC61FD3A38FE" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[615,733,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7431FC61FD3A38FE" box="[615,733,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF763BFC41FF21389E" box="[109,198,939,962]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(E,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF76A2FC41FEE6389E" box="[244,257,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 38–46),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF772EFC41FE26389E" box="[376,449,939,962]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(F,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF77BDFC41FE1F389E" box="[491,504,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 51–93),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7439FC41FCFF389E" box="[623,792,939,962]" name="Netherlands" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(N,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF76C1FC21FF4338BE" box="[151,164,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 58),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF76A2FC21FE9438BE" box="[244,371,971,994]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(S,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF77F6FC21FE4A38BE" box="[416,429,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 17), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF747DFC21FD6238BE" box="[555,645,971,994]" name="Portugal" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(P,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF74F9FC21FD5B38BE" box="[687,700,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3–33) were: length of body, 115.0–121.0 (E), 85.0–130.0 (F), 78.0– 123.0 (S); length of tail, 25.0–46.0 (F), 29.5–46.0 (S); length of hind foot, 17.0–17.4 (E), 15.0–21.0 (F), 17.0–20.0 (S); length of ear, 9.0–14.0 (F), 10.0–13.0 (S); condylobasal length, 25.2–26.1 (E), 22.8–27.9 (F), 24.1–27.4 (S), 24.7–25.9 (P); zygomatic breadth, 12.1–15.7 (F), 12.1–16.1 (S), 12.6–14.1 (P); width of interorbital constriction, 3.1–3.9 (F), 3.3–3.8 (S), 2.3–3.2 (P); length of nasals, 5.5–7.8 (S), 5.9–7.0 (P); palatal length, 10.6– 15.0 (N); length of maxillary toothrow, 5.3–6.9 (F), 4.5–6.9 (N), 5.4–6.7 (S), 5.0–6.3 (P); length of mandibular toothrow, 5.2–6.7 (F), 5.4–6.6 (S), 5.0–5.8 (P); length of mandible, 12.4–17.0 (N), 14.0–17.3 (S), 13.6–15.9 (P—Dienske 1969; Saint-Girons 1973; Magalhães and Madureira 1980; Krapp and Niethammer 1982; Alibhai and Gipps 1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF76CEFA41FB25391E" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1523,203,770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Ranges of cranial measurements (mm; sexes combined) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B65AFFBF763BFA21FF4A3EBE" box="[109,173,1483,1506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="generic">
|
||
26
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF76D9FA21FF4A3EBE" box="[143,173,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7699FA21FEDE3EBE" authorityName="Crespon" authorityYear="1844" box="[207,313,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levernedii">levernedii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(l) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF77CAFA21FDFC3EBE" box="[412,539,1483,1506]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7406FA21FD7E3EBE" box="[592,665,1483,1506]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF74FFFA21FF453D5E" author="MADUREIRA, M. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="615 - 632" refId="ref18776" refString="MADUREIRA, M. L. 1983. On the identification of west-European Microtus of the sub-genera Microtus and Chionomys (Mammalia, Rodentia). A principal component analysis. Revista de Biologia 12: 615 - 632." type="journal article" year="1983">Madureira 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B65AFFBF76EDFA01FF1B3D5E" box="[187,252,1515,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="generic">
|
||
13
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7689FA01FF1B3D5E" box="[223,252,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7774FA01FE923D5E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[290,373,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF77B7FA01FDD03D5E" box="[481,567,1515,1538]" name="Norway" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7439FA01FD243D5E" box="[623,707,1515,1538]" name="Sweden" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7483FA01FF453D7E" author="MILLER, G. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B65AFFBF76BBF9E1FEC53D7E" box="[237,290,1547,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="generic">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7752F9E1FEC53D7E" box="[260,290,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
a. neglectus (n) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF744BF9E1FD9D3D7E" box="[541,634,1547,1570]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF74DBF9E1FCE83D7E" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[653,783,1547,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were: condylobasal length, 26.6–28.4 (a), 25.0–25.4 (n); zygomatic breadth, 15.2–16.8 (a), 14.4–14.4 (n); width of interorbital constriction, 2.6–3.3 (l), 3.4–4.0 (a), 3.2–3.4 (n); width of postorbital constriction, 3.3–3.7 (l); nasal length, 7.2–8.0 (a), 6.8– 7.0 (n); palatal width, 1.5–1.8 (l); length of maxillary toothrow, 6.4–7.0 (a), 6.4–6.6 (n); length of mandibular toothrow, 6.2–6.8 (a), 6.2–6.4 (n); length of mandible, 14.9–17.6 (l), 16.8–18.0 (a), 15.4–16.2.(n). Cranial measurements (mm) of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB65AFFBF74BCF8E1FCFF3C7E" box="[746,792,1803,1826]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7755F8C1FE483C1E" box="[259,431,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
M. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7713F8C1FE483C1E" authorityName="Crespon" authorityYear="1844" box="[325,431,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levernedii">levernedii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Gard,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7461F8C1FD673C1E" box="[567,640,1835,1858]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(female), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF763BF8A1FF033C3E" box="[109,228,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. a. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(or
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7746F8A1FEAF3C3E" box="[272,328,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">niger</emphasis>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB65AFFBF77C7F8A1FE363C3E" box="[401,465,1867,1890]" country="Switzerland" name="Bern" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Berne</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB65AFFBF7789F8A1FDD23C3E" box="[479,565,1867,1890]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7410F8A1FD223C3E" box="[582,709,1867,1890]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(male), respectively, were: condylobasal length, 28.0, 26.0; zygomatic breadth, 16.0, 14.8; width of interorbital constriction, 3.6, 3.4; nasal length, 8.0, 7.2; length of maxillary toothrow, 7.2, 6.4; length of mandibular toothrow, 7.0, 6.4; mandible length, 18.0, 16.6 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF75DFFEE1FBED3A7E" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[905,1034,267,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ranges of body and cranial measurements from specimens collected in Europe were: length of head and body,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF75DEFEA1FBEC3A3E" box="[904,1035,331,354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.065" metricValueMax="1.35" metricValueMin="0.78" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="106.5" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="78.0">78–135 mm</quantity>
|
||
; length of tail,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF72F1FEA1FAFF3A3E" box="[1191,1304,331,354]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="18.0">18–49 mm</quantity>
|
||
(ca. 30% head-body length); length of hind foot,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF72D5FE81FAE83ADE" box="[1155,1295,363,386]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.825" metricValueMax="2.05" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="18.25" valueMax="20.5" valueMin="16.0">16–20.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, body mass
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF73CFFE81FA153ADE" box="[1433,1522,363,386]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="g" value="32.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="14.0">14–50 g</quantity>
|
||
(birth mass ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF75A3FE61FBFB3AFE" box="[1013,1052,395,418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="g" value="2.0">2 g</quantity>
|
||
); condylobasal length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF7348FE61FA733AFE" box="[1310,1428,395,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="26.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="23.0">23–29 mm</quantity>
|
||
(sample sizes not given—MacDonald and Barrett 1993). Ranges of body measurements for individuals collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF735BFE21FAAD3ABE" box="[1293,1354,459,482]" name="Spain" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
were: head and body length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF758FFE01FB87395E" box="[985,1120,491,514]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" metricValueMax="1.23" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="109.0" valueMax="123.0" valueMin="95.0">95–123 mm</quantity>
|
||
; length of tail,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF735CFE01FA64395E" box="[1290,1411,491,514]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="34.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="25.0">25–44 mm</quantity>
|
||
; length of hind foot,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF75EFFDE1FBD7397E" box="[953,1072,523,546]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="16.0">16–21 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mass
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF722CFDE1FB35397E" box="[1146,1234,523,546]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="g" value="31.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="21.0">21–41 g</quantity>
|
||
(sample sizes not given— Gosalbez and Luque-Larena 2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7525FDA1FB65385E" blockId="3.[840,1523,203,770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Mean measurements (mm ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF729BFDA1FB09393E" box="[1229,1262,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB65AFFBF729BFDA1FB09393E" box="[1229,1262,587,610]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) for footprints of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B65AFFBF738EFDA1FC8139DE" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="generic">
|
||
25
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF751EFD81FC8139DE" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[840,870,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF751EFD81FC8139DE" box="[840,870,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
agrestis were: forefoot print, 7.0 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF72B6FD81FAFA39DE" box="[1248,1309,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7779999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="0.7">0.7 in</quantity>
|
||
width and 7.6 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF7387FD81FCBA39FE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="0.5">0.5 in</quantity>
|
||
length; hind foot print, 7.0 ± 1.0 in width and 9.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65AFFBF73E5FD61FA1439FE" box="[1459,1523,651,674]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="0.8">0.8 in</quantity>
|
||
length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF75CCFD41FB49399E" author="VAN APELDOORN, R." box="[922,1198,683,706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref22132" refString="VAN APELDOORN, R., ET AL. 1993. Footprints of small mammals. A field method of sampling data for different species. Mammalia 57: 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1993">van Apeldoorn et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Baculae (os penis) measurements (mm) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B65AFFBF75BAFD21FBD239BE" box="[1004,1077,715,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males were: corpus length, 3.5, 3.2; basal width, 0.5, 0.4 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF75A4FD01FB96385E" author="DIDIER, R." box="[1010,1137,747,770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="237 - 256" refId="ref14935" refString="DIDIER, R. 1954. Etude systematique de l'os penien des mammiferes (suite). Rongeurs: murides. Mammalia 18: 237 - 256." type="journal article" year="1954">Didier 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B65AFFBF7267FCACFA2D3E3D" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7267FCACFAEE383C" blockId="3.[1073,1289,838,864]" box="[1073,1289,838,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7267FCACFAEE383C" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,838,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7525FC60FBA53F9D" blockId="3.[840,1523,906,1377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7249FC60FB3B38FD" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1055,1244,906,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7249FC60FB3B38FD" box="[1055,1244,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A1CB65AFFBF72A6FC60FAD438FD" box="[1264,1331,906,929]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,822,843]" captionTargetBox="[387,1248,202,806]" captionTargetId="figure-667@4.[384,1248,200,809]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Distribution of Microtus agrestis. The species’ distribution in central Russia is poorly documented and probably not continuous; the map gives approximate overall distribution range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) in northern and central Europe extends from Scandinavia to the Alps, Pyrenees, Galicia, and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7267FC20FB6C38BD" box="[1073,1163,970,993]" name="Portugal" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF72ADFC20FAB038BD" box="[1275,1367,970,993]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7337FC20FA2638BD" box="[1377,1473,970,993]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and nearby small islands eastward to former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7359FC00FA6F3F5D" box="[1295,1416,1002,1025]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern Urals, Altai Mountains (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7218FBE0FB5C3F7D" box="[1102,1211,1034,1057]" name="Mongolia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7316FBE0FA653F7D" box="[1344,1410,1034,1057]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Lake Baikal (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF75CDFBC0FC023F1D" box="[923,997,1066,1089]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7218FBC0FB2B3F1D" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[1102,1228,1066,1089]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF728FFBC0FABD3F1D" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1241,1370,1066,1089]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="177 - 190" refId="ref20555" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1944. Contribution to the taxonomy of Palearctic Microtine. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 43: 177 - 190." type="journal article" year="1944">Ognev 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF733EFBC0FA0C3F1D" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1384,1515,1066,1089]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref14585" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palearctic region: a taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982; Brunet-Lecomte 1991; Gromov and Plyakov 1992; Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999; Musser and Carleton 2005). The species is absent from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF7374FB60FA973FFD" box="[1314,1392,1162,1185]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF73F1FB60FA143FFD" box="[1447,1523,1162,1185]" name="Ireland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7507FB40FBD53F9D" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[849,1074,1194,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7525FB20FA2D3E3D" blockId="3.[840,1523,906,1377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The morphotype
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7278FB20FB413FBD" box="[1070,1190,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. a. exsul</emphasis>
|
||
comprises over 50% of specimens taken from the northern area of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF72B3FB00FAC83E5D" box="[1253,1327,1258,1281]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Scandinavia, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF751EFAE0FC4E3E7D" box="[840,937,1290,1313]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In central Europe, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF72E7FAE0FACB3E7D" box="[1201,1324,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. a. exsul</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB65AFFBF7360FAE0FA833E7D" box="[1334,1380,1290,1313]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
decreases to about 5%, and in southern Europe and the Alps, it never exceeds 20% of specimens collected (Krapp and Niethammer 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B65AFFBA7270FA42FD613D3E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7270FA42FAF23E9E" blockId="3.[1062,1301,1448,1474]" box="[1062,1301,1448,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7270FA42FAF23E9E" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1448,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65AFFBF7525FA01FB963CFE" blockId="3.[840,1523,1515,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The 1st known fossil remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF72A9FA01FA233D5E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1279,1476,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF72A9FA01FA233D5E" box="[1279,1476,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from the Upper Pleistocene of Europe (Kurtén 1968). Earlier records are mostly presented as the “
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF72A6F9C1FA7B3D1E" box="[1264,1436,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">arvalis-agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
” group because these 2 species are only differentiated by M2, missing in most of the materials found. In the British Isles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF73DEF981FC853DFE" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF73DEF981FC853DFE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present from the Cromerian interglacial and Wolstonian period (penultimate glaciation) but never reached
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF73F3F941FA143D9E" box="[1445,1523,1707,1730]" name="Ireland" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7227F921FB193DBE" author="YALDEN, D." box="[1137,1278,1739,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref22556" refString="YALDEN, D. 1999. The history of British mammals. Poyser, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1999">Yalden 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subfossil teeth collected from the island of Jura, Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65AFFBF72B6F901FAA13C5E" box="[1248,1350,1771,1794]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Hebrides</collectingCountry>
|
||
, between 1,500 and 2,500 years ago, show a progressive simplification of the M1 pattern since that time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF72C5F8C1FAC63C1E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1171,1313,1835,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refId="ref14558" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1975. Finding and identifying mammals in Britain. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1975">Corbet 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7325F8C1FA143C1E" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1395,1523,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7325F8C1FA143C1E" box="[1395,1523,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65AFFBF7259F8A1FB523C3E" box="[1039,1205,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65AFFBF7259F8A1FB523C3E" box="[1039,1205,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M. agrestoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was present in the Middle Terrace stage, then absent until the Iglitham stage of the Late Pleistocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65AFFBF7580F861FB863CFE" author="HINTON, M. A. C." box="[982,1121,1931,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" pagination="131" refId="ref16656" refString="HINTON, M. A. C. 1926. Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and extinct. British Museum of Natural History I: 131; 583." type="journal article" year="1926">Hinton 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF656611B65DFFB8763BFCDCFDFB3835" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683698" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4683698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" startId="4.[109,144,822,843]" targetBox="[387,1248,202,806]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB8763BFCDCFDFB3835" blockId="4.[109,1522,822,873]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8763BFCDCFF4A3817" bold="true" box="[109,173,822,843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8770CFCDDFDEE3810" box="[346,521,823,844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB8770CFCDDFDE23810" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[346,517,823,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">Microtus agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The species’ distribution in central Russia is poorly documented and probably not continuous; the map gives approximate overall distribution range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB876CEFC65FDD63D7A" blockId="4.[109,793,911,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Two geochronological forms from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8744AFC65FD8238FA" box="[540,613,911,934]" name="France" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB874F8FC65FF39389A" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="jansoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB874F8FC65FF39389A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis jansoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with larger size measurements of M
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65DFFB87425FC45FD7E389A" box="[627,665,943,966]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the Middle Pleistocene and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB87776FC25FDF238BA" box="[288,533,975,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="aubinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87776FC25FDF238BA" box="[288,533,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis aubinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with smaller size measurement values of M
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65DFFB87701FC05FE9B3F5A" box="[343,380,1007,1030]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the Upper Pleistocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8742CFC05FCEF3F5A" author="CHALINE, J." box="[634,776,1007,1030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refId="ref14203" refString="CHALINE, J. 1972. Les rongeurs du Pleistocene moyen et superieur de France. Cahiers de Paleontologie. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France." type="book" year="1972">Chaline 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB876D8FBE5FF0C3F7A" box="[142,235,1039,1062]" name="Portugal" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB876AFFBE5FE943F7A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[249,371,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB876AFFBE5FE943F7A" box="[249,371,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in Upper Pleistocene deposits of Caldeirão Cave in the center of the country (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB874D9FBC5FF453F3A" author="PoVOAS, J. & ZILHAO, J. & CHALINE & AND P." pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="40 - 47" refId="ref20815" refString="PoVOAS, J., J. ZILHAO, J. CHALINE, AND P. BRUNET- LECOMTE. 1992. La faune de rongeurs du Pleistocene superieure de la grotto de Caldeirao (Tomar, Portugal). Quaternaire 3: 40 - 47." type="journal article" year="1992">Póvoas et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8776EFBA5FE623F3A" box="[312,389,1103,1126]" name="Poland" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fossil remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB87411FBA5FD5A3F3A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[583,701,1103,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87411FBA5FD5A3F3A" box="[583,701,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that the species was present during the entire late Quaternary, including the Last Glacial Maximum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87452FB65FD283FFA" author="NADACHOWSKI, A." box="[516,719,1167,1190]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="149 - 176" refId="ref19853" refString="NADACHOWSKI, A. 1984. Morphometric variability of dentition of the Late Pleistocene voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) from Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 27: 149 - 176." type="journal article" year="1984">Nadachowski 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8748AFB65FCF63FFA" author="NADACHOWSKI, A." box="[732,785,1167,1190]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 53" refId="ref19890" refString="NADACHOWSKI, A. 1989. Origin and history of the present rodent fauna in Poland based on fossil evidence. Acta Theriologica 34: 37 - 53." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8763BFB45FF453F9A" author="NADACHOWSKI, A." box="[109,162,1199,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref19919" refString="NADACHOWSKI, A. 2001. New important neogene and Pleistocene mammals assemblages from Poland. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 40: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB8773CFB45FE053F9A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[362,482,1199,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8773CFB45FE053F9A" box="[362,482,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB874E6FB45FCF33F9A" box="[688,788,1199,1222]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8763BFB25FF593FBA" box="[109,190,1231,1254]" name="Austria" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB87699FB25FECA3FBA" box="[207,301,1231,1254]" name="Hungary" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB87724FB25FE293FBA" box="[370,462,1231,1254]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB877B5FB25FD9F3FBA" author="CHALINE, J." box="[483,632,1231,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refId="ref14203" refString="CHALINE, J. 1972. Les rongeurs du Pleistocene moyen et superieur de France. Cahiers de Paleontologie. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France." type="book" year="1972">Chaline 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB874DAFB25FD263FBA" author="CHALINE, J." box="[652,705,1231,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="440 - 450" refId="ref14236" refString="CHALINE, J. 1974. Esquisse de l'evolution morphologique, biometrique et chromosomique du genre Microtus (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) dans le Pleistocene d l'hemisphere nord. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, Series 7 16: 440 - 450." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8773BFB05FDDD3E5A" author="NADACHOWSKI, A." box="[365,570,1263,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="149 - 176" refId="ref19853" refString="NADACHOWSKI, A. 1984. Morphometric variability of dentition of the Late Pleistocene voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) from Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 27: 149 - 176." type="journal article" year="1984">Nadachowski 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8741CFB05FCEF3E5A" author="KOLFSCHOTEN, T. Van" box="[586,776,1263,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 28" refId="ref17779" refString="KOLFSCHOTEN, T. Van. 1994. Small mammals from the early Mesolithic site of Bedburg-Konigshoven, Germany. Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology 31: 15 - 28." type="journal article" year="1994">Kolfschoten 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8763BFAE5FF2D3E7A" box="[109,202,1295,1318]" name="Hungary" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8768BFAE5FE883E7A" author="JaNOSSY, D." box="[221,367,1295,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refId="ref17117" refString="JaNOSSY, D. 1986. Pleistocene vertebrate faunas of Hungary. Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy. Vol. 8. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands." type="book" year="1986">Jánossy 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB877B8FAE5FDF83E7A" box="[494,543,1295,1318]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Capasso-Barbato and Gliozzi 2001), and Eastern Europe including the Ural Mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87620FAA5FEB13E3A" author="MARKOVA, A. K. & SMIMOV, A. V. & KOZHARINOV, N. E. & KAZANTSEVA, A. N. & SIMAKOVA & AND L. M." box="[118,342,1359,1382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 143" refId="ref19038" refString="MARKOVA, A. K., N. G. SMIMOV, A. V. KOZHARINOV, N. E. KAZANTSEVA, A. N. SIMAKOVA, AND L. M. KITSSEV. 1995. Late Pleistocene distribution and diversity of mammals in northern Eurasia (paleofauna database). Paleontologia I Evolucii 28 - 29: 5 - 143." type="journal article" year="1995">Markova et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB8747AFAA5FD413E3A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[556,678,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8747AFAA5FD413E3A" box="[556,678,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other small mammals in sediments of the Middle Pleistocene from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8763BFA65FEFE3EFA" box="[109,281,1423,1446]" name="Netherlands" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicates interglacial conditions and a mainly wooded environment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87733FA45FDC13E9A" author="KOLFSCHOTEN, T. Van" box="[357,550,1455,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 53" refId="ref17752" refString="KOLFSCHOTEN, T. Van. 1991. The Saalian mammal fossil from Wageningen- Fransche Kamp. Mededelingen Rijks Geological Dienst 46: 37 - 53." type="journal article" year="1991">Kolfschoten 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar conclusions are drawn by Lopez-Garcia et al. (2011) for Burgos (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB8749DFA25FCEA3EBA" box="[715,781,1487,1510]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
). During the earlier stages of the last glacial period,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB874C9FA05FCFF3D5A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[671,792,1519,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB874C9FA05FCFF3D5A" box="[671,792,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present in Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB8771DF9E5FDC73D7A" author="MARKOVA, A. K. & SMIMOV, A. V. & KOZHARINOV, N. E. & KAZANTSEVA, A. N. & SIMAKOVA & AND L. M." box="[331,544,1551,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 143" refId="ref19038" refString="MARKOVA, A. K., N. G. SMIMOV, A. V. KOZHARINOV, N. E. KAZANTSEVA, A. N. SIMAKOVA, AND L. M. KITSSEV. 1995. Late Pleistocene distribution and diversity of mammals in northern Eurasia (paleofauna database). Paleontologia I Evolucii 28 - 29: 5 - 143." type="journal article" year="1995">Markova et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB87777F986FD833DDA" blockId="4.[289,612,1644,1670]" box="[289,612,1644,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87777F986FD833DDA" bold="true" box="[289,612,1644,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB876CEF945FA58389A" blockId="4.[109,792,1711,1958]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,911,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB876CEF945FDFA3D9A" bold="true" box="[152,541,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Form.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB876A1F945FDFA3D9A" authority="agrestis" box="[247,541,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="agrestis">Microtus agrestis agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is one of the largest forms and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB876B0F925FE753DBA" box="[230,402,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
M. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB8777CF925FE753DBA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[298,402,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gregarius">gregarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is one of the smallest forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB874ADF925FF253C5A" baseAuthorityName="Dienske" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB874ADF925FCF63DBA" box="[763,785,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8763BF905FF253C5A" box="[109,194,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Brain case of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87727F905FDC43C5A" box="[369,547,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
M. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB877E0F905FDC43C5A" authorityName="Crespon" authorityYear="1844" box="[438,547,1775,1798]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levernedii">levernedii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is longer than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8763BF8E5FF403C7A" box="[109,167,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB876E6F8E5FE433C7A" authority="(Miller 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[176,420,1807,1830]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB876E6F8E5FEE23C7A" box="[176,261,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87740F8E5FE7E3C7A" author="MILLER, G. S." box="[278,409,1807,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refId="ref19386" refString="MILLER, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Miller 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dental formula is: i 1/1, c 0/0, p 0/0, m 3/3, total 16. Specimens lacking the postero-internal M2 loop have been found from some Danish islands (Reichstein and Reise 1965). Differences in the frequencies of 25 epigenetic skeletal variants, involving skull, vertebrae, girdles, and long bones, were found among populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB87369FC65FA5F38FA" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1343,1464,911,934]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87369FC65FAB238FA" box="[1343,1365,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87335FC65FA5F38FA" box="[1379,1464,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from mid-Wales and Oxford,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB87219FC45FB4E389A" box="[1103,1193,943,966]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Berry and Searle 1963).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB87525FC25FA313F3A" blockId="4.[840,1523,911,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Feces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB8758AFC25FBB038BA" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[988,1111,975,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB8758AFC25FBB038BA" box="[988,1111,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are small, green in color (Lawrence and Brown 1974), and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65DFFB87215FC05FB713F5A" box="[1091,1174,1007,1030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Olfaction is an important sense in communication. Caudal, preputial, and flank glands produce odors essential in intragroup and intraspecific recognition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB872D1FBA5FAC63F3A" author="DE JONGE, G." box="[1159,1313,1103,1126]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="277 - 303" refId="ref14836" refString="DE JONGE, G. 1980. Response to con- and heterospecific male odours by the voles Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis and Clethrionomys glareolus with respect to competition for space. Behaviour 73: 277 - 303." type="journal article" year="1980">de Jonge 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87379FBA5FA223F3A" author="STODDART, D. M." box="[1327,1477,1103,1126]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="293 - 294" refId="ref21838" refString="STODDART, D. M. 1982. Demonstration of olfactory discrimination by the short-tailed vole Microtus agrestis. Animal Behaviour 30: 293 - 294." type="journal article" year="1982">Stoddart 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB87525FB85FB4D3C5A" blockId="4.[840,1523,911,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65DFFB87525FB85FBCD3FDA" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[883,1066,1135,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87525FB85FBCD3FDA" box="[883,1066,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has, in general, 2 annual molts, resulting in a sparse coat with coarse hairs in summer and a dense coat with fine hairs in winter. Thus, there is a change both in the number of hairs and in the amount of hair secreted by the follicles across seasons (Al-Khateeb and Johnson 1971). The molt appears to be adjusted to the environment by way of the endocrine system, with adrenal and thyroid hormones, as well as sex hormones, involved in the regulation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65DFFB87223FAA5FAEB3E3A" author="JOHNSON, E." box="[1141,1292,1359,1382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" pagination="198 - 208" refId="ref17193" refString="JOHNSON, E. 2008. Moulting cycles. Mammal Review 1: 198 - 208." type="journal article" year="2008">Johnson 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens born in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB875F8FA85FBE03EDA" box="[942,1031,1391,1414]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the summer undergo a succession of molts before acquiring an adult coat; no hair growth occurs during December and January (Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Juveniles are darker gray than adults (Krapp and Niethammer 1982). Coat color does not vary throughout the year, although the summer coat is sparser with coarser guard hairs and fewer fine hairs than the dense winter pelage (Wettstein-Westersheimb 1959; Krapp and Niethammer 1982).
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87207F9A5FAC03D3A" box="[1105,1319,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">M. a. macgillivrayii</emphasis>
|
||
has a darker graybrown ventral pelage than central European or southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65DFFB873CCF985FA143DDA" box="[1434,1523,1647,1670]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
forms (Krapp and Niethammer 1982; Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Reported mutant variations in coat color include agouti, pale, piebald, and melanism, though occurrence of melanism is very rare (Corbet and Southern 1977).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65DFFB97525F8E5FED5393E" blockId="4.[840,1523,911,1958]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65DFFB87525F8E5FC063C7B" bold="true" box="[883,993,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Function.</emphasis>
|
||
—In field specimens, growth strategies are correlated with ambient temperatures. Growth is slow or stops altogether during winter, whereas body mass can increase by 50% during summer. In captivity, animals grew continuously throughout the year, both skeletally and in mass (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97620FF21FEF03BBE" author="BaUMLER, W." box="[118,279,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="65 - 70" refId="ref13302" refString="BaUMLER, W. 1979. Die Sommerkrise der Erdmaus (Microtus agrestis L.) Teil I. Die Entwicklungeiner freilebenden Population. Anzeiger Schadlingskde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 52: 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Bäumler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within wild populations variation of body size was suggested to be related to cycles of density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97498FF01FF393A7E" author="BURTHE, S. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="653 - 61" refId="ref14005" refString="BURTHE, S. J., ET AL. 2010. Individual growth rates in natural field vole Microtus agrestis populations exhibiting cyclic population dynamics. Oecologia 162: 653 - 61." type="journal article" year="2010">Burthe et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Animals with a body mass of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65CFFB97465FEE1FD863A7E" box="[563,609,267,290]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="20.0">20 g</quantity>
|
||
consumed about 63.7 kJ of energy daily at 10°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB977B5FEC1FDB83A1E" author="FERNS, P. N." box="[483,607,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="506 - 511" refId="ref15498" refString="FERNS, P. N. 1976. Diet of a Microtus agrestis population in southwest Britain. Oikos 27: 506 - 511." type="journal article" year="1976">Ferns 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Over the year, digestibility ranged between 33.6% and 67.8%, the highest values occurring in spring and summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97441FE81FCEF3ADE" author="PHILLIPSON, J. & AND C." box="[535,776,363,386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="397 - 416" refId="ref20772" refString="PHILLIPSON, J., M. SARRAZIN- COMANS, AND C. STOMATOPOULOS. 1983. Food consumption by Microtus agrestis and the unsuitability of faecal analysis for the determination of food preference. Acta Theriologica 28: 397 - 416." type="journal article" year="1983">Phillipson et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Król and Speakman (2007) reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97435FE61FF603A9E" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97435FE61FF603A9E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
responds to changes in photoperiod by altering digestive efficiency which is translated into changes in body mass and adiposity.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB976B6FE01FEBC395E" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[224,347,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB976B6FE01FF11395E" box="[224,246,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97750FE01FEBC395E" box="[262,347,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may provide an attractive novel animal model for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy homeostasis at both the organism and molecular levels (Król et al. 2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB976CEFD81FCF638FE" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97694FD81FEDF39DE" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[194,312,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97694FD81FEDF39DE" box="[194,312,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65CFFB9744AFD81FD9739DE" box="[540,624,619,642]" name="Sweden" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
in late summer, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) measured at 20°C was 3.95 ml O 2
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65CFFB976B0FD41FECE39EB" attach="left" box="[230,297,681,706]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">g−1 h−1</superScript>
|
||
(Hansson and Grodzinski 1970). Both ADMR and resting metabolic rate (RMR) depended on body mass (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB974A7FD21FCE039BE" box="[753,775,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">W</emphasis>
|
||
); at 20°C, ADMR =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E505EB65CFFB97763FD01FE60385E" box="[309,391,747,770]" degrees="19.54" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" precision="555" value="-19.54">
|
||
19.54
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97727FD01FE60385E" box="[369,391,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">W</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65CFFB977D1FD03FE4B39AB" attach="left" box="[391,428,745,759]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">−0.53</superScript>
|
||
and RMR =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E505EB65CFFB97460FD01FD9C385E" box="[566,635,747,770]" degrees="34.7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" precision="5555" value="-34.7">
|
||
34.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97433FD01FD9C385E" box="[613,635,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">W</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65CFFB9742DFD03FD4739AB" attach="left" box="[635,672,745,759]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">−0.63</superScript>
|
||
. ADMR of individuals housed in separate groups of either 4 or 8 animals, declined by 5–19% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB9771DFCC1FE05381E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[331,482,811,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref16165" refString="HANSSON, L. 1984. Winter reproduction of small mammals in relation to food condition and population dynamics. Special Publication, Carnegie Museum of Natural History 10: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1984">Hansson 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97472FCC1FD7C381E" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[548,667,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97472FCC1FDDD381E" box="[548,570,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9741EFCC1FD7C381E" box="[584,667,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintained on a 16 h dark and 8 h light photoperiod, oxygen consumption peaked at the onset of darkness. RMR varied with ambient temperature (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97682FC61FF0438FE" box="[212,227,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">T</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB976ACFC61FEEE38FE" box="[250,265,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Y</emphasis>
|
||
= 9.42 − 0.21
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB977C9FC61FE4838FE" box="[415,431,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">X</emphasis>
|
||
(Hansson and Grodzinski 1970).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB976CEFC41FDA43E1E" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Daily energy expenditure, determined by means of doubly labeled water, for free-living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB977FFFC21FDC738BE" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[425,544,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB977FFFC21FE5838BE" box="[425,447,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9779BFC21FDC738BE" box="[461,544,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from 1.8 to 4.5 times basal metabolic rate, with an average of 2.9 times basal metabolic rate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97742FBE1FE323F7E" author="MEERLO, P. & BOOLE, G. H. & VISSER, D. & MASMAN & AND S." box="[276,469,1035,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="362 - 369" refId="ref19238" refString="MEERLO, P., L. BOOLE, G. H. VISSER, D. MASMAN, AND S. DAAN. 1997. Basal metabolic rate in relation to body composition and daily energy expenditure in the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Physiological Zoology 70: 362 - 369." type="journal article" year="1997">Meerlo et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Voles are apparently flexible in their thermogenic capacities allowing them to better survive under low ambient temperatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97785FBA1FD7B3F3E" author="JACKSON, D. M. & P. TRAYHURN & AND J." box="[467,668,1099,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="633 - 640" refId="ref17035" refString="JACKSON, D. M., P. TRAYHURN, AND J. SPEAKMAN. 2001. Associations between energetics and over-winter survival in the short-tailed field vole Microtus agrestis. Journal Animal Ecology 70: 633 - 640." type="journal article" year="2001">Jackson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). McDevitt and Speakman (1994) reported that body mass, brown adipose tissue mass, white adipose tissue mass, and basal metabolic rate were found to be positively correlated with the length of time
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB976F2FB21FEFD3FBE" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[164,282,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB976F2FB21FEFD3FBE" box="[164,282,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals were exposed to cold temperatures. Summer acclimatization is manifested as a significant decrease in basal metabolic rate, combined with a significant increase in body mass (McDevitt and Speakman 1996).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB976CEFAA1FEC13D5E" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Short-term (ultradian) activity rhythm, between 2 and 4 h, was identified as associated with latitude or population dynamics. The ultradian rhythm is essentially a feeding rhythm and the periodicity is closely linked to food quality and energy needs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97620FA21FEE83EBE" author="MADISON, D." box="[118,271,1483,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refId="ref18694" refString="MADISON, D. 1985. Activity rhythms and spacing. Pp. 373 - 413 in Biology of new world Microtus (R. H. Tamarin, ed.). Special Publication 8, American Society of Mammalogists, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1985">Madison 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and perhaps avoidance of nest fouling (Alibhai and Gipps 1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB976CEF9E1FDAF3C1E" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Huddling by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9777EF9E1FE463D7E" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[296,417,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9777EF9E1FE463D7E" box="[296,417,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
significantly reduces exposed surface area and increases heating. At an environmental temperature of 0°C, air temperature in metabolic chambers containing huddling groups was 11.8°C compared with 5.8°C when individuals were separated by partitions. Oxygen consumption, measured by open-circuit respirometry, of huddling groups was 23% lower than for animals separated by partitions within metabolic chambers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB976FFF901FE843C5E" author="HAYES, J. P. & J. R. SPEAKMAN & AND P. A." box="[169,355,1771,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="742 - 762" refId="ref16360" refString="HAYES, J. P., J. R. SPEAKMAN, AND P. A. RACEY. 1992. The contributions of local heating and reducing exposed surface area to the energetic benefits of huddling by short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis). Physiological Zoology 65: 742 - 762." type="journal article" year="1992">Hayes et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A 5°C increase in ambient temperature caused by huddling accounts for 55% of the energetic benefits for huddling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB976AFF8C1FDA43C1E" authority="(Hayes et al. 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Hayes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[249,579,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB976AFF8C1FEE83C1E" box="[249,271,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9774AF8C1FE883C1E" box="[284,367,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97729F8C1FDDF3C1E" author="HAYES, J. P. & J. R. SPEAKMAN & AND P. A." box="[383,568,1835,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="742 - 762" refId="ref16360" refString="HAYES, J. P., J. R. SPEAKMAN, AND P. A. RACEY. 1992. The contributions of local heating and reducing exposed surface area to the energetic benefits of huddling by short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis). Physiological Zoology 65: 742 - 762." type="journal article" year="1992">Hayes et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB976CEF8A1FAB23AFE" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Vocalizations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97701F8A1FE333C3E" box="[343,468,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97701F8A1FE8A3C3E" box="[343,365,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB977D7F8A1FE333C3E" box="[385,468,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include a faint, low-pitched mostly polysyllabic call and a range of chattering sounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97497F881FF453CFE" author="DIENSKE, H." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref14963" refString="DIENSKE, H. 1969. Notes on differences between some external and skull characters of Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Zoologische Mededelingen 44: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1969">Dienske 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB976E7F861FEC83CFE" author="KONIG, C." box="[177,303,1931,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refId="ref17811" refString="KONIG, C. 1973. Mammals. Collins & Co., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1973">Konig 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sensitivity to sound shows a low-frequency peak at 9–10 kHz and a high frequency peak at 50 kHz for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9751EFF01FC2C3A5E" box="[840,971,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9751EFF01FC2C3A5E" box="[840,971,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97290FF01FAD23A5E" box="[1222,1333,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97290FF01FAD23A5E" box="[1222,1333,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Apodemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97319FF01FA0B3A5E" authorityName="Tilesius" authorityYear="1850" box="[1359,1516,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Clethrionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97319FF01FA0B3A5E" box="[1359,1516,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Clethrionomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9751EFEE1FC4A3A7E" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1804" box="[840,941,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Gerbillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9751EFEE1FC4A3A7E" box="[840,941,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Gerbillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97594FEE1FBC03A7E" box="[962,1063,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97594FEE1FBC03A7E" box="[962,1063,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Meriones</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9726DFEE1FB8E3A7E" box="[1083,1129,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9726DFEE1FB8E3A7E" box="[1083,1129,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Mus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97228FEE1FB1B3A7E" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1150,1276,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97228FEE1FB1B3A7E" box="[1150,1276,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Peromyscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The high-frequency peak corresponds to frequencies of ultrasonic vocalization produced by the species; infant voles vocalize at 20–55 kHz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB973FDFEA1FC9A3ADE" author="BROWN, A. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="377 - 392" refId="ref13835" refString="BROWN, A. M. 1973. High frequency peaks in the cochlear microphonic response of rodents. Journal of Comparative Physiology 83: 377 - 392." type="journal article" year="1973">Brown 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ultrasonic calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9720CFE81FB373ADE" box="[1114,1232,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9720CFE81FB373ADE" box="[1114,1232,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have fundamental frequencies of 35–50 kHz and a bandwidth of 5–10 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB975FCFE03FA76395F" blockId="5.[938,1425,489,515]" box="[938,1425,489,515]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB975FCFE03FA76395F" bold="true" box="[938,1425,489,515]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB97525FDC6FAA73878" blockId="5.[840,1523,556,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97525FDC6FC023918" bold="true" box="[883,997,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Ontogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
—Young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97206FDC7FAE83918" box="[1104,1295,557,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97206FDC7FAE83918" box="[1104,1295,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are naked and blind at birth and weigh about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65CFFB97230FDA7FB693938" box="[1126,1166,589,612]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="2.0">2 g</quantity>
|
||
. Hair 1st appears between days 4 and 6 of life. Eyes open about the 10th day (Krapp and Niethammer 1982). Weaning occurs at 14–18 days, when young have attained an average weight of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65CFFB97375FD47FAB83998" box="[1315,1375,685,708]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="8.9">8.9 g</quantity>
|
||
; young leave the nest at 21 days, and reach sexual maturity at about 6 weeks, depending on photoperiod and social factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB9732CFD07FC6B3878" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Spears and Clarke 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB972FBFCE7FAD73878" author="ERNEST, S. K." box="[1197,1328,781,804]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="3402" refId="ref15303" refString="ERNEST, S. K. 2003. Life history characteristics of placental non-volant mammals. Ecology 84: 3402." type="journal article" year="2003">Ernest 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB97525FCC7FA783F18" blockId="5.[840,1523,556,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Nestling mortality ranges from 20% in the spring to 50% during the “nutritional crisis” associated with limitations in food supply, when maturation and pregnancy rates also decline. Individual growth patterns, especially in females, and attainment of sexual maturity are closely correlated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB9734DFC47FA0C3898" author="ERLINGE, S. & AGRELL, J. & NELSON & AND M." box="[1307,1515,941,964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refId="ref15230" refString="ERLINGE, S., J. AGRELL, J. NELSON, AND M. SANDELL. 1990. Social organization and population dynamics in a Microtus agrestis population. Pp. 45 - 58 in Social systems and population cycles in voles (R. Tamarin, R. Ostfeld, S. Pugh, and G. Bujalska, eds.). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland." type="book" year="1990">Erlinge et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Maturation rate of females is negatively correlated with density of reproductive females (Pusenius and Viitala 1993a).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB975BAFBE7FB543F78" author="ERGON, T. & MACKINNON, N. C. & STENSETH, R. & BOONSTRA & AND X." box="[1004,1203,1037,1060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="185 - 197" refId="ref15175" refString="ERGON, T., J. L. MACKINNON, N. C. STENSETH, R. BOONSTRA, AND X. LAMBIN. 2001. Mechanisms for delayed density-dependent reproductive traits in field voles, Microtus agrestis: the importance of inherited environmental effects. Oikos 95: 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="2001">Ergon et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that seasonal decline in maturation rates is governed by changes in photoperiod.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB97525FBA6FB8B3E38" blockId="5.[840,1523,556,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97525FBA6FBF53F38" bold="true" box="[883,1042,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
—Breeding in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB9729CFBA7FA763F38" box="[1226,1425,1101,1124]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB9729CFBA7FA763F38" box="[1226,1425,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is seasonal and extends from February to October in central Europe (Alibhai and Gipps 1991) and until November or December in other regions (Saint-Girons 1973;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB972A6FB47FA683F98" author="HANSSON, L." box="[1264,1423,1197,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref16165" refString="HANSSON, L. 1984. Winter reproduction of small mammals in relation to food condition and population dynamics. Special Publication, Carnegie Museum of Natural History 10: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1984">Hansson 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB973F5FB47FC223FB8" author="ERLINGE, S. & AGRELL, J. & NELSON & AND M." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refId="ref15230" refString="ERLINGE, S., J. AGRELL, J. NELSON, AND M. SANDELL. 1990. Social organization and population dynamics in a Microtus agrestis population. Pp. 45 - 58 in Social systems and population cycles in voles (R. Tamarin, R. Ostfeld, S. Pugh, and G. Bujalska, eds.). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland." type="book" year="1990">Erlinge et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a reproductive peak, June–August (Krapp and Niethammer 1982). This breeding pattern leads to recruitment of most young in summer or by early autumn. Breeding early in the year most likely occurs in those in better condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97507FAA7FBBB3E38" author="BELDOMENICO, P. & TELFER, S. & GEBERT, L. & LUKOMSKI, M. & BENNETT & AND M." box="[849,1116,1357,1380]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="984 - 997" refId="ref13386" refString="BELDOMENICO, P., S. TELFER, S. GEBERT, L. LUKOMSKI, M. BENNETT, AND M. BEGON. 2008. The dynamics of health in wild field vole: a haematological perspective. Journal Animal Ecology 77: 984 - 997." type="journal article" year="2008">Beldomenico et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65CFFB9752AFA87FC0C3CF8" blockId="5.[840,1523,556,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Testis development in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65CFFB97223FA87FB093ED8" box="[1141,1262,1389,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB97223FA87FB6C3ED8" box="[1141,1163,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65CFFB972CDFA87FB093ED8" box="[1179,1262,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
raised under long photoperiods is rapid, and full sexual maturity is reached by 6–7 weeks. After this time the testis increased in weight to a plateau at about 70 days. Testis development under short photoperiods is much slower and when maturity is reached, for the majority of males between 4 and 6 months of age, testis weight was not as great as in animals of the same age kept in long photoperiods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97528F9A7FBF13D38" author="GROCOCK, C. A." box="[894,1046,1613,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="423 - 427" refId="ref15990" refString="GROCOCK, C. A. 1979. Testis development in the vole, Microtus agrestis, subjected to long or short photoperiods from birth. Journal of Reprodu ction and Fertility 55: 423 - 427." type="journal article" year="1979">Grocock 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males are considered fully sexually active when the testis have a cross-sectional area of>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65CFFB97314F987FA6B3DD8" box="[1346,1420,1645,1668]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65CFFB973DBF981FA723D25" attach="left" box="[1421,1429,1643,1657]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB973F2F987FC9A3DF8" author="ANDERA, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13050" refString="ANDERA, M. 1981. Reproduction of Microtus agrestis in Czechoslovakia. Acta Scientarium Naturalium Brno / Prirodoredne' Prace Ustavu Ceskoslovenske Ved v Brne 15: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1981">Andera 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Structural changes in male gonads that occur throughout the breeding season are related to the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). Individuals from populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65CFFB9737FF927FA623DB8" box="[1321,1413,1741,1764]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, exhibited increases in pituitary LH, testicular mass, and seminal vesicle mass between January and April. These values peaked from May to July, but declined from August to December (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97301F8C7FC9A3C38" author="CHARLTON, H. M. & S. A & CHIAPPA, G. & FINK, C. S. & GROCOCK & AND E." pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="2405 - 2410" refId="ref14354" refString="CHARLTON, H. M., S. A. CHIAPPA, G. FINK, C. S. GROCOCK, AND E. VERSI. 1983. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary luteinizing hormone contents in the male vole (Microtus agrestis) in the field during breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2405 - 2410." type="journal article" year="1983">Charlton et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Body mass of males exhibited a significant positive correlation with reproductive success and dominance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB97333F887FA0C3CD8" author="NELSON, J." box="[1381,1515,1901,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refId="ref20040" refString="NELSON, J. 1994. Determinants of spacing behaviour, reproductive success and mating system in male field voles, Microtus agrestis. Ph. D. dissertation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden." type="book" year="1994">Nelson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65CFFB9751EF867FC3B3CF8" author="NELSON, J." box="[840,988,1933,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref20077" refString="NELSON, J. 1995 a. Determinants of male spacing behavior in microtines: an experimental manipulation of female spatial distribution and density. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37: 217 - 223." type="journal article" year="1995">Nelson 1995a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFF21FCEB3A1E" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">In spring, when females and males are densely aggregated, estrous cycles are asynchronous. When breeding females aggregate again in late summer, estrous cycles become more synchronous and males become territorial (Viitala and Pusenius 1990).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFEA1FEBC395E" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Ovulation is induced by mating or by the presence of sexually mature males through tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7620FE61FEF33AFE" author="MILLIGAN, S. R." box="[118,276,395,418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="35 - 37" refId="ref19427" refString="MILLIGAN, S. R. 1974. Social environment and ovulation in the vole Microtus agrestis. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 41: 35 - 37." type="journal article" year="1974">Milligan 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Strange males can block the pregnancy of females previously mated with a stud male (Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Matrilineal kin clusters influence reproductive success (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7620FE01FEAC395E" author="PUSENIUS, J. & VIITALA, T. & MARIENBERG & AND S." box="[118,331,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref20929" refString="PUSENIUS, J., J. VIITALA, T. MARIENBERG, AND S. RITVANEN. 1998. Matrilineal kin clusters and their effect on reproductive success in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Behavioral Ecology 9: 85 - 92." type="journal article" year="1998">Pusenius et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFDE1FDE9399E" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Experiments with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA7732FDE1FE39397E" box="[356,478,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7732FDE1FE9D397E" box="[356,378,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA77DDFDE1FE39397E" box="[395,478,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under laboratory conditions demonstrated that selection for gonadal response to short photoperiods causes changes in growth rates and gonadal response after a single generation (Spears and Clarke 1988). Enclosure experiments and DNA fingerprinting revealed multiple paternity in 4 of 12 litters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7771FD41FE19399E" author="BERTEAUX, D. & BETY, E. & RENGIFO & AND J. M." box="[295,510,683,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref13494" refString="BERTEAUX, D., J. BETY, E. RENGIFO, AND J. M. BERGERON. 1999. Multiple paternity in meador voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus): investigating the role of the female. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1999">Berteaux et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFD21FE6D3F1E" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Gestation is 18–21 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77FBFD21FDD439BE" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[429,563,715,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Average litter sizes at birth are
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65FFFBA76B3FD01FECF385E" box="[229,296,747,770]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA777BFD01FE77385E" box="[301,400,747,770]" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65FFFBA7794FD01FDE2385E" box="[450,517,747,770]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA745DFD01FDBB385E" box="[523,604,747,770]" name="Finland" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(sample sizes not given). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA768BFCE1FECD387E" box="[221,298,779,802]" name="Poland" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, litter sizes at birth were: 2–7 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA742AFCE1FD6E387E" box="[636,649,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 332, mean 4.25; for animals housed in a laboratory
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7445FCC1FDC7381E" box="[531,544,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 32, mean 4.7). In former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA76CBFCA1FEAF383E" box="[157,328,843,866]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Czechoslovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, range of litter size was 4.14–4.28 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7497FCA1FD29383E" box="[705,718,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 292, corresponding to the total annual mean litter sizes of 3 different populations—Andera 1980; Krapp and Niethammer 1982). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA763BFC41FF2E389E" box="[109,201,939,962]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, litter size ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65FFFBA779AFC41FDC0389E" box="[460,551,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="0.508" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 7 in</quantity>
|
||
the wild and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65FFFBA74EBFC41FCFF389E" box="[701,792,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 6 in</quantity>
|
||
the laboratory, sample sizes not given (Alibhai and Gipps 1991).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA763BFC01FF023F5E" box="[109,229,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA763BFC01FF023F5E" box="[109,229,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have> 1 litter per year, average 3.6; inter-litter interval around 20 days (Alibhai and Gipps 1991; Corbet and Harris 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA76ACFBC1FE9D3F1E" author="ERNEST, S. K." box="[250,378,1067,1090]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="3402" refId="ref15303" refString="ERNEST, S. K. 2003. Life history characteristics of placental non-volant mammals. Ecology 84: 3402." type="journal article" year="2003">Ernest 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFBA1FD9B3EDE" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Mean litter size based on embryo counts increases somewhat proportionately from small to larger females and is slightly higher than the number of young in litters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77ABFB61FD6E3FFE" author="ANDERA, M." box="[509,649,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13050" refString="ANDERA, M. 1981. Reproduction of Microtus agrestis in Czechoslovakia. Acta Scientarium Naturalium Brno / Prirodoredne' Prace Ustavu Ceskoslovenske Ved v Brne 15: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1981">Andera 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Number of litters produced, an index of reproductive success, varies with age and food availability (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77DCFB21FDA83FBE" author="NELSON, J. & AGNELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND M." box="[394,591,1227,1250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref20145" refString="NELSON, J., J. AGNELL, S. ERLINGE, AND M. SANDELL. 1991. Reproduction of different female age categories and dynamics in a non-cyclic field vole (Microtus agrestis) population. Oikos 61: 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="1991">Nelson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA74D3FB21FD3E3FBE" box="[645,729,1227,1250]" name="Finland" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, litter size increases from south to north depending on phase of cycle, although litter size is one of the least variable parameters in the microtine cycle (Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Embryonic resorptions occur during the entire breeding season but rates are higher toward the end of the season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77FAFA81FD8B3EDE" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[428,620,1387,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEFA61FD613D3E" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Sex ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA7749FA61FE713EFE" box="[287,406,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7749FA61FE713EFE" box="[287,406,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at birth is 1:1, although it becomes heavily weighted to females during the breeding season. This is especially true at peak abundance, due to differential dispersal of the sexes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA76B4FA01FE433D5E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[226,420,1515,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the laboratory under uniform conditions, sex ratios do not change (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77A8F9E1FD713D7E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[510,662,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref16199" refString="HANSSON, L. 1987. Vole sex ratios: the importance of mating systems and maternal condition. Oikos 49: 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1987">Hansson 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fecundity monitoring in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA7753F9C1FE9C3D1E" box="[261,379,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7753F9C1FEFC3D1E" box="[261,283,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA777EF9C1FE9C3D1E" box="[296,379,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was suggested as a useful biolomarker of environmental disturbance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA77E2F9A1FD913D3E" author="CAPLEN, G. & MOTTRAM, A. R. & PICKARD & AND S. R." box="[436,630,1611,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="1719 - 1735" refId="ref14147" refString="CAPLEN, G., T. T. MOTTRAM, A. R. PICKARD, AND S. R. MILLIGAN. 2004. A biosensor-based method for non-invasively monitoring wildlife reproduction-the field vole (Microtus agrestis) as a potential biomarker of environmental disruption. Analytical Letters 37: 1719 - 1735." type="journal article" year="2004">Caplen et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B65FFFB6772EF943FDB43A9E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA772EF943FDE93D9F" blockId="6.[376,526,1705,1731]" box="[376,526,1705,1731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA772EF943FDE93D9F" bold="true" box="[376,526,1705,1731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA76CEF906FA633A5E" blockId="6.[109,792,1772,1956]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA76CEF906FE313C58" bold="true" box="[152,470,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—Maximum longevity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA763BF8E7FED73C78" box="[109,304,1805,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA763BF8E7FED73C78" box="[109,304,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies from 16 to 18 months in nature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7620F8C7FEDD3C18" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[118,314,1837,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA771DF8C7FE3D3C18" author="ANDERA, M." box="[331,474,1837,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13050" refString="ANDERA, M. 1981. Reproduction of Microtus agrestis in Czechoslovakia. Acta Scientarium Naturalium Brno / Prirodoredne' Prace Ustavu Ceskoslovenske Ved v Brne 15: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1981">Andera 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but is nearly 40 months in captivity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA768DF8A7FE7C3C38" author="GEBCZYNSKA, Z." box="[219,411,1869,1892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="67 - 79" refId="ref15781" refString="GEBCZYNSKA, Z. 1964. Morphological changes occurring in laboratory Microtus agrestis with age. Acta Theriologica 9: 67 - 79." type="journal article" year="1964">Gebczynska 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mortality is very high during the 1st month of life, especially during summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7406F887FCF73CD8" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[592,784,1901,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA763BF867FEE03CF8" author="BaUMLER, W." box="[109,263,1933,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="65 - 70" refId="ref13302" refString="BaUMLER, W. 1979. Die Sommerkrise der Erdmaus (Microtus agrestis L.) Teil I. Die Entwicklungeiner freilebenden Population. Anzeiger Schadlingskde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 52: 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Baumler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Frequently, the proportion of adult or subadult females in populations is higher than males due to higher mortality accompanying male dispersal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA72E3FF01FA933A5E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[1205,1396,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="468 - 493" refId="ref19761" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 a. Demographic mechanisms in the fluctuating populations of the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 468 - 493." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA7525FEE1FA78391E" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Reproductive traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA7220FEE1FB143A7E" box="[1142,1267,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7220FEE1FB6B3A7E" box="[1142,1164,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA72F6FEE1FB143A7E" box="[1184,1267,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern Sweden’s
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB65FFFBA751EFEC1FC5B3A1E" box="[840,956,299,322]" country="Sweden" name="Stockholm" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Stockholm</collectingRegion>
|
||
Baltic Archipelago island were compared to that of mainland voles all maintained in the laboratory over 3 years. Insular colonies, compared to mainland voles, were characterized by larger adult body size, more rapid growth, larger and heavier litters, and larger overall reproductive effort relative to body size. Both mainland and insular colonies are similar in gestation length, litter mortality, and age at sexual maturity. This suggests that larger body size and reproductive traits are coevolved traits of island colonization (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA72BBFDC1FA68391E" author="EBENHARD, T." box="[1261,1423,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="1833 - 1848" refId="ref15042" refString="EBENHARD, T. 1990. A colonization strategy in field voles (Microtus agrestis): reproductive traits and body size. Ecology 71: 1833 - 1848." type="journal article" year="1990">Ebenhard 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA7525FDA1FB093EBE" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Direct density-dependent regulation occurs in populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA75F1FD81FA8A39DE" authority="(Klemola and Koivula 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[935,1389,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA75F1FD81FBC539DE" box="[935,1058,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(Klemola and Koivula 2002)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cyclic and annual changes in population numbers relate to changes in body mass, survival, growth, and reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7376FD41FA04399E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[1312,1507,683,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="468 - 493" refId="ref19761" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 a. Demographic mechanisms in the fluctuating populations of the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 468 - 493." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hematological parameters characterizing body condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA751EFD01FC26385E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[840,961,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA751EFD01FCB9385E" box="[840,862,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7538FD01FC26385E" box="[878,961,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are affected adversely by high population densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7507FCE1FBBF387E" author="BELDOMENICO, P. & TELFER, S. & GEBERT, L. & LUKOMSKI, M. & BENNETT & AND M." box="[849,1112,779,802]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="984 - 997" refId="ref13386" refString="BELDOMENICO, P., S. TELFER, S. GEBERT, L. LUKOMSKI, M. BENNETT, AND M. BEGON. 2008. The dynamics of health in wild field vole: a haematological perspective. Journal Animal Ecology 77: 984 - 997." type="journal article" year="2008">Beldomenico et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genetic and behavioral mechanisms are insufficient alone to generate cycles; an additional, more relevant role has been attributed to habitat structure and dispersal movements (mediated by social behavior) between habitat patches of different quality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA722AFC61FAF338FE" author="HANSSON, L." box="[1148,1300,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="539 - 544" refId="ref16141" refString="HANSSON, L. 1977. Spatial dynamics of field voles Microtus agrestis in heterogeneous landscapes. Oikos 29: 539 - 544." type="journal article" year="1977">Hansson 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7372FC61FA5C38FE" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[1316,1467,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="545 - 552" refId="ref21760" refString="STENSETH, N. C. 1977. On the importance of spatio-temporal heterogeneity for the population dynamics of rodents towards a theoretical foundation for rodent control. Oikos 29: 545 - 552." type="journal article" year="1977">Stenseth 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and climate changes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA75A9FC41FB2B389E" author="BIERMAN, S. M. & FAIRBAIRN, S. J. & PETTY, D. A. & ELSTON, D. & TIDHAR & AND X." box="[1023,1228,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="583 - 590" refId="ref13598" refString="BIERMAN, S. M., J. P. FAIRBAIRN, S. J. PETTY, D. A. ELSTON, D. TIDHAR, AND X. LAMBIN. 2006. Changes over time in the spatiotemporal dynamics of cyclic populations of the field vole (Microtus agrestis). The American Naturalist 167: 583 - 590." type="journal article" year="2006">Bierman et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA72B7FC41FA58389E" author="DALKVIST, T. & R. SIBLY & AND C. J." box="[1249,1471,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="22834" refId="ref14768" refString="DALKVIST, T., R. SIBLY, AND C. J. TOPPING. 2011. How predation and landscape fragmentation affect vole population dynamics. PLoS One 6: e 22834." type="journal article" year="2011">Dalkvist et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that habitat fragmentation and predator assembly jointly determine cycle length and amplitude in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA7353FC01FA993F5E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1285,1406,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA7353FC01FA993F5E" box="[1285,1406,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, lack of winter food supply is apparently a more direct factor in regulating density of populations than predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7324FBC1FC9A3F3E" author="HUITU, O. & KOIVULA, E. & KORPIMaKI, T. & KLEMOLA & AND K." pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="2108 - 2118" refId="ref16729" refString="HUITU, O., M. KOIVULA, E. KORPIMaKI, T. KLEMOLA, AND K. NORRDAHL. 2003. Winter food supply limits growth of northern vole populations in the absence of predation. Ecology 84: 2108 - 2118." type="journal article" year="2003">Huitu et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA75C0FBA1FB913F3E" author="MASSEY, F. P. & SMITH, X. & LAMBIN & AND S. E." box="[918,1142,1099,1122]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="419 - 422" refId="ref18994" refString="MASSEY, F. P., M. J. SMITH, X. LAMBIN, AND S. E. HARTLEY. 2008. Are silica defences in grasses driving vole population cycles? Biology Letters 4: 419 - 422." type="journal article" year="2008">Massey et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that silica-based defenses in grasses may play a relevant role in driving vole population cycles; high silica levels may reduce vole body mass by 0.5% a day. Changes in reproduction do not drive cyclic fluctuations in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA751EFB21FC273FBE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[840,960,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA751EFB21FC273FBE" box="[840,960,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations but regulation of cycle populations can be disrupted by the influence of another grazer in the same trophic level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7597FAE1FB903E7E" author="VILLAR, N. & CORNULIER, D. & EVANS, R. & PAKEMAN, S. & REDPATH & AND X." box="[961,1143,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="55 - 61" refId="ref22314" refString="VILLAR, N., T. CORNULIER, D. EVANS, R. PAKEMAN, S. REDPATH, AND X. LAMBIN. 2014. Experimental evidence that livestock grazing intensity affects cyclic vole population regulation processes. Population Ecology 56: 55 - 61." type="journal article" year="2014">Villar et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Low survival of young has a role in the shift from the peak to the decline phase in late summer and early autumn (Norrdahl and Korpimäki 2002). Furthermore, differences in social behavior of juveniles born in spring-early summer or autumn may account for differences in the behavior of mature males and ultimately have an important effect on the annual population cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7200FA21FB393EBE" author="WILSON, S." box="[1110,1246,1483,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="45 - 62" refId="ref22489" refString="WILSON, S. 2008. The development of social behavior in the vole (Microtus agrestis). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 52: 45 - 62." type="journal article" year="2008">Wilson 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65FFFBA7525FA01FAB93CFE" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
High population densities may be attained every 2–6 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7506F9E1FBE73D7E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[848,1024,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="27 - 48" refId="ref19719" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1970. Population ecology and its application to the control of the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Publications, Serie A 58: 27 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Myllymäki 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA7244F9E1FBB53D7E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[1042,1106,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krapp and Niethammer 1982). Peaks of abundance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA75AFF9C1FB8A3D1E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1017,1133,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA75AFF9C1FB8A3D1E" box="[1017,1133,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in central Scandinavia occur at 3- to 4-year intervals. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65FFFBA7259F9A1FB533D3E" box="[1039,1204,1611,1634]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA72E8F9A1FA703D3E" author="GOUVEIA, A." box="[1214,1431,1611,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="581 - 589" refId="ref15953" refString="GOUVEIA, A., ET AL. 2015. Long-term pattern of population dynamics in the field vole from central Europe: cyclic pattern with amplitude dampening. Population Ecology 57: 581 - 589." type="journal article" year="2015">Gouveia et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65FFFBA752EF981FC0B3DDE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[888,1004,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA752EF981FC693DDE" box="[888,910,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65FFFBA75CBF981FC0B3DDE" box="[925,1004,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dynamics are highly variable, although peaks of abundance occur regularly at intervals of 4–5 years, as elsewhere. Survival schedules, growth patterns, reproduction rates, population structures, and habitat dynamics are related to seasonal and cyclic phases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA75C9F901FBBB3C5E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[927,1116,1771,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When population densities increase, damage occurs to natural vegetation and agricultural crops. The most common
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB65FFFBA75B7F8C1FBEA3C1E" box="[993,1037,1835,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of damage is girdling trunks of cultivated trees, usually under the snow cover. In horticulture, the apple tree is the commonest subject of injury, while, in forestry, several deciduous and conifer species are attacked (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65FFFBA72CEF861FAA83CFE" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[1176,1359,1931,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" pagination="177 - 207" refId="ref19816" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 c. Outbreaks and Damage by the Field Vole, Microtus agrestis (L.), since World War II in Europe. EPPO Bulletin 7: 177 - 207." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB76CEFF21FD97391E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Relative to southern noncyclic populations, cyclic populations in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB7714FF01FE713A5E" box="[322,406,235,258]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
are more polygynous, have higher recruitment of breeding females, contain a higher percentage of females in litters, but show no female maternal effects. Differences between northern and southern populations may include traits such as chromosomal structure (Fredga and Hansen-Melander 1970), isozyme composition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7439FE61FF453A9E" author="RASMUSON, B. & M. RASMUSON & AND J." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref20973" refString="RASMUSON, B., M. RASMUSON, AND J. NYGREN. 1977. Genetically controlled differences between cycling and non-cycling populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis). Hereditas 87: 33 - 41." type="journal article" year="1977">Rasmuson et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), dental patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7733FE41FDE93A9E" author="REINWALDT, E." box="[357,526,427,450]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="495 - 500" refId="ref21236" refString="REINWALDT, E. 1968. Sum Kauflachenmuster der molaraen der erdmaus (Microtus agrestis Linne) in Schweden. Arkiv for Zoologia 20: 495 - 500." type="journal article" year="1968">Reinwaldt 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), genetically determined aspects of locomotor activity, and sensitivity to social stimuli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7620FE01FE82395E" author="RASMUSON, B. & M. RASMUSON & AND J." box="[118,357,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref20973" refString="RASMUSON, B., M. RASMUSON, AND J. NYGREN. 1977. Genetically controlled differences between cycling and non-cycling populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis). Hereditas 87: 33 - 41." type="journal article" year="1977">Rasmuson et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7721FE01FDF5395E" author="NYGREN, J." box="[375,530,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="65 - 72" refId="ref20389" refString="NYGREN, J. 1980 a. Allozyme variation in natural populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis L.). I. Survey of the " semistable " population in southern Sweden. Hereditas 92: 65 - 72." type="journal article" year="1980">Nygren 1980a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7475FE01FD82395E" author="NYGREN, J." box="[547,613,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref20431" refString="NYGREN, J. 1980 b. Allozyme variation in natural populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis L.). II. Survey of an isolated island population. Hereditas 93: 107 - 123." type="journal article" year="1980">1980b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), body size and condition (Hansson and Jaarola 1989), litter size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB74D5FDE1FF45391E" author="STENSETH, N. C. & T. O & GUSTAFSSON, L. & HANSSON & AND K. I." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="1795 - 1808" refId="ref21795" refString="STENSETH, N. C., T. O. GUSTAFSSON, L. HANSSON, AND K. I. UGLAND. 1985. On the evolution of reproductive rates in microtine rodents. Ecology 66: 1795 - 1808." type="journal article" year="1985">Stenseth et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and winter reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB779FFDC1FD87391E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[457,608,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref16165" refString="HANSSON, L. 1984. Winter reproduction of small mammals in relation to food condition and population dynamics. Special Publication, Carnegie Museum of Natural History 10: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1984">Hansson 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB76CEFDA1FD1C3F3E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB76CEFDA1FEF4393F" bold="true" box="[152,275,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—One of the most abundant and widespread microtine voles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB777AFD81FE0A39DE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[300,493,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB777AFD81FE0A39DE" box="[300,493,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is found at elevations up to about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65EFFBB7699FD61FECD39FE" box="[207,298,651,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2100.0">2,100 m</quantity>
|
||
(Saint-Girons 1973; Krapp and Niethammer 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB76E5FD41FE7B399E" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[179,412,683,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It prefers wet areas in meadows, riverside habitats, and forests with dense herbaceous cover (Corbet and Southern 1977;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB77E3FD01FDB4385E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[437,595,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="539 - 544" refId="ref16141" refString="HANSSON, L. 1977. Spatial dynamics of field voles Microtus agrestis in heterogeneous landscapes. Oikos 29: 539 - 544." type="journal article" year="1977">Hansson 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7431FD01FF44387E" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Marginal habitats supporting lower population densities include woodlands, hedgerows, dunes, and moorlands (Alibhai and Gipps 1991). In central Scandinavia, the most productive habitats are permanent grassland patches with a high proportion of preferred dicotyledonous food plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7417FC61FCEF38FE" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[577,776,907,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB76C6FC41FF01389E" box="[144,230,939,962]" name="Finland" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB76A0FC41FE3D389E" author="SAVOLA, S. & H. HENTTONEN & AND H." box="[246,474,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref21465" refString="SAVOLA, S., H. HENTTONEN, AND H. LINDeN. 2013. Vole population dynamics during succession of a commercial forest in northern Finland. Annals Zoologici Fennici 50: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2013">Savola et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that abundance of 2 voles, the bank vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB77D2FC21FDAD38BE" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[388,586,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB77D2FC21FDAD38BE" box="[388,586,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Myodes glareolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB74C5FC21FCF638BE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[659,785,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB74C5FC21FCF638BE" box="[659,785,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are dependent on the current forestry practices.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB74DEFC01FF513F7E" author="MARCHI, C. & ANDERSEN, C. & DAMGAARD, K. & OLSEN, T. S. & JENSEN & AND V." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="486 - 494" refId="ref18934" refString="MARCHI, C., L. W. ANDERSEN, C. DAMGAARD, K. OLSEN, T. S. JENSEN, AND V. LOESCHCKE. 2013. Gene flow and population structure of a common agricultural wild species (Microtus agrestis) under different land management regimes. Heredity 111: 486 - 494." type="journal article" year="2013">Marchi et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that landscape structure and land management are relevant factors in shaping gene flow and genetic diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB76DDFBA1FEE33F3E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[139,260,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB76DDFBA1FF463F3E" box="[139,161,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB76F9FBA1FEE33F3E" box="[175,260,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in agricultural areas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB74D8FBA1FD103F3E" box="[654,759,1099,1122]" name="Denmark" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB76CEFB81FD813E3E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7772FB81FE473FDE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[292,416,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7772FB81FEDD3FDE" box="[292,314,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB771BFB81FE473FDE" box="[333,416,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indicated by well-formed runways at ground level (also used by other small mammal species), feces, and small mounds of short-nibbled grass leaves or stems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7620FB21FF193FBE" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[118,254,1227,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Underground tunnels connected to surface runways are constructed, but are rarely very extensive (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB76B6FAE1FE833E7E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[224,356,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nests constructed of dry grass are usually round and are usually under roots or protected by dense vegetation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7693FAA1FEAD3E3E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[197,330,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB76CEFA81FD8C3C3E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Home ranges of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB77C2FA81FDE93EDE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[404,526,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB77C2FA81FDE93EDE" box="[404,526,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB746EFA81FD6E3EDE" box="[568,649,1387,1410]" name="Finland" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
are between 400 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65EFFBB7686FA61FEF03EFE" box="[208,279,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65EFFBB7740FA63FEF93ECB" attach="left" box="[278,286,1417,1431]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">2</superScript>
|
||
(Krapp and Niethammer 1982); home ranges of males are estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65EFFBB77FEFA41FE0A3E9E" box="[424,493,1451,1474]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65EFFBB77BBFA43FE123EEB" attach="left" box="[493,501,1449,1463]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">2</superScript>
|
||
and females about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65EFFBB749DFA41FCF73E9E" box="[715,784,1451,1474]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65EFFBB7546FA43FCFF3EEB" attach="left" box="[784,792,1449,1463]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">2</superScript>
|
||
(Alibhai and Gipps 1991). Home ranges of males increase to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB65EFFBB763BFA01FEF73D5E" box="[109,272,1515,1538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E505EB65EFFBB763BFA01FF4E3D5E" box="[109,169,1515,1538]" degrees="1,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" precision="55" value="1.0">1,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E505EB65EFFBB76FFFA01FF143D5E" box="[169,243,1515,1538]" degrees="1,500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" precision="55" value="-1.5">–1,500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6F9BD1B65EFFBB7759FA03FEF03EAB" attach="left" box="[271,279,1513,1527]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">2</superScript>
|
||
during the breeding season, becoming sympatric with those of females (Krapp and Niethammer 1982). Home ranges of females in suboptimal habitats are larger and overlap less than those in more suitable habitats (Pusenius and Viitala 1993b). There is a negative correlation between home-range size and density. No significant correlation between home-range size and body mass was found. Male residency was transient and recruitment of female offspring influences male residency (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7620F901FEFB3C5E" author="LOUGHRAN, M. F." box="[118,284,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref18608" refString="LOUGHRAN, M. F. 2007. Social organization of the male field vole Microtus agrestis: a case of transient territoriality? Annales Zoologici Fennici 44: 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="2007">Loughran 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The introduction of immigrants into resident populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7743F8E1FE773C7E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[277,400,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7743F8E1FECC3C7E" box="[277,299,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB776BF8E1FE773C7E" box="[317,400,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
disturbs the social organization by reducing home-range size of resident females and increasing mortality of males (Riotte-Lambert et al. 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB76CEF881FBAF38DE" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB76CEF881FF2A3CDF" bold="true" box="[152,205,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—Diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB776AF881FE1E3CDE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[316,505,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB776AF881FE1E3CDE" box="[316,505,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes leaves and stems of grasses, dicotyledons, and ferns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB77BBF861FD613CFE" author="HANSSON, L." box="[493,646,1931,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="183 - 198" refId="ref16119" refString="HANSSON, L. 1971. Small rodent food, feeding and population dynamics. Oikos 22: 183 - 198." type="journal article" year="1971">Hansson 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB74C5F861FCF73CFE" author="EVANS, D. M." box="[659,784,1931,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref15324" refString="EVANS, D. M. 1973. Seasonal variation in the body composition and nutrition of the vole Microtus agrestis. Journal of Animal Ecology 42: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1973">Evans 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB751EFF21FC233BBE" author="FERNS, P. N." box="[840,964,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="506 - 511" refId="ref15498" refString="FERNS, P. N. 1976. Diet of a Microtus agrestis population in southwest Britain. Oikos 27: 506 - 511." type="journal article" year="1976">Ferns 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and seeds of the more succulent plant species in spring and summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7265FF01FAC23A5E" author="PHILLIPSON, J. & AND C." box="[1075,1317,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="397 - 416" refId="ref20772" refString="PHILLIPSON, J., M. SARRAZIN- COMANS, AND C. STOMATOPOULOS. 1983. Food consumption by Microtus agrestis and the unsuitability of faecal analysis for the determination of food preference. Acta Theriologica 28: 397 - 416." type="journal article" year="1983">Phillipson et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7316FF01FA5B3A5E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1344,1468,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7316FF01FA5B3A5E" box="[1344,1468,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers easily available small umbrella herbs and seed producers rather than, for instance, rosette herbs, dwarf shrubs, and tall umbrella herbs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7255FEA1FB023A3E" author="HJAELTEN, J. & K. DANELL & AND L." box="[1027,1253,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="181 - 190" refId="ref16690" refString="HJAELTEN, J., K. DANELL, AND L. ERICSON. 1996. Food selection by two vole species in relation to plant growth strategies and plant chemistry. Oikos 76: 181 - 190." type="journal article" year="1996">Hjaelten et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Exceptionally, animal prey (e.g., dipteran larvae) are taken (Krapp and Niethammer 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB75DBFE61FB953AFE" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[909,1138,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Locally, preference for plant species seems to be related to palatability and nutrient content of available plants on the ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7291FE21FA853ABE" author="WHEELER P." box="[1223,1378,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="483 - 492" refId="ref22431" refString="WHEELER P. 2005. The diet of field voles Microtus agrestis at low population density in upland Britain. Acta Theriologica 50: 483 - 492." type="journal article" year="2005">Wheeler 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Food quality, namely the availability of dietary proteins, is the primary extrinsic factor determining individual well-being, thereby ultimately influencing population growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7348FDC1FA05391E" author="AGRELL, J. & ERLINGE, J. & NELSON & AND M." box="[1310,1506,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="494 - 501" refId="ref12784" refString="AGRELL, J., S. ERLINGE, J. NELSON, AND M. SANDELL. 1992. Body mass and population dynamics: cyclic demography in a noncyclic population of the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 494 - 501." type="journal article" year="1992">Agrell et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB751EFDA1FBD3393E" author="FORBES, K. & STUART, T. & MAPPES, K. S. & HOSET, H. & HENTTONEN & AND O." box="[840,1076,587,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="91113" refId="ref15570" refString="FORBES, K., P. STUART, T. MAPPES, K. S. HOSET, H. HENTTONEN, AND O. HUITU. 2014 b. Diet quality limits summer growth of field vole populations. PLoS One 9: e 91113." type="journal article" year="2014">Forbes et al. (2014b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
following a field experiment confirmed that the nutritional quality of forage may be a source of interannual variation in the density and growth rates of populations by directly influencing the proportion of females and of those that were pregnant or lactating. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB65EFFBB72B5FD21FAF539BE" box="[1251,1298,715,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of diet reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB751EFD01FC22385E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[840,965,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB751EFD01FC22385E" box="[840,965,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that it may be a promising indicator to estimate the hazards to wildlife of heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr) pollution. However, previous studies showed that the response of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7257FCA1FB99383E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1025,1150,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7257FCA1FB99383E" box="[1025,1150,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to pollution is small and erratic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7507FC81FBD038DE" author="BEARDSLEY, A. M. & VAGG, P. & BECKERT & AND B." box="[849,1079,875,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="65 - 71" refId="ref13338" refString="BEARDSLEY, A. M., M. VAGG, P. BECKERT, AND B. SANSOM. 1970. Use of field vole (M. agrestis) for monitoring potentially harmful elements in the environment. Environmental Pollution 16: 65 - 71." type="journal article" year="1970">Beardsley et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB7525FC61FB463E5E" blockId="7.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7525FC61FAB038FE" box="[883,1367,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Diseases and parasites.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB72C1FC61FAB038FE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1175,1367,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">Microtus agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a reservoir species for various infectious diseases transmissible to humans and game animals and it has been studied as a wild model of ecological immunology for better understanding immunity to infectious diseases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7207FBE1FAA63F7E" author="CAMPILLO, M. & L. ORDONEZ & AND A." box="[1105,1345,1035,1058]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refId="ref14074" refString="CAMPILLO, M., L. ORDONEZ, AND A. FEO. 1994. Indice-catalogo do zooparasitos Ibericos. Universidad de Leon, Leon, Spain." type="book" year="1994">Campillo et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7303FBE1FC993F1E" author="TURNER, A. & BEGON, J. A. & JACKSON, J. & BRADLEY & AND S." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="1002343" refId="ref22049" refString="TURNER, A., M. BEGON, J. A. JACKSON, J. BRADLEY, AND S. PATERSON. 2011. Genetic diversity in cytokines associated with immune variation and resistance to multiple pathogens in a natural rodent. PLoS Genetics 7: e 1002343." type="journal article" year="2011">Jackson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB75D8FBC1FBB23F1E" author="TURNER, A. & BEGON, J. A. & JACKSON, J. & BRADLEY & AND S." box="[910,1109,1067,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="1002343" refId="ref22049" refString="TURNER, A., M. BEGON, J. A. JACKSON, J. BRADLEY, AND S. PATERSON. 2011. Genetic diversity in cytokines associated with immune variation and resistance to multiple pathogens in a natural rodent. PLoS Genetics 7: e 1002343." type="journal article" year="2011">Turner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7238FBC1FB0E3F1E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1134,1257,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7238FBC1FB0E3F1E" box="[1134,1257,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
harbors blood parasites
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB751EFBA1FBD13F3E" box="[840,1078,1099,1122]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB751EFBA1FBD13F3E" box="[840,1078,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Trypanosoma microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB721CFBA1FB1C3F3E" baseAuthorityName="Franca" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1098,1275,1099,1122]" class="Coccidiomorphea" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB721CFBA1FB1C3F3E" box="[1098,1275,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Babesia microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7359FBA1FA0C3F3E" box="[1295,1515,1099,1122]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Bartonellaceae" genus="Grahamella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7359FBA1FA0C3F3E" box="[1295,1515,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Grahamella microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB751EFB81FBCE3FDE" box="[840,1065,1131,1154]" class="Conoidasida" family="Haemogregarinidae" genus="Hepatozoon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB751EFB81FBCE3FDE" box="[840,1065,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Hepatozoon microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7212FB81FAFB3FDE" author="BAKER, J. R. & D. CHITTY & AND E." box="[1092,1308,1131,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="297 - 301" refId="ref13146" refString="BAKER, J. R., D. CHITTY, AND E. PHIPPS. 1963. Blood parasites of wild voles, Microtus agrestis, in England. Parasitology 53: 297 - 301." type="journal article" year="1963">Baker et al. 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7362FB81FA0C3FDE" author="MOLYNEUX, D. H." box="[1332,1515,1131,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="229 - 244" refId="ref19551" refString="MOLYNEUX, D. H. 1969. The morphology and life history of Trypanosoma (Hespetosoma) microti of the field vole Microtus agrestis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 63: 229 - 244." type="journal article" year="1969">Molyneux 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB751EFB61FC053FFE" author="HEALING, T. D." box="[840,994,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref16415" refString="HEALING, T. D. 1981. Infections with blood parasites in the small British rodents Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. Parasitology 83: 179 - 189." type="journal article" year="1981">Healing 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB75A1FB61FB803FFE" author="COX, F. E. G." box="[1015,1127,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref14680" refString="COX, F. E. G. 1987. Protozoan parasites of Brisish small rodents. Mammal Review 17: 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Cox 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), nonidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7374FB61FA713FFE" box="[1314,1430,1163,1186]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Bartonellaceae" genus="Bartonella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7374FB61FA713FFE" box="[1314,1430,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Bartonella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7507FB41FBA73F9E" author="KARBOWIAK, G. & RYCHLIK, W. & NOWAKOWSKI & AND I." box="[849,1088,1195,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="31 - 42" refId="ref17357" refString="KARBOWIAK, G., L. RYCHLIK, W. NOWAKOWSKI, AND I. WITA. 2005. Natural infections of small mammals with blood parasites on the borderland of boreal and temperate forest zones. Acta Theriologica 50: 31 - 42." type="journal article" year="2005">Karbowiak et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and tissue parasites
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7379FB41FA0C3F9E" box="[1327,1515,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Frankelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7379FB41FA0C3F9E" box="[1327,1515,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Frankelia microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB751EFB21FBFB3FBE" box="[840,1052,1227,1250]" class="Conoidasida" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="putorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB751EFB21FBFB3FBE" box="[840,1052,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Sarcocystis putorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7264FB21FAEF3FBE" baseAuthorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1074,1288,1227,1250]" class="Conoidasida" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7264FB21FAEF3FBE" box="[1074,1288,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Toxoplasma gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7377FB21FA483FBE" author="TADROS, W. A." box="[1313,1455,1227,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="7" refId="ref21865" refString="TADROS, W. A. 1968. The rediscovery of Findlay and Middleton's organism (the so-called Toxoplasma microti) in voles in the type locality in Wales. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62: 7." type="journal article" year="1968">Tadros 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7390FB21FC993E5E" author="COX, F. E. G." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref14680" refString="COX, F. E. G. 1987. Protozoan parasites of Brisish small rodents. Mammal Review 17: 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Cox 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB7525FAE1FA033D7E" blockId="7.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7525FAE1FBCD3E7E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[883,1066,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7525FAE1FBCD3E7E" box="[883,1066,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been identified as the most likely maintenance host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB75A3FAC1FB173E1E" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1957" box="[1013,1264,1323,1346]" class="Actinobacteridae" family="Mycobacteriaceae" genus="Mycobacterium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB75A3FAC1FB173E1E" box="[1013,1264,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Mycobacterium microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, responsible for several human cases of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB75A4FAA1FB863E3E" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1957" box="[1010,1121,1355,1378]" class="Actinobacteridae" family="Mycobacteriaceae" genus="Mycobacterium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB75A4FAA1FB863E3E" box="[1010,1121,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tuberculosis not only in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB7331FAA1FA143E3E" box="[1383,1523,1355,1378]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
but in other Western European countries (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB736FFA81FA083EDE" box="[1337,1519,1387,1410]" name="Netherlands" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B65EFFBB751EFA61FC4B3EFE" box="[840,940,1419,1442]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and France—Kipar et al. 2014). Broom and Coghlan (1958), Alibhai and Gipps (1991),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB72E5FA41FAA33E9E" author="TWIGG, G. I." box="[1203,1348,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="139 - 149" refId="ref22100" refString="TWIGG, G. I. 1980. A review of the occurrence in British mammals of the major organisms of zoonotic importance. Mammal Review 10: 139 - 149." type="journal article" year="1980">Twigg (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB732DFA41FC683EBE" author="TELFER, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="243 - 246" refId="ref21909" refString="TELFER, S., ET AL. 2010. Species interactions in a parasite community drive infection risk in a wildlife population. Science 330: 243 - 246." type="journal article" year="2010">Telfer et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized additional bacteria isolated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB73DCFA21FC863D5E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB73DCFA21FC863D5E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7581FA01FB5F3D5E" authority="" box="[983,1208,1515,1538]" class="Spirochaetes" family="Leptospiraceae" genus="Leptospira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Spirochaetales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Spirochaetes" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pomona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7581FA01FB5F3D5E" box="[983,1208,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Leptospira (Pomona)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB7292FA01FA0B3D5E" authorityName="Smith & Thal" authorityYear="1965" box="[1220,1516,1515,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Yersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudotuberculosis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB7292FA01FA0B3D5E" box="[1220,1516,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB751EF9E1FB673D7E" box="[840,1152,1547,1570]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="phagocytophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB751EF9E1FB673D7E" box="[840,1152,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB72ECF9E1FA3B3D7E" box="[1210,1500,1547,1570]" class="Actinobacteridae" family="Corynebacteriaceae" genus="Corynebacterium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="species" species="kutscheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB72ECF9E1FA3B3D7E" box="[1210,1500,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Corynebacterium kutscheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B65EFFBB7525F9C1FB1A3CFE" blockId="7.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
There is also evidence that
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB65EFFBB72F7F9C1FB363D1E" box="[1185,1233,1579,1602]" country="Russia" name="Tula" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Tula</collectingRegion>
|
||
virus, lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus, Ljungan virus, and cowpox virus are transmitted by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB753CF981FC073DDE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[874,992,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB753CF981FC073DDE" box="[874,992,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB75A6F981FAFA3DDE" author="SCHARNINGHAUSEN, J. J. & FEFFER, H. & EYER, D. S. & AVIS, R. L. & AND M." box="[1008,1309,1643,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref21503" refString="SCHARNINGHAUSEN, J. J., M. P FEFFER, H. M EYER, D. S. D AVIS, R. L. H ONEYCUTT, AND M. FAULDE. 2002. Genetic evidence for tula virus in Microtus arvalis and Microtus agrestis populations in Croatia. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases 2: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2002">Scharninghausen et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB737AF981FA0C3DDE" author="BURTHE, S. J. & TELFER, M. & BEGON, M. & BENNETT, A. & SMITH & AND X." box="[1324,1515,1643,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="110 - 119" refId="ref13950" refString="BURTHE, S. J., S. TELFER, M. BEGON, M. BENNETT, A. SMITH, AND X. LAMBIN. 2008. Cowpox infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestis populations: significant negative impacts on survival. Journal Animal Ecology 77: 110 - 119." type="journal article" year="2008">Burthe et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schmidt-Chanasit et al. 2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB72F7F961FA9C3DFE" author="FORBES, K." box="[1185,1403,1675,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="278 - 283" refId="ref15618" refString="FORBES, K., ET AL. 2014 c. Serological survey of rodent-borne viruses in Finnish field voles. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 14: 278 - 283." type="journal article" year="2014">Forbes et al. 2014c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB73D9F961FC5E3D9E" author="SALISBURY, A. M. & BEGON, W. & DOVE, B. & NIKLASSON & AND J. P." pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="547 - 51" refId="ref21336" refString="SALISBURY, A. M., M. BEGON, W. DOVE, B. NIKLASSON, AND J. P. STEWART. 2014. Ljungan virus is endemic in rodents in UK. Archives of Virology 159: 547 - 51." type="journal article" year="2014">Salisbury et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB7587F941FB433D9E" author="BURTHE, S. J. & TELFER, M. & BEGON, M. & BENNETT, A. & SMITH & AND X." box="[977,1188,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="110 - 119" refId="ref13950" refString="BURTHE, S. J., S. TELFER, M. BEGON, M. BENNETT, A. SMITH, AND X. LAMBIN. 2008. Cowpox infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestis populations: significant negative impacts on survival. Journal Animal Ecology 77: 110 - 119." type="journal article" year="2008">Burthe et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a negative correlation between cowpox virus infection and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB729BF921FAA43DBE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1229,1347,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB729BF921FB043DBE" box="[1229,1251,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB72A6F921FAA43DBE" box="[1264,1347,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
survival, both at the individual level and population level and highlight for the 1st time an association between an endemic microparasite and processes of demographic importance in a wild rodent population.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B65EFFBB751EF8A1FBE93C3E" author="TELFER, S." box="[840,1038,1867,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" pagination="243 - 246" refId="ref21909" refString="TELFER, S., ET AL. 2010. Species interactions in a parasite community drive infection risk in a wildlife population. Science 330: 243 - 246." type="journal article" year="2010">Telfer et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the risk of infection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB65EFFBB732AF8A1FA143C3E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1404,1523,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB65EFFBB732AF8A1FA143C3E" box="[1404,1523,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a particular microparasite (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) is highly influenced by previous infections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB476CEFF21FD9B385E" blockId="8.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Parasites in the intestinal tract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47441FF21FD753BBE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[535,658,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47441FF21FDCA3BBE" box="[535,557,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47469FF21FD753BBE" box="[575,658,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the Protozoans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476ABFF01FE993A5E" authorityName="A.Alexeieff" authorityYear="1910" box="[253,382,235,258]" class="Eopharyngea" family="Retortamonadidae" genus="Chilomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Retortamonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Metamonada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476ABFF01FE993A5E" box="[253,382,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Chilomastix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477CBFF01FD673A5E" box="[413,640,235,258]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477CBFF01FD673A5E" box="[413,640,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Eimeria falciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474C9FF01FF4D3A7E" class="Lobosa" family="Entamoebidae" genus="Entamoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474C9FF01FF4D3A7E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Entamoeba muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476E9FEE1FEB83A7E" box="[191,351,267,290]" class="Zoomastigophora" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476E9FEE1FEB83A7E" box="[191,351,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Giardia muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47722FEE1FDC03A7E" box="[372,551,267,290]" class="Eopharyngea" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Hexamita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Metamonada" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47722FEE1FDC03A7E" box="[372,551,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Hexamita muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4746AFEE1FCF53A7E" box="[572,786,267,290]" class="Eopharyngea" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Spironucleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Metamonada" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4746AFEE1FCF53A7E" box="[572,786,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Spironucleus muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFEC1FEAD3A1E" box="[109,330,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Trichomonas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFEC1FEAD3A1E" box="[109,330,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Trichomonas microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47700FEC1FE4B3A1E" box="[342,428,299,322]" class="Eopharyngea" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Spironucleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Metamonada" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47700FEC1FE4B3A1E" box="[342,428,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477B2FEC1FD7D3A1E" box="[484,666,299,322]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Apicomplexa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477B2FEC1FD7D3A1E" box="[484,666,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB474FFFEC1FCF73A1E" author="COX, F. E. G." box="[681,784,299,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref14680" refString="COX, F. E. G. 1987. Protozoan parasites of Brisish small rodents. Mammal Review 17: 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Cox 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47721FEA1FD873A3E" author="LAAKKONEN, J. & T. SOVERI & AND H." box="[375,608,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="110 - 111" refId="ref18283" refString="LAAKKONEN, J., T. SOVERI, AND H. HENTTONEN. 1994. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in peak density Microtus agrestis, M. oeconomus and Clethrionomys glareolus populations. Journal Wildlife Diseases 30: 110 - 111." type="journal article" year="1994">Laakkonen et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4743BFEA1FD453A3E" author="LAAKKONEN, J. & OKSANEN, T. & SOVERI & AND H." box="[621,674,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref18235" refString="LAAKKONEN, J., A. T. OKSANEN, T. SOVERI, AND H. HENTTONEN. 1998. Dynamics of intestinal coccidia in peak density Microtus agrestis, Microtus oeconomus and Clethrionomus glareolus populations in Finland. Ecography 21: 135 - 139." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cestodes reported are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476ADFE81FDC53ADE" baseAuthorityName="Galli-Valerio" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[251,546,363,386]" class="Cestoda" family="Anoplocephalidae" genus="Anoplocephaloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="dentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476ADFE81FDC53ADE" box="[251,546,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Anoplocephaloides dentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47464FE81FF3F3AFE" authorityName="Douthitt" authorityYear="1915" class="Cestoda" family="Anoplocephalidae" genus="Aprostatandrya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="macrocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47464FE81FF3F3AFE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Aprostatandrya macrocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476B1FE61FE133AFE" authorityName="Kirschenblatt" authorityYear="1949" box="[231,500,395,418]" class="Cestoda" family="Catenotaeniidae" genus="Catenotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cricetorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476B1FE61FE133AFE" box="[231,500,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Catenotaenia cricetorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47452FE61FD8A3AFE" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[516,621,395,418]" class="Cestoda" family="Catenotaeniidae" genus="Catenotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47452FE61FD8A3AFE" box="[516,621,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">C. pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4742AFE61FCF63AFE" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[636,785,395,418]" class="Trematoda" family="Dicrocoeliidae" genus="Corrigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4742AFE61FCF63AFE" box="[636,785,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Corrigia vitta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFE41FE3D3A9E" box="[109,474,427,450]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Cysticercus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="taeniaetaeniaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFE41FE3D3A9E" box="[109,474,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Cysticercus taeniaetaeniaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477A4FE41FCF53A9E" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1786" box="[498,786,427,450]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Hydatigena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="taeniaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477A4FE41FCF53A9E" box="[498,786,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Hydatigena taeniaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFE21FE903ABE" authorityName="Fuhrmann" authorityYear="1918" box="[109,375,459,482]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Hymenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="asymetrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFE21FE903ABE" box="[109,375,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Hymenolepis asymetrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477D1FE21FDEE3ABE" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[391,521,459,482]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Hymenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="diminuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477D1FE21FDEE3ABE" box="[391,521,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">H. diminuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4744EFE21FCF63ABE" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[536,785,459,482]" class="Cestoda" family="Mesocestoididae" genus="Mesocestoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4744EFE21FCF63ABE" box="[536,785,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Mesocestoides lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFE01FE82395E" box="[109,357,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Paranocephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFE01FE82395E" box="[109,357,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Paranocephala dentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47727FE01FDEC395E" box="[369,523,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Paranocephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omphalodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47727FE01FDEC395E" box="[369,523,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">P. omphalodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47441FE01FD67395E" box="[535,640,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Paranocephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47441FE01FD67395E" box="[535,640,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474DBFE01FF57397E" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Rodentolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ampla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474DBFE01FF57397E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Rodentolepis ampla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47694FDE1FE96397E" authorityName="Rudolphi" authorityYear="1819" box="[194,369,523,546]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="laticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47694FDE1FE96397E" box="[194,369,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Taenia laticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477D2FDE1FE12397E" box="[388,501,523,546]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mustela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477D2FDE1FE12397E" box="[388,501,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. mustela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47451FDE1FD4D397E" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityYear="1856" box="[519,682,523,546]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polyacantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47451FDE1FD4D397E" box="[519,682,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. polyacantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474EDFDE1FF2D391E" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1786" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Hydatigena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="taeniaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474EDFDE1FF2D391E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. taeniaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4775CFDC1FE71391E" authorityName="Rudolphi" authorityYear="1819" box="[266,406,555,578]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tenuicollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4775CFDC1FE71391E" box="[266,406,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. tenuicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB477FFFDC1FDCF391E" author="WIGER, R." box="[425,552,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="598 - 606" refId="ref22459" refString="WIGER, R. 1977. Some pathological effects of endoparasites on rodents with special reference to the population ecology of Microtines. Oikos 29: 598 - 606." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiger 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4746CFDC1FD5F391E" author="LEWIS, J. W." box="[570,696,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref18426" refString="LEWIS, J. W. 1987. Helminth parasites of British rodents and insectivores. Mammal Review 17: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="1987">Lewis 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47766FDA1FDCA393E" author="HAUKISALMI, V., H. & HENTTONEN & AND H." box="[304,557,587,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="263 - 269" refId="ref16310" refString="HAUKISALMI, V., H. HENTTONEN, AND H. PIETIAEINEN. 1994. Helminth parasitism does not increase the vulnerability of the field vole, Microtus agrestis, to predation by the Ural owl, Strix uralensis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 263 - 269." type="journal article" year="1994">Haukisalmi et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nematodes include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFD81FEB339DE" baseAuthorityName="Nitzsch" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[109,340,619,642]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heteroxynematidae" genus="Aspiculuris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tetraptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFD81FEB339DE" box="[109,340,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Aspiculuris tetraptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47708FD81FD8039DE" box="[350,615,619,642]" class="Insecta" family="Adelidae" genus="Capillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murissylvatici">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47708FD81FD8039DE" box="[350,615,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Capillaria murissylvatici</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47427FD81FF0F39FE" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" genus="Heligmosomum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="costellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47427FD81FF0F39FE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Heligmosomum costellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476A0FD61FDE939FE" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1928" box="[246,526,651,674]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" genus="Heligmosomoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glareoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476A0FD61FDE939FE" box="[246,526,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Heligmosomoides glareoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4744AFD61FD9C39FE" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[540,635,651,674]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" genus="Heligmosomoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4744AFD61FD9C39FE" box="[540,635,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">H. laevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474DEFD61FCF639FE" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[648,785,651,674]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" genus="Heligmosomoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="polygyrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474DEFD61FCF639FE" box="[648,785,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">H. polygyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFD41FE8F399E" baseAuthorityName="A.Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[109,360,683,706]" class="Secernentea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Pelodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="strongyloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFD41FE8F399E" box="[109,360,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Pelodera strongyloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4772DFD41FDA9399E" box="[379,590,683,706]" class="Chromadorea" family="Spiruridae" genus="Protospirura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4772DFD41FDA9399E" box="[379,590,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Protospirura muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47437FD41FF7239BE" authorityName="Baylis" authorityYear="1928" class="Secernentea" family="Oxyuridae" genus="Syphacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ascaridida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="nigeriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47437FD41FF7239BE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Syphacia nigeriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476F4FD21FEFF39BE" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[162,280,715,738]" class="Secernentea" family="Oxyuridae" genus="Syphacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ascaridida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="obvelata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476F4FD21FEFF39BE" box="[162,280,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">S. obvelata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47707FD21FE1B39BE" box="[337,508,715,738]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Microascaceae" genus="Trichurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microascales" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="muris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47707FD21FE1B39BE" box="[337,508,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Trichurus muris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4745CFD21FD6039BE" author="WIGER, R." box="[522,647,715,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="598 - 606" refId="ref22459" refString="WIGER, R. 1977. Some pathological effects of endoparasites on rodents with special reference to the population ecology of Microtines. Oikos 29: 598 - 606." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiger 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB474C3FD21FCF739BE" author="LEWIS, J. W." box="[661,784,715,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref18426" refString="LEWIS, J. W. 1987. Helminth parasites of British rodents and insectivores. Mammal Review 17: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="1987">Lewis 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4772DFD01FD8B385E" author="HAUKISALMI, V., H. & HENTTONEN & AND H." box="[379,620,747,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="263 - 269" refId="ref16310" refString="HAUKISALMI, V., H. HENTTONEN, AND H. PIETIAEINEN. 1994. Helminth parasitism does not increase the vulnerability of the field vole, Microtus agrestis, to predation by the Ural owl, Strix uralensis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 263 - 269." type="journal article" year="1994">Haukisalmi et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB476CEFCE1FE813F5E" blockId="8.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The presence of intestinal nematode parasites
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFCC1FEC4381E" box="[109,291,811,834]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Heligmosomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently does not influence
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4743CFCC1FD07381E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[618,736,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4743CFCC1FD07381E" box="[618,736,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47741FCA1FE07383E" author="FORBES, K. & STUART, T. & MAPPES, H. & HENTTONEN & AND O." box="[279,480,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="3139 - 3148" refId="ref15523" refString="FORBES, K., P. STUART, T. MAPPES, H. HENTTONEN, AND O. HUITU. 2014 a. Food resources and intestinal parasites as limiting factors for boreal vole populations during winter. Ecology 95: 3139 - 3148." type="journal article" year="2014">Forbes et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474F4FCA1FCFF383E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[674,792,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474F4FCA1FCFF383E" box="[674,792,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4774CFC81FE6238DE" box="[282,389,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Trichomonas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4774CFC81FE6238DE" box="[282,389,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">B. microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477C4FC81FDDE38DE" box="[402,569,875,898]" class="Zoomastigophora" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477C4FC81FDDE38DE" box="[402,569,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Giardia microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47432FC81FD2C38DE" box="[612,715,875,898]" class="Zoomastigophora" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47432FC81FD2C38DE" box="[612,715,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, resorption or abortion of fetuses or maternal death may occur. During the peak population density phase, parasitism is thought to contribute to the rapid decline of numbers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4768FFC01FEB13F5E" author="WIGER, R." box="[217,342,1003,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="598 - 606" refId="ref22459" refString="WIGER, R. 1977. Some pathological effects of endoparasites on rodents with special reference to the population ecology of Microtines. Oikos 29: 598 - 606." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiger 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB476CEFBE1FDDD3EBE" blockId="8.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Ectoparasites on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47710FBE1FE5E3F7E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[326,441,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47710FBE1FE5E3F7E" box="[326,441,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M.agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fleas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47445FBE1FCF53F7E" baseAuthorityName="Kolenati" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[531,786,1035,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Amalaraeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penicilliger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47445FBE1FCF53F7E" box="[531,786,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Amalaraeus penicilliger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFBC1FE943F1E" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[109,371,1067,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Hystrichopsyllidae" genus="Ctenophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFBC1FE943F1E" box="[109,371,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Ctenophthalmus nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477D1FBC1FD9B3F1E" box="[391,636,1067,1090]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heligmosomidae" genus="Histrichopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="talpae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477D1FBC1FD9B3F1E" box="[391,636,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Histrichopsylla talpae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474C7FBC1FF213F3E" baseAuthorityName="N.C.Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Megabothris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474C7FBC1FF213F3E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Megabothris turbidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47681FBA1FEA93F3E" baseAuthorityName="N.C.Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[215,334,1099,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Megabothris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47681FBA1FEA93F3E" box="[215,334,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. walkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47708FBA1FDF03F3E" baseAuthorityName="Wahlgren" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[350,535,1099,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Megabothris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectangulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47708FBA1FDF03F3E" box="[350,535,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. rectangulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47471FBA1FCF63F3E" baseAuthorityName="Bosc d'Antic" baseAuthorityYear="1800" box="[551,785,1099,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Nosopsyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47471FBA1FCF63F3E" box="[551,785,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Nosopsyllus fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFB81FE7D3FDE" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[109,410,1131,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Leptopsyllidae" genus="Peromyscopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFB81FE7D3FDE" box="[109,410,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Peromyscopsylla spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477FFFB81FD413FDE" box="[425,678,1131,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Hystrichopsyllidae" genus="Rhadinopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477FFFB81FD413FDE" box="[425,678,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Rhadinopsylla integella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474E3FB81FF513FFE" baseAuthorityName="N.C.Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Hystrichopsyllidae" genus="Rhadinopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentacantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474E3FB81FF513FFE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R. pentacantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47695FB61FE733FFE" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1903" box="[195,404,1163,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Hystrichopsyllidae" genus="Typhloceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poppei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47695FB61FE733FFE" box="[195,404,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Typhloceras poppei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477F7FB61FD4C3FFE" box="[417,683,1163,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Hoplopleuridae" genus="Haplopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acanthopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477F7FB61FD4C3FFE" box="[417,683,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Haplopleura acanthopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and ticks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFB41FEE13F9E" box="[109,262,1195,1218]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFB41FEE13F9E" box="[109,262,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47740FB41FD063F9E" authority="(Alibhai and Gipps 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Alibhai and Gipps" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[278,737,1195,1218]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triunguliceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47740FB41FE5B3F9E" box="[278,444,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">I. triunguliceps</emphasis>
|
||
(Alibhai and Gipps 1991)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The incidence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476ACFB21FEBC3FBE" box="[250,347,1227,1250]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476ACFB21FEBC3FBE" box="[250,347,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks (larvae and nymphs) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474F6FB21FCFF3FBE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[672,792,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474F6FB21FCFF3FBE" box="[672,792,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B651FFB476DDFB01FF333E5E" box="[139,212,1259,1282]" name="France" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
peaks from March to October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47467FB01FCEF3E5E" author="L'HOSTIS, M. & DUMON, A. & FUSADE, S. & LAZAREFF & AND A." box="[561,776,1259,1282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="359 - 368" refId="ref18450" refString="L'HOSTIS, M., H. DUMON, A. FUSADE, S. LAZAREFF, AND A. GORENFLOT. 1996. Seasonal incidence of Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on rodents in western France. Experimental and Applied Acarology 20: 359 - 368." type="journal article" year="1996">L’Hostis et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BFAE1FF363E7E" box="[109,209,1291,1314]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BFAE1FF363E7E" box="[109,209,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and their hosts, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477BEFAE1FD853E7E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[488,610,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477BEFAE1FD853E7E" box="[488,610,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are responsible for maintaining tick-borne encephalitis endemic in central and northern Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47778FAA1FE113E3E" author="TONTERI, E." box="[302,502,1355,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref22016" refString="TONTERI, E., ET AL. 2011. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild rodents in winter, Finland 2008 - 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 72 - 75." type="journal article" year="2011">Tonteri et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47459FAA1FD023E3E" author="BROWN, K. J." box="[527,741,1355,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="7118 - 7125" refId="ref13864" refString="BROWN, K. J., ET AL. 2008. Relative importance of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes trianguliceps as vectors for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in field vole (Microtus agrestis) populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 7118 - 7125." type="journal article" year="2008">Brown et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also pointed out the relative importance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47459FA81FD963EDE" box="[527,625,1387,1410]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47459FA81FD963EDE" box="[527,625,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474FEFA81FF4C3EFE" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trianguliceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474FEFA81FF4C3EFE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">I. trianguliceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the transmission of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477F4FA61FD9E3EFE" box="[418,633,1419,1442]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="phagocytophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477F4FA61FD9E3EFE" box="[418,633,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">A. phagocytophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474F8FA61FCFF3EFE" box="[686,792,1419,1442]" class="Zoomastigophora" family="Hexamitidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Diplomonadida" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474F8FA61FCFF3EFE" box="[686,792,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">B. microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476E9FA41FEDF3E9E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[191,312,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476E9FA41FEDF3E9E" box="[191,312,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B651FFB47446FA41FD2D3E9E" box="[528,714,1451,1474]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which serve as reservoir hosts for both pathogens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB476CEFA01FCF13D9E" blockId="8.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Mites include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4776AFA01FDF93D5E" baseAuthorityName="C.L.Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[316,542,1515,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Eulaelaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stabularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4776AFA01FDF93D5E" box="[316,542,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Eulaelaps stabularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47467FA01FCF63D5E" authorityName="A.D.Michael" authorityYear="1892" box="[561,785,1515,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Haemogamasus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47467FA01FCF63D5E" box="[561,785,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Haemogamasus nidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4763BF9E1FEF73D7E" authorityName="C.L.Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[109,272,1547,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Ascidae" genus="Laelaps" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4763BF9E1FEF73D7E" box="[109,272,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Laelaps hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47748F9E1FDEA3D7E" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1861" box="[286,525,1547,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Listrophoridae" genus="Listrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leuckarti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47748F9E1FDEA3D7E" box="[286,525,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Listrophorus leuckarti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4741CF9E1FE5C3D1E" authority="(Alibhai and Gipps 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Alibhai and Gipps" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Arachnida" family="Trombiculidae" genus="Trombicula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4741CF9E1FF463D1E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Trombicula autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Alibhai and Gipps 1991)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recorded fungi is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474DCF9C1FF3D3D3E" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Trichophyton" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="persicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474DCF9C1FF3D3D3E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Trichophyton persicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB476B8F9A1FE673D3E" author="ENGLISH, M. P." box="[238,384,1611,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="302 - 309" refId="ref15149" refString="ENGLISH, M. P. 1966. Trichophyton persicolor infection in a population of small wild mammals. Sabouraudia 5: 302 - 309." type="journal article" year="1966">English 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991); a known lung parasite is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47774F981FF493DFE" authority="(Laakkonen and Sukura 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Laakkonen and Sukura" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Pneumocystidomycetes" family="Pneumocystidaceae" genus="Pneumocystis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pneumocystidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="carinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47774F981FDE13DDE" box="[290,518,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Pneumocystis carinii</emphasis>
|
||
(Laakkonen and Sukura 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB476EFF961FEBF3DFE" author="ENGLISH, M. P." box="[185,344,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="302 - 309" refId="ref15149" refString="ENGLISH, M. P. 1966. Trichophyton persicolor infection in a population of small wild mammals. Sabouraudia 5: 302 - 309." type="journal article" year="1966">English (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
isolated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB477EFF961FDA73DFE" box="[441,576,1675,1698]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Trichophyton" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="persicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB477EFF961FDA73DFE" box="[441,576,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">T. persicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thought to be identical to human ringworm, from tail lesions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47402F941FCE83D9E" box="[596,783,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agrestis" subSpecies="hirtus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47402F941FCE83D9E" box="[596,783,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis hirtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB476CEF921FB6C38DE" blockId="8.[109,792,203,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1523,203,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476CEF921FD7E3DBE" bold="true" box="[152,665,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Interspecific interactions.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4778EF921FD7E3DBE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[472,665,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">Microtus agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is the most important dietary part of more species of predators than perhaps any other mammal due mainly to its numerical abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47696F8C1FEAB3C1E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[192,332,1835,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Avian predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47469F8C1FD5A3C1E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[575,701,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47469F8C1FD5A3C1E" box="[575,701,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include barn owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47689F8A1FEA03C3E" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1769" box="[223,327,1867,1890]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47689F8A1FEA03C3E" box="[223,327,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Tyto alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), common buzzard (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47479F8A1FD533C3E" authority="buteo" box="[559,692,1867,1890]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buteo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47479F8A1FD533C3E" box="[559,692,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Buteo buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), golden eagle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB476EDF881FE633CDE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[187,388,1899,1922]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysaetos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB476EDF881FE633CDE" box="[187,388,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Aquila chrysaetos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), common kestrel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47433F881FF6A3CFE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Falco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tinnunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47433F881FF6A3CFE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Falco tinnunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Northern harrier (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4773BF861FDF13CFE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[365,534,1931,1954]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyaneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4773BF861FDF13CFE" box="[365,534,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Circus cyaneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), long-eared owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB474B1F861FC913BBE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[743,886,203,1954]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Asio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB474B1F861FC913BBE" box="[743,886,203,1954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Asiootus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Eurasia pygmy owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB472D1FF21FA723BBE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1159,1429,203,226]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Glaucidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="passerinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB472D1FF21FA723BBE" box="[1159,1429,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Glaucidium passerinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorteared owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47593FF01FB823A5E" baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[965,1125,235,258]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Asio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flammeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47593FF01FB823A5E" box="[965,1125,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Asio flammeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), tawny owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47357FF01FA9D3A5E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1281,1402,235,258]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Strix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aluco">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47357FF01FA9D3A5E" box="[1281,1402,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Strix aluco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Ural owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB475D0FEE1FBCA3A7E" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" box="[902,1069,267,290]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Strix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uralensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB475D0FEE1FBCA3A7E" box="[902,1069,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Strix uralensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4721EFEE1FB303A7E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1096,1239,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Andersson and Erlinge 1977;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB475C7FEC1FBA13A1E" author="MADUREIRA, M. L." box="[913,1094,299,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="6343 - 360" refId="ref18740" refString="MADUREIRA, M. L. 1979. Contribuicao para o conhecimento da alimentacao de Tyto alba Scop. no centro de Portugal. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 ª serie 6343 - 360." type="journal article" year="1979">Madureira 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4732AFEC1FC983A3E" author="KORPIMaKI, E." pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="2373 - 2381" refId="ref17829" refString="KORPIMaKI, E. 1992. Diet composition, prey choice and breeding success of long-eared owls: effects of multiannual fluctuations in food abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 2373 - 2381." type="journal article" year="1992">Korpimäki 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB475C4FEA1FB953A3E" author="MAPPES, T. & HALONEN, J. & SUHONEN & AND H." box="[914,1138,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="519 - 527" refId="ref18885" refString="MAPPES, T., M. HALONEN, J. SUHONEN, AND H. YLoNEN. 1993. Selective avian predation on a population of the field vole Microtus agrestis: greater vulnerability of males and subordinates. Ethological Ecological Evolution 5: 519 - 527." type="journal article" year="1993">Mappes et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB472D2FEA1FAB13A3E" author="VIITALA, J. & KORPIMaKI, P. & PALOKANGAS & AND M." box="[1156,1366,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="425 - 427" refId="ref22275" refString="VIITALA, J., E. KORPIMaKI, P. PALOKANGAS, AND M. KOIVULA. 1995. Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light. Nature 373: 425 - 427." type="journal article" year="1995">Viitala et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dyczkowski and Yalden 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47258FE81FB073ADE" author="KOIVULA, M. & J. VIITALA & AND E." box="[1038,1248,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="415 - 420" refId="ref17716" refString="KOIVULA, M., J. VIITALA, AND E. KORPIMaKI. 1999. Kestrels prefer scent marks according to species and reproductive status of voles. Ecoscience 6: 415 - 420." type="journal article" year="1999">Koivula et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Koivula and Korpimaki 2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB475DBFE61FB863AFE" author="REDPATH, S. M. & S. J. THIRGOOD & AND R." box="[909,1121,395,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="33 - E 38" refId="ref21052" refString="REDPATH, S. M., S. J. THIRGOOD, AND R. CLARKE. 2002. Field vole Microtus agrestis abundance and Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus diet and breeding in Scotland. Ibis 144: E 33 - E 38." type="journal article" year="2002">Redpath et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B651FFB472C3FE61FB0A3AFE" box="[1173,1261,395,418]" name="Finland" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, heavier male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB473DCFE61FC853A9E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473DCFE61FC853A9E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and lighter-weight subordinates are more vulnerable to predation by Ural owls than females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4735FFE21FA0C3ABE" author="MAPPES, T. & HALONEN, J. & SUHONEN & AND H." box="[1289,1515,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="519 - 527" refId="ref18885" refString="MAPPES, T., M. HALONEN, J. SUHONEN, AND H. YLoNEN. 1993. Selective avian predation on a population of the field vole Microtus agrestis: greater vulnerability of males and subordinates. Ethological Ecological Evolution 5: 519 - 527." type="journal article" year="1993">Mappes et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4751EFE01FBA8395E" author="HAUKISALMI, V., H. & HENTTONEN & AND H." box="[840,1103,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="263 - 269" refId="ref16310" refString="HAUKISALMI, V., H. HENTTONEN, AND H. PIETIAEINEN. 1994. Helminth parasitism does not increase the vulnerability of the field vole, Microtus agrestis, to predation by the Ural owl, Strix uralensis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 263 - 269." type="journal article" year="1994">Haukisalmi et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47235FE01FA8A395E" author="KORPIMaKI, E., V. & KOIVUNEN & AND H." box="[1123,1389,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref17865" refString="KORPIMaKI, E., V. KOIVUNEN, AND H. HAKKARAINEN. 1996 a. Microhabitat use and behavior of voles under weasel and raptor predation rise: predator facilitation? Behavioral Ecology 7: 30 - 34." type="journal article" year="1996">Korpimäki et al. 1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the probability of individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB472C7FDE1FAE8397E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1169,1295,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB472C7FDE1FB40397E" box="[1169,1191,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB472EEFDE1FAE8397E" box="[1208,1295,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being predated was not related to infections by helminth species or overall parasite infection levels according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47299FDA1FA0C393E" author="HAUKISALMI, V., H. & HENTTONEN & AND H." box="[1231,1515,587,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="263 - 269" refId="ref16310" refString="HAUKISALMI, V., H. HENTTONEN, AND H. PIETIAEINEN. 1994. Helminth parasitism does not increase the vulnerability of the field vole, Microtus agrestis, to predation by the Ural owl, Strix uralensis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 263 - 269." type="journal article" year="1994">Haukisalmi et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Kestrel predation has little impact on pregnancy rates, mean litter sizes, or growth rates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB472DAFD61FA8A39FE" author="KLEMOLA, T. & E. KORPIMaKI & AND K." box="[1164,1389,651,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="149 - 153" refId="ref17622" refString="KLEMOLA, T., E. KORPIMaKI, AND K. NORRDAHL. 1998. Does avian predation risk depress reproduction of voles? Oecologia 115: 149 - 153." type="journal article" year="1998">Klemola et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Predatory kestrels appear to be able to differentiate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB473D0FD41FC8539BE" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473D0FD41FA7B399E" box="[1414,1436,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473FBFD41FC8539BE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other voles and reproductive categories based on scent markings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47250FD01FB06385E" author="KOIVULA, M. & J. VIITALA & AND E." box="[1030,1249,747,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="415 - 420" refId="ref17716" refString="KOIVULA, M., J. VIITALA, AND E. KORPIMaKI. 1999. Kestrels prefer scent marks according to species and reproductive status of voles. Ecoscience 6: 415 - 420." type="journal article" year="1999">Koivula et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a field study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB473ECFD01FC35387E" author="PETTY, S. J." pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="136 - 147" refId="ref20728" refString="PETTY, S. J., ET AL. 2000. Spatial synchrony in field vole Microtus agrestis abundance in a coniferous forest in northern England: the role of voleeating raptors. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 136 - 147." type="journal article" year="2000">Petty et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that over a 23-year period the smallscale synchrony in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47277FCC1FB79381E" baseAuthorityName="Klemola and Koivula" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1057,1182,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47277FCC1FB79381E" box="[1057,1182,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
abundance observed in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B651FFB47523FCA1FC36383E" box="[885,977,843,866]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
is unlikely to be caused by avian predators but instead by forestry practices.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB47525FC61FC6A3FBE" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Mammalian predators include European badger (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB473E5FC61FC62389E" authority="meles" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473E5FC61FC62389E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), least weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4726FFC41FB05389E" box="[1081,1250,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4726FFC41FB05389E" box="[1081,1250,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Mustela nivalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), European pine marten (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47507FC21FC0A38BE" authority="martes" box="[849,1005,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47507FC21FC0A38BE" box="[849,1005,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Martes martes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), European polecat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47298FC21FA6338BE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1230,1412,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="putorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47298FC21FA6338BE" box="[1230,1412,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Mustela putorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), feral cat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47507FC01FC223F5E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[849,965,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47507FC01FC223F5E" box="[849,965,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Felis catus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), red fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4726AFC01FB373F5E" authority="vulpes" box="[1084,1232,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4726AFC01FB373F5E" box="[1084,1232,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ermine or stoat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB473CBFC01FC783F7E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473CBFC01FC783F7E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Mustela erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and wildcat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47268FBE1FB313F7E" box="[1086,1238,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47268FBE1FB313F7E" box="[1086,1238,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Felis silvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB472A7FBE1FA933F7E" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1265,1396,1035,1058]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" refId="ref14527" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1966. The terrestrial mammals of western Europe. G. T. Foulis and Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1966">Corbet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Andersson and Erlinge 1977; Alibhai and Gipps 1991; Dyczkowski and Yalden 1998). Adders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4720BFBA1FB093F3E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1117,1262,1099,1122]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4720BFBA1FB093F3E" box="[1117,1262,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) prey on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB47324FBA1FB6F3FDE" authority="(Forsman and Lindell 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47324FBA1FA153F3E" box="[1394,1522,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(Forsman and Lindell 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Large populations of specialist predators markedly influence summer declines of cyclic populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB475CBFB41FBF43F9E" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[925,1043,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB475CBFB41FBF43F9E" box="[925,1043,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern Europe (Korpimäki and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB473C4FB41FC9A3FBE" author="NORRDAHL, K. & AND E." pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref20271" refString="NORRDAHL, K., AND E. KORPIMaKI. 1998. Does mobility or sex of voles affect risk of predation by mammalian predators? Ecology 79: 226 - 232." type="journal article" year="1998">Norrdahl 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB47525FB01FB0E3EBE" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Dyczkowski and Yalden (1998) estimate that total predator consumption of voles/year is 980,000, while productivity is estimated to be as high as 982,000/year. Two specialist vole predators, weasel and kestrel, and 2 generalist predators, red fox and feral cat, consume 85% of the total
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4729DFA81FAA43EDE" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1227,1347,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4729DFA81FB063EDE" box="[1227,1249,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB472A6FA81FAA43EDE" box="[1264,1347,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taken by predators. A recent study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB4721EFA61FAF43EFE" author="HUITU, O. & KOIVULA, E. & KORPIMaKI, T. & KLEMOLA & AND K." box="[1096,1299,1419,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="2108 - 2118" refId="ref16729" refString="HUITU, O., M. KOIVULA, E. KORPIMaKI, T. KLEMOLA, AND K. NORRDAHL. 2003. Winter food supply limits growth of northern vole populations in the absence of predation. Ecology 84: 2108 - 2118." type="journal article" year="2003">Huitu et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that winter food shortage is a more direct factor in regulating density of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4751EFA21FC583EBE" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[840,959,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4751EFA21FC583EBE" box="[840,959,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations than predation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB47206F9C3FB0C3D1F" blockId="8.[1104,1259,1577,1603]" box="[1104,1259,1577,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47206F9C3FB0C3D1F" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,1577,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B651FFB47525F986FACB3CF8" blockId="8.[840,1523,1644,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB47525F986FB9B3DD8" bold="true" box="[883,1148,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Reproductive behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—The normal mating system of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB4751EF967FBE03DF8" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[840,1031,1677,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB4751EF967FBE03DF8" box="[840,1031,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB651FFB4727BF967FB343DF8" box="[1069,1235,1677,1700]" country="Finland" name="Mellersta Finland" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">central Finland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(and probably elsewhere) is polygyny with strictly territorial males. Intrasexual competition and spacing behavior occurs among males in response to density and positioning of females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47281F907FA973C58" author="NELSON, J." box="[1239,1392,1773,1796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref20112" refString="NELSON, J. 1995 b. Intrasexual competition and spacing behavior in male field voles Microtus agrestis under constant female density and spatial distribution. Oikos 73: 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="1995">Nelson 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB473DFF907FC853C78" baseAuthorityName="Forsman and Lindell" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473DFF907FA783C58" box="[1417,1439,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB473F8F907FC853C78" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reduces competition with other males by marking copulatory domans; thus, male density influences spacing behavior of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB651FFB475D0F8A7FB5C3C38" authority="(Nelson 1995 b)" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[902,1211,1869,1892]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB475D0F8A7FC7B3C38" box="[902,924,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB651FFB475FBF8A7FBE53C38" box="[941,1026,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B651FFB47243F8A7FB573C38" author="NELSON, J." box="[1045,1200,1869,1892]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref20112" refString="NELSON, J. 1995 b. Intrasexual competition and spacing behavior in male field voles Microtus agrestis under constant female density and spatial distribution. Oikos 73: 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="1995">Nelson 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In optimal habitats at high density, promiscuous multi-male groups occur (Viitala and Pusenius 1990; Pusenius and Viitala 1993a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEFF21FDD2391E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Comparing nest construction by males and females,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57494FF21FF0E3A5E" author="REDMAN P. & C. SELMAN & AND J." pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="581 - 7" refId="ref21012" refString="REDMAN P., C. SELMAN, AND J. SPEAKMAN. 1999. Male short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis) build better insulated nests than females. Journal Comparative Physiololy B 169: 581 - 7." type="journal article" year="1999">Redman et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that nests built by males had greater insulation and thicker walls than those built by females, thus allowing better protection from ambient temperatures. Care of young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB574FEFEC1FCFF3A1E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[680,792,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB574FEFEC1FCFF3A1E" box="[680,792,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is by mothers only (MacDonald and Barrett 1993). Maternal investment is clearly related to the social system; the sex with the largest number and highest quality of young was that which was not limited in number by territoriality. However, investment also depends on time until maturation of young. Young females that are born early in the summer mature and breed in their year of birth, although this varies greatly. Late-summer young do not mature until the following year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57698FDC1FE61391E" author="NELSON, J. & AGNELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND M." box="[206,390,555,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref20145" refString="NELSON, J., J. AGNELL, S. ERLINGE, AND M. SANDELL. 1991. Reproduction of different female age categories and dynamics in a non-cyclic field vole (Microtus agrestis) population. Oikos 61: 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="1991">Nelson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB577C2FDC1FDC2391E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[404,549,555,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="284 - 287" refId="ref16225" refString="HANSSON, L. 1992. Parental investment related to social systems in microtines. Oecologia 89: 284 - 287." type="journal article" year="1992">Hansson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEFDA1FF0638DE" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Sex ratios between generations may be regulated by several factors such as maternal condition and the prevailing social system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB5769DFD61FE8F39FE" author="HANSSON, L." box="[203,360,651,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref16199" refString="HANSSON, L. 1987. Vole sex ratios: the importance of mating systems and maternal condition. Oikos 49: 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1987">Hansson 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB5772CFD61FDE839FE" author="NUNNEY, L." box="[378,527,651,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="1329 - 1341" refId="ref20363" refString="NUNNEY, L. 1993. The influence of mating systems and overlapping generations on effective population size. Evolution 47: 1329 - 1341." type="journal article" year="1993">Nunney 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cyclic populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB5763BFD41FF0C399E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[109,235,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5763BFD41FF64399E" box="[109,131,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB576C0FD41FF0C399E" box="[150,235,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem more polygynous than noncyclic ones and more females in litters had been reported from cyclic than from noncyclic populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB5773DFD01FDE2385E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[363,517,747,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref16199" refString="HANSSON, L. 1987. Vole sex ratios: the importance of mating systems and maternal condition. Oikos 49: 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1987">Hansson 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57444FD01FDAF385E" author="HANSSON, L." box="[530,584,747,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="284 - 287" refId="ref16225" refString="HANSSON, L. 1992. Parental investment related to social systems in microtines. Oecologia 89: 284 - 287." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Deviations in sex ratios have been justified with the general idea that females invest most heavily in the sex with the highest reproductive success (largest number of young and highest quality—Hans-son 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEFC61FCEE3F1E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In a lab experiment,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57723FC61FDED38FE" author="CLARKE, J. R." box="[373,522,907,930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="114 - 126" refId="ref14419" refString="CLARKE, J. R. 1953. The effect of fighting on the adrenals, thymus and spleed of the vole (Microtus agrestis). Journal of Endocrinology 9: 114 - 126." type="journal article" year="1953">Clarke (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that resident
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB574ADFC61FF27389E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB574ADFC61FCF638FE" box="[763,785,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5763BFC41FF27389E" box="[109,192,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attack strange conspecifics. As a result of these attacks there was a pronounced increase in the weight of the adrenal glands and the spleen, and a decrease in the weight of the thymus of the strange voles, justified by a disturbance of the adrenopituitary system and a decrease of the body condition of voles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEFBA1FD903E1E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB576CEFBA1FEB33F3F" bold="true" box="[152,340,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Communication.</emphasis>
|
||
—In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB577C6FBA1FDB63F3E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[400,593,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB577C6FBA1FDB63F3E" box="[400,593,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shorter (67 ms), higher frequency calls have been detected during attack while a few longer (100–125 ms), lower frequency calls were detected during approach (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57767FB41FDE03F9E" author="KAPUSTA, J. & G. D. SALES & AND R." box="[305,519,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="283 - 305" refId="ref17317" refString="KAPUSTA, J., G. D. SALES, AND R. CZUCHNOWSKI. 2007. Aggression and vocalization of three sympatric vole species during conspecific and heterospecific same-sex encounters. Behaviour 144: 283 - 305." type="journal article" year="2007">Kapusta et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In adults, the emission of ultrasonic pulses seems to be modified by sexual and parental experience of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57762FB01FE563E5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[308,433,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57762FB01FEAD3E5E" box="[308,330,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5770AFB01FE563E5E" box="[348,433,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in heterosexual encounters; the environment in which the animals meet also seems to affect ultrasound emission (Mandelli and Sales 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEFAA1FEF83D9E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Neonatal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57755FAA1FE993E3E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[259,382,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57755FAA1FE993E3E" box="[259,382,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually emit the tonal calls that are typical of infant distress vocalizations, but they also make soft clicking sounds during the 1st few days of life (Mandelli and Sales 2004). Infant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB5771CFA41FE233E9E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[330,452,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5771CFA41FE873E9E" box="[330,352,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57727FA41FE233E9E" box="[369,452,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vocalize more than bank vole and the water vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB5771BFA21FDF33EBE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[333,532,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5771BFA21FDF33EBE" box="[333,532,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Arvicola terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Mid-aged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB574C8FA21FCFF3EBE" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[670,792,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB574C8FA21FCFF3EBE" box="[670,792,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maximal vocalization occurs at 5°C with mean sound pressure level of 890 dB and mean of 1,291 vocalizations/20 min. The risk of hypothermia leads to a vocalization response in infant voles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB576ECF9A1FEDF3D3E" author="BLAKE, B. H." box="[186,312,1611,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="581 - 596" refId="ref13662" refString="BLAKE, B. H. 1993. Ultrasonic vocalizations and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (Rodentia, Arvicolidae). Developmental Psychobiology 25: 581 - 596." type="journal article" year="1993">Blake 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most infant voles vocalize ultrasonically when isolated. Calls reflect changes in physical development of infants and in their external environment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57479F961FD4E3DFE" author="BLAKE, B. H." box="[559,681,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="581 - 596" refId="ref13662" refString="BLAKE, B. H. 1993. Ultrasonic vocalizations and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (Rodentia, Arvicolidae). Developmental Psychobiology 25: 581 - 596." type="journal article" year="1993">Blake 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mandelli and Sales 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB576CEF921FACA3A5E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" lastBlockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB576CEF921FE543DBF" bold="true" box="[152,435,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Miscellaneous behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Activity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57437F921FF603C5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57437F921FF603C5E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally nocturnal in summer, probably the result of higher daytime temperatures, and more diurnal in winter due to colder nights. Juveniles tend to be more nocturnal than adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57620F8A1FEF53C3E" author="BaUMLER, W." box="[118,274,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="365 - 379" refId="ref13280" refString="BaUMLER, W. 1975. Activity of some mammals in the field. Acta Theriologica 20: 365 - 379." type="journal article" year="1975">Bäumler 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). General activity levels decrease with rainfall associated with low temperatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB577ABF881FD7A3CDE" author="BaUMLER, W." box="[509,669,1899,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="365 - 379" refId="ref13280" refString="BaUMLER, W. 1975. Activity of some mammals in the field. Acta Theriologica 20: 365 - 379." type="journal article" year="1975">Baumler 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB574E4F881FC993BBE" author="LEHMANN, U." box="[690,894,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="185 - 199" refId="ref18396" refString="LEHMANN, U. 1976. Short-term and circadian rhythms in the behaviour of the vole Microtus agrestis (L.). Oecologia 23: 185 - 199." type="journal article" year="1976">Lehmann 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alibhai and Gipps 1991), but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57286FF21FAAE3BBE" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1232,1353,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57286FF21FB013BBE" box="[1232,1254,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB572A2FF21FAAE3BBE" box="[1268,1353,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not hibernate and is active year-round (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB572C4FF01FAFA3A5E" author="NOWAK R." box="[1170,1309,235,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" refId="ref20339" refString="NOWAK R. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. 6 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1999">Nowak 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB57525FEE1FAEA383E" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
During peak density, diurnality prevails in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB5733AFEE1FA0C3A7E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1388,1515,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5733AFEE1FA0C3A7E" box="[1388,1515,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; distinct activity maxima occurred at sunrise and sunset and a short-term rhythm of activity (rest and foraging) of 2–2.5 h was discernible (Halle and Lehmann 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57354FE81FA683ADE" author="NOWAK R." box="[1282,1423,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" refId="ref20339" refString="NOWAK R. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. 6 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1999">Nowak 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In late population declines, a phase-shift from diurnality to nocturnality occurs in July–August. During low density and early increase phases, diurnality prevails again, although daily activity patterns are not as regular as during the peak phase (Halle and Lehmann 1992). Experimentally increasing density to evaluate spacing behavior of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57251FDC1FB99391E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1031,1150,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57251FDC1FBFA391E" box="[1031,1053,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5727DFDC1FB99391E" box="[1067,1150,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resulted in smaller, more overlapping home ranges, less movement, less activity, and increased competition among males with seasonal variation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57327FD81FC9A39FE" author="AGRELL, J. & ERLINGE, J. & NELSON & AND M." pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref12835" refString="AGRELL, J., S. ERLINGE, J. NELSON, AND M. SANDELL. 1996. Shifting spacing behaviour of male field voles (Microtus agrestis) over the reproductive season. Annals Zoologici Fennici 33: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1996">Agrell et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Density of females influences spacing behavior of males. At high female density, males have smaller home ranges and move shorter distances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57200FD21FB0A39BE" author="NELSON, J." box="[1110,1261,715,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref20077" refString="NELSON, J. 1995 a. Determinants of male spacing behavior in microtines: an experimental manipulation of female spatial distribution and density. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37: 217 - 223." type="journal article" year="1995">Nelson 1995a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB572ABFD21FA2539BE" author="AGRELL, J. & ERLINGE, J. & NELSON & AND M." box="[1277,1474,715,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref12835" refString="AGRELL, J., S. ERLINGE, J. NELSON, AND M. SANDELL. 1996. Shifting spacing behaviour of male field voles (Microtus agrestis) over the reproductive season. Annals Zoologici Fennici 33: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1996">Agrell et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In several populations, a decline in density occurs in mid-summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57507FCE1FBF5387E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[849,1042,779,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="553 - 569" refId="ref19789" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 b. Interspecific competition and home range dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 553 - 569." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This period is characterized by increasing territoriality, decreasing juvenile survival, and decreasing population density (Viitala and Pusenius 1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB57525FC81FA093EDE" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
During the nonbreeding period at higher densities, both males and females move shorter distances than during the breeding season at lower densities. Distances moved do not differ between nonbreeding and breeding periods in increasing and declining population densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB5727DFC01FB133F5E" author="SANDELL, M. & AGRELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND J." box="[1067,1268,1003,1026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="153 - 158" refId="ref21427" refString="SANDELL, M., J. AGRELL, S. ERLINGE, AND J. NELSON. 1991. Adult philopatry and dispersal in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oecologia 86: 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1991">Sandell et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles rarely attain sexual maturity while resident in their natal area; 8% of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B650FFB573DFFBE1FA143F7E" box="[1417,1523,1035,1058]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="male">106 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B650FFB57506FBC1FC423F1E" box="[848,933,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
|
||
) and 22% of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B650FFB5726BFBC1FB583F1E" box="[1085,1215,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="female">134 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B650FFB57299FBC1FAA13F1E" box="[1231,1350,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="female">29 females</specimenCount>
|
||
) attained sexual maturity within their natal home ranges, whereas the remaining juveniles dispersed before sexual maturity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB5734CFB81FA033FDE" author="SANDELL, M. & AGRELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND J." box="[1306,1508,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="145 - 149" refId="ref21382" refString="SANDELL, M., J. AGRELL, S. ERLINGE, AND J. NELSON. 1990. Natal dispersal in relation to population density and sex ratio in the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oecologia 83: 145 - 149." type="journal article" year="1990">Sandell et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among individuals re-trapped as adults, 58% of males and 23% of females dispersed; distances moved were> 1 home-range diameter. Mean distance moved by males (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB650FFB5735FFB21FAB23FBE" box="[1289,1365,1227,1250]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.85" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="58.5">58.5 m</quantity>
|
||
) exceeded that of females (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B7CB650FFB57590FB01FBF13E5E" box="[966,1046,1259,1282]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="28.6">28.6 m</quantity>
|
||
). Distances moved by males were negatively associated with total density and density of adult females, but not male density. Female movements were not correlated to population density. No relationship between sex ratio of the population and distance moved were observed for either sex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57349FA81FA393EDE" author="SANDELL, M. & AGRELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND J." box="[1311,1502,1387,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="145 - 149" refId="ref21382" refString="SANDELL, M., J. AGRELL, S. ERLINGE, AND J. NELSON. 1990. Natal dispersal in relation to population density and sex ratio in the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oecologia 83: 145 - 149." type="journal article" year="1990">Sandell et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB57525FA61FB6E3D1E" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB57525FA61FBD53EFE" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[883,1074,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB57525FA61FBD53EFE" box="[883,1074,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to modify spatial behavior, depending on season, as a reaction to predation risks by carnivore predators; the basic antipredatory reaction limits their locomotory activity (Borowski and Owadowska 2010). Distributions of distances moved for both sexes fits a normal geometrical distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB575E5F9C1FB9E3D1E" author="SANDELL, M. & AGRELL, S. & ERLINGE & AND J." box="[947,1145,1579,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="145 - 149" refId="ref21382" refString="SANDELL, M., J. AGRELL, S. ERLINGE, AND J. NELSON. 1990. Natal dispersal in relation to population density and sex ratio in the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oecologia 83: 145 - 149." type="journal article" year="1990">Sandell et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB57525F9A1FAEF3D9E" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Female clans of mothers and daughters may occur (Viitala and Pusenius 1990). Young females disperse from maternal home range less often than do subadult males or breeding females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB575FCF941FB8E3D9E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[938,1129,1707,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="468 - 493" refId="ref19761" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1977 a. Demographic mechanisms in the fluctuating populations of the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29: 468 - 493." type="journal article" year="1977">Myllymäki 1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57220F941FB1F3D9E" author="VIITALA, J." box="[1142,1272,1707,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="53 - 93" refId="ref22165" refString="VIITALA, J. 1977. Social organization in cyclic, subarctic population of the voles Clethrionomys rufocanus (Sund.) and Microtus agrestis (L.). Annales Zoologici Fennici 14: 53 - 93." type="journal article" year="1977">Viitala 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B650FFB67525F921FDB43A9E" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" lastBlockId="10.[109,792,203,450]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Small mammalian carnivores have a stronger impact on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB650FFB5751EF901FC273C5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[840,960,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB650FFB5751EF901FC273C5E" box="[840,960,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prey population dynamics than avian predators and kill more females than males (Norrdahl and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57364F8E1FA043C7E" author="KORPIMaKI, E. & AND K." box="[1330,1507,1803,1826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="2448 - 2455" refId="ref17943" refString="KORPIMaKI, E., AND K. NORRDAHL. 1998. Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small rodent cycles. Ecology 79: 2448 - 2455." type="journal article" year="1998">Korpimäki 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Small mustelids also selectively kill more females than males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B650FFB57507F8A1FBC33C3E" author="KLEMOLA, T. & KOIVULA, E. & AND K." box="[849,1060,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" pagination="607 - 614" refId="ref17577" refString="KLEMOLA, T., M. KOIVULA, E. KORPIMaKI, AND K. NORRDAHL. 1997. Small mustelid predation slows population growth of Microtus voles: a predator reduction experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 607 - 614." type="journal article" year="1997">Klemola et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Odor or scent marks left as part of reproductive activities increase risk of predation by mammalian predators more than UV visibility of scent marks (Koivula and Korpimäki 2001). Under simulated predation risk using mustelid odors, nonmating behavior of both female and male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB674F7FEE1FCFF3A7E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[673,792,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB674F7FEE1FD503A7E" box="[673,695,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67493FEE1FCFF3A7E" box="[709,792,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
changed. Moreover, mass of both sexes decreased (Kostela and Ylönen 1995). Predation by small carnivores may result in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB674ADFEA1FF273ADE" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB674ADFEA1FCF63A3E" box="[763,785,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB6763BFE81FF273ADE" box="[109,192,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
increasing their survival by reducing mobility (traveling less—Norrdahl and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67714FE61FE083AFE" author="KORPIMaKI, E. & AND K." box="[322,495,395,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="2448 - 2455" refId="ref17943" refString="KORPIMaKI, E., AND K. NORRDAHL. 1998. Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small rodent cycles. Ecology 79: 2448 - 2455." type="journal article" year="1998">Korpimäki 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Radiocollars do not markedly alter predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6771AFE41FDA53A9E" author="KORPIMaKI, E., V. & KOIVUNEN & AND H." box="[332,578,427,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="377 - 386" refId="ref17906" refString="KORPIMaKI, E., V. KOIVUNEN, AND H. HAKKARAINEN. 1996 b. Do radio-collars increase the predation risk of small rodents? Ethology Ecology and Evolution 8: 377 - 386." type="journal article" year="1996">Korpimäki et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B653FFB77721FDECFDB6383E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB67721FDECFDE8397C" blockId="10.[375,527,518,544]" box="[375,527,518,544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67721FDECFDE8397C" bold="true" box="[375,527,518,544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB676CEFDA0FF0A38DD" blockId="10.[109,793,586,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB676CEFDA0FEB5393D" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[152,338,586,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB676CEFDA0FEB5393D" box="[152,338,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a diploid number (2n) of 50 chromosomes with a fundamental number (FN) of 54 (Zima and Král 1984). Only the largest autosome, a telo- or acrocentric, and the smallest autosome, a metacentric, are identifiable in unbanded preparations. The other 22 autosomes are acrocentrics and form a continuous series of decreasing lengths. The C- and G-band patterns of metaphase chromosomes (Cooper and Hsu 1972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6763BFCC0FF39381D" author="PERA, F." box="[109,222,810,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="263 - 271" refId="ref20704" refString="PERA, F. 1972. Pattern of repetitive DNA of the chromosomes of Microtus agrestis. Chromosoma 36: 263 - 271." type="journal article" year="1972">Pera 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the NOR-band patterns have been described (Goodpasture and Bloom 1975;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6778CFCA0FD5C383D" author="SPERLING, K., V. & KALSCHEUER & AND H." box="[474,699,842,865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="463 - 472" refId="ref21719" refString="SPERLING, K., V. KALSCHEUER, AND H. NEITZEL. 1987. Transcriptional activity of constitutive heterochromatin in the mammal Microtus agrestis (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Experimental Cell Research 173: 463 - 472." type="journal article" year="1987">Sperling et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6749BFCA0FF3A38DD" author="ASHLEY, T. & J. JAAROLA & AND K." pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref13107" refString="ASHLEY, T., J. JAAROLA, AND K. FREDGA. 1989. The behavior during pachynema of a normal and an inverted Y chromosome in Microtus agrestis. Hereditas 111: 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1989">Ashley et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB676CEFC60FEB83E5D" blockId="10.[109,793,586,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The sex chromosomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB677F0FC60FDFC38FD" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[422,539,906,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB677F0FC60FDFC38FD" box="[422,539,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extremely large due to the accumulation of huge blocks of constitutive heterochromatin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB676CCFC20FEC938BD" author="MATTHEY, R." box="[154,302,970,993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="72" refId="ref19132" refString="MATTHEY, R. 1949. Chromosomes sexuels giant chez un campagnol, Microtus agrestis L. Experientia 5: 72." type="journal article" year="1949">Matthey 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6776AFC20FE0E38BD" author="WOLF, U. & FLINSPACH, R. & AND S." box="[316,489,970,993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="609 - 617" refId="ref22520" refString="WOLF, U., G. FLINSPACH, R. BoHM, AND S. OHNO. 1965. DNS reduplikationsmuster bei den riesen-geschlechtschromosomen von Microtus agrestis. Chromosoma 16: 609 - 617." type="journal article" year="1965">Wolf et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB677AEFC20FD8838BD" author="OHNO, S." box="[504,623,970,993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="ref20624" refString="OHNO, S. 1967. Sex chromosomes and sex linked genes. Springer, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="1967">Ohno 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The submetacentric X chromosome is almost 3 times longer than the largest autosome, and the acrocentric Y chromosome is as long as the long arm of the X chromosome. A variant metacentric X reaching 3.7 times the length of the largest chromosome was found in Portuguese populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6772FFB80FDB33FDD" author="GIMeNEZ, M. D. & PAUPeRIO, P. C. & ALVES & AND J. B." box="[377,596,1130,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="377 - 382" refId="ref15805" refString="GIMeNEZ, M. D., J. PAUPeRIO, P. C. ALVES, AND J. B. SEARLE. 2012. Giant sex chromosomes retained within the Portuguese lineage of the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Acta Theriologica 57: 377 - 382." type="journal article" year="2012">Giménez et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular characterization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB67759FB60FE613FFD" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[271,390,1162,1185]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67759FB60FE613FFD" box="[271,390,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sex chromosomes is discussed in the context of pairing, evolution, and phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67401FB40FD2A3F9D" author="MODI, W. S." box="[599,717,1194,1217]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="109 - 136" refId="ref19482" refString="MODI, W. S. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns among the Nearctic Arvicolidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Systematic Zoology 36: 109 - 136." type="journal article" year="1987">Modi 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6748DFB40FCF73F9D" author="MODI, W. S." box="[731,784,1194,1217]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="142 - 148" refId="ref19514" refString="MODI, W. S. 1993. Comparative analyses of heterochromatin in Microtus: sequence heterogeneity and localized expansion and contraction of satellite DNA arrays. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 62: 142 - 148." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6763BFB20FECA3FBD" author="NANDA, I., H. & NEITZE, K. & SPERLING, R. & STUDIER & AND J. T." box="[109,301,1226,1249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="213 - 219" refId="ref19946" refString="NANDA, I., H. NEITZE, K. SPERLING, R. STUDIER, AND J. T. EPPLEN. 1988. Simple GATA repeats chacterize the X chromosomal heterochromatin of Microtus agrestis, European field vole (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Chromosoma 96: 213 - 219." type="journal article" year="1988">Nanda et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6776BFB20FDE93FBD" author="BORODIN, P. M. & O. V. SABLINA & AND M. I." box="[317,526,1226,1249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="17 - 23" refId="ref13731" refString="BORODIN, P. M., O. V. SABLINA, AND M. I. RODIONOVA. 1995. Pattern of X-Y chromosome pairing in microtine rodents. Hereditas 123: 17 - 23." type="journal article" year="1995">Borodin et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67448FB20FCF73FBD" author="KALSCHEUER, V., A. P. & SINGH, I. & NANDA, K. & SPERLING & AND H." box="[542,784,1226,1249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="171 - 178" refId="ref17210" refString="KALSCHEUER, V., A. P. SINGH, I. NANDA, K. SPERLING, AND H. NEITZEL. 1996. Evolution of gonosomal heterochromatin of Microtus agrestis: rapid amplification of a large, multimeric, repeat unit containing a 3.0 - kb (GATA) 11 - positive, middle repetitive elements. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 73: 171 - 178." type="journal article" year="1996">Kalscheuer et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6763BFB00FEA83E5D" author="NESTEROVA, T. B." box="[109,335,1258,1281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="41 - 48" refId="ref20191" refString="NESTEROVA, T. B., ET AL. 1998. Comparative mapping of X chromosomes in vole species of the genus Microtus. Chromosome Research 6: 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="1998">Nesterova et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB676CEFAE0FEE23DDD" blockId="10.[109,793,586,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
A variant subtelocentric Y chromosome, known as the Lund Y chromosome, found in individuals collected from southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB676CDFAA0FF083E3D" box="[155,239,1354,1377]" name="Sweden" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Hansen-Melander 1964) results from a pericentric inversion (Fredga and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB677C1FA80FDC43EDD" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND K." box="[407,547,1386,1409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="241 - 249" refId="ref16921" refString="JAAROLA, M., H. TEGELSTRoM, AND K. FREDGA. 1997. A contact zone with non-coincident clines for sex-specific markers in the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Evolution 51: 241 - 249." type="journal article" year="1997">Jaarola 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB67408FA80FD3E3EDD" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[606,729,1386,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67408FA80FD933EDD" box="[606,628,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB674D0FA80FD3E3EDD" box="[646,729,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB6763BFA60FF2D3EFD" box="[109,202,1418,1441]" name="Portugal" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Y chromosome presents an intermediate morphology between the standard Y (“minute short arm”) and the Lund Y (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB676C6FA20FE823EBD" author="GIMeNEZ, M. D. & PAUPeRIO, P. C. & ALVES & AND J. B." box="[144,357,1482,1505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="377 - 382" refId="ref15805" refString="GIMeNEZ, M. D., J. PAUPeRIO, P. C. ALVES, AND J. B. SEARLE. 2012. Giant sex chromosomes retained within the Portuguese lineage of the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Acta Theriologica 57: 377 - 382." type="journal article" year="2012">Giménez et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). X and Y chromosomes do not pair during meiosis in either of the 2 Y chromosome
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1883BB653FFB6741DFA00FD643D5D" box="[587,643,1514,1537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB674C5FA00FF453D7D" author="ASHLEY, T. & J. JAAROLA & AND K." pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref13107" refString="ASHLEY, T., J. JAAROLA, AND K. FREDGA. 1989. The behavior during pachynema of a normal and an inverted Y chromosome in Microtus agrestis. Hereditas 111: 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1989">Ashley et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In an extensive geographic survey comprising
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B653FFB674FDF9E0FCFF3D7D" box="[683,792,1546,1569]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" type="male">353 males</specimenCount>
|
||
from northern and central Europe, the distribution of the Lund Y chromosome was restricted to southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB6746BF9A0FD763D3D" box="[573,657,1610,1633]" name="Sweden" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fredga and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6763BF980FF133DDD" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND K." box="[109,244,1642,1665]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="241 - 249" refId="ref16921" refString="JAAROLA, M., H. TEGELSTRoM, AND K. FREDGA. 1997. A contact zone with non-coincident clines for sex-specific markers in the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Evolution 51: 241 - 249." type="journal article" year="1997">Jaarola 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB676CEF960FE7C3C3D" blockId="10.[109,793,586,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Allozyme variation in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B653FFB677F1F960FE043DFD" box="[423,483,1674,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" type="generic">
|
||
3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB67793F960FE043DFD" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[453,483,1674,1697]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67793F960FE043DFD" box="[453,483,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
agrestis populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB6763BF940FF263D9D" box="[109,193,1706,1729]" name="Sweden" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
contained a very high level of average heterozygosity (0.19–0.22) and an excess of homozygotes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67420F920FCF63DBD" author="NYGREN, J." box="[630,785,1738,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref20431" refString="NYGREN, J. 1980 b. Allozyme variation in natural populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis L.). II. Survey of an isolated island population. Hereditas 93: 107 - 123." type="journal article" year="1980">Nygren 1980b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6763BF900FF493C5D" author="NYGREN, J." box="[109,174,1770,1793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="125 - 136" refId="ref20469" refString="NYGREN, J. 1980 c. Allozyme variation in natural populations of field vole (Microtus agrestis L.). III. Survey of a cyclically density varying population. Hereditas 93: 125 - 136." type="journal article" year="1980">1980c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nygren and Rasmuson 1980). One of these populations was reanalyzed with a more representative battery of enzymes, and only 3 of the 21 loci were polymorphic with no evidence of inbreeding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB676B9F8A0FE6C3C3D" author="FRYKMAN, I." box="[239,395,1866,1889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref15760" refString="FRYKMAN, I. 1988. Breeding structure of two field vole populations. Hereditas 108: 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="1988">Frykman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB676CEF880FA843A9E" blockId="10.[109,793,586,1953]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB6763BF860FF013CFD" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[109,230,1930,1953]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB6763BF860FF013CFD" box="[109,230,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern Europe revealed distinct geographic patterns of diversity and lineage distribution (Jaarola and Tegelström 1995, 1996). Overall mtDNA diversity was high, but showed a pronounced geographic heterogeneity. Two major mtDNA lineages were identified as differing by 2% in nucleotide sequence. A wide contact zone between the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD10B653FFB67334FEA1FA703A3E" box="[1378,1431,331,354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" type="generic">
|
||
2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB6732FFEA1FA703A3E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1401,1431,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB6732FFEA1FA703A3E" box="[1401,1431,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
agrestis mtDNA groups was found in a suture zone in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB673C8FE81FA153ADE" box="[1438,1522,363,386]" name="Sweden" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
where several mammalian intraspecific zones of contact occur (Jaarola and Tegelström 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB672C7FE41FAB43A9E" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND K." box="[1169,1363,427,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="113 - 127" refId="ref16962" refString="JAAROLA, M., H. TEGELSTRoM, AND K. FREDGA. 1999. Colonization history in Fennoscandian rodents. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1999">Jaarola et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB67525FE21FB7638DE" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Strong but complex phylogeographic substructuring was observed within both major mtDNA groups (Jaarola and Tegelström 1995, 1996). A population characterized by fixation of 2 unique sex-specific genetic markers, the Lund Y chromosome, and a specific mtDNA sublineage was identified in southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB67263FD81FB6C39DE" box="[1077,1163,619,642]" name="Sweden" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jaarola and Tegelström 1996). This Lund population showed the imprints of a population that underwent a bottleneck or founder event and probably originated about 12,000 years ago. A contact zone between the Lund population and a standard population with the 2 sex-specific markers was identified. The mtDNA and Y chromosome clines exhibited a rarely observed lack of coincidence, and as a consequence, only 1 of 2 possible male hybrid classes was observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB675ECFC81FB6638DE" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND K." box="[954,1153,875,898]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="241 - 249" refId="ref16921" refString="JAAROLA, M., H. TEGELSTRoM, AND K. FREDGA. 1997. A contact zone with non-coincident clines for sex-specific markers in the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Evolution 51: 241 - 249." type="journal article" year="1997">Jaarola et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB67525FC61FB5C3D9E" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
A survey of the mtDNA phylogeographic pattern across the species range, using sequence analysis of the whole cytochrome-
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67587FC21FC3938BE" box="[977,990,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">b</emphasis>
|
||
gene (1,140 bp), demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB673D3FC21FC853F5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB673D3FC21FC853F5E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is divided into 3 major phylogenetic lineages that exhibit strict geographic subdivision (Jaarola and Searle 2002). The northern and central part of the species’ range is divided into a western and an eastern phylogeographic group. These 2 groups were identical to those previously identified in northern Europe by restriction site data (Jaarola and Tegelström 1995). The 3rd phylogeographic group in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB6734BFB41FA7F3F9E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1309,1432,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB6734BFB41FA7F3F9E" box="[1309,1432,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present in southern Europe in the Iberian Peninsula, southernmost
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB6751EFB01FC723E5E" box="[840,917,1259,1282]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB675FCFB01FBC83E5E" box="[938,1071,1259,1282]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, northernmost
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB672B1FB01FAFD3E5E" box="[1255,1306,1259,1282]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB67379FB01FA773E5E" box="[1327,1424,1259,1282]" name="Slovenia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB6751EFAE1FC4F3E7E" box="[840,936,1291,1314]" name="Hungary" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B653FFB675B6FAE1FBD73E7E" box="[992,1072,1291,1314]" name="Croatia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jaarola and Searle 2002, 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB673C4FAE1FC593E1E" author="HELLBORG, L., I. & AND M." pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="2025 - 2031" refId="ref16486" refString="HELLBORG, L., I. GuNDuZ, AND M. JAAROLA. 2005. Analysis of sex-linked sequences supports a new mammal species in Europe. Molecular Ecology 14: 2025 - 2031." type="journal article" year="2005">Hellborg et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mitochondrial DNA clock estimates suggest that the western and eastern phylogeographic groups separated during the last glacial period, whereas the southern population dates back at least 500,000–900,000 years. The degree of differentiation of the southern mtDNA lineage (5–6%) is similar to that observed between sibling species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB67364FA21FA743EBE" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1798" box="[1330,1427,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67364FA21FA743EBE" box="[1330,1427,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Microtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jaarola and Searle 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB6725EFA01FB373D5E" author="JAAROLA, M. & AND J. B." box="[1032,1232,1515,1538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="228 - 234" refId="ref16813" refString="JAAROLA, M., AND J. B. SEARLE. 2004. A highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineage of Microtus agrestis in southern Europe. Heredity 92: 228 - 234." type="journal article" year="2004">Jaarola et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The southern population can also be detected with paternally (Y chromosome) and biparentally (X chromosome) inherited DNA sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB673C5F9C1FC5F3D3E" author="HELLBORG, L., I. & AND M." pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="2025 - 2031" refId="ref16486" refString="HELLBORG, L., I. GuNDuZ, AND M. JAAROLA. 2005. Analysis of sex-linked sequences supports a new mammal species in Europe. Molecular Ecology 14: 2025 - 2031." type="journal article" year="2005">Hellborg et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Together, the genetic data suggest that the morphologically cryptic but ancient and evolutionary distinct southern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB6751EF961FC223DFE" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[840,965,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB6751EF961FC223DFE" box="[840,965,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a separate species (Jaarola and Searle 2002, 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67587F941FB4C3D9E" author="HELLBORG, L., I. & AND M." box="[977,1195,1707,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="2025 - 2031" refId="ref16486" refString="HELLBORG, L., I. GuNDuZ, AND M. JAAROLA. 2005. Analysis of sex-linked sequences supports a new mammal species in Europe. Molecular Ecology 14: 2025 - 2031." type="journal article" year="2005">Hellborg et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B653FFB77525F921FD613A1E" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="11.[109,793,203,866]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B653FFB67525F921FBB83DBE" author="BEYSARD, M. & PERRIN, M. & JAAROLA, G. & HECKEL & AND P." box="[883,1119,1739,1762]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="400 - 408" refId="ref13543" refString="BEYSARD, M., N. PERRIN, M. JAAROLA, G. HECKEL, AND P. VOGEL. 2012. Asymmetric and differential G introgression a contact zone between two highly divergent lineages of field voles (Microtus agrestis). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25: 400 - 408." type="journal article" year="2012">Beysard et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied a contact zone between the southern and northern (i.e., eastern and western)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB653FFB67306F901FA203C5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1360,1479,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB653FFB67306F901FA203C5E" box="[1360,1479,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages in the Swiss
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF87BB653FFB67243F8E1FBA63C7E" box="[1045,1089,1803,1826]" country="Switzerland" name="Jura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Jura</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountains using maternally, paternally, and biparentally inherited genetic markers. Despite a strong genetic structure in the contact zone, some hybrids and gene flow occurred. The extent of introgression varied with the mode of inheritance and was asymmetric, occurring only from the northern to the southern lineage. These results can be explained by neutral processes linked to differences in effective population sizes and sex-biased dispersal rates. However, it is possible that Haldane’s rule contributes to the pattern observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB776CEFEA1FEA4397E" blockId="11.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Herman and Searle (2011) showed that the eastern and western mtDNA lineages can be further divided into 6 lineages. Using new and published cytochrome-
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77476FE61FDCA3AFE" box="[544,557,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">b</emphasis>
|
||
gene sequences and an extremely fast molecular clock, they estimated that a single mitochondrial ancestor occurred around 24,000 years ago. The 6 regional lineages originated about 12,000 years ago from bottlenecked populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB776CEFDC1FDB6383E" blockId="11.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Based on a multilocus approach,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB7744BFDC1FCFF391E" author="PAUPeRIO, J. & HERMAN, J. & FERREIRA, M. & JAAROLA, P. C. & ALVES & AND J. B." box="[541,792,555,578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="6015 - 6032" refId="ref20643" refString="PAUPeRIO, J., J. S. HERMAN, J. MELO- FERREIRA, M. JAAROLA, P. C. ALVES, AND J. B. SEARLE. 2012. Cryptic speciation in the field vole: a multilocus approach confirms three highly divergent lineages in Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 21: 6015 - 6032." type="journal article" year="2012">Paupério et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated a 3rd major lineage in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB77446FDA1FD6B393E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[528,652,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77446FDA1FD6B393E" box="[528,652,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB774E1FDA1FCF2393E" box="[695,789,587,610]" name="Portugal" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Coalescent analyses supported 3 evolutionary units that may represent cryptic species: the northern and southern (as described previously) and Portuguese. Divergence among these units was estimated to have occurred during the last glacial period.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB7763BFD01FEB0385E" author="HERMAN, J. S. & MCDEVITT, A. & AWALKO, M. & JAAROLA, J. M. & WOJCIK & AND J. B." box="[109,343,747,770]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="103949" refId="ref16547" refString="HERMAN, J. S., A. D. MCDEVITT, A. K AWALKO, M. JAAROLA, J. M. WOJCIK, AND J. B. SEARLE. 2014. Land bridge calibration of molecular clocks and the postglacial colonization of Scandinavia by the Eurasian field vole Microtus agrestis. PLoS One 9: e 103949." type="journal article" year="2014">Herman et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
calculated the rate of the mitochondrial cytochrome-
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB776A2FCE1FEE6387E" box="[244,257,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">b</emphasis>
|
||
molecular clock using the postglacial colonization of Scandinavia by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB7773CFCC1FE05381E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[362,482,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB7773CFCC1FE05381E" box="[362,482,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a well-established cytochrome-
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77690FCA1FF34383E" box="[198,211,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">b</emphasis>
|
||
genealogy for the northern lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006512B652FFB77719FC4EFAC23A1E" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB77719FC4EFDD138E2" blockId="11.[335,566,932,958]" box="[335,566,932,958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77719FC4EFDD138E2" bold="true" box="[335,566,932,958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB776CEFC0DFCE83E42" blockId="11.[109,793,999,1950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB776CEFC0DFEA838A2" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[152,335,999,1022]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB776CEFC0DFEA838A2" box="[152,335,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Microtus agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present in a large number of protected areas throughout its wide range. It is considered a species of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and as such no specific conservation measures are required (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB77765FB8DFDEA3F22" author="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. & J. ZIMA & AND I." box="[307,525,1127,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="3927248" refId="ref18177" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., V. VOHARALiK, J. ZIMA, AND I. ZAGORODNYUK. 2008. Microtus agrestis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T 13426 A 3927248." type="journal article" year="2008">Kryštufek et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Locally it can be rare in marginal parts of its range although in some other areas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB774F0FB6DFCFF3FC2" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[678,792,1159,1182]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB774F0FB6DFD5B3FC2" box="[678,700,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB7749EFB6DFCFF3FC2" box="[712,792,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may cause considerable damage to grassland and fruit tree plantations, wood-stemmed ornamental trees, and forest trees. In arable land,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB776F0FB0DFEFE3FA2" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[166,281,1255,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB776F0FB0DFF5B3FA2" box="[166,188,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB7769FFB0DFEFE3FA2" box="[201,281,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cuts the plant stem close to the ground, then consumes the stem and leaves (Alibhai and Gipps 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB774D9FAEDFCE73E42" author="ZIMA, J." box="[655,768,1287,1310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" refId="ref22575" refString="ZIMA, J. 1999. Microtus agrestis. Pp. 226 - 227 in The atlas of European mammals (A. J. Mitchell-Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Krystufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralik, and J. Zima, eds.). Academic Press, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1999">Zima 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB776CEFACDFE3F3EE2" blockId="11.[109,793,999,1950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Productivity estimates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB777E2FACDFDC93E62" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[436,558,1319,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB777E2FACDFDC93E62" box="[436,558,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Britain were estimated to be between 677,000 and 982,000 per year depending on calculation method (Dyczkowski and Yalden 1998) though varying habitat availability has undoubtedly been a factor in overall vole population dynamics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53699B652FFB776CEFA2DFAC23A1E" blockId="11.[109,793,999,1950]" lastBlockId="11.[840,1523,203,322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB776CEFA2DFEDD3E82" author="CHARLES, W. N." box="[152,314,1479,1502]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" refId="ref14281" refString="CHARLES, W. N. 1981. Abundance of field voles (Microtus agrestis) in conifer plantations. Pp. 135 - 137 in Forest and woodland ecology: an account of research being done in ITE (ITE Symposium 8) (F. T. Last and A. S. Gardiner, eds.). NERC / Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="proceedings" year="1981">Charles (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB7778EFA2DFDB63E82" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[472,593,1479,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB7778EFA2DFE093E82" box="[472,494,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB777A8FA2DFDB63E82" box="[510,593,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
causes infrequent damage to British flora and is not usually regarded as an important economic pest of British coniferous forests. However, Kanervo and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB776ABF9CDFE253D62" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[253,450,1575,1598]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="27 - 48" refId="ref19719" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1970. Population ecology and its application to the control of the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Publications, Serie A 58: 27 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Myllymäki (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB7746BF9CDFD533D62" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[573,692,1575,1598]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB7746BF9CDFDB43D62" box="[573,595,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77437F9CDFD533D62" box="[609,692,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been an important pest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB77711F9ADFE353D02" box="[327,466,1607,1630]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB77453F9ADFD8D3D02" box="[517,618,1607,1630]" name="Germany" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In Scandinavia, vole problems continue at 4-year cyclic intervals as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB774F6F98DFCFF3D22" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[672,792,1639,1662]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB774F6F98DFD513D22" box="[672,694,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77493F98DFCFF3D22" box="[709,792,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaches high population numbers. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB777A9F96DFDB73DC2" box="[511,592,1671,1694]" name="Finland" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB774D1F96DFD393DC2" box="[647,734,1671,1694]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, economic loss due to damage from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB77785F94DFDAB3DE2" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[467,588,1703,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77785F94DFE0E3DE2" box="[467,489,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB777AFF94DFDAB3DE2" box="[505,588,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to apple trees and horticultural plants during the 1950s and 1960s was minimally estimated at $2 million, each, over 13 years. Forestry damage in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB7763BF8EDFF593C42" box="[109,190,1799,1822]" name="Finland" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB776A6F8EDFEA13C42" box="[240,326,1799,1822]" name="Norway" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the 1960s was estimated at $120,000 each; estimates of damage in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB777FCF8CDFE193C62" box="[426,510,1831,1854]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
were much higher. Heavy losses to stored hay especially during the 1966–1967 winter were recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB77778F88DFE653C22" box="[302,386,1895,1918]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB777EDF88DFDF73C22" box="[443,528,1895,1918]" name="Finland" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Outbreaks were mostly synchronous during the 1950s and 1960s in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB7740DF86DFD483CC2" box="[603,687,1927,1950]" name="Finland" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB774EBF86DFCF33CC2" box="[701,788,1927,1950]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7609B652FFB7752EFF21FC283BBE" box="[888,975,203,226]" name="Norway" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, though northern latitudes diverged from this pattern. Overall, damage resulting from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D1AB652FFB77284FF01FAAF3A5E" baseAuthorityName="Nelson" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1234,1352,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB77284FF01FB0F3A5E" box="[1234,1256,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEA8BB652FFB772A3FF01FAAF3A5E" box="[1269,1352,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is said to be the most serious pest problem to Finnish, Swedish, and Norwegian horticulture (Kanervo and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B68B652FFB77235FEC1FAF23A1E" author="MYLLYMaKI, A." box="[1123,1301,299,322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="27 - 48" refId="ref19719" refString="MYLLYMaKI, A. 1970. Population ecology and its application to the control of the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Publications, Serie A 58: 27 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Myllymäki 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |