1441 lines
193 KiB
XML
1441 lines
193 KiB
XML
<document id="1610C958BAA563B2669A6AF6810E728D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183360" ID-GBIF-Dataset="92b86a46-9ae1-47e2-8f52-b7c647ca974a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183360" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459904844849" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="West, Rick C., Marshall, Samuel D., Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rogério" docDate="2008" docId="03B24354FF9EFF94FF44F99DFA3BA049" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01849p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1849" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ephebopus cyanognathus West & Marshall 2000" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="FF8B3B2CFF97FF86FFD3FFAEFFB5A16B" masterDocTitle="Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698228961978" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="22F3630DEF2C98B3FA8ED7602BC95011">Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E682067E4ABF234827E222068684B321" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6A161156A9F106C6850FEBD5317824AE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EED37799421391A4FC3BA310F93EC424">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="F7E9C152103D4E1FD0A9E9417B396CF6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="79F4A0FC7CA91771691067D32B4BA028">Marshall, Samuel D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3B8079C33E6005214338BEF6EFA22A60">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B08310A9B42690A4EE73CCAAD2B8D19C">Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C96167AFDA356E2B38F94ABC257D5F87" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D78C409EF2DE0542A81077C9CC319244">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="238A93CFCED4267A3581A4A1C3543272">Bertani, Rogério</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0B9208979DDF2540D657066D7D911996">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DFCEEA2C277A94FC0D83A0BFC404F952">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="93D3608B9C601E62ECA9CAA9042F1D3F">
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<mods:date id="E6AD93011BFB8BCA1DABF39DE1C4CC3D">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1A9478491EC0A9C562A29BCC19CBABE7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B9A6EDDE2DC4B4285B68E2F78BCB72E0">1849</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="055ECB1E2C4E2669C665B18C92E5BBD0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183360</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="092B747B725012FDEFEAF7756432D1EA" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B24354FF9EFF94FF44F99DFA3BA049" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5624766" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119373333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5624766" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B24354FF9EFF94FF44F99DFA3BA049" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B24354FF9EFF94FF44F99DFA3BA049" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9EFF8FFF44F99DFED2A71B" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9EFF8FFF44F99DFD5BA726" blockId="9.[151,750,1587,1648]" box="[151,750,1587,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D0EC452EFF9EFF8FFF44F99DFD5BA726" bold="true" box="[151,750,1587,1613]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9EFF8FFF44F99DFD5BA726" ID-CoL="6FND7" authority="West & Marshall 2000" authorityName="West & Marshall" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,750,1587,1613]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFF44F99DFD5BA726" bold="true" box="[151,750,1587,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFF44F99DFE7AA726" bold="true" box="[151,463,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Ephebopus cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9EFF8FFE05F99DFD5BA726" author="West" box="[470,750,1587,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" refString="West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
West &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9EFF8FFDE8F99DFD18A726" box="[571,685,1587,1613]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9EFF8FFF44F9F8FED2A71B" blockId="9.[151,750,1587,1648]" box="[151,359,1622,1648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9EFF8FFF4CF9F8FEBCA71B" box="[159,265,1622,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9EFF8FFEC6F9F8FE80A71B" box="[277,309,1622,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9EFF8FFE92F9F8FED5A71B" box="[321,352,1622,1648]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">30</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9EFF8FFF44F908FBB1A60E" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9EFF8FFF44F908FB9DA7D6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1702,1893]" box="[151,1064,1702,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0BD56CFF9EFF8FFF44F908FB9DA7D6" box="[151,1064,1702,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9EFF8FFF44F908FD08A7D6" ID-CoL="6FND7" authority="West & Marshall 2000: 6" authorityName="West & Marshall" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,701,1702,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFF44F908FE1DA7D6" box="[151,424,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Ephebopus cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABAD453FF9EFF8FFE7CF908FD08A7D6" author="West" box="[431,701,1702,1725]" page="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9EFF8FFE7CF908FD11A7D6" author="West" box="[431,676,1702,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" refString="West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
West &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9EFF8FFDD6F908FDD1A7D6" box="[517,612,1702,1725]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 6
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, f. 1–2;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABAD453FF9EFF8FFCC6F908FB91A7D6" author="West" box="[789,1060,1702,1725]" page="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9EFF8FFCC6F908FBBFA7D6" author="West" box="[789,1034,1702,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" refString="West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2002) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) [erratum]. Arthropoda, 10, 7." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
West &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9EFF8FFCBFF908FC7EA7D6" box="[876,971,1702,1725]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 7
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9EFF8FFF44F966FBB1A60E" blockId="9.[151,1436,1702,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFF44F966FF55A78B" bold="true" box="[151,224,1736,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9EFF8FFF44F966FF69A78B" box="[151,220,1736,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9EFF8FFF3BF967FE70A78B" box="[232,453,1737,1760]" name="French Guiana" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FRENCH GUIANA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9EFF8FFDDEF967FDDFA78B" box="[525,618,1737,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9EFF8FFD3EF967FCF9A78B" box="[749,844,1737,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, Roura District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFC28F967FBE7A78B" box="[1019,1106,1735,1760]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="4.7166667">4o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFB8FF967FB73A78B" box="[1116,1222,1735,1760]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-52.316666">52o19’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Tresor Mountains, Tresor Reserve,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFEA6F945FE5BA669" box="[373,494,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-06-17">17.VI.1999</date>
|
||
(male matured
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFD46F945FCA4A669" box="[661,785,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-09-10">10.IX.1999</date>
|
||
), R. West;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9EFF8FFC56F945FC62A669" box="[901,983,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9EFF8FFC0DF945FBF2A669" box="[990,1095,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, Roura District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFB25F945FAF9A669" box="[1270,1356,1770,1794]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="4.7166667">4o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFA85F945FF51A649" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-52.316666">52o19’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Roura Mountains,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFE19F8A5FDF5A649" box="[458,576,1803,1826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-04-22">22.IV.1999</date>
|
||
(matured in captivity
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFCEDF8A5FC40A649" box="[830,1013,1803,1826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-08-28" valueMax="1999-08-30" valueMin="1999-08-28">28–30.VIII.1999</date>
|
||
), R. West;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9EFF8FFBA5F8A5FB6CA649" box="[1142,1241,1803,1826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Kourou District, C.I.R.A.D. Field Station [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFE0CF880FD8DA62E" box="[479,568,1836,1861]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="5.15">5o09’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFD97F880FD04A62E" box="[580,689,1836,1861]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-52.633335">52o38’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFD17F880FC88A62E" box="[708,829,1838,1861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-04-17">17.IV.1999</date>
|
||
, J. Huff;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9EFF8FFC75F880FBB2A62E" box="[934,1031,1838,1861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Roura District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFB6CF880FAADA62E" box="[1215,1304,1836,1861]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="4.7166667">4o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9EFF8FFAF6F880FA24A62E" box="[1317,1425,1836,1861]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-52.316666">52o19’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Tresor Mountains, Tresor Reserve,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9EFF8FFD93F8E0FD0EA60E" box="[576,699,1870,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" value="1999-06-17">17.VI.1999</date>
|
||
, R. West. All
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9EFF8FFC83F8E0FC3DA60E" box="[848,904,1870,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
|
||
in AMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9EFF8CFF44F838FC8CA041" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9EFF8CFF44F838FC8CA041" blockId="9.[151,1436,1942,2008]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,1384]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFF44F838FEACA6DB" bold="true" box="[151,281,1942,1968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9EFF8FFE4EF838FD91A6C4" box="[413,548,1942,1967]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9EFF8FFE4EF838FD91A6C4" box="[413,548,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but this species differs from all congeners by the coloration of females, the metallic blue chelicerae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9EFF8FFE16F810FDAAA6B3" box="[453,543,1982,2008]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the different shape of the genitalia of both sexes. Males differ from those its congeners by the palpal bulb being globular with a long slender gradually tapering embolus slightly bent outward apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFE78FF6EFE41A1B1" box="[427,500,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFD0EFF6EFCD3A1B2" box="[733,870,192,217]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFD0EFF6EFCD3A1B2" box="[733,870,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but straighter, thin and tapering. Spermathecae differ from those of its congeners by having two short truncate columnar lobes, separated, being widest at base and constricting medially then widening apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFD30FEBEFC9FA041" box="[739,810,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9DFF8CFF16FE99FE17A261" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF16FE99FE17A261" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF16FE99FED5A03A" bold="true" box="[197,352,311,337]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFEBBFE96FE60A039" box="[360,469,312,338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male, lengths: total body, 41.17; chelicerae, 7.0; carapace, 16.67; abdomen, 17.5; leg I, 72.16; leg II, 65.34; leg III, 54.5; leg IV, 68.5. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color of legs dark brown; legs with narrow yellow transverse band between all femora and patellae; chelicerae with lavender pubescence; abdomen pale gold intermixed with longer gray setae; carapace and trochantera with rose and brown pubescence setae, more so on carapace. Palpal bulb globular, with long slender tapering embolus, similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFF44FDAEFEABA372" box="[151,286,512,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44FDAEFEABA372" box="[151,286,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but straighter and thin, bent upward apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFCEEFDAEFC30A371" box="[829,901,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFC48FDAEFBB4A371" box="[923,1025,512,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
female, lengths: total body: 45.84; chelicerae, 6.67; carapace, 19.67; abdomen, 19.5; leg I, 65.16; leg II, 57.14; leg III, 46.20; leg IV, 58.90. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color amber brown; chelicerae entirely with metallic blue pubescence; carapace lighter brown with greenish pubescence; legs and abdomen darker amber brown with narrow transverse yellow band between all femora and patellae, similar narrower transverse band of amber between all tarsi and metatarsi. Spermathecae: two shorter truncate columnar lobes, separated, widest at base, constricting medially then widening apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFE9FFD5EFE21A261" box="[332,404,752,778]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9DFF8CFF16FCB9FC55A403" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF16FCB9FDD7A2EC" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF16FCB9FED3A25A" bold="true" box="[197,358,791,817]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFD9AFCB6FD42A259" box="[585,759,792,818]" name="French Guiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFCD4FCB6FCEBA259" box="[775,862,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
) where, in addition to the above localities, it has also been found in Maripasoula [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFDC4FCECFDC0A237" box="[535,629,832,860]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="3.7166667">3o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFD52FCECFD46A237" box="[641,755,832,860]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-54.066666">54o04’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
] and Montsinéry District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFBF4FCECFB33A237" box="[1063,1158,832,860]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="4.9">4o54’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFB41FCECFAB0A237" box="[1170,1285,832,860]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-52.5">52o30’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Saül [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFA8EFCECFF1AA2EC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="3.6166668">3o37’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFF68FCC3FE98A2EC" box="[187,301,875,903]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-53.2">53o12’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
] and Chevaux Mountains.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF16FC3BFC55A403" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF16FC3BFE26A2C4" bold="true" box="[197,403,917,943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
The spiders appear to be widely distributed in upland rainforest areas. They were rarely common, with the exception of a large (30+) population observed along a
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9DFF8CFBD4FC13FBDAA2BC" box="[1031,1135,957,983]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="10.0">10 meter</quantity>
|
||
long
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFB60FC13FB6CA2BC" box="[1203,1241,957,983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9DFF8CFB19FC13FB6CA2BC" box="[1226,1241,957,983]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="2.0">2</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
meter high road bank in Saül in
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFE86FC4BFDA3A294" box="[341,534,997,1023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1981-09">September 1981</date>
|
||
(SDM, pers. obs.). Burrows were constructed in a fully shaded laterite clay embankment, facing northeast, at about 210 meters elevation in upland rainforest. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFB76FBA3FB6DA54C" box="[1189,1240,1037,1063]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens from the Tresor Reserve were found in burrows constructed in fully shaded upland rainforest on steep, north-facing slopes in year long damp clay soil covered in leaf litter at elevations of 200–300 meters. Antepenultimate, penultimate and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFE7CFB28FDC7A5F4" box="[431,626,1158,1184]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFE7CFB28FE74A5F4" box="[431,449,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFE1CFB28FDC7A5F4" box="[463,626,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
construct a simple flare-mouthed tubular burrow, similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFA50FB28FF4BA5AC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFA50FB28FA20A5F4" box="[1411,1429,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44FB00FF4BA5AC" box="[151,254,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFEDDFB00FED3A5A3" box="[270,358,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Adult female burrows were found to terminate in an enlarged chamber about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9DFF8CFAC0FB00FAE9A5A3" box="[1299,1372,1198,1224]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep (RCW and SDM, pers. obs.). We observed an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFC94FB78FBBFA584" box="[839,1034,1238,1264]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFC94FB78FCECA584" box="[839,857,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFCB4FB78FBBFA584" box="[871,1034,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in her burrow with early instars in April of 2001. This specimen and her young were not collected. We have also observed an individual in an upland rainforest retreat constructed of a dead leaf in a plant in the Chevaux Mountains in March of 1999. The retreat had no obvious entrance and was about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9DFF8CFD6EFAE0FCB0A403" box="[701,773,1358,1384]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9DFF8CFF44FA6BFAECA674" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF44FA6BFE21A763" blockId="10.[151,682,1477,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFF44FA6BFD1FA48B" ID-CoL="6FND9" authority="West & Marshall 2000" authorityName="West & Marshall" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,682,1477,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44FA6BFE2CA4B4" bold="true" box="[151,409,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Ephebopus rufescens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9DFF8CFE73FA68FD1FA48B" author="West" box="[416,682,1478,1504]" pageId="10" pageNumber="58" refString="West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
West &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFE2CFA68FDD2A48B" box="[511,615,1478,1504]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFF4CFA40FEBCA763" box="[159,265,1518,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Figs 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFEC6FA40FED5A763" box="[277,352,1518,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 18" captionStartId="8.[151,269,667,691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,643]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,194,643]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 18. Ephebopus rufescens. 17, Female exposed in retreat under overturned rock. 18, Female in arboreal retreat two meters above ground in palm tree. Photos: R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183363/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFEBEFA40FE39A763" box="[365,396,1518,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">30</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF44F990FD6AA73F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1597,1823]" box="[151,735,1597,1621]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0BD56CFF9DFF8CFF44F990FD6AA73F" box="[151,735,1597,1621]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9DFF8CFF44F990FD3BA73F" ID-CoL="6FND9" authority="West & Marshall 2000: 8" authorityName="West & Marshall" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,654,1597,1621]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44F990FECCA73E" box="[151,377,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Ephebopus rufescens</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABAD453FF9DFF8CFEACF993FD3BA73F" author="West" box="[383,654,1597,1620]" page="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9DFF8CFEACF993FDC1A73F" author="West" box="[383,628,1597,1620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="58" refString="West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
West &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFE05F993FD80A73F" box="[470,565,1597,1620]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 8
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, f. 3–4.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8CFF44F9F3FAECA674" blockId="10.[151,1436,1597,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44F9F3FF55A71E" bold="true" box="[151,224,1629,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFF44F9F3FF69A71E" box="[151,220,1629,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFF3BF9F3FE73A71F" box="[232,454,1629,1652]" name="French Guiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FRENCH GUIANA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFDDFF9F3FDDCA71F" box="[524,617,1629,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFD3EF9F3FCFEA71F" box="[749,843,1629,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, Roura District, Kaw Mountains, vicinity of Camp
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFABDF9F3FF40A7FC" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Cäiman</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFED7F92EFEE8A7FC" box="[260,349,1662,1687]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="4.616667">4o37’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFEB9F92EFE63A7FC" box="[362,470,1662,1687]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-51.916668">51o55’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFE39F92EFDD5A7FC" box="[490,608,1664,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-04-17">17.IV.1999</date>
|
||
(male matured
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFCDDF92EFC3EA7FC" box="[782,907,1664,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-09-14">14.IX.1999</date>
|
||
), R. West & J. Huff;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFBABF92EFB56A7FC" box="[1144,1251,1664,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9DFF8CFB3CF92EFA89A7FC" box="[1263,1340,1664,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFA9BF92EFA2DA7FC" box="[1352,1432,1664,1687]" name="Guyana" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Montsinéry District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFE7FF90DFDB0A7D1" box="[428,517,1697,1722]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="4.9">4o54’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFDC0F90DFDCAA7D1" box="[531,639,1697,1722]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-52.5">52o30’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Chevaux Mountains,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFCACF90DFC40A7D1" box="[895,1013,1699,1722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-04-17">17.IV.1999</date>
|
||
(matured
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFBBBF90DFB42A7D1" box="[1128,1271,1699,1722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-08-18">18.VIII.1999</date>
|
||
), R. West & J. Huff;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9DFF8CFEDBF96BFEE6A7B7" box="[264,339,1733,1756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, Montsinéry District, Emerald Jungle Village [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFC9FF96BFC16A7B7" box="[844,931,1732,1756]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="4.8166666">4o49’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFC7CF96BFBAFA7B7" box="[943,1050,1732,1756]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-52.35">52o21’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFBFEF96BFB16A7B7" box="[1069,1187,1733,1756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-04-15">15.IV.1999</date>
|
||
(matured
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFAC0F96BFA3AA7B7" box="[1299,1423,1733,1756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-09-21">21.IX.1999</date>
|
||
), R. West & J. Huff;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9DFF8CFE41F946FE45A794" box="[402,496,1768,1791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Roura District [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFD4CF946FD43A794" box="[671,758,1766,1791]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="4.7166667">4o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9DFF8CFCD3F946FCDCA794" box="[768,873,1766,1791]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-52.316666">52o19’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Roura Mountains,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFB92F946FB0CA794" box="[1089,1209,1768,1791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-04-19">19.IV.1999</date>
|
||
, R. West & J. Huff;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1D39CBFF9DFF8CFA5DF946FEA7A674" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Roura District, Kaw Mountains, vicinity of Camp
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9DFF8CFCE6F8A6FC3EA674" box="[821,907,1800,1823]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Cäiman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9DFF8CFC45F8A6FBA4A674" box="[918,1041,1800,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" value="1999-06-18">18.VI.1999</date>
|
||
, R. West. All
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9DFF8CFB75F8A6FB6BA674" box="[1190,1246,1800,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">types</typeStatus>
|
||
in AMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9DFF8DFF44F8FEFADEA1B1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9DFF8DFF44F8FEFADEA1B1" blockId="10.[151,1436,1872,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,1184]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9DFF8CFF44F8FEFEACA601" bold="true" box="[151,281,1872,1898]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Females can be distinguished from those of their congeners by distinct dark reddish brown coloration and lighter narrow parallel stripes dorsally on the patellae and femora and by the lack of yellow banding on the patellal–femoral joints of all legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9DFF8CFDA6F80EFD4FA6D1" box="[629,762,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 18" captionStartId="8.[151,269,667,691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,643]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,194,643]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 18. Ephebopus rufescens. 17, Female exposed in retreat under overturned rock. 18, Female in arboreal retreat two meters above ground in palm tree. Photos: R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183363/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
) and shape of the genitalia of both sexes. The male palpal bulb differs from that of its congeners by being large and globular with a shorter tapering embolus that is slightly bent apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFE73FF36FE5DA1D9" box="[416,488,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermathecae are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFC6BFF36FBF4A1DA" box="[952,1089,152,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFC6BFF36FBF4A1DA" box="[952,1089,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differ by being two stout separated columnar lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFE03FF6EFDA3A1B1" box="[464,534,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) that are not as wide as at base and narrowing apically as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFB0EFF6EFAD1A1B2" box="[1245,1380,192,217]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFB0EFF6EFAD1A1B2" box="[1245,1380,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8DFF16FF49FEEEA3F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF16FF49FEEEA3F9" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF16FF49FED5A06A" bold="true" box="[197,352,231,257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFE57FF46FE44A069" box="[388,497,232,258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male, lengths: total body, 35.75; chelicerae, 6.42; carapace, 13.0; abdomen, 16.33; leg I, 57.99; leg II, 53.32; leg III, 45.32; leg IV, 57.17. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color of legs dark brown; chelicerae, carapace, trochantera and base of all femora with longer short golden setae. Abdomen uniformly dark brown with longer reddish setae dorsally and laterally. All dorsal leg joints with narrow transverse band of short golden setae. Palpal bulb large, globular, short slender embolus tapering apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFA96FE26FA38A0C9" box="[1349,1421,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFF44FE1EFF4BA0A1" box="[151,254,432,458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
female, lengths: total body: 46.17; chelicerae, 7.33, carapace, 16.17; abdomen, 22.67; leg I, 59.16; leg II, 52.67; leg III, 44.83; leg IV, 55.0. Leg formula I, IV, II, III. Color of legs, abdomen and carapace dark reddish brown with longer lighter setae, more so on chelicerae and carapace; leg femora darker brown, dorsum of all patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with pale narrow parallel or single stripes. Spermathecae: two stout columnar lobes, separated, widest at base, similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFC81FDFEFC6CA302" box="[850,985,592,617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uatuman">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFC81FDFEFC6CA302" box="[850,985,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">E. uatuman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not as wide at base and narrowing apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFED0FDD6FEFFA3F9" box="[259,330,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8DFF16FD0CFAAAA5CB" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF16FD0CFBBDA38C" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF16FD0CFEDDA3D7" bold="true" box="[197,360,674,700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFE61FD0CFE51A3D7" box="[434,484,674,700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9CFF8DFD40FD0CFCF2A3D7" box="[659,839,674,700]" name="French Guiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Maripasoula [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFC2BFD0CFBEDA3D7" box="[1016,1112,672,700]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="3.7166667">3o43’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFBB5FD0CFB69A3D7" box="[1126,1244,672,700]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="-54.066666">54o04’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], Saül [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFAE4FD0CFA22A3D7" box="[1335,1431,672,700]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="3.6166668">3o37’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFF44FD63FEB9A38C" box="[151,268,715,743]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="-53.2">53o12’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
].
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9CFF8DFECCFD63FEDEA38C" box="[287,363,717,743]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Amazonas,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9CFF8DFDD3FD63FDF7A38C" box="[512,578,717,743]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="30.0">30km</quantity>
|
||
W. of Manaus, Jacaré Creek (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFC70FD63FC4EA38C" box="[931,1019,717,743]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF16FD5BFAAAA5CB" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF16FD5BFE2DA264" bold="true" box="[197,408,757,783]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Natural History:</emphasis>
|
||
The spiders were widespread and, apparently, the most ecologically versatile in their retreat placement of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFE65FCB0FD8DA25C" box="[438,568,798,823]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFE65FCB0FD8DA25C" box="[438,568,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ephebopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFD7BFCB3FC86A25C" box="[680,819,797,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 18" captionStartId="8.[151,269,667,691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,643]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,194,643]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 18. Ephebopus rufescens. 17, Female exposed in retreat under overturned rock. 18, Female in arboreal retreat two meters above ground in palm tree. Photos: R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183363/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spiders were found in retreats in hollow logs and stems, both on and above the ground, in holes and hollows of standing trees, in arboreal termitaria and in mosses on the sides of shaded rock faces in rainforest. One retreat was found 3 meters above ground in a decaying palm tree. Wherever found, the spider built its retreat in association with wood or mosses. This was in or on dead or fallen trees, roots or moss covered trees, logs or rocks. A second trait of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFB7DFC10FA8AA2BC" box="[1198,1343,958,983]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFB7DFC10FA8AA2BC" box="[1198,1343,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">E. rufescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retreats that makes them distinct from those of other congeners is that when burrowing in the ground, the spider (particularly adult females) built an extended tubular silk retreat. This extended tubular silk retreat was generally one-quarter to one-third of the length of the burrow; it may be oriented vertically or horizontally. The retreat was usually camouflaged with soil and vegetative debris, incorporated into the silk retreat, and was attached to a woody or moss substratum. The retreat entrance had a slightly flared collar constructed of silk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8DFF44FB53FC1BA4A7" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF44FB53FE57A473" blockId="11.[151,515,1277,1344]" box="[151,482,1277,1304]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFF44FB53FE35A47C" box="[151,384,1277,1303]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF44FB53FE35A47C" bold="true" box="[151,384,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ephebopus foliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C932BFF9CFF8DFE5BFB50FE57A473" box="[392,482,1278,1304]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF44FA8BFDB6A42B" blockId="11.[151,515,1277,1344]" box="[151,515,1317,1344]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF44FA8BFF14A454" bold="true" box="[151,161,1317,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">(</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFF72FA88FEF4A42B" box="[161,321,1318,1344]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId-0="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox-0="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Figs 9–11, 14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFE9DFA88FEDAA42B" box="[334,367,1318,1344]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">30</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<tableCitation id="C699C7F9FF9CFF8DFEA9FA88FE68A42B" box="[378,477,1318,1344]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,1595,1619]" captionTargetBox="[159,1377,1653,1889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Leg and palp segment lengths in mm of Ephebopus foliatus, holotype male." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C699C7F9FF9CFF8DFE38FA88FE4FA42B" box="[491,506,1318,1344]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="13.[151,239,549,573]" captionTargetBox="[151,1374,608,993]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 2. Leg and palp segment lengths in mm for paratype female of Ephebopus foliatus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356">2</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF44FADBFC1BA4A7" blockId="11.[151,1437,1397,1484]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF44FADBFF55A4E6" bold="true" box="[151,224,1397,1421]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFF44FADBFF69A4E6" box="[151,220,1397,1421]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9CFF8DFF23FADBFED0A4E7" box="[240,357,1397,1420]" name="Guyana" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">GUYANA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFE7DFADBFDBEA4E7" box="[430,523,1397,1420]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and 5
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFD86FADBFD04A4E7" box="[597,689,1397,1420]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
females, Upper Takutu–Upper
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9CFF8DFBD7FADBFBC4A4E7" box="[1028,1137,1397,1420]" name="Guyana" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Essequibo</collectingCountry>
|
||
Region,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9CFF8DFB00FADBFA9EA4E7" box="[1235,1323,1397,1420]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.42" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="4.42">4.42 km</quantity>
|
||
S. Gunn’s Strip, bank of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9CFF8DFEB5FA3BFE61A4C7" box="[358,468,1429,1452]" name="Guyana" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Essequibo</collectingCountry>
|
||
River, 240 metres, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFD65FA3BFCF9A4C7" box="[694,844,1429,1452]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="1.6460278">1°38’45.7” N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F9485FF9CFF8DFC8AFA3BFBB7A4C7" box="[857,1026,1429,1452]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="-58.63739">58°38’14.6” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9CFF8DFBC4FA3BFB03A4C7" box="[1047,1206,1429,1452]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" value="1999-07-06" valueMax="1999-07-15" valueMin="1999-07-06">6–15.VII.1999</date>
|
||
, J.A. Coddington, G. Hormiga, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson & M. Kuntner, deposited in NMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8DFF44FA53FE83A72B" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF44FA53FE83A72B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1533,2000]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF44FA53FE92A77C" bold="true" box="[151,295,1533,1559]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
From the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFE37FA50FD9AA77C" box="[484,559,1534,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">folium</emphasis>
|
||
, a leaf, and refers to the subtle four-point oak leaf pattern on the dorsum of the abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8DFF16F9E3FDE2A65B" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8DFF16F9E3FDE2A65B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1533,2000]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF16F9E3FEF2A70C" bold="true" box="[197,327,1613,1639]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
This species differs from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFD38F9E0FCD8A70C" box="[747,877,1614,1639]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFD38F9E0FCD8A70C" box="[747,877,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ephebopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a leaf-like pattern on the abdominal dorsum, when viewed from the side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFD99F9D8FD15A7FB" box="[586,672,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), and by the shape of the genitalia of both sexes. The male palpal bulb is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9CFF8DFEA2F930FD8DA7DC" box="[369,568,1694,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFEA2F930FD8DA7DC" box="[369,568,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">E. cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs from its male congeners by having a long, thinner, tapering embolus, slightly bent apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFDDCF968FDE3A78B" box="[527,598,1734,1760]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The spermathecae differs from those of all other female congeners by having two tall columnar lobes, not widely separated, widest at base, gradually narrowing then rounding apically, sides with raised folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9CFF8DFE21F8B8FDFFA65B" box="[498,586,1814,1840]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9CFF8BFF16F893FEF7A041" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9CFF8AFF16F893FE33A769" blockId="11.[151,1437,1533,2000]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,1538]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9CFF8DFF16F893FED5A63C" bold="true" box="[197,352,1853,1879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9CFF8DFEB8F890FE6DA633" box="[363,472,1854,1880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male, lengths: total body, 29.56; carapace, 11.36 long x 10.72 wide; abdomen, 12.0 long x 6.72 wide; chelicerae, 6.2 long x 2.28 wide; cheliceral macroteeth: (left side, right side) 10, 9 with basal granules. Sternum, 5.60 long x 4.48 wide; glabrous sigilla opposite coxae II and III, posterior sigilla the largest, 0.14 sternum width. Labium, ovoid 1.44 long x 1.92 wide; labiosternal suture a narrow groove with distinct lateral mounds; about 149 cuspules in tight cluster. Maxillae about (left, right) 180, 159 cuspules; cuspules in tight cluster on ventral inner heel of maxillae, heel rounded, anterior lobe conical and slightly elongated. Fovea: a deep circular pit. Cephalothorax: caput not rising abruptly from thoracic region but in gradual arch. Caput length 7.52, width 5.92. Ocular area 2.28 wide x 0.96 long, tubercle elevated. Anterior eye row straight; AME round, diameter 0.56, 0.23 apart; ALE elliptical, 0.33 x 0.44, 1.47 apart. Posterior eye row slightly recurved; PME ovoid, 0.21 x 0.37, 1.19 apart; PLE ovoid, 0.28 x 0.48, 1.49 apart. Clypeus 0.48 wide. Leg span 112.0mm, taken on right side (leg IV missing. Leg formula I, IV, II, III (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C699C7F9FF9BFF8AFB51FE26FB68A0C9" box="[1154,1245,392,418]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,1595,1619]" captionTargetBox="[159,1377,1653,1889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Leg and palp segment lengths in mm of Ephebopus foliatus, holotype male." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Femur III not noticeably swollen when viewed from above. All tarsal scopulae entire, without setal division. Metatarsal scopulae: I, 0.77; II, 0.85; III, 0.67; IV, 0.28.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9BFF8AFD7EFE76FD52A099" box="[685,743,472,498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spination: leg I, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFB7BFDAEFB71A371" box="[1192,1220,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">1v</date>
|
||
(1ma), tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFA8FFDAEFACCA371" box="[1372,1401,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4v</date>
|
||
(3 megaspines, one along entire inner lower process length, two on apical upper process, one on inner and one on outer, 1 ra); leg II, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFE2AFDFEFDA1A301" box="[505,532,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">1v</date>
|
||
(1ma), tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFD75FDFEFD73A301" box="[678,710,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra); leg III, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFBF2FDFEFBF5A301" box="[1057,1088,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">3v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ma, 1ra), tibia,
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFA90FDFEFAD6A301" box="[1347,1379,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra);;leg IV, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFE6FFDD6FE69A3F9" box="[444,476,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra); palp, aspinose. Spur on tibia I bipartite; lower process 1.20 long, with single basal megaspine along entire inner face; upper process 1.80 long, with preapical megaspine on opposing inner and outer curved face. Metatarsus I closes on outer upper process. Palpal bulb similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9BFF8AFAEBFD66FEB7A262" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanoganthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFAEBFD66FEB7A262" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">E. cyanoganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but globular, with long thinner tapering embolus, slightly bent apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9BFF8AFBB3FD5EFB1CA261" box="[1120,1193,752,778]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Color (in alcohol): carapace golden brown woolly pubescence; abdomen golden brown with longer reddish setae; chelicerae golden brown; legs brown with narrow transverse yellow band between all femora and patellae.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9BFF8AFAE6FCEEFA2EA231" box="[1333,1435,832,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
female, lengths: total body: 38.08; carapace, 14.88 long x 12.8 wide; abdomen, 16.32 long x 12.0 wide; chelicerae, 6.88 long x 3.36 wide; cheliceral teeth: (left side, right side) 10,13. Sternum: length 6.24, width 5.4; glabrous sigilla opposite coxae II and III, posterior sigilla the largest, 0.15 of sternum width. Labium: 2.46 long, 2.04 wide; labiosternal suture with distinct lateral mounds;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFC75FC4EFC77A292" box="[934,962,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 198 cuspules in tight cluster; maxillae with
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFF04FBA6FF47A54A" box="[215,242,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 184–207 cuspules. Fovea straight, deep. Cephalothorax: caput not rising abruptly from thoracic region but in gradual arch. Caput length 9.12, width 8.0. Ocular area 2.64 wide x 1.20 long, tubercle relatively low. Anterior eye row straight; AME round, diameter 0.67, apart 0.30; ALE elliptical, 0.26 x 0.58, apart 1.84. Posterior eye row slightly recurved; PME ovoid, 0.21 x 0.37, apart 1.51; PLE elliptical, 0.23 x 0.44, apart 1.98. Clypeus 0.47 wide. Leg span 105.0 mm. Leg formula I, IV, II, III (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C699C7F9FF9BFF8AFC2BFB06FBE0A5A9" box="[1016,1109,1192,1218]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="13.[151,239,549,573]" captionTargetBox="[151,1374,608,993]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 2. Leg and palp segment lengths in mm for paratype female of Ephebopus foliatus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). All tarsal scopulae entire, without setal division. Metatarsal scopulae: I – II, entire; III, 0.73; IV, 0.44.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9BFF8AFBF3FB7EFBEFA581" box="[1056,1114,1232,1258]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spination: Leg I, tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFF44FA8EFF01A451" box="[151,180,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra); II, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFE23FA8EFDB8A451" box="[496,525,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">1v</date>
|
||
(ma), tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFD4DFA8EFD0CA451" box="[670,697,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">1v</date>
|
||
(pa); III, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFC62FA8EFC64A451" box="[945,977,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">3v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ma, 1ra), tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFB05FA8EFB43A451" box="[1238,1270,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra); IV, metatarsus
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFECCFAE6FE8AA409" box="[287,319,1352,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra), tibia
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFDD7FAE6FD91A409" box="[516,548,1352,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2v</date>
|
||
(1pa, 1ra); palp
|
||
<date id="FFA5D482FF9BFF8AFD3BFAE6FCB3A409" box="[744,774,1352,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4v</date>
|
||
(2pa, 2ra). Spermathecae, two tall columnar lobes, not widely separated, widest at base, abruptly narrowing then rounded apically, with raised folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9BFF8AFB37FADEFA89A4E1" box="[1252,1340,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Color: (in alcohol): chelicerae, carapace and abdomen rufus brown with scattered longer reddish brown setae on the abdomen; legs darker rufus brown with narrow transverse yellow bands between all leg joints, widest between femora and patellae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" ID-Table-UUID="DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" box="[151,1079,1595,1619]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[159,1377,1653,1889]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9BFF8AFF44F995FB82A739" blockId="12.[151,1079,1595,1619]" box="[151,1079,1595,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFF44F995FEBDA738" bold="true" box="[151,264,1595,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Leg and palp segment lengths in mm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9BFF8AFD6DF995FC3EA739" box="[702,907,1595,1618]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFD6DF995FC3EA739" box="[702,907,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Ephebopus foliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9BFF8AFEF3F9DBFAD4A60A" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<table id="F91B00E2FF9B0079FF4CF9DBFAD4A60A" box="[159,1377,1653,1889]" gridcols="9" gridrows="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF9DBFAD4A7E7" box="[159,1377,1653,1676]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F9DBFEEBA7E7" box="[288,350,1653,1676]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">coxae</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F9DBFDBAA7E7" box="[419,527,1653,1676]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">trochanter</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF9DBFD2DA7E7" box="[600,664,1653,1676]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">femur</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F9DBFC97A7E7" box="[731,802,1653,1676]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">patella</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F9DBFC2AA7E7" box="[866,927,1653,1676]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">tibia</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F9DBFBE0A7E7" box="[995,1109,1653,1676]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">metatarsus</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F9DBFB55A7E7" box="[1186,1248,1653,1676]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">tarsus</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F9DBFAD4A7E7" box="[1317,1377,1653,1676]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF90EFAD4A7DC" box="[159,1377,1696,1719]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FF4CF90EFF69A7DC" box="[159,220,1696,1719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">palp</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F90EFEEBA7DC" box="[288,350,1696,1719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F90EFDBAA7DC" box="[419,527,1696,1719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF90EFD2DA7DC" box="[600,664,1696,1719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">7.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F90EFC97A7DC" box="[731,802,1696,1719]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2.72</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F90EFC2AA7DC" box="[866,927,1696,1719]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">6.88</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F90EFBE0A7DC" box="[995,1109,1696,1719]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F90EFB55A7DC" box="[1186,1248,1696,1719]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2.56</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F90EFAD4A7DC" box="[1317,1377,1696,1719]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">25.76</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF964FAD4A78A" box="[159,1377,1738,1761]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FF4CF964FF69A78A" box="[159,220,1738,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">legI</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F964FEEBA78A" box="[288,350,1738,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">5.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F964FDBAA78A" box="[419,527,1738,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF964FD2DA78A" box="[600,664,1738,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">13.76</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F964FC97A78A" box="[731,802,1738,1761]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">7.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F964FC2AA78A" box="[866,927,1738,1761]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">12.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F964FBE0A78A" box="[995,1109,1738,1761]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">11.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F964FB55A78A" box="[1186,1248,1738,1761]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">5.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F964FAD4A78A" box="[1317,1377,1738,1761]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">57.76</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF95BFAD4A667" box="[159,1377,1781,1804]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FF4CF95BFF69A667" box="[159,220,1781,1804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">legII</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F95BFEEBA667" box="[288,350,1781,1804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F95BFDBAA667" box="[419,527,1781,1804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">3.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF95BFD2DA667" box="[600,664,1781,1804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">12.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F95BFC97A667" box="[731,802,1781,1804]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">6.08</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F95BFC2AA667" box="[866,927,1781,1804]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">10.08</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F95BFBE0A667" box="[995,1109,1781,1804]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">10.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F95BFB55A667" box="[1186,1248,1781,1804]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.96</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F95BFAD4A667" box="[1317,1377,1781,1804]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">50.88</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF88EFAD4A65C" box="[159,1377,1824,1847]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FF4CF88EFF69A65C" box="[159,220,1824,1847]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">legIII</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F88EFEEBA65C" box="[288,350,1824,1847]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">3.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F88EFDBAA65C" box="[419,527,1824,1847]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF88EFD2DA65C" box="[600,664,1824,1847]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">9.92</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F88EFC97A65C" box="[731,802,1824,1847]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F88EFC2AA65C" box="[866,927,1824,1847]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">8.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F88EFBE0A65C" box="[995,1109,1824,1847]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">10.56</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F88EFB55A65C" box="[1186,1248,1824,1847]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F88EFAD4A65C" box="[1317,1377,1824,1847]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">43.68</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9B0079FF4CF8E4FAD4A60A" box="[159,1377,1866,1889]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9B0079FF4CF8E4FF69A60A" box="[159,220,1866,1889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">legIV</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FEF3F8E4FEEBA60A" box="[288,350,1866,1889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FE70F8E4FDBAA60A" box="[419,527,1866,1889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">2.88</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD8BF8E4FD2DA60A" box="[600,664,1866,1889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">12.64</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FD08F8E4FC97A60A" box="[731,802,1866,1889]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">5.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FCB1F8E4FC2AA60A" box="[866,927,1866,1889]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">11.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FC30F8E4FBE0A60A" box="[995,1109,1866,1889]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">14.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FB71F8E4FB55A60A" box="[1186,1248,1866,1889]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">4.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9B0079FAF6F8E4FAD4A60A" box="[1317,1377,1866,1889]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">54.72</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9BFF8BFF16F81CFEF7A041" blockId="12.[151,1436,1970,2036]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,152,498]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9BFF8AFF16F81CFE8DA6A7" bold="true" box="[197,312,1970,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
: Males: only the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9BFF8AFDC3F81CFDCEA6A7" box="[528,635,1970,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Females: 5 (including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9BFF8AFC13F81CFB9FA6A7" box="[960,1066,1970,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
), length 29.28–36.16; carapace length 11.68–14.88, width 10.72–12.8; carapace width/length 0.86–0.92; chelicerae length 5.6–6.88, width 2.88–3.36; abdomen length 11.68–17.12, width 8.48–13.12; leg span 95.0–105.0 mm. Cheliceral teeth 9,10– 11,13. Metatarsal scopulae: I–II, entire; III, 0.70–0.77 (0.74); IV, 0.34–0.44 (0.39).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9AFF8BFBBEFF6EFB12A1B1" box="[1133,1191,192,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spermathecae, as in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9AFF8BFF07FEBEFE88A041" box="[212,317,272,298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9AFF8BFF16FE99FDCDA099" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF16FE99FC62A039" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,498]" box="[197,983,311,338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFF16FE99FEDDA03A" bold="true" box="[197,360,311,337]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF9AFF8BFD83FE96FD37A039" box="[592,642,312,338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF9AFF8BFCD4FE96FCD7A039" box="[775,866,312,338]" name="Guyana" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFCA1FE96FC7FA039" box="[882,970,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[152,1385,209,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1383]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 30. Map showing records of Ephebopus species in northern South America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183369/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF16FEF1FDCDA099" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,498]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFF16FEF1FE23A012" bold="true" box="[197,406,351,377]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Natural History:</emphasis>
|
||
All specimens were collected at night from
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF9AFF8BFC73FECEFC5FA011" box="[928,1002,352,378]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 m</quantity>
|
||
above ground on the sides of trees in riparian rainforest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFEA8FE26FE61A0C9" box="[379,468,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). None were found on the ground or observed in silken retreats. We lack the field observations on the natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFD84FE1EFD65A0A2" box="[599,720,432,458]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFD84FE1EFDDCA0A2" box="[599,617,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFDABFE1EFD65A0A2" box="[632,720,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">foliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, collecting records indicate this species is arboreal (M. Kuntner, per. comm., USNM, 2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" ID-Table-UUID="DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" box="[151,1130,549,573]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF64A2CAFF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[151,1374,608,993]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFBDFA356" blockId="13.[151,1130,549,573]" box="[151,1130,549,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFF44FD8BFEBDA356" bold="true" box="[151,264,549,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Leg and palp segment lengths in mm for paratype female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFC46FD88FBD3A356" box="[917,1126,550,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliatus">Ephebopus foliatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFECFFDCEFEA4A28A" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<table id="F91B00E2FF9A0079FF44FDCEFAEBA28A" box="[151,1374,608,993]" gridcols="8" gridrows="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FDCEFAEBA31C" box="[151,1374,608,631]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FDCEFEEFA31C" box="[151,346,608,631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">coxae</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFDCEFDBEA31C" box="[415,523,608,631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">trochanter</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FDCEFD20A31C" box="[597,661,608,631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">femur</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FDCEFC97A31C" box="[731,802,608,631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">patella</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FDCEFC26A31C" box="[867,915,608,631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">tibia</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FDCEFBE7A31C" box="[992,1106,608,631]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">metatarsus</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFDCEFB68A31C" box="[1183,1245,608,631]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">tarsus</th>
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FDCEFAEBA31C" box="[1314,1374,608,631]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FD24FAEBA3CA" box="[151,1374,650,673]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FD24FEEFA3CA" box="[151,346,650,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">palp 4.96</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFD24FDBEA3CA" box="[415,523,650,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">3.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FD24FD20A3CA" box="[597,661,650,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">8.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FD24FC97A3CA" box="[731,802,650,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">4.96</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FD24FC26A3CA" box="[867,915,650,673]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">5.44</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FD24FBE7A3CA" box="[992,1106,650,673]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFD24FB68A3CA" box="[1183,1245,650,673]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FD24FAEBA3CA" box="[1314,1374,650,673]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">33.44</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FD1BFAEBA3A7" box="[151,1374,693,716]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FD1BFEEFA3A7" box="[151,346,693,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Leg I 6.4</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFD1BFDBEA3A7" box="[415,523,693,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FD1BFD20A3A7" box="[597,661,693,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">12.48</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FD1BFC97A3A7" box="[731,802,693,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">7.36</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FD1BFC26A3A7" box="[867,915,693,716]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">9.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FD1BFBE7A3A7" box="[992,1106,693,716]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">8.96</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFD1BFB68A3A7" box="[1183,1245,693,716]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">4.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FD1BFAEBA3A7" box="[1314,1374,693,716]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">52.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FD4EFAEBA39C" box="[151,1374,736,759]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FD4EFEEFA39C" box="[151,346,736,759]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Leg II 5.6</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFD4EFDBEA39C" box="[415,523,736,759]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">3.36</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FD4EFD20A39C" box="[597,661,736,759]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">11.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FD4EFC97A39C" box="[731,802,736,759]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">6.72</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FD4EFC26A39C" box="[867,915,736,759]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">7.84</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FD4EFBE7A39C" box="[992,1106,736,759]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">8.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFD4EFB68A39C" box="[1183,1245,736,759]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">4.48</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FD4EFAEBA39C" box="[1314,1374,736,759]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">47.52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FCA4FAEBA24A" box="[151,1374,778,801]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FCA4FEEFA24A" box="[151,346,778,801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Leg III 3.84</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFCA4FDBEA24A" box="[415,523,778,801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">2.88</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FCA4FD20A24A" box="[597,661,778,801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">9.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FCA4FC97A24A" box="[731,802,778,801]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">5.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FCA4FC26A24A" box="[867,915,778,801]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">9.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FCA4FBE7A24A" box="[992,1106,778,801]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">8.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFCA4FB68A24A" box="[1183,1245,778,801]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">4.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FCA4FAEBA24A" box="[1314,1374,778,801]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">42.24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FC9BFAEBA227" box="[151,1374,821,844]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FC9BFEEFA227" box="[151,346,821,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Leg IV 5.28</th>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FE4CFC9BFDBEA227" box="[415,523,821,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD86FC9BFD20A227" box="[597,661,821,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">11.52</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FD08FC9BFC97A227" box="[731,802,821,844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FCB0FC9BFC26A227" box="[867,915,821,844]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">9.44</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FC33FC9BFBE7A227" box="[992,1106,821,844]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">11.62</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FB4CFC9BFB68A227" box="[1183,1245,821,844]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">4.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76FA997CFF9A0079FAF1FC9BFAEBA227" box="[1314,1374,821,844]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">50.88</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352BF000FF9A0079FF44FC69FAEBA28A" box="[151,1374,967,993]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="76FA997CFF9A0079FF44FC69FEEFA28A" box="[151,346,967,993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Cladistics</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301A1C9FF9AFF94FF44FBBCFA3BA049" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF44FBBCFCE6A48F" blockId="13.[151,1437,1042,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFF44FBBCFE96A547" bold="true" box="[151,291,1042,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Characters</emphasis>
|
||
: In characters marked with an asterisk (*; viz., 6, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 31, 39, 42), fit and steps are not given as the character is not significant to the analysis but was kept here to indicate an autapomorphy for a terminal taxon. (0) Eye tubercle in males and females: (0) low (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFC59FBCCFC54A517" box="[906,993,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
), (1) high (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFBBBFBCCFB74A517" box="[1128,1217,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/3. The eye tubercle can be absent in some mygalomorphs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFBFCFB24FF60A5A7" authority="Rastelloidina, Raven 1985" authorityName="Rastelloidina, Raven" authorityYear="1985" class="Arachnida" family="Atypidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Atypidae, Rastelloidina,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFA82FB24FF60A5A7" author="Raven" pageId="13" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFF31FB1CFE14A5A7" author="Goloboff" box="[226,417,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Goloboff, P. A. (1993 b) A reanalysis of mygalomorph spider families (Araneae). American Museum Novitates, 3056, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Goloboff 1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFE7DFB1CFE5FA5A7" author="Goloboff" box="[430,490,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Goloboff, P. A. (1995) A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I: species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 224, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or well-defined in most mygalomorph taxa. Intermediate states have been proposed for some cyrtaucheniids, hexathelids, ctenizids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFCF7FB74FC0FA59F" author="Raven" box="[804,954,1242,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:125, 70, 141;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFBB4FB74FAEEA59F" author="Bond" box="[1127,1371,1242,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Bond, J. E. & Opell B. D. (2002) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 136, 487 - 534." type="journal article" year="2002">Bond & Opell 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and diplurids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFEC5FAADFDA1A477" authority="Ausserer" authorityName="Ausserer" box="[278,532,1282,1308]" class="Arachnida" family="Dipluridae" genus="Ischnothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFEC5FAADFE28A477" box="[278,413,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Ischnothele</emphasis>
|
||
Ausserer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFDE2FAACFC84A477" author="Bond" box="[561,817,1282,1308]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Bond, J. E. & Opell B. D. (2002) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 136, 487 - 534." type="journal article" year="2002">Bond & Opell 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In theraphosids, two states have been proposed: absent, for some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFEB4FA85FD15A42F" authority="Simon 1903" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[359,672,1322,1348]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Hemirrhagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFEB4FA85FDB6A42F" box="[359,515,1323,1348]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemirrhagus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFDDFFA84FD15A42F" author="Simon" box="[524,672,1322,1348]" pageId="13" pageNumber="58" refString="Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 2, 669 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1903">Simon 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFD6AFA85FC13A42F" authority="Gertsch" authorityName="Gertsch" box="[697,934,1322,1348]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Spelopelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFD6AFA85FCF7A42F" box="[697,834,1323,1348]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Spelopelma</emphasis>
|
||
Gertsch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF9AFF8BFC69FA84FBFEA42F" author="Raven" box="[954,1099,1322,1348]" pageId="13" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and distinct, for remaining species. An intermediate state was herein identified:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF9AFF8BFCD4FAFDFC0CA407" box="[775,953,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFCD4FAFDFC12A407" box="[775,935,1363,1388]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Heteroscodra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heteroscodra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFC6AFAFCFBBBA407" box="[953,1038,1362,1388]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows a somewhat flattened eye tubercle, with anterior lateral eyes being in almost same plane as anterior median eyes (state 0). Spiders with an arched eye tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFE62FA0CFDBFA4D7" box="[433,522,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the anterior median eye positioned clearly in superior plane in relation to the anterior lateral eye were considered as having state 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF15FA5CFD20A75F" blockId="13.[151,1437,1042,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">(1) Anterior row of eyes in males and females, measured from anterior margins: (0) procurved, (1) straight; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF15F9ECFEB0A627" blockId="13.[151,1437,1042,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
(2) Clypeus in males and females: (0) absent, (1) narrow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFC51F9ECFC6DA737" box="[898,984,1602,1628]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
) (2) wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFBB1F9ECFB09A737" box="[1122,1212,1602,1628]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 60.0. Steps/ Extra steps = 6/4. The clypeus was considered absent when there is no space between the eye tubercle and the anterior carapace edge which can slightly project forward beyond the anterior carapace edge. A wide clypeus is found in some theraphosids, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFDECF914FD57A7BF" box="[575,738,1722,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Harpactirinae">Harpactirinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF9AFF8BFD3DF914FC19A7BF" box="[750,940,1722,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ornithoctoninae">Ornithoctoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some theraphosines. In this case, the distance between the anterior edge of the eye tubercle and the anterior edge of carapace can be almost the same as the length of the eye tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFDB6F8A4FD0BA64F" box="[613,702,1802,1828]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). The narrow state of the clypeus occurs in intermediate cases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF9AFF8BFF4CF89CFF42A627" box="[159,247,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF8BFF15F8F4FED0A6F7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1042,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">(3) Fovea in males and females, curvature: (0) straight, (1) recurved, (2) procurved; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF9AFF88FF15F804FEF4A041" blockId="13.[151,1437,1042,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
(4) Fovea in males and females, closure: (0) slit-like (closed), (1) pit-like (open); fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0. In Mygalomorphae, a pit-like (open) fovea seems to be plesiomorphic, since Mesothelae shows this state as well as representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FDA7FF36FD56A1D9" box="[628,739,152,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Atypidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Atypidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FD21FF36FC15A1D9" box="[754,928,152,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Antrodiaetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Antrodiaetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FC31FF36FAA1A1D9" authority="Raven 1985" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1985" box="[994,1300,152,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Dipluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Dipluridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FBA0FF36FABEA1D9" author="Raven" box="[1139,1291,152,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For theraphosids,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FED3FF6EFE13A1B1" author="Gallon" box="[256,422,192,218]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the presence of pit-like fovea to be a synapomorphy of the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FAFFFF6EFE11A069" authority="Gallon 2003" authorityName="Gallon" authorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Xenodendrophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FAFFFF6EFF4EA06A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Xenodendrophila</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FED9FF46FE11A069" author="Gallon" box="[266,420,232,258]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FE2DFF46FCB5A069" authority="Strand" authorityName="Strand" box="[510,768,232,258]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Encyocratella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FE2DFF46FD17A06A" box="[510,674,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Encyocratella</emphasis>
|
||
Strand
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FCF2FF46FC67A06A" box="[801,978,232,257]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FCF2FF46FC67A06A" box="[801,978,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FBC3FF46FB05A06A" box="[1040,1200,232,257]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Heteroscodra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FBC3FF46FB05A06A" box="[1040,1200,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Heteroscodra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This proposal is followed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FE96FBFDA0A1" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">(5) Fovea in males and females, depth: (0) shallow; (1) deep; fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/3. This character is introduced here and refers to the depth of the fovea. Plaster was applied to the specimen's fovea and the resulting mould was analyzed. Those with deep fovea (state 1) presented a mould with trapezoid shape. Specimens with shallow fovea (state 0) showed a mould with a short line.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FE76FA81A301" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(6) Labial cuspules in males and females, number*: (0) 30–300, (1) 0–20, (2) 350–450 Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FA9DFE76FF4AA371" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined here, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FDDDFDAEFDC3A372" box="[526,630,512,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Euathlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FDDDFDAEFDC3A372" box="[526,630,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Euathlus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a low number of labial cuspules. The most common state is between 30-300 labial cuspules and the only taxon with more than this number is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FBB5FD86FB5EA32A" box="[1126,1259,552,577]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FBB5FD86FB5EA32A" box="[1126,1259,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Phlogiellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The state 30– 300 was coded as 0 because it is present in the outgroups and thus should be the plesiomorphic state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FDD6FBA1A261" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(7) Sigilla, posterior pair in males and females, position: (0) marginal, less than 1.5 times its own diameter from margin, (1) located closer to center of sternum separated from margin by twice its own diameter; fit = 75. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/2. In Eumenophorinae, the posterior sternal sigilla are medially placed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FB2BFD66FA22A389" author="Pocock" box="[1272,1431,712,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1897) On the spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae from the Ethiopian Region, contained in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897, 724 - 774." type="proceedings paper" year="1897">Pocock 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FF44FD5EFE9BA261" author="Gallon" box="[151,302,752,778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FE0AFD5EFDEAA262" box="[473,607,752,777]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FE0AFD5EFDEAA262" box="[473,607,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Phlogiellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FD44FD5EFC9DA262" box="[663,808,752,777]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Haplopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FD44FD5EFC9DA262" box="[663,808,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Haplopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have this state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FCB6FE5AA2C1" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(8) Tarsus IV in males, cracked: (0) cracked, (1) integral; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1. A cracked tarsus is found in some mygalomorph taxa, e.g., some diplurids, nemesiids, barychelids and theraphosids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FF4CFCC6FE87A2E9" author="Raven" box="[159,306,872,898]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In specimens examined, this condition was found in males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FB67FCC6FAABA2EA" box="[1204,1310,872,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Paratropididae" genus="Melloina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FB67FCC6FAABA2EA" box="[1204,1310,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Melloina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FF65FC3EFE9FA2C2" box="[182,298,912,937]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Holothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FF65FC3EFE9FA2C2" box="[182,298,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Holothele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FEB0FC3EFE5DA2C2" box="[355,488,912,937]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FEB0FC3EFE5DA2C2" box="[355,488,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Phlogiellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FC16FD8AA581" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(9) Tarsal scopulae in males and females: (0) no true scopula; (1) scopula of sparse hairs; (2) dense scopula that does not extend much laterally; (3) scopula very extensive laterally, giving the tarsi and metatarsi I and II a spatulate appearance; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FC18FBA6FB80A54A" box="[971,1077,1032,1057]" class="Arachnida" family="Paratropididae" genus="Melloina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FC18FBA6FB80A54A" box="[971,1077,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Melloina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no true scopula (state 0) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FF4CFB9EFE82A521" author="Raven" box="[159,311,1072,1098]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1999) Review of the mygalomorph genus Melloina Brignoli (Paratropididae: Araneae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43, 819 - 825." type="journal article" year="1999">Raven 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FEA7FB9EFE52A522" box="[372,487,1072,1097]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Holothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FEA7FB9EFE52A522" box="[372,487,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Holothele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other Ischnocolinae, the scopula is very sparse (state 1), and frequently divided by rows of setae. Most theraphosids have well-developed scopulae (state 2), that, however, is not so developed as those having state 3, where their lateral development give the tarsi and the metatarsi I and II a spatulate appearance. This last state was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FD0CFB06FC37A5A9" author="Simon" box="[735,898,1192,1218]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1892">Simon (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to characterize the Avicularieae and that was followed by most authors thereafter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FB56FB99A409" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(10) Scopulae on metatarsus IV in males and females*: (0) divided by hairs or spines; (1) not divided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FF44FA8EFE8EA451" author="Gallon" box="[151,315,1312,1338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the undivided scopula on metatarsus IV to be apomorphic for Eumenophorinae. The only taxon with the derived state in the analysis is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FD34FAE6FB9DA409" authority="Pocock 1901" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[743,1064,1352,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Citharischius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FD34FAE6FC30A40A" box="[743,901,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Citharischius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FC5FFAE6FB9DA409" author="Pocock" box="[908,1064,1352,1378]" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 540 - 555." type="journal article" year="1901">Pocock 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15FADEFDD3A7C9" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(11) Leg spines in males and females: (0) present on apex and other faces of tibiae and metatarsi, (1) present only on ventral apices of tibiae and metatarsi, (2) absent; fit = 75. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/2. The theraphosid sister-groups, e. g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FE03FA6EFD8FA4B2" box="[464,570,1472,1497]" class="Arachnida" family="Paratropididae" genus="Melloina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FE03FA6EFD8FA4B2" box="[464,570,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Melloina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and barychelids, have spines distributed largely on ventral, prolateral, retrolateral and sometimes dorsal faces of the legs. This suggests that the condition is plesiomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FF44F9BEFEFDA741" box="[151,328,1552,1578]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among the studied taxa, a lower number of leg spines is seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FBA3F9BEFA9CA742" box="[1136,1321,1552,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FBA3F9BEFA9CA742" box="[1136,1321,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FAE9F9BEFF6EA73A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FAE9F9BEFF6EA73A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Psalmopoeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FF38F996FED8A73A" box="[235,365,1592,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FF38F996FED8A73A" box="[235,365,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Ephebopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FEAFF996FDAFA73A" box="[380,538,1592,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Citharischius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FEAFF996FDAFA73A" box="[380,538,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Citharischius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FD86F996FD6FA73A" box="[597,730,1592,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FD86F996FD6FA73A" box="[597,730,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Phlogiellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where there are only two small spines on the ventral apical edge of the tibiae and metatarsi. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FDE7F9CEFD1BA712" box="[564,686,1632,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FDE7F9CEFD1BA712" box="[564,686,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Avicularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FD6EF9CEFC8AA712" box="[701,831,1632,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Iridopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FD6EF9CEFC8AA712" box="[701,831,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Iridopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FC9DF9CEFC49A712" box="[846,1020,1632,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pachistopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FC9DF9CEFC49A712" box="[846,1020,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Pachistopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FBD8F9CEFB0EA712" box="[1035,1211,1632,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FBD8F9CEFB0EA712" box="[1035,1211,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FB19F9CEFADFA712" box="[1226,1386,1632,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Heteroscodra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FB19F9CEFADFA712" box="[1226,1386,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Heteroscodra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FF44F926FE88A7CA" box="[151,317,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FF44F926FE8FA7CA" box="[151,314,1672,1697]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Poecilotheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Poecilotheria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
spines are totally absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF88FF15F91EFC07A6F9" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(12) Palpal femora in males and females, scopula on retrolateral face*: (0) absent, (1) present.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FA82F91EFF50A799" author="Raven" pageId="14" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FE8AF976FDBFA79A" box="[345,522,1752,1777]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FE8AF976FDBFA79A" box="[345,522,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Eumenophorinae because they share the presence of a brush of hair on the retrolateral face of the palpal femora.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF99FF88FD5BF8AEFC9BA671" author="Gallon" box="[648,814,1792,1818]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FC25F8AEFB12A672" box="[1014,1191,1792,1817]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FC25F8AEFB12A672" box="[1014,1191,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females present this scopulae and proposed its presence to be homoplastic with respect to Eumenophorinae. We failed to find this structure in males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FDE0F8FEFD51A602" box="[563,740,1872,1897]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FDE0F8FEFD51A602" box="[563,740,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined, and so it was here coded as absent. The only genus in the analysis clearly having the scopulae was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FCDEF8D6FC1EA6FA" box="[781,939,1912,1937]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Citharischius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FCDEF8D6FC1EA6FA" box="[781,939,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Citharischius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF99FF89FF15F80EFCD4A1D9" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(13) Femora IV in males and females, scopulae on retrolateral face*: (0) absent, (1) present.The scopulae on the retrolateral face of femora IV is an apomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF99FF88FCEDF866FB32A689" authority="C. L. Koch 1850" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" box="[830,1159,1992,2018]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Lasiodora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF99FF88FCEDF866FC02A68A" box="[830,951,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Lasiodora</emphasis>
|
||
C. L. Koch 1850
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other theraphosine genera not included in the analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FDEFFF36FCE1A1D9" author="Perez-Miles" box="[572,852,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Pérez-Miles
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FD00FF36FCB8A1DA" box="[723,781,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FF6EFE07A069" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">(14) Chelicerae in males and females, scopulae on retrolateral face: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FEBEFEE3A0C9" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(15) Maxillae, spiniform setae on lower prolateral face: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0. Spiniform setae on the lower prolateral face of maxillae are found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FB8BFE96FAA3A039" box="[1112,1302,312,338]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ornithoctoninae">Ornithoctoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Thrigmopoeinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FEF4FECEFE0FA011" author="Raven" box="[295,442,352,378]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We here consider that spines in the same position in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FBEAFECEFB6DA012" box="[1081,1240,352,377]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Poecilotheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FBEAFECEFB6DA012" box="[1081,1240,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Poecilotheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are putative primary homologs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FE1EFC55A329" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(16) Stridulatory bristles in males and females form maxillae lyra: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 75. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/2. The derived condition (1) of this character was used to characterize the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FB05FE76FA28A099" box="[1238,1437,472,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Selenocosmiinae">Selenocosmiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FF09FDAEFECDA371" author="Pocock" box="[218,376,512,538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1895) On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 165 - 184." type="journal article" year="1895">Pocock 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is also found in other mygalomorph taxa apart from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FBC1FDAEFB77A371" box="[1042,1218,512,538]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g., the diplurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF44FD86FE0AA329" authority="C. L. Koch 1850" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,447,552,578]" class="Arachnida" family="Dipluridae" genus="Diplura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF44FD86FF41A32A" box="[151,244,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Diplura</emphasis>
|
||
C. L. Koch 1850
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FE2BFD86FC69A329" authority="C. L. Koch 1850 (Raven 1985)" authorityName="C. L. Koch 1850 (Raven" authorityYear="1985" box="[504,988,552,578]" class="Arachnida" family="Dipluridae" genus="Trechona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FE2BFD86FDD3A32A" box="[504,614,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Trechona</emphasis>
|
||
C. L. Koch 1850 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FC93FD86FC66A329" author="Raven" box="[832,979,552,578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FDFEFE74A389" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(17) Stridulatory bristles on coxae I of males and females: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1. Stridulatory bristles on coxae were used to characterize the Eumenophorinae (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FAD7FDD6FA21A3F9" author="Raven" box="[1284,1428,632,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FEDDFD0EFE0FA3D1" box="[270,442,672,698]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FDA5FD0EFD5BA3D2" box="[630,750,672,697]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Lasiodora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FDA5FD0EFD5BA3D2" box="[630,750,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Lasiodora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FD2DFD0EFB83A3D1" authority="Simon 1892" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1892" box="[766,1078,672,698]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Grammostola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FD2DFD0EFC2AA3D2" box="[766,927,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Grammostola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FC74FD0EFB83A3D1" author="Simon" box="[935,1078,672,698]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1892">Simon 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FBBCFD0EFE0BA389" authority="Thorell 1870 (Perez-Miles et al. 1996)" authorityName="Thorell 1870 (Perez-Miles et al." authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Theraphosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FBBCFD0EFB4EA3D2" box="[1135,1275,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Theraphosa</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell 1870 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FF4DFD66FE00A389" author="Perez-Miles" box="[158,437,712,738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68." type="journal article" year="1996">Pérez-Miles et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FD5EFB66A259" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(18) Longitudinal white stripes on patellae and tibiae of males and females*: (0) absent, (1) present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FABEFD5EFF03A259" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The conspicuous white stripes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FD80FCB6FC89A25A" box="[595,828,792,817]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FD80FCB6FC89A25A" box="[595,828,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Ephebopus murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were considered an autapomophy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FCEEFC13A291" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(19) Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi of males and females: (0) absent, (1) white, (2), yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FF01FCC6FE33A2E9" box="[210,390,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Figs 13–14, 16</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/1. Most theraphosid species have a band of short setae around the distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi of all legs, more visible on legs I and II. Some taxa, e. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF44FC16FEBEA2BA" box="[151,267,952,977]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Holothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF44FC16FEBEA2BA" box="[151,267,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Holothele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have no detectable rings, whereas in most theraphosids, they are white, if present. Some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF44FC4EFEACA292" box="[151,281,992,1017]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF44FC4EFEACA292" box="[151,281,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Ephebopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FE81FC4EFE79A292" box="[338,460,992,1017]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FE81FC4EFE79A292" box="[338,460,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Avicularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have these rings but are yellow in color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FBA6FED4A521" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(20) Chelicerae of females, hair: (0) not iridescent, (1) iridescent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FC03FBA6FB9DA549" box="[976,1064,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). State 1 is an autapomophy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF44FB9EFEEFA522" box="[151,346,1072,1098]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanognathus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF44FB9EFF1CA522" box="[151,169,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF64FB9EFEEFA522" box="[183,346,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">cyanognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FBF6FF64A5A9" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(21) Black marking dorsally on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of males and females: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0. This character was introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FC72FB2EFBF2A5F1" author="Gallon" box="[929,1095,1152,1178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and his proposal is followed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FB7EFDE0A4D9" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(22) Female abdominal pattern: (0) all one color or irregularly mottled, (1) with pattern; fit = 60. Steps/ Extra steps = 5/4.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FEBDFB56FDA1A479" author="Gallon" box="[366,532,1272,1298]" pageId="15" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2003">Gallon (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered that ornithoctonines, harpactirines and "stromatopelmines" (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FABBFB56FEB8A452" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Heteroscodra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FABBFB56FEB8A452" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Heteroscodra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FEC8FA8EFE7EA452" box="[283,459,1312,1337]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FEC8FA8EFE7EA452" box="[283,459,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FDD6FA8EFD7AA452" box="[517,719,1312,1337]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Xenodendrophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FDD6FA8EFD7AA452" box="[517,719,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Xenodendrophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FCCBFA8EFC09A452" box="[792,956,1312,1337]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Encyocratella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FCCBFA8EFC09A452" box="[792,956,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Encyocratella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to have abdomen dorsums marked with a herring-bone pattern. We follow that here and include also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FCA1FAE6FBA7A40A" box="[882,1042,1352,1377]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Poecilotheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FCA1FAE6FBA7A40A" box="[882,1042,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Poecilotheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FB9DFAE6FB7CA40A" box="[1102,1225,1352,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FB9DFAE6FBD5A40A" box="[1102,1120,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FBA2FAE6FB7CA40A" box="[1137,1225,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">foliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FA82FAE6FF65A4E2" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FA82FAE6FF65A4E2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Avicularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF31FADEFE25A4E2" box="[226,400,1392,1417]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pachistopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FF31FADEFE25A4E2" box="[226,400,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Pachistopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FE71FADEFD91A4E2" box="[418,548,1392,1417]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Iridopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FE71FADEFD91A4E2" box="[418,548,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Iridopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FDE5FADEFD5AA4E2" box="[566,751,1392,1417]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FDE5FADEFD5AA4E2" box="[566,751,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FCFDFADEFBC4A4E1" authority="Pocock 1895" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" box="[814,1137,1392,1418]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FCFDFADEFC7FA4E2" box="[814,970,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Psalmopoeus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FC06FADEFBC4A4E1" author="Pocock" box="[981,1137,1392,1418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1895) On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 165 - 184." type="journal article" year="1895">
|
||
Pocock
|
||
<quantity id="4CE35FA7FF98FF89FBE5FADEFBC4A4E1" box="[1078,1137,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8133" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="1895.0">1895</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which genera, immatures have a dorsal abdominal pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15FA6EFD92A769" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">(23) Spermathecae, number: (0) two, completely separated, (1), two, fused at base, (2) one, totally fused; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/0.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15F9BEFB2FA741" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,1178,1552,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">(24) Spermathecal lobes: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/3.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15F996FE89A7C9" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(25) Cymbium: (0) without spiniform process between lobes, (1) with spiniform process between lobes; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0. This character was proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FC70F9CEFB85A711" author="Raven" box="[931,1072,1632,1658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a putative synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FF44F926FE8DA7C9" box="[151,312,1672,1698]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aviculariinae">Aviculariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15F91EFED1A799" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(26) Prolateral cymbium lobe shape: (0) rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FCCDF91EFCC2A7A1" box="[798,887,1712,1738]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
), (1) subtriangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FBB7F91EFB0BA7A1" box="[1124,1214,1712,1738]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15F8AEFAB0A601" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(27) Subtegulum: (0) small, (1) large, extending down the bulb for half of the tegulum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FB10F8AEFAE3A671" author="Raven" box="[1219,1366,1792,1818]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1. A large subtegulum is considered a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FC06F886FB34A629" box="[981,1153,1832,1858]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
synapomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FA9CF886FF60A601" author="Raven" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FF32F8FEFE42A601" author="Perez-Miles" box="[225,503,1872,1898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Pérez-Miles
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FEA5F8FEFE05A602" box="[374,432,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This character state 1 is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF98FF89FC04F8FEFAB4A601" authority="Simon 1892" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1892" box="[983,1281,1872,1898]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Haplopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF98FF89FC04F8FEFBDDA602" box="[983,1128,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Haplopelma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF98FF89FBBCF8FEFAB4A601" author="Simon" box="[1135,1281,1872,1898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" refString="Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1892">Simon 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF89FF15F8D6FE40A6D1" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
|
||
(28) Embolus curvature: (0) straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FD50F8D6FCFFA6F9" box="[643,842,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,184,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[174,1416,184,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Ephebopus, genitalia. (1 – 2) E. murinus. 1, Male, AMNH, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 2, Female, AMNH, spermathecae. (3 – 4) E. uatuman. 3, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 4, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (5 – 6) E. cyanognathus. 5, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 6, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (7 – 8) E. rufescens. 7, Male, paratype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 8, Female, paratype, spermathecae. (9 – 10) E. foliatus sp. nov .. 9, Male, holotype, palpal bulb, retrolateral. 10, Female, paratype, spermathecae. Scale line: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183361/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Figs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), (1) curved to the retrolateral side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF98FF89FB2AF8D6FAE7A6F9" box="[1273,1362,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4/3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF98FF96FF15F866FCEFA1D9" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">(29) Embolus length: (0) 1.5-2.5 times longer than tegulum, (1) shorter than tegulum, (2) more than 3 times longer than tegulum; fit = 60. Steps/ Extra steps = 6/4.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FF6EFCF8A069" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(30) Embolus distal width: (0) thin, less than 1/5 of tegulum height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FC20FF6EFBFEA1B1" box="[1011,1099,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
), (1) thick, more than 1/3 of tegulum height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FE8BFF46FE1AA069" box="[344,431,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,269,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[316,1260,450,713]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[309,1278,434,725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Some characters used in cladistic analysis. (23 – 24) Eye tubercle and clypeus. 23, Heteroscodra sp., female, low eye tubercle and narrow clypeus. 24, Haplopelma sp., female, high eye tubercle and wide clypeus. (25 – 26) Cymbium and male palpal bulb. 25, Avicularia sp., subtriangular cymbium, thin embolus with curvature to retrolateral side. 26, Lasiodora sp., male, rounded cymbium, thick embolus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183366/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps =2/1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FEBEFBD5A011" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(31) Embolus shape*: (0) not flattened, (1) slightly flattened, (2) very flattened.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF87FF96FBA7FEBEFB5FA041" box="[1140,1258,272,298]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">The states</collectingCountry>
|
||
follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FA95FEBEFF6AA039" author="Bertani" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Bertani (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FF38FE96FE92A039" author="Bertani" box="[235,295,312,338]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2001) Revision, cladistic analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu, and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 36, 265 - 356." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FEEDFE96FE7AA03A" box="[318,463,312,337]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Haplopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FEEDFE96FE7AA03A" box="[318,463,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Haplopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to have a very flattened embolus, similar to some theraphosine species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FF27FECEFE35A012" box="[244,384,352,377]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Theraphosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FF27FECEFE35A012" box="[244,384,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Theraphosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FE5DFECEFD69A011" authority="Pocock 1901" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[398,732,352,378]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FE5DFECEFD89A012" box="[398,572,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Megaphobema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FD97FECEFD69A011" author="Pocock" box="[580,732,352,378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 540 - 555." type="journal article" year="1901">Pocock 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FCC6FECEFBE9A011" authority="Ausserer 1875" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1875" box="[789,1116,352,378]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FCC6FECEFC1DA012" box="[789,936,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Sericopelma</emphasis>
|
||
Ausserer 1875
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FE26FDD8A3D1" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(32) Prolateral inferior keel of bulb: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps =1/0. Several mygalomorph taxa have strongly developed keels on the male palpal bulb, e.g., species of Pycnothelinae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FF4CFE76FE85A099" box="[159,304,472,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemesiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Barychelinae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FE3EFE76FD3EA099" box="[493,651,472,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Barychelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FD1FFE76FB91A099" authority="(Raven 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Raven" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[716,1060,472,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">
|
||
Theraphosinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FC5BFE76FBAEA099" author="Raven" box="[904,1051,472,498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FB9CFE76FB4AA099" box="[1103,1279,472,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the presence of keels was considered a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FD63FDAEFCE8A371" box="[688,861,512,538]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FCBCFDAEFBB6A371" author="Raven" box="[879,1027,512,538]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FBC1FDAEFA9AA371" author="Perez-Miles" box="[1042,1327,512,538]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Pérez-Miles
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FB7AFDAEFB53A372" box="[1193,1254,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FA96FDAEFF50A329" author="Bertani" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Bertani (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
created a terminology for theraphosine male palpal bulb keels, which is followed here. However, other theraphosid taxa have strongly developed keels, such as species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FC01FDFEFBD6A302" box="[978,1123,592,617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Haplopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FC01FDFEFBD6A302" box="[978,1123,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Haplopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FB77FDFEFAFEA302" box="[1188,1355,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FB77FDFEFAFDA302" box="[1188,1352,592,617]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Poecilotheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Poecilotheria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
These keels are similar in position to some theraphosine species and thus they are being putatively considered primary homologs in the cladistic analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FD66FE4FA261" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(33) Prolateral superior keel on embolus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FD6EFD66FCEAA389" author="Bertani" box="[701,863,712,738]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Bertani 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps =1/0. (See character 32).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FCB6FEC6A231" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(34) Apical keel on embolus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FDF8FCB6FD78A259" author="Bertani" box="[555,717,792,818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Bertani 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1. (See character 32).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FCC6FE24A2C1" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(35) Retrolateral keel on embolus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FD8EFCC6FD48A2E9" author="Bertani" box="[605,765,872,898]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Bertani 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/ 1. (See character 32).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FC16FA25A519" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(36) Male tibial spurs: (0) present, two-branched, (1) present, with apical megaspine, (2) present, with spiniform setae, (3) absent; fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 6/3. Male tibial spurs are a very homoplasious character in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FF2FFBA6FDD7A549" authority="Bertani 2001" authorityName="Bertani" authorityYear="2001" box="[252,610,1032,1058]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Theraphosidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FE68FBA6FDEFA549" author="Bertani" box="[443,602,1032,1058]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Bertani, R. (2001) Revision, cladistic analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu, and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 36, 265 - 356." type="journal article" year="2001">Bertani 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most other mygalomorph families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FB9DFBA6FB51A549" author="Raven" box="[1102,1252,1032,1058]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the presence of two-branched spurs seems to be plesiomorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FCBDFB9EFBAFA521" box="[878,1050,1072,1098]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theraphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
since it is present in all barychelid subfamilies and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FE48FBF6FD78A519" box="[411,717,1112,1138]" class="Arachnida" family="Paratropididae" genus="Melloina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FE48FBF6FDB0A51A" box="[411,517,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Melloina</emphasis>
|
||
(Paratropididae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the proposed sister-groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FBE6FBF6FA39A519" authority="Raven 1985" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="1985" box="[1077,1420,1112,1138]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Theraphosidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FB23FBF6FA36A519" author="Raven" box="[1264,1411,1112,1138]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FB2EFCEEA581" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(37) Hairs on metatarsi and tibiae I–IV of males: (0) normal, (1) long hairs laterally projected, forming a brush; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2/1. Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FCD6FB06FC0BA5AA" box="[773,958,1192,1217]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FCD6FB06FC0BA5AA" box="[773,958,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FC1DFB06FBDFA5AA" box="[974,1130,1192,1217]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FC1DFB06FBDFA5AA" box="[974,1130,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Psalmopoeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FBA8FB06FA99A5AA" box="[1147,1324,1192,1217]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stromatopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FBA8FB06FA99A5AA" box="[1147,1324,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Stromatopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FABBFB06FEB8A582" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Heteroscodra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FABBFB06FEB8A582" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Heteroscodra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all share the presence of hairs projecting laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FB56FBA4A451" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(38) Urticating hairs of males and females: (0) absent, (1) on abdomen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FBCCFB56FB4CA479" author="Cooke" box="[1055,1273,1272,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Cooke, J. A. L., Roth, V. A. & Miller, F. H. (1972) The urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders. American Museum Novitates 2498, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Cooke
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FBA5FB56FB07A47A" box="[1142,1202,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) on pedipalps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FF37FA8EFE5BA451" author="Marshall" box="[228,494,1312,1338]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Marshall, S. D. & Uetz G. W. (1990) The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 122 - 124." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF87FF96FF37FA8EFEFBA451" box="[228,334,1312,1338]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Uetz 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FDD5FA8EFDE8A451" box="[518,605,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 20" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,779,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[157,1429,779,1249]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 20. Ephebopus murinus. 19, Threat display showing urticating hair pad on apical prolateral pedipalp femur (arrow). 20, Detail of type V urticating hairs. Photo: R. Bertani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183364/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FAE6FB92A409" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,1063,1352,1378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(39)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FF2DFAE6FE8DA409" box="[254,312,1352,1378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I urticating hairs in males and females*: (0) absent, (1) present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FADEFF18A4D9" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(40)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FF2DFADEFE8DA4E1" box="[254,312,1392,1418]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II urticating hairs in males and females: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/ 0.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15FA6EFB94A769" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(41)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FF2CFA6EFE8CA4B1" box="[255,313,1472,1498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
III urticating hairs in males and females: (0) absent, (1) present; fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0. Considered a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FD92FA46FD58A769" box="[577,749,1512,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FD2EFA46FBA1A769" author="Perez-Miles" box="[765,1044,1512,1538]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Pérez-Miles
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FC47FA46FC7AA76A" box="[916,975,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F9BEFB89A741" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,1084,1552,1578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(42)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FF2DF9BEFE8DA741" box="[254,312,1552,1578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
IV urticating hairs in males and females*: (0) absent, (1) present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F996FEDCA7C9" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(43)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FED3F996FE8FA739" box="[256,314,1592,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
V urticating hairs in males and females: (0) absent, (1) present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FBEFF996FB73A739" box="[1084,1222,1592,1618]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 20" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,779,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[157,1429,779,1249]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 20. Ephebopus murinus. 19, Threat display showing urticating hair pad on apical prolateral pedipalp femur (arrow). 20, Detail of type V urticating hairs. Photo: R. Bertani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183364/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Figs 19–20</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1/0.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FEBEF9CEFE12A711" box="[365,423,1632,1658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
V hair (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FDD9F9CEFDD5A711" box="[522,608,1632,1658]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 20" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,779,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[157,1429,779,1249]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 20. Ephebopus murinus. 19, Threat display showing urticating hair pad on apical prolateral pedipalp femur (arrow). 20, Detail of type V urticating hairs. Photo: R. Bertani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183364/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF87FF96FCD6F9CEFB00A711" authority="Marshall 1990" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1990" box="[773,1205,1632,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF87FF96FCD6F9CEFC5AA712" box="[773,1007,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Ephebopus murinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FC2CF9CEFB18A711" author="Marshall" box="[1023,1197,1632,1658]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Marshall, S. D. & Uetz G. W. (1990) The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 122 - 124." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30CB2D2FF87FF96FC2CF9CEFBDCA711" box="[1023,1129,1632,1658]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all known species of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F91EFB5FA799" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(44) Burrow entrance (fossorial) of female: (0) simple with little or no silk, (1) collar of silk bound with surrounding debris (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FE50F976FE6CA799" box="[387,473,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
), (2) trumpet-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FD33F976FC83A799" box="[736,822,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
); fit = 85.7. Steps / Extra steps = 3/1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F8AEFC96A629" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(45) Eggsac
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A04CE0FF87FF96FE8FF8AEFE26A671" box="[348,403,1792,1818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
: (0) mobile, (1) fixed hammock, (2) fixed flat; fit = 100. Steps / Extra steps = 2/0. Here we follow the classification of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FDD2F886FC96A629" author="Gallon" box="[513,803,1832,1858]" pageId="16" pageNumber="57" refString="Gallon, R. C. & Gabriel, R. (2006) Theraphosidae Egg-sac Types. Newsletter of the British arachnological Society, 106, 5 - 10." type="journal article" year="2006">Gallon & Gabriel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F8FEFF18A6F9" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">(46) Habitat: (0) evergreen forest, (1) deciduous forest, (2) desert-scrub; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 3/ 1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF87FF96FF15F80EFADFA689" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(47) Habits of female: (0) hide in surface layers of soil, (1) arboreal, (2) opportunistic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FB0AF80EFAD7A6D1" box="[1241,1378,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 18" captionStartId="8.[151,269,667,691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,643]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,194,643]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 18. Ephebopus rufescens. 17, Female exposed in retreat under overturned rock. 18, Female in arboreal retreat two meters above ground in palm tree. Photos: R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183363/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
), (3) fossorial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320EEC7FF87FF96FED8F866FED4A689" box="[267,353,1992,2018]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,298,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,296,1916]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Ephebopus, habitus and burrow. (11 – 12) E. murinus. 11, Female in burrow entrance. 12, Antepenultimate female in retreat in bromeliad leaf. (13, 15) E. uatuman. 13, Female. 15, Detail of burrow entrance. (14) E. foliatus sp. nov., female paratype, in life. (16). E. cyanognathus, female. Photos: 14, M. Kuntner, other by R. C. West." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183362/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fit = 75. Steps / Extra steps = 5/2. State 0 was reported in paratropidids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A8FB3FF87FF96FB19F866FAE8A689" author="Raven" box="[1226,1373,1992,2018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Raven, R. J. (1999) Review of the mygalomorph genus Melloina Brignoli (Paratropididae: Araneae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43, 819 - 825." type="journal article" year="1999">Raven 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4F242FF85FF94FF44FF36FA3BA049" blockId="18.[151,1436,152,290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Most theraphosids make a burrow (state 3) or hide in retreats built in trees using silk (most aviculariines and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF85FF94FF44FF13FE83A1BD" box="[151,310,189,214]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Poecilotheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF85FF94FF44FF13FE83A1BD" box="[151,310,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Poecilotheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (state 1). An opportunistic burrowing behavior (state 2) is found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF85FF94FBA2FF13FA9FA1BD" box="[1137,1322,189,214]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF85FF94FBA2FF13FA9FA1BD" box="[1137,1322,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF85FF94FAE9FF13FF6EA190" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF85FF94FAE9FF13FF6EA190" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Psalmopoeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B89C1FF85FF94FEC5FF4CFDA5A190" box="[278,528,226,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ephebopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F2E50FF85FF94FEC5FF4CFDA5A190" box="[278,528,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Ephebopus rufescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RCW and SDM pers. obs.). They build a silken retreat which is not always made high in trees or other elevated structures. Furthermore, they commonly use soil and/or rocky substrata.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |