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<document id="51B98118052FBDA16AEAFA4E9FB06455" ID-CLB-Dataset="26835" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="924564d3-af90-47f9-8759-1e82331f6d50" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2806929" ID-ZooBank="1F9638CE-6636-46DF-8369-DDEB42347D78" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1557812960659" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kaur, Simarjit, Pandher, Manpreet Singh &amp; Chandra, Kailash" docDate="2019" docId="03A0AA2350731013FF5A52EFFD24FEDA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4604.2.12.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4604 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parosmylus prominens Needham 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="400" masterDocId="FF99D25B50721016FFCD5069FFE1FFBD" masterDocTitle="First description of male of the type species Parosmylus prominens Needham, 1909 (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="395" pageNumber="396" updateTime="1698728549048" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="44833EC11EB2DEE629E7583E993D9423">First description of male of the type species Parosmylus prominens Needham, 1909 (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F198A45C338DFCEB7685A6CB2DAF9F59">Kaur, Simarjit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="93DCDAF8239328640C0BCF10B502D444">Pandher, Manpreet Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D93481F2330A1ACEBDE6B784033A50E6">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="454340802A73CB84584DEF756A5567E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9BA05E5FA7744CC838B6E3022C16B7C4">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E7931195B1C363774F0F970E4F28DD6B">2019-05-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C02E2BC33D7306B3782F78AAE1D5DFFE">4604</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EAFF31C791B2D0898F81AF9BA32CC615" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.12</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A0AA2350731013FF5A52EFFD24FEDA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5941613" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157137024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5941613" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A0AA2350731013FF5A52EFFD24FEDA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0AA2350731013FF5A52EFFD24FEDA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<subSubSection id="C31348BE50731017FF5A52EFFD94FD1D" box="[151,629,646,673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF5A52EFFD94FD1D" blockId="1.[151,629,646,708]" box="[151,629,646,673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<heading id="D0FEAC5950731017FF5A52EFFD94FD1D" bold="true" box="[151,629,646,673]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650731017FF5A52EFFD94FD1D" ID-CoL="4DSNP" authority="Needham, 1909" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,629,646,673]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF5A52EFFD94FD1D" bold="true" box="[151,629,646,673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF5A52EFFE4CFD1D" bold="true" box="[151,429,646,673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450731017FE7952EEFD94FD1D" author="Needham, J. G." box="[436,629,646,673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" pagination="185 - 210" refId="ref2531" refString="Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 185 - 210." type="journal article" year="1909">Needham, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31348BE50731017FF5A52C3FEF3FD79" box="[151,274,682,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF5A52C3FEF3FD79" blockId="1.[151,629,646,708]" box="[151,274,682,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
(
<figureCitation id="133207B050731017FF5252C3FEE8FD79" box="[159,265,682,708]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–5" captionStart-2="FIGURES 6–7" captionStartId-0="2.[151,264,1605,1630]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,1945,1970]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,264,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1418,367,1549]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1382,175,1892]" captionTargetBox-2="[185,1401,395,1938]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,363,1562]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[189,1398,166,1904]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[181,1407,410,1953]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Wings of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 1. Right forewing, dorsal view; 2. right hind wing, dorsal view.A1 = first anal, A2 = second anal, A3 = third anal, CuA = anterior cubitus, CuP = posterior cubitus, MA = anterior medius, MP = posterior medius, ng = nygmata, og = outer gradates, pt = pterostigma, RA = anterior radius, RP = posterior radius, Sc = subcosta." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–5. Male genitalia of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 3. Terminalia, left lateral view; 4. genitalia, left lateral view; 5. Gonarcus, dorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 6–7. Female genitalia of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 6. Terminalia, left lateral view; 7. Spermatheca, left lateral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2806935/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2806943/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2806945/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Figs. 1–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31348BE50731017FF5A5287FDB9FCBA" box="[151,600,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF5A5287FDB9FCBA" blockId="1.[151,600,750,775]" box="[151,600,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB193C1B50731017FF5A5287FDB9FCBA" box="[151,600,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650731017FF5A5287FDB9FCBA" ID-CoL="4DSNP" authority="Needham, 1909: 209" authorityName="Needham" authorityPageNumber="209" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,600,750,775]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF5A5287FE9FFCBB" box="[151,382,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA83D2450731017FE485287FDB9FCBA" author="Needham, J. G." box="[389,600,750,775]" page="209" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450731017FE485287FDC9FCBA" author="Needham, J. G." box="[389,552,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" pagination="185 - 210" refId="ref2531" refString="Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 185 - 210." type="journal article" year="1909">Needham, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 209
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31348BE50731017FF5A535DFB44F8DE" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF5A535DFE23FCCE" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF5A535DFEC8FCF2" bold="true" box="[151,297,820,847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FEFD535FFE3BFCF2" box="[304,474,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Measurements.</emphasis>
Body length
<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FDBC535CFD06FCF2" box="[625,743,821,847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.236" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="12.36">12.36 mm</quantity>
; forewing length
<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FC61535CFBC1FCF2" box="[940,1056,821,847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.763" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="27.63">27.63 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FBBF535DFB3BFCF2" box="[1138,1242,820,847]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="9.5">9.50 mm</quantity>
; hindwing length
<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FF5A5330FEEAFCCE" box="[151,267,857,883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.277" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="22.77">22.77 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FE935330FE5FFCCE" box="[350,446,857,883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.48" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="9.48">9.48mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A5314FDAAFC62" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A5314FEEAFC2A" box="[199,267,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Head.</emphasis>
(In alcohol) Vertex black, ocelli brown, eyes black. Antenna brown, 60–61 segments, first flagellomere elongate, flagellum provided with setae, membrane of antennal socket dark brown. Frons black, labrum dark brown, maxillary palpi and labial palpi brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A5380FD15FBF6" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A5380FEC1FBBE" box="[199,288,1001,1027]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Thorax.</emphasis>
Protonum black, slightly longer than wide, almost concolorous with the head. Meso- and metanota dark brown and black on sides. Legs brown, long and stout; femora and tibiae equal in length, each tibia with two distal brown spines, pretarsal claws fuscous, basally serrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A543FFE8FFAD6" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A543FFEF2FBD2" box="[199,275,1110,1135]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Wings.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133207B050731017FEEC543CFE6BFBD2" box="[289,394,1109,1135]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1605,1630]" captionTargetBox="[167,1418,367,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,363,1562]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Wings of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 1. Right forewing, dorsal view; 2. right hind wing, dorsal view.A1 = first anal, A2 = second anal, A3 = third anal, CuA = anterior cubitus, CuP = posterior cubitus, MA = anterior medius, MP = posterior medius, ng = nygmata, og = outer gradates, pt = pterostigma, RA = anterior radius, RP = posterior radius, Sc = subcosta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806935/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
) Forewings broad, each with membrane hyaline, with numerous brown patches which appear darker toward the costal margin; pterostigma with dark brown spots; nygmata distinct, dark brown. Veins with alternate dark brown and pale bands; costal field with basal part slightly expanded, with numerous crossveins (35–36) and fuscous marks; RP with 13–15 branches; cros-veins on RP area irregularly arranged; fork MP close to separation of MA from RP; Cu fork close to base of wing, CuP with many pectinate branches interlinked by small veinlets; A
<subScript id="178D197050731017FA59549FFA7DFAB9" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,1270,1284]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">1</subScript>
and A
<subScript id="178D197050731017FF165573FF02FA95" attach="left" box="[219,227,1306,1320]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">2</subScript>
with distal pectinate branches. Hind wing hyaline, with few marks besides the brown pterostigma. Costal field narrow, with 28–29 crossveins, those of distal half distally forked. M fork close to wing base. CuP with many pectinate branches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A551CFE13FA32" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" box="[199,498,1397,1423]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A551CFED0FA32" box="[199,305,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Black in colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A55F0FB21F9DA" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A55F0FE93FA0E" box="[199,370,1433,1459]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133207B050731017FE4D55F0FE3FFA0E" box="[384,478,1432,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,175,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[189,1398,166,1904]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3–5. Male genitalia of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 3. Terminalia, left lateral view; 4. genitalia, left lateral view; 5. Gonarcus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806943/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Fig. 3–5</figureCitation>
) Tergite VIII quadrate, scent gland slender. Tergite IX long, with short finger-like dorsal process, constricted at level of ectoproct (anal plate) and ventrally tapered. Ectoproct almost quadrate in lateral view, callus cerci round. Genitalia composed of gonarcus and mediuncus (parameres). Gonarcus well sclerotized, distally with sclerotized, upturned, pointed ventral process in lateral view; baculum spindle-shaped. Mediuncus dilated basally with pointed backward ends, slender apically, surrounded by membrane in lateral view. Parameres indicated as slender sclerites below mediuncus, slightly bent in lateral view with rounded ends.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A5618FADFF96E" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A5618FE6CF936" box="[199,397,1649,1675]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133207B050731017FE565618FE1AF931" box="[411,507,1649,1676]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1401,395,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1407,410,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–7. Female genitalia of Parosmylus prominens Needham. 6. Terminalia, left lateral view; 7. Spermatheca, left lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806945/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Fig. 6–7</figureCitation>
) Tergite VIII broad, almost trapezoidal. Sternite VIII small and rectangular. Tergite IX narrow and ventrally tapered. Ectoproct cone-shaped, callus cerci oval, placed in centre of ectoproct. Gonocoxite IX (gonopophysis lateralis) boat-shaped, strongly arcuate; gonostylus IX finger-like. Spermatheca oblong.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731017FF0A56B5FB44F8DE" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A56B5FDC4F94A" bold="true" box="[199,549,1756,1783]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
Specimens examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F31E5BA550731017FE1656B5FDFEF94A" box="[475,543,1756,1783]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">India</collectingCountry>
:
</materialsCitation>
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750731017FDFE56B4FCEBF94A" box="[563,778,1757,1783]" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2814F50731017FCD156B4FCBEF94A" box="[796,863,1757,1783]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Kullu</collectingMunicipality>
;
<location id="8ED64DEE50731017FCBF56B4FB0DF94A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A0AA2350731013FF5A52EFFD24FEDA:8ED64DEE50731017FCBF56B4FB0DF94A" box="[882,1260,1757,1783]" country="India" latitude="77.933334" municipality="Kullu" name="Great Himalayan National Park" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" stateProvince="Himachal Pradesh">Great Himalayan National Park</location>
, 31°79’29.7”
<geoCoordinate id="EE3D7DF250731017FA4B56B4FF03F8A6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" precision="925" value="77.933334">N 77°56’</geoCoordinate>
76.1”E,
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</elevation>
;
<collectingDate id="EFF3C41D50731017FE605768FDC6F8A6" box="[429,551,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2017-06-16">
<date id="FFB73DF550731017FE605768FDC6F8A6" box="[429,551,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2017-06-16">16.vi.2017</date>
</collectingDate>
, (
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FDF65768FD9AF8A6" box="[571,635,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Sajan</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FD6D5768FD01F8A6" box="[672,736,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Party</collectorName>
); (NZC),
<specimenCount id="9D0FD0BC50731017FC835768FC45F8A6" box="[846,932,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D0FD0BC50731017FC105768FBA3F8A6" box="[989,1090,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
.
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<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750731017FB805768FB3AF8A6" box="[1101,1243,1793,1819]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2814F50731017FB2A5768FAABF8A6" box="[1255,1354,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Chamoli</collectingMunicipality>
,
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;
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,
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</elevation>
,
<collectingDate id="EFF3C41D50731017FD55574CFCF3F882" box="[664,786,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2017-06-12">
<date id="FFB73DF550731017FD55574CFCF3F882" box="[664,786,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2017-06-12">12.vi.2017</date>
</collectingDate>
, (
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FCEB574CFC60F882" box="[806,897,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Hirdesh</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FC68574CFC03F882" box="[933,994,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Party</collectorName>
)
<specimenCount id="9D0FD0BC50731017FC3C574CFBDDF882" box="[1009,1084,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D0FD0BC50731017FBB9574CFB38F882" box="[1140,1241,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B61116850731017FB29574CFB40F8DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2240606785" collectingDate="2018-06-03" collectorName="Jammu &amp; Kashmir &amp; Tayyibi" country="India" elevation="2807" latitude="34.58132" location="Sanjak" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.52644" municipality="Ladakh" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Uttarakhand">
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FB29574CFAD4F882" box="[1252,1333,1829,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Jammu</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FA94574CFF20F8DE" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Kashmir</collectorName>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2814F50731017FF005720FEC4F8DE" box="[205,293,1865,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Ladakh</collectingMunicipality>
;
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,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3D7DF250731017FE475721FDD7F8DE" box="[394,566,1864,1891]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" precision="1" value="34.58132">34°34’52.76”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE3D7DF250731017FDF05721FD08F8DE" box="[573,745,1864,1891]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" precision="1" value="76.52644">76°31’35.19”E</geoCoordinate>
,
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<quantity id="4CF1B6D050731017FD395720FCB3F8DE" box="[756,850,1865,1891]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.807" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" unit="m" value="2807.0">2,807 m</quantity>
</elevation>
,
<collectingDate id="EFF3C41D50731017FC935720FC39F8DE" box="[862,984,1865,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2018-06-03">
<date id="FFB73DF550731017FC935720FC39F8DE" box="[862,984,1865,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" value="2018-06-03">03.vi.2018</date>
</collectingDate>
, (
<collectorName id="26FC7EE350731017FC265720FBA5F8D9" box="[1003,1092,1865,1892]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Tayyibi</collectorName>
)
<specimenCount id="9D0FD0BC50731017FB9F5720FB40F8DE" box="[1106,1185,1865,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31348BE50731013FF0A5704FD24FEDA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550731014FF0A5704FC29FF46" blockId="1.[151,1437,820,2035]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FF0A5704FED5F83A" bold="true" box="[199,308,1901,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Remarks</emphasis>
. The specimens described here for this species are reported from the
<typeStatus id="54B2A59750731017FB875704FB9BF83A" box="[1098,1146,1901,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">type</typeStatus>
locality Kullu (
<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750731017FAE35704FF13F811" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450731017FEEE57F8FE03F816" author="Needham, J. G." box="[291,482,1937,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" pagination="185 - 210" refId="ref2531" refString="Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 185 - 210." type="journal article" year="1909">Needham (1909)</bibRefCitation>
. Additional specimens are reported for the first time from two other Himalayan states (Jammu &amp; Kashmir and
<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750731017FE6357DCFDDFF86D" box="[430,574,1973,2000]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
). The above-mentioned localities are part of the Indian Himalaya, comprised of two biogeographic zones, Trans Himalaya and Himalaya (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450731017FC8757B0FBD0F84E" author="Rodgers, W. A. &amp; Panwar, H. S. &amp; Mathur, V. B." box="[842,1073,2009,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="396" refId="ref2640" refString="Rodgers, W. A., Panwar, H. S. &amp; Mathur, V. B. (2002) Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review, Executive Summary. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 51 pp." type="book" year="2002">
Rodgers
<emphasis id="B97DC72750731017FC7F57B3FC0AF84E" box="[946,1003,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="396">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
). The Ladakh region (Jammu &amp; Kashmir) is in the Trans Himalaya zone which is called “High altitude cold desert” because of dry and cold climatic conditions.Kullu,
<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750701014FEAC50D4FDD3FF6A" box="[353,562,189,215]" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
, and Chamoli,
<collectingRegion id="49CDD5D750701014FD1050D4FC8BFF6A" box="[733,874,189,215]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
, are in the Himalaya zone (Northwest Himalaya).
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FF5A5088FE77FF46" box="[151,406,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FF5A5088FE77FF46" box="[151,406,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be endemic in these two high-altitude zones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550701014FF0A516DFB40FEDA" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FF0A516DFEA4FEA2" bold="true" box="[199,325,260,287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Discussion</emphasis>
. The male identity of the
<typeStatus id="54B2A59750701014FDB8516CFD44FEA2" box="[629,677,261,287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FCC5516CFB2BFEA2" authority="Needham, 1909" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[776,1226,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FCC5516CFBEBFEA2" box="[776,1034,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FBDE516CFB2BFEA2" author="Needham, J. G." box="[1043,1226,261,287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="185 - 210" refId="ref2531" refString="Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 185 - 210." type="journal article" year="1909">Needham, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, has remained unknown until now, although the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FD825140FC70FEFE" authority="Needham, 1909" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[591,913,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FD825140FD33FEFE" box="[591,722,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FD105140FC70FEFE" author="Needham, J. G." box="[733,913,297,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="185 - 210" refId="ref2531" refString="Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 185 - 210." type="journal article" year="1909">Needham, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was established long ago. The present paper describes the male of this
<typeStatus id="54B2A59750701014FE765124FE0AFEDA" box="[443,491,333,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">type</typeStatus>
species for the first time and redescribes the female genitalia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF764BBD50701014FF5A562CFA79F91B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806935/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" startId="2.[151,264,1605,1630]" targetBox="[167,1418,367,1549]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550701014FF5A562CFA79F91B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1605,1702]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FF5A562CFEDBF9E3" bold="true" box="[151,314,1605,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">FIGURES 1–2.</emphasis>
Wings of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FE6F562CFD16F9E3" authority="Needham." authorityName="Needham." box="[418,759,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FE6F562CFD68F9E0" box="[418,649,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
Needham.
</taxonomicName>
1. Right forewing, dorsal view; 2. right hind wing, dorsal view. A1 = first anal, A2 = second anal, A3 = third anal, CuA = anterior cubitus, CuP = posterior cubitus, MA = anterior medius, MP = posterior medius, ng = nygmata, og = outer gradates, pt = pterostigma, RA = anterior radius, RP = posterior radius, Sc = subcosta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550701012FF0A56BDFA61FE36" blockId="2.[151,1437,1748,2026]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
The generic status of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FE0856BDFDA9F953" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[453,584,1748,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FE0856BDFDA9F953" box="[453,584,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been doubted by early workers.
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FC3556BDFB9AF953" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[1016,1147,1748,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FC3556BDFB9AF953" box="[1016,1147,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been often confused with three other genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FE675691FCEAF8AF" authority="Makarkin, 1985" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="1985" box="[426,779,1783,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Grandosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FE675691FDACF8AF" box="[426,589,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Grandosmylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FD985691FCEAF8AF" author="Makarkin, V. N." box="[597,779,1783,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="35 - 47" refId="ref2444" refString="Makarkin, V. N. (1985) Review of the family Osmylidae (Neuroptera) of the fauna of the USSR. In: Lehr, P. A. &amp; Storozhenko, S. Yu. (Eds.), Taxonomy and ecology of arthropods from the Far East, Novosibirsk, 1985, pp. 35 - 47." type="journal article" year="1985">Makarkin, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FCDA5691FBC9F8AF" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[791,1064,1784,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Osmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FCDA5691FC96F8AF" box="[791,887,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Osmylus</emphasis>
Latreille, 1802
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FBA95691FA79F8AF" authority="Kruger, 1913" authorityName="Kruger" authorityYear="1913" box="[1124,1432,1784,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Plethosmylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FBA95691FB18F8AF" box="[1124,1273,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Plethosmylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FACC5691FA79F8AF" author="Kruger, L." box="[1281,1432,1784,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref2417" refString="Kruger, L. (1913) Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer monographie der Neuropteren-familie der Osmylidae. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 74, 1 - 122" type="journal article" year="1913">Krüger, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FF5A5775FECFF88B" author="Banks, N." box="[151,302,1820,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="137 - 143" refId="ref2256" refString="Banks, N. (1913) New exotic neuropteroid insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 15, 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1913">Banks (1913)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FE785775FDD9F88B" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[437,568,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FE785775FDD9F88B" box="[437,568,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FC8B5775FC47F88B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[838,934,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Osmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FC8B5775FC47F88B" box="[838,934,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Osmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the coxal spur in
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FB015775FAAEF88B" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[1228,1359,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FB015775FAAEF88B" box="[1228,1359,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also present in some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FE0B5729FDC7F8E7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[454,550,1856,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Osmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FE0B5729FDC7F8E7" box="[454,550,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Osmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Further,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FD585729FCD7F8E7" author="Kruger, L." box="[661,822,1856,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref2417" refString="Kruger, L. (1913) Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer monographie der Neuropteren-familie der Osmylidae. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 74, 1 - 122" type="journal article" year="1913">Krüger (1913)</bibRefCitation>
established the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FBFE5729FB29F8E7" authorityName="Kruger" authorityYear="1913" box="[1075,1224,1856,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Plethosmylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FBFE5729FB29F8E7" box="[1075,1224,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Plethosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the presence of interlinked veinlets between costal crossveins.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450701014FD35570DFC55F8C3" author="Nakahara, W." box="[760,948,1892,1918]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" pagination="489 - 518" refId="ref2508" refString="Nakahara, W. (1914) On the Osmylidae of Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 8, 489 - 518." type="journal article" year="1914">Nakahara (1914)</bibRefCitation>
also agreed with Krüger’s observations and regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FECD57E1FE62F81F" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[256,387,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FECD57E1FE62F81F" box="[256,387,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650701014FD8457E1FD48F81F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[585,681,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Osmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750701014FD8457E1FD48F81F" box="[585,681,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Osmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Conversely, Wang &amp; Lie (2009) considered it a valid genus on the basis of characteristics such as the following: (1) forewing costal crossveins forked distally; (2) crossveins in radial sector numerous and irregularly arranged, only outer gradate crossveins integrated, or gradate crossveins hardly differentiated; (3) in male genitalia gonarcus strongly sclerotized distally to form pair of upturned ventral processes and cone-shaped lateral projections; (4) in female genitalia gonocoxite IX boat-shaped with pair of finger-like styli. Wang &amp; Lie (2009) mentioned that the gonarcus is more sclerotized distally and has a sclerotized, upturned, ventral process when viewed laterally; the gonopophysis lateralis is slightly bent into a boat-shaped structure in this genus and in other genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650761012FE5D5140FDE8FEFE" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[400,521,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Osmylinae">Osmylinae</taxonomicName>
they are straight and finger-like. All of these characters have been observed in this species. This species has been reported from
<collectingCountry id="F31E5BA550761012FD445124FD22FEDA" box="[649,707,333,359]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">India</collectingCountry>
only, which suggests it is endemic to this region. The above-mentioned characteristics agree with the description of genus given by Needham and also have been observed by us.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF764BBD50711015FF5A57F0FE39F86B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806943/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" startId="3.[151,264,1945,1970]" targetBox="[189,1382,175,1892]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550711015FF5A57F0FE39F86B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1945,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750711015FF5A57F0FEDCF80F" bold="true" box="[151,317,1945,1970]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">FIGURES 3–5.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650711015FDCC57F3FCBDF80F" authority="Needham." authorityName="Needham." box="[513,860,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750711015FDCC57F3FD0AF80C" box="[513,747,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
Needham.
</taxonomicName>
3. Terminalia, left lateral view; 4. genitalia, left lateral view; 5. Gonarcus, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF764BBD50761012FF5A57C6FF1BF851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2806945/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" startId="4.[151,264,1967,1992]" targetBox="[185,1401,395,1938]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550761012FF5A57C6FF1BF851" blockId="4.[151,1436,1967,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750761012FF5A57C6FEDAF875" bold="true" box="[151,315,1967,1992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">FIGURES 6–7.</emphasis>
Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650761012FDC157D9FC82F875" authority="Needham." authorityName="Needham." box="[524,867,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750761012FDC157D9FD12F875" box="[524,755,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Parosmylus prominens</emphasis>
Needham.
</taxonomicName>
6. Terminalia, left lateral view; 7. Spermatheca, left lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB61B3550771013FF0A50F0FD24FEDA" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">
This revised description of the
<typeStatus id="54B2A59750771013FDE850F0FDB4FF0E" box="[549,597,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">type</typeStatus>
species observes shared characters among the
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650771013FBAB50F0FB08FF0E" authorityName="Needham" authorityYear="1909" box="[1126,1257,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750771013FBAB50F0FB08FF0E" box="[1126,1257,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">Parosmylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that are unique to genus, including crossveins in radial sector numerous and irregularly arranged and gonocoxite IX boatshaped. The second species from
<collectingCountry id="F31E5BA550771013FDD95088FDB1FF46" box="[532,592,225,251]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">India</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0960B650771013FD91508BFC4FFF46" authority="Ghosh &amp; Sen, 1968" authorityName="Ghosh &amp; Sen" authorityYear="1968" box="[604,942,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" genus="Parosmylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belaae">
<emphasis id="B97DC72750771013FD91508BFD22FF46" box="[604,707,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">P. belaae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9866C450771013FD065088FC4FFF46" author="Ghosh, S. K. &amp; Sen, S." box="[715,942,225,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" pagination="107 - 109" refId="ref2381" refString="Ghosh, S. K. &amp; Sen, S. (1968) On a new species of Neuroptera (Family Osmylidae) from India. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 180, 107 - 109." type="journal article" year="1968">Ghosh &amp; Sen, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, differs in not having the forks of the radial sector and the median veins in the same line. The other known species show variations in fuscous marks on the forewings, pectinate branches of CuP and A2 interlinked by veinlets, and different shapes of sternite VIII and the ectoproct which may be small, triangular, or oval.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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