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<mods:title id="DA1AEFBE06FBC19AE72A317F1066F5E7">A review of the finless snake eels of the genus Apterichtus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of five new species</mods:title>
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<heading id="D08C4669FD49FFDBFF36FD8FC1B7FD29" bold="true" box="[151,721,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFF36FD8FC1B7FD29" ID-CoL="FYHM" authority="Machida and Ohta 1994" authorityName="Machida and Ohta" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,721,620,646]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF36FD8FC1B7FD29" bold="true" box="[151,721,620,646]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF36FD8FC2FAFD29" bold="true" box="[151,412,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Apterichtus orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD49FFDBFE02FD8FC1B7FD29" author="Machida" box="[419,721,620,646]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" refString="Machida, Y. &amp; Ohta, S. (1994) A new snake-eel, Apterichtus orientalis, from the Pacific coast of western Japan (Ophichthinae, Ophichthidae). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 41, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1994">Machida and Ohta 1994</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<tableCitation id="C6F9C4BEFD49FFDBFF36FD6DC38EFD08" box="[151,232,654,679]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,400,423]" captionTargetBox="[151,1159,593,1203]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Characteristics of the species of Apterichtus. Abbreviations are: MVF = mean vertebral formula; POP = preopercular pore; STP = supratemporal pore. Preanal vertebral counts of A. gracilis and A. monodi are estimates based on preanal lateral-line pores. Sources are: 1, this study; 2, Blache &amp; Bauchot 1972; 3, McCosker et al. 1989; 4, McCosker &amp; Randall 2005; 5, Pereira &amp; Aguiar 1979; 6, Hibino et al. 2014; 7, Machida &amp; Ohta 1994." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04A18DFD56FFC4FF36FE73C701FDA8" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" tableUuid="DF04A18DFD56FFC4FF36FE73C701FDA8">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD49FFDBFF36FD35C163FCA4" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF36FD35C163FCA4" blockId="26.[151,1436,726,779]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFF36FD35C1EBFD43" ID-CoL="FYHM" authority="Machida and Ohta 1994:1" authorityName="Machida and Ohta" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,653,726,748]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF36FD35C213FD43" box="[151,373,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Apterichtus orientalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ADAD714FD49FFDBFEDCFD35C1EBFD43" author="Machida" box="[381,653,726,748]" page="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" year="1994">
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:1
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</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD49FFDBFD3BFD35C19CFD43" box="[666,762,726,748]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1604,1626]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1164,1186]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1359,193,1753]" captionTargetBox-1="[340,1247,879,1582]" captionTargetBox-2="[208,1378,209,1129]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[226,1360,193,1754]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[340,1248,879,1582]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[196,1392,195,1142]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus flavicaudus, taken by J. Randall at 15 m, Makua, Oahu, Hawaii." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus caecus, taken by P. Gomes at night at 14 m, Funchal, Madeira." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. A. Anterior nostril without a tube. B. Anterior nostril within a tube." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/288213/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/288214/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/288215/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFCA8FD35C050FD43" box="[777,822,726,748]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">type</typeStatus>
locality Southeast of Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFF66FD15C265FCA4" box="[199,259,758,779]" name="Japan" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFEACFD16C200FCA4" box="[269,358,757,779]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
BSKU 81631).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD49FFDBFF36FCD1C24BFC50" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF36FCD1C223FC18" blockId="26.[151,1436,818,1599]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF36FCD1C26CFCE4" bold="true" box="[151,266,818,843]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. An elongate species with: tail 1.8, head 1214, and body depth
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFC59FCD1C73BFCE4" box="[1016,1117,818,843]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" metricValueMax="1.3969999999999998" metricValueMin="1.3462" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="in" value="54.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="53.0">5355 in</quantity>
total length; 3 preopercular pores and 7 pores in supratemporal canal; teeth conical, uniserial,
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ethmoidal region, 1 tooth on vomer; body coloration uniform pale yellow with small brownish dots, lighter ventrally; and MVF 54132, total vertebrae 131133 (n=2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF66FC21C24BFC50" blockId="26.[151,1436,818,1599]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF66FC21C391FC74" bold="true" box="[199,247,962,987]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Size</emphasis>
. The largest specimen examined is
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFD31FC20C196FC75" box="[656,752,963,987]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.43" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="443.0">443 mm</quantity>
, sex unknown. The
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFC76FC21C75FFC74" box="[983,1081,962,987]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFBEBFC20C7CFFC75" box="[1098,1193,963,987]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.18" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="318.0">318 mm</quantity>
TL) is a female with ripened eggs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD49FFDBFF66FBE9C3B8FBC5" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF66FBE9C3B8FBC5" blockId="26.[151,1436,818,1599]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF66FBE9C23FFB8C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1034,1059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Distribution</emphasis>
. Known from the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFD98FBE9C1F8FB8C" box="[569,670,1034,1059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, which was collected from Kii Peninsula, central Honshu
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFAF0FBE9C6FEFB8C" box="[1361,1432,1034,1059]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFF36FBCCC3B1FBE9" box="[151,215,1071,1094]" name="Japan" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Japan</collectingCountry>
by dredge over sand and mud at
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depth, and a specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFBB9FBCDC73BFBE8" box="[1048,1117,1070,1095]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Kochi</collectingCountry>
Prefecture, Shikoku
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFAF0FBCDC6FEFBE8" box="[1361,1432,1070,1095]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFF36FBB0C3BCFBC5" box="[151,218,1107,1130]" name="Japan" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD49FFDBFF66FB95C605FA7C" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF66FB95C605FA7C" blockId="26.[151,1436,818,1599]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF66FB95C25DFB20" bold="true" box="[199,315,1142,1167]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species has more cephalic pores than any
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFCEDFB95C0A8FB21" box="[844,974,1142,1166]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFCEDFB95C0A8FB21" box="[844,974,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Apterichtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
other than
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFBEAFB94C7DBFB21" box="[1099,1213,1142,1166]" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Verma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodi">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFBEAFB94C7DBFB21" box="[1099,1213,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. monodi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFB6AFB94C244FB1C" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFB6AFB94C62AFB21" box="[1227,1356,1142,1166]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatookai">A. hatookai</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFA25FB94C244FB1C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffwilliamsi">A. jeffwilliamsi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. It differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFE72FB78C123FB1C" box="[467,581,1179,1203]" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Verma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodi">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFE72FB78C123FB1C" box="[467,581,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. monodi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having fewer vertebrae (131133 vs. 142151) and from
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFB4DFB78C60BFB1C" box="[1260,1389,1179,1203]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatookai">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFB4DFB78C60BFB1C" box="[1260,1389,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. hatookai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFF36FB5CC225FB79" box="[151,323,1214,1238]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffwilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF36FB5CC225FB79" box="[151,323,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. jeffwilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 3 rather than 4 preopercular pores. The
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFC2DFB5DC088FB78" box="[908,1006,1214,1239]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFBB6FB5CC7C5FB79" box="[1047,1187,1214,1238]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFBB6FB5CC7C5FB79" box="[1047,1187,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 4 right and 3 left preopercular pores. Its other cephalic pores are symmetrical in location and number. An additional pore exists on both sides before the middle of the eye about midway to the base of the anterior nostril.
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD49FFDBFBDBFAE5C6FAFAB0" author="Machida" box="[1146,1436,1286,1311]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" refString="Machida, Y. &amp; Ohta, S. (1994) A new snake-eel, Apterichtus orientalis, from the Pacific coast of western Japan (Ophichthinae, Ophichthidae). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 41, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1994">Machida and Ohta (1994)</bibRefCitation>
infer that the posterior right mandibular pore is located in the preopercular canal rather than the mandibular canal, explaining the 5+4 (left) and 6+3 (right) condition. The second known specimen has 6+3 pores on both sides, which appears to be the normal condition for this species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD49FFDBFC80FA91C727FA24" author="Machida" box="[801,1089,1394,1419]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" refString="Machida, Y. &amp; Ohta, S. (1994) A new snake-eel, Apterichtus orientalis, from the Pacific coast of western Japan (Ophichthinae, Ophichthidae). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 41, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1994">Machida and Ohta (1994)</bibRefCitation>
also reported that the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFA9BFA91C6FAFA24" box="[1338,1436,1394,1419]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD49FFDBFF17FA74C227FA01" box="[182,321,1430,1454]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF17FA74C227FA01" box="[182,321,1430,1454]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">A. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no teeth on its vomer. We examined the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFCE1FA75C0C4FA00" box="[832,930,1430,1455]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and found it to have a prominent hole in the prevomerine region (the tooth was probably lost). The second specimen has a relatively large vomerine tooth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD49FFDBFF66FA3DC100F990" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD49FFDBFF66FA3DC100F990" blockId="26.[151,1436,818,1599]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD49FFDBFF66FA3DC2D2FA58" bold="true" box="[199,436,1502,1527]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED6A69C0FD49FFDBFE1FFA3CC16FFA58" box="[446,521,1503,1527]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/enbt-yj9t" name="Kochi University" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">BSKU</collectionCode>
81631,
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD49FFDBFDCBFA3DC1A9FA58" box="[618,719,1502,1527]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFD7FFA3CC026FA59" box="[734,832,1503,1527]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.18" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="318.0">318 mm</quantity>
, Southwest of Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFF36F9E0C3B1F9B5" box="[151,215,1539,1562]" name="Japan" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F97C2FD49FFDBFF4AF9E1C206F9B4" box="[235,352,1538,1563]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" precision="92" value="33.44">33°26.4'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F97C2FD49FFDBFED0F9E1C28BF9B4" box="[369,493,1538,1563]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" precision="92" value="135.73">135°43.8'E</geoCoordinate>
to
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F97C2FD49FFDBFDBDF9E1C1F6F9B4" box="[540,656,1538,1563]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" precision="92" value="33.43667">33°26.2'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F97C2FD49FFDBFD00F9E1C047F9B4" box="[673,801,1538,1563]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" precision="92" value="135.73833">135°44.3'E</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFC9BF9E0C0C3F9B5" box="[826,933,1539,1563]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="80.0" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="79.0">
79
<specimenCount id="9D7D3A8CFD49FFDBFCC7F9E0C0C3F9B5" box="[870,933,1539,1563]" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" type="generic">81 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. NSMT-P
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD49FFDBFB87F9E1C796F9B5" box="[1062,1264,1538,1563]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15430443" pageId="26" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="1.15430443E8">115430, 443 mm</quantity>
, Kashiwajima,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFF36F9C5C3BAF990" box="[151,220,1574,1599]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Kochi</collectingCountry>
Prefecture,
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD49FFDBFEC2F9C4C2C0F991" box="[355,422,1575,1598]" name="Japan" pageId="26" pageNumber="75">Japan</collectingCountry>
, depth unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>