368 lines
50 KiB
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368 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="B1EC1267C5580F2233BDF46741D114DE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4665589" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665589" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617712785336" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Germain, Damien" docDate="2008" docId="1506D355FFC4D22ED227F9B4E0EEFD5D" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.30.4.669-680.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 30 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9DCE1246056655C2F9CBE9822E831E4E.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type3" docStyleId="9DCE1246056655C2F9CBE9822E831E4E" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type3" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Phlegethontia Cope 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="674" masterDocId="E93FAB2DFFC6D22BD362FFFBE438FFC8" masterDocTitle="A new phlegethontiid specimen (Lepospondyli, Aistopoda) from the Late Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France)" masterLastPageNumber="680" masterPageNumber="669" pageNumber="671" updateTime="1698901012632" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:mods id="61B19A48171DF393188BC0BE966ED646" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FD62134DF75F0E4C21CD7A358BFADAD4">
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<mods:title id="BA97037CA334C23C3C17DD4D7727BA54">A new phlegethontiid specimen (Lepospondyli, Aistopoda) from the Late Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CFC5E897F7A00EEEE8F45CC41FAD9C9D" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A9D8BF9926F510B8E956304EF329B355">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8D0831A4F3F314FFD481DDC321A45BE4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5A35C6F355E3EBDA5F64E35822DC9613">Germain, Damien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="515F4E7FBA7138AEEB7E9BDB4876D7FC">UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Collège de France, équipe « Squelette des Vertébrés », case 19, 2 place Jussieu, F- 75005 Paris (France) damien. germain @ upmc. fr ..</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="70F8FF6852FB6398EFBFEFF88E98EC49" type="email">germain@upmc.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8122B75EFC8275ADF112EA01D1A473ED">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6C736FC2AEBB38D07FD9D8A30CB4FB05">
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<mods:title id="74ADFDF7CF77974A55F39F1CA684A6C7">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5B93C63D6294C4E7E52831C22963ECF1">
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<mods:date id="B14C9DCD287B13C201F5669F690DCCE8">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="98E4D1DEB6F3C7DFA150E8F035EC3A50" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7CFB894A7B3ABE61FE4EA1EC5C1B6DA4">30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4DAE5E3F3C86B928B1CAC0297A629AD7" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C80C4B8CA14CAB37B6DB6F17BF139D74">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="41511A7134B7EAFC6F0734CD00ABF817">669</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F480052883E3F325E24D764C443916DC">680</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="997601A4E0C282017ABE3BC99BDB4DDC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3FF12B0B80D12180BA3565A30C33E566" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4665589</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9A981FC6C41937DCDAD5D8B7475871EC" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="021556FD68C1571D403CE1D8238D1C07" type="Zenodo-Dep">4665589</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1506D355FFC4D22ED227F9B4E0EEFD5D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1506D355FFC4D22ED227F9B4E0EEFD5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1506D355FFC4D22ED227F9B4E0EEFD5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="674" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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<subSubSection id="D5B531C8FFC4D229D227F9B4E694F966" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D227F9B4E5C7F9A3" blockId="2.[151,684,1615,1710]" box="[325,511,1615,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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<heading id="C658D52FFFC4D229D227F9B4E5C7F9A3" box="[325,511,1615,1643]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC4D229D227F9B4E5E1F9A2" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[325,473,1615,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC4D229D227F9B4E5E1F9A2" bold="true" box="[325,473,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D3F5F987E694F966" blockId="2.[151,684,1615,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">LOCALITY. — “Découverte” (open coal mine) of Saint- Louis, basin of Montceau-les-Mines, Saône-et-Loire,</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D5B531C8FFC4D22ED3FBF94BE0EEFD5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="674" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D3FBF94BE0A8FBCD" blockId="2.[153,225,1712,1736]" lastBlockId="2.[714,1247,952,1029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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<collectingCountry id="E5B822D3FFC4D229D3FBF94BE4E5F900" box="[153,221,1712,1736]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">France</collectingCountry>
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. AGE. — Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian B) correspondingto the end of the Kasimovian stage, approximately 303.9 Ma (
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC4D229D0D0FC16E0BDFBCD" author="GRADSTEIN F. & OGG J. & SMITH A." box="[946,1157,1005,1029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" refId="ref6511" refString="GRADSTEIN F., OGG J. & SMITH A. 2004. - A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 610 p." type="book" year="2004">
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Gradstein
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC4D229D778FC15E071FBCD" box="[1050,1097,1005,1029]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8FBCDE75DFB86" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" box="[714,869,1078,1104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">PRESERVATION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8FBAEE06AFA04" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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This specimen was discovered in a phosphateous nodule of approximately
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D0BDFB8EE02EFB58" box="[991,1046,1141,1168]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
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long (
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<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC4D229D73FFB8EE0A4FB58" box="[1117,1180,1141,1168]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[154,165,813,830]" captionTargetBox="[214,1149,275,773]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[213,1152,306,773]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 1. — Phosphateous nodule MNHN-SOT-II-101076a from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines,France, containing the aistopod Phlegethontia sp. as preserved, in lateral left view. Abbreviations: cv, caudal vertebrae; sk, skull; st, soft tissues; tv, trunk vertebrae. Scale bar: 1 cm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665591/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Few parts of the animal are visible. Only the skull and two portions of the vertebral column are distinguishable. The outlines of the animal are visible but do not reveal much detail about the anatomy of soft tissues. At the level of the trunk, the total body height is
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D00BFAC8E7FAFA86" box="[873,962,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
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, the ventral soft tissues are
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D1A8FAA9E724FAA5" box="[714,796,1362,1389]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
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high and the dorsal ones
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D77CFAA9E04CFAA5" box="[1054,1140,1362,1389]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
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. The main part of the animal remains inside the nodule. Under the SEM, the bones are not distinctly imaged and their sutures are not distinguishable.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D183FA2AE7A2F9C4" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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The skull is
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D007FA2AE7F2FA24" box="[869,970,1489,1516]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="3.62">3.62 mm</quantity>
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long in lateral view, with the mouth opened.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D183F9EAE0E7F962" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">The orbit, the external naris, some jaw and mandible bones, and teeth are exposed at the surface of the nodule, the rest of the skull being inside. The skull is broken and fractured near the left side of the animal, and the vertebrae are entire but, again,</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8F954E782F902" blockId="2.[714,954,1711,1738]" box="[714,954,1711,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">still inside the nodule.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFF88E53FFF4C" blockId="3.[174,263,115,133]" box="[174,263,115,133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Germain D.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFF05E613FDFE" blockId="3.[149,686,254,566]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">The X-ray tomography revealed that the specimen was preserved in three dimensions. The block 101076a contains almost all the animal, the skull is nearly complete but it lacks the left mandible and most its left side that might be in the block 101076b. Due to the small size of the specimen and despite the good definition, only the global morphology of the specimen (skull and vertebrae) can be estimated. Finer anatomical details like tooth structure and bone sutures cannot be observed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FDA0E510FDBB" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" box="[151,296,603,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FD81E51AFD5C" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" box="[151,290,634,660]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D3F5FD81E51AFD5C" box="[151,290,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
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Skull (
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<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC5D228D3B9FD81E521FD5C" box="[219,281,634,660]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FD62E558FC5A" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
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The skull is as small as that of the smallest known aistopod (FMNH 831,
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D2C1FD42E66CFD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[419,596,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 6). It may be a juvenile individual because adults of
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D3FBFD03E51DFCDA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[153,293,760,786]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D3FBFD03E51DFCDA" box="[153,293,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may reach a skull length of
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC5D228D12BFD02E694FCDC" box="[585,684,761,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" unit="mm" value="19.8">19.8 mm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3FCFCE3E575FCFB" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[158,333,792,819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). The left eye is represented by a black circular mark. Some teeth exhibit two fractures at their base and may be pedicellate (this aspect will be discussed later).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFC6CE692F962" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
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The snout is composed of the premaxilla and is pointed, as is the case in
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D2C3FC4DE610FC18" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[417,552,950,976]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D2C3FC4DE610FC18" box="[417,552,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D13DFC4DE5CAFC39" authority="Anderson, 2003 b" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D13DFC4DE51CFC38" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D24FFC2DE5CAFC39" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[301,498,982,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D153FC2DE50EFBD9" authority="Wellstead, 1982" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Lethiscidae
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3F5FC0DE50EFBD9" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[151,310,1014,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead,1982</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D2E5FC0DE4F4FBF9" authority="Schwartz, 1908" authorityName="Schwartz" authorityYear="1908" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ophiderpetontidae Schwartz, 1908</taxonomicName>
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have a more rounded snout, a primitive feature among aistopods (
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D228FBCEE5D2FB98" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[330,490,1077,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D293FBCEE698FB98" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[497,672,1077,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
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). The premaxilla has a posteromesial nasal ramus, and a ventrolateral ramus which bears at least two teeth. A third tooth may be present anteriorly, but remains difficult to observe. The nasal could contact the nasal ramus of the premaxilla.The prefrontal, triangular in shape, contacts the nasal anteriorly and the maxilla or a small lacrimal ventrally. No posterior suture can be observed between the frontal and the postfrontal.The external naris is bordered by the premaxilla, the nasal, the prefrontal, the maxilla and perhaps the lacrimal (
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<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC5D228D3FCFA69E4E7FA65" box="[158,223,1426,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). The maxilla looks triradiate. A dorsal and slender bony branch contacts dorsally the ventral branch of the prefrontal. This dorsal branch either belongs to the maxilla or represents a small lacrimal. According to
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D245F9EAE5E6F9E4" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[295,478,1553,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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, the lacrimal disappeared in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D395F9CBE545F982" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[247,381,1584,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D395F9CBE545F982" box="[247,381,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, remains unknown in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D13CF9CBE522F9A2" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D13CF9CBE522F9A2" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
because the anterior portion of the skull roof is not preserved (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D204F98BE628F943" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[358,528,1648,1675]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), but is retained among the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D26FF974E5BAF962" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" box="[269,386,1679,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lethiscidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D283F974E692F962" authorityName="Schwartz" authorityYear="1908" box="[481,682,1679,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ophiderpetontidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5F954E636F902" blockId="3.[151,526,1711,1738]" box="[151,526,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3FCF954E57CF902" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[158,324,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D22CF954E63AF902" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[334,514,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D183FF05E7E4FE1F" blockId="3.[712,1249,254,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Posteriorly to the premaxilla, a small bar may represent a fragment of the jugal. On the 3D reconstruction, a triradiate shape lies posteriorly to the right orbit and may be the squamosal. One branch is oriented anteriorly, another one posterodorsally and the third one ventrally which bears the quadrate on its extremity.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D183FE20E7BEF9E4" blockId="3.[712,1249,254,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
|
|
Within the posterior portion of the orbit, at least six slender ossifications are visible: they are antero-posteriorly elongated, slightly curved and do not show parallel margins. They are comparable with the palpebral ossifications described in some specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D000FD81E05EFD5C" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[866,1126,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D000FD81E05EFD5C" box="[866,1126,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D7F0FD81E77BFD7C" author="ANDERSON J. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, but never observed in other aistopods (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D1B3FD42E7B9FD1C" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[721,897,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D0EDFD42E005FD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[911,1085,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D728FD42E0A9FD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[1098,1169,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, b). In the studied specimen, the orbit is surrounded by the prefrontal, the maxilla, the jugal, the palpebral ossifications, and perhaps the lacrimal. Other bones that probably bordered the orbit, such as the frontal and the postfrontal are not preserved. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D71EFCACE0E0FCB9" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" box="[1148,1240,855,881]" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" genus="Lethiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D71EFCACE0E0FCB9" box="[1148,1240,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Lethiscus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the orbit is borded by the maxilla, the lacrimal, the prefrontal, the postfrontal, the postorbital, and the jugal (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D004FC4CE02BFC1A" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[870,1043,951,978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The postorbital is absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D055FC2DE0E3FC39" authority="(Anderson 2003 b)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[823,1243,982,1009]" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
|
Ophiderpetontidae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D774FC2DE0EAFC39" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[1046,1234,982,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and is determinable neither in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D76DFC0DE7A9FBF9" authority="(Anderson 2003 a)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D76DFC0DE0E7FBD8" box="[1039,1247,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D1B3FBEDE7B1FBF9" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[721,905,1046,1073]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
nor in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D087FBEDE04AFBF8" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[997,1138,1046,1072]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D087FBEDE04AFBF8" box="[997,1138,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
where, in this last genus, the orbit is bordered by the maxilla, the prefrontal, the frontal, the postfrontal, and the jugal (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D05DFB8EE7CCFB58" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[831,1012,1141,1168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The outlines of the neurocranium are here visible. The dorsal surface is flat, and on the occipital surface, a concave depression forms a notch in lateral view. Posteriorly to the neurocranium, an oblique bar could be the nuchal crest, and a dorsal bar could be the sagittal crest. These crests have only been described in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D1A9FAA9E01BFAA5" authority="(Anderson 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[715,1059,1362,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D1A9FAA9E762FAA4" box="[715,858,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D00BFAA9E023FAA5" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[873,1051,1362,1389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D733FAA9E70EFA44" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D733FAA9E70EFA44" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the nuchal crest is oriented vertically whereas in the present specimen, it is oriented posteroventrally. The extension of the sagittal crest is difficult to determine but it seems to begin at the same level as the quadrate and reach the posterior limit of the skull.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D1A8F9ABE717F9A2" blockId="3.[714,1248,1616,1706]" box="[714,815,1616,1642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D1A8F9ABE717F9A2" box="[714,815,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Mandible</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D1A8F98BE0E7F962" blockId="3.[714,1248,1616,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">The mandible is poorly preserved, but outlines of dermal tissues can be distinguished. These tissues</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D1A8F954E0D8F902" blockId="3.[714,1248,1711,1738]" box="[714,1248,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
|
|
encompass the mandible with a width of about
|
|
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC5D228D7FFF954E0D8F902" box="[1181,1248,1711,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD01AFF8FE0F1FF4C" blockId="4.[888,1225,115,133]" box="[888,1225,115,133]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
|
|
An aistopod from Montceau-les-Mines,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E5B822D3FFC2D22FD7FBFF8FE0F1FF4C" box="[1177,1225,116,132]" name="France" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">France</collectingCountry>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="C9D032CBFFC2D22FD3F5FB08E507FABD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" startId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" targetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" targetPageId="4">
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3F5FB08E507FABD" blockId="4.[151,1246,1266,1397]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
|
|
FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC2D22FD176FB09E6BEFACB" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[532,646,1266,1283]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD176FB09E6BEFACB" box="[532,646,1266,1283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France:
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD2B3FAF2E5E6FAD2" bold="true" box="[465,478,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">A</emphasis>
|
|
, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD034FAF2E75BFAD2" bold="true" box="[854,867,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">B</emphasis>
|
|
, interpretative drawing;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD74DFAF2E005FAD2" bold="true" box="[1071,1085,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">C</emphasis>
|
|
, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations:
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD7E1FAE4E0B6FAF8" bold="true" box="[1155,1166,1311,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">d</emphasis>
|
|
, dentary;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD3F5FACDE4A4FA8F" bold="true" box="[151,156,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">j</emphasis>
|
|
, jugal;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD3B8FACDE4E7FA8F" bold="true" box="[218,223,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">l</emphasis>
|
|
, lacrimal;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD257FACDE568FA8F" bold="true" box="[309,336,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">mx</emphasis>
|
|
, maxilla;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD2C2FACDE593FA8F" bold="true" box="[416,427,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">n</emphasis>
|
|
, naris;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD288FACDE632FA8F" bold="true" box="[490,522,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">nas</emphasis>
|
|
, nasal;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD129FACDE659FA8F" bold="true" box="[587,609,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">nc</emphasis>
|
|
, nuchal crest;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1BFFACDE6CAFA8F" bold="true" box="[733,754,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">ns</emphasis>
|
|
, neural spine;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD00CFACDE7B4FA8F" bold="true" box="[878,908,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">orb</emphasis>
|
|
, orbit;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD0ABFACDE7E7FA8F" bold="true" box="[969,991,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pc</emphasis>
|
|
, palpebral cups;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD713FACDE0BFFA8F" bold="true" box="[1137,1159,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pe</emphasis>
|
|
, posterior element of the mandible;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD210FAB6E5A1FA96" bold="true" box="[370,409,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pmx</emphasis>
|
|
, premaxilla;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD164FAB6E627FA96" bold="true" box="[518,543,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">prf</emphasis>
|
|
, prefrontal;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1E5FAB6E6AAFA96" bold="true" box="[647,658,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">q</emphasis>
|
|
, quadrate;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD194FAB6E733FA96" bold="true" box="[758,779,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">sc</emphasis>
|
|
, sagittal crest;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD0EDFAB6E79DFA96" bold="true" box="[911,933,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">sq</emphasis>
|
|
, squamosal;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD77AFAB6E012FA96" bold="true" box="[1048,1066,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">tp</emphasis>
|
|
, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3F5FA4AE694F962" blockId="4.[149,685,1457,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
|
|
above the bone, and up to more than
|
|
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC2D22FD17BFA4AE653FA04" box="[537,619,1457,1484]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
|
|
in the posterior region of the throat. The anterior part of the dentary is present and bears two teeth. In the posterior portion of the mandible, a single straight ossification, ending by an articular condyle, could be the “posterior element”, also present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC2D22FD147F9ABE694F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[549,684,1616,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD147F9ABE694F9A2" box="[549,684,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD3FCF98BE569F943" author="MCGINNIS H. J." box="[158,337,1648,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref6754" refString="MCGINNIS H. J. 1967. - The osteology of Phlegethontia, a Carboniferous and Permian aistopod amphibian. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 71: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1967">McGinnis 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD23CF98BE634F943" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[350,524,1648,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). This element may result from the fusion of the articular, the
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3FBF954E04AF9C4" blockId="4.[153,686,1711,1738]" lastBlockId="4.[714,1248,1457,1548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
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surangular, and the angular which remain discrete in other genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD013FA4AE01AFA04" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[881,1058,1457,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
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, b;
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<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD726FA4AE73EFA24" author="ANDERSON J. S. & CARROLL R. L. & ROWE T. B." pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1071 - 1083" refId="ref5871" refString="ANDERSON J. S., CARROLL R. L. & ROWE T. B. 2003. - New information on Lethiscus stocki (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda) from high-resolution computed tomography and a phylogenetic analysis of Aistopoda. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 1071 - 1083." type="journal article" year="2003">
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Anderson
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD7CDFA49E0D8FA03" box="[1199,1248,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">et al.</emphasis>
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2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It articulates on the quadrate condyle that is observable on the X-ray tomography.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F9CAE717F982" blockId="4.[714,1249,1585,1706]" box="[714,815,1585,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1A8F9CAE717F982" box="[714,815,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Dentition</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F9ABE0D9F962" blockId="4.[714,1249,1585,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
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The teeth seem to be monocuspid, pointed, and slightly curved posteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC2D22FD762F98BE07CF943" box="[1024,1092,1648,1675]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,162,600,617]" captionTargetBox="[162,673,256,573]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[162,673,256,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 3. — Detailed SEM views of: A, the anterior part of the upper jaw showing possible pedicellate teeth of Phlegethontia sp.(MNHN- SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France; B, C, pedicellate teeth of the extant urodele Desmognathus monticola Dunn,1916.Arrows indicate zones of weakness. Abbreviation: p, pedicel. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). They have a maximal length of
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC2D22FD0F5F974E7C2F962" box="[919,1018,1679,1706]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
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for a width of
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC2D22FD7F8F974E0D9F962" box="[1178,1249,1679,1706]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 µm</quantity>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F954E0E6F902" blockId="4.[714,1246,1711,1738]" box="[714,1246,1711,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">at their base. Each preserved premaxilla tooth</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3CCFF88E53FFF4C" blockId="5.[174,263,115,133]" box="[174,263,115,133]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Germain D.</paragraph>
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<caption id="C9D032CBFFC3D22ED3F5FDA3E644FD13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" startId="5.[151,162,600,617]" targetBox="[162,673,256,573]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5FDA3E644FD13" blockId="5.[149,685,600,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
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FIG. 3. — Detailed SEM views of:
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2CAFDA3E58DFDA1" bold="true" box="[424,437,600,617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">A</emphasis>
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, the anterior part of the upper jaw showing possible pedicellate teeth of
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|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED2BEFD95E672FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[476,586,622,639]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2BEFD95E672FDB7" box="[476,586,622,639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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sp.(MNHN- SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France;
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2EFFD67E5A2FD65" bold="true" box="[397,410,668,685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">B</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2C1FD67E589FD65" bold="true" box="[419,433,668,685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">C</emphasis>
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, pedicellate teeth of the extant urodele
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED3B7FD48E5C4FD0C" authority="Dunn, 1916" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1916" box="[213,508,691,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED3B7FD48E5A4FD0C" box="[213,412,691,708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Desmognathus monticola</emphasis>
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|
Dunn,1916
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</taxonomicName>
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.Arrows indicate zones of weakness. Abbreviation:
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED219FD32E5BEFD12" bold="true" box="[379,390,713,730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">p</emphasis>
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|
, pedicel. Scale bars: 100 μm.
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|
</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5FCE3E5F3FA24" blockId="5.[149,686,792,1516]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
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surprisingly shows two transverse, slender fractures around its base. One is just above the premaxilla (
|
|
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC3D22ED3C3FCA3E4D6FCBB" box="[161,238,856,883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
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) and the other one is distant of
|
|
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC3D22ED101FCA3E696FCBB" box="[611,686,856,883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="57.0">57 µm</quantity>
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from the first one. These fractures do not extend into the sedimentary matrix around the teeth, and are therefore interpreted here as natural fractures rather than a post-mortem damage. A natural fracture occurs at the level of a weakness zone, like a pedicellar zone. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED23DFBEDE4EAFB98" authority="Dunn, 1916" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1916" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED23DFBEDE667FBF8" box="[351,607,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Desmognathus monticola</emphasis>
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Dunn, 1916
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</taxonomicName>
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, the pedicels are clearly visible at the base of the teeth, as is the case in most of the other extant urodeles (except sirenids, see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC3D22ED2BAFB8EE699FB58" author="POUGH F. H. & ANDREWS R. M. & CADLE J. E. & CRUMP M. L. & SAVITZKY A. H. & WELLS K." box="[472,673,1141,1168]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" refId="ref6968" refString="POUGH F. H., ANDREWS R. M., CADLE J. E., CRUMP M. L., SAVITZKY A. H. & WELLS K. 2004. - Herpetology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 726 p." type="book" year="2004">
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Pough
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<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED144FB8EE664FB47" box="[550,604,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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|
): each pedicel lies at the base of the tooth, and forms a ring that surrounds the tooth. This decreasing diameter creates a first zone of weakness; a second weakness zone is also visible at the contact between the tooth and the mandible. These pedicels weaken the teeth. The natural fractures observed on the studied specimen, around the base of its premaxillary teeth, could be therefore the result of pedicels. However, pending discoveries of more material of better preservation, the presence of pedicely among aistopods remains uncertain.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F9EBE4CFF9E2" blockId="5.[151,684,1552,1706]" box="[151,247,1552,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
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|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED3F5F9EBE4CFF9E2" box="[151,247,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Vertebrae</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F9CBE694F962" blockId="5.[151,684,1552,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
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|
The vertebrae are poorly preserved. On the nodule portions 101076a and c, seven to eight trunk vertebrae of
|
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<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC3D22ED27FF98BE566F943" box="[285,350,1648,1675]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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long and
|
|
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC3D22ED2A9F98BE61AF943" box="[459,546,1648,1675]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
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|
high are visible whereas those observed on the posterior part
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F954E756FEF0" blockId="5.[151,684,1711,1738]" lastBlockId="5.[712,1248,254,661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">of 101076a and d could be caudal vertebrae, but they are too poorly preserved to allow a better determination.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED183FEC6E0EEFD5D" blockId="5.[712,1248,254,661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
|
|
The X-ray tomography reveals more details on the first eight vertebrae in the block 101076a, even if the preservation and the resolution of such a small specimen does not allow precise observations. The vertebrae cannot be individualized with this method but the transverse processes are visible on the right side of the animal, and extend laterally from the top of the centrum (
|
|
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC3D22ED0C5FDE0E7C5FDFE" box="[935,1021,539,566]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
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|
). The centrum seems cylindrical and moderately laterally flattened. The height of the neural spine is low, as is the case in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED1A8FD81E7F0FD5C" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[714,968,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED1A8FD81E7F0FD5C" box="[714,968,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
rather than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED709FD80E0F6FD5C" box="[1131,1230,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linearis">
|
|
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED709FD80E0F6FD5C" box="[1131,1230,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">P. linearis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |