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<document id="D34DE9B34C92031D66A2F9D4BDA120F6" ID-CLB-Dataset="158405" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbc98025-949f-4ee1-80e5-f4e8ac8ffce2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7147195" ID-ZooBank="DA49F564-620C-46E1-839A-D4A3B0136B3B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1664955705071" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi &amp; Deepthy, K. B." docDate="2022" docId="432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5194.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5194 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Maacoccus piperis" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="217" masterDocId="BF142713FFB3FFAC6B3BFFC12E19F904" masterDocTitle="Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India" masterLastPageNumber="232" masterPageNumber="213" pageNumber="216" updateTime="1699387765082" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="66C77A6AB4B4C0C4F7E0553E96DAFE74">Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB73BA0C91AEDBD8BABE6D870F364F82">Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India. &amp; shashank @ iari. res. in; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8177 - 6091</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B38415233FAA2F0DE5AA13F357D06E29">Division of Genomic Resources, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 024, Karnataka, India. &amp; mohan _ iari @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2327 - 6988</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="F960077FADEBE9E99BBE7F73525B5ABD">Department of Entomology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa Samastipur, Bihar 848125, India. &amp; vinodkumardubey 42 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4175 - 0468</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1DBBD12D669C52D4429EE8CE794E6CCB">Department of Agricultural Entomology, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, India. &amp; sandeepa 9898 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6773 - 9526</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0EEAA9BCD1EB1C0A2123D0A644E59D69">Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, KAU PO, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India. &amp; deepthy. kb @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9376 - 3856</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202142571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7147430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">
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<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6BACFF562FF8F9B5" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[151,481,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Maacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperis">
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<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BACFF562F61F9B5" bold="true" box="[151,376,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Maacoccus piperis</emphasis>
(Green)
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<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFB0FFAF6BACFF1D2FF7F9F0" author="Green, E. E." box="[151,494,219,244]" page="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" year="1896">
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6BACFF1D2FF7F9F0" authority="Green 1896: 10" authorityName="Green" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,494,219,244]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Lecanium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BACFF1D2F5EF9F7" box="[151,327,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Lecanium piperis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB0FFAF6A75FF1D2FF7F9F0" author="Green, E. E." box="[334,494,219,244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" pagination="2 - 10" refId="ref13422" refString="Green, E. E. (1896) Catalogue of Coccidae collected in Ceylon. Indian Museum Notes, 4, 2 - 10." type="journal article" year="1896">Green 1896: 10</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFB0FFAF6AC2FF1D2CAFF9F0" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[505,694,220,244]" page="173" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB0FFAF6AC2FF1D2CAFF9F0" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[505,694,220,244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref13271" refString="Fernald, M. E. (1903) A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1903">Fernald 1903: 173</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFB0FFAF69FBFF1D2D99F9F7" author="Varshney, R. K." box="[704,896,219,244]" page="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB0FFAF69FBFF1D2D99F9F7" author="Varshney, R. K." box="[704,896,219,244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 101" refId="ref15856" refString="Varshney, R. K. (1985) A review of Indian coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Oriental Insects, 19, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1985">Varshney 1985: 26</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFB0FFAF68B0FF1D2A32F9F0" author="Tang, F. T." box="[907,1067,220,244]" page="113" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB0FFAF68B0FF1D2A32F9F0" author="Tang, F. T." box="[907,1067,220,244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" refId="ref15621" refString="Tang, F. T. (1991) The Coccidae of China. Shanxi United Universities Press, Taiyuan, 377 pp." type="book" year="1991">Tang 1991: 113</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BACFEE02F66F83F" bold="true" box="[151,383,289,315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Material examined</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFB0FFAF6AA8FEE32FFCF838" box="[403,485,290,316]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="0940209FFFB0FFAF6ACDFEE32C75F838" box="[502,620,290,316]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
, Bengaluru, Hosakote,
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,
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, on
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6FE7FEE22B61F838" box="[1244,1400,291,316]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6FE7FEE22B61F838" box="[1244,1400,291,316]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Piper nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6BA4FE872F06F864" box="[159,287,326,352]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<date id="BF3AC8BDFFB0FFAF6A0AFE872FB5F864" box="[305,428,326,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" value="2013-11-27">27.xi.2013</date>
, B. Manjunath coll.,
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFB0FFAF69ACFE872CC1F864" box="[663,728,326,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9FFBBEF5FFB0FFAF6BACF9B62B6DFFB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147199" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7147199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147199/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" startId="3.[151,250,1655,1679]" targetBox="[166,1421,374,1629]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB0FFAF6BACF9B62B6DFFB7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1655,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BACF9B62F08FF8B" bold="true" box="[151,273,1655,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Live appearance of:
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6AE4F9B62FEBFF8B" bold="true" box="[479,498,1655,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">a.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6ACDF9B92D12FF8B" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[502,779,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Maacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6ACDF9B92CADFF8B" box="[502,692,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Maacoccus piperis</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6828F9B62D3EFF8B" bold="true" box="[787,807,1655,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">b.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6817F9B62A34FF8A" authority="De Lotto" authorityName="De Lotto" authorityYear="1965" box="[812,1069,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Kilifia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deltoides">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6817F9B62DD5FF8B" box="[812,972,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Kilifia deltoides</emphasis>
De Lotto
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6F0EF9B62A5FFF8B" bold="true" box="[1077,1094,1655,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">c.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6F70F9B62B80FF8B" authority="Takahashi" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1933" box="[1099,1433,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Paralecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machili">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6F70F9B62B32FF8B" box="[1099,1323,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Paralecanium machili</emphasis>
Takahashi
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BACF95A2EB5FFB7" bold="true" box="[151,172,1691,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">d.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6B89F95A2CB9FFB7" authority="Hodgson &amp; Martin" authorityName="Hodgson &amp; Martin" box="[178,672,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Fistulococcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pokfulamensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6B89F95A2FCFFFB7" box="[178,470,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Fistulococcus pokfulamensis</emphasis>
Hodgson &amp; Martin
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6991F95A2CA5FFB7" bold="true" box="[682,700,1691,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">e.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF69F9F95A2DE9FFB7" authority="Takahashi" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[706,1008,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF69F9F95A2D99FFB7" box="[706,896,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Antonina thaiensis</emphasis>
Takahashi
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF68C2F95A2A11FFB7" bold="true" box="[1017,1032,1691,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">f.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB0FFAF6F35F95D2B69FFB7" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[1038,1392,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Formicococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplicior">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6F35F95D2B01FFB7" box="[1038,1304,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Formicococcus simplicior</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB0FFAF6BFCF9202F46FEF3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1761,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB0FFAF6BFCF9202FBBFFFF" bold="true" box="[199,418,1761,1787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Appearance in life</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB0FFAF6A8AF9202C1BFFFF" box="[433,514,1761,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,374,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-59@3.[166,1421,374,1629]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Live appearance of: a. Maacoccus piperis (Green); b. Kilifia deltoides De Lotto; c. Paralecanium machili Takahashi; d. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson &amp; Martin; e. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi; f. Formicococcus simplicior (Green)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147199/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="216">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
): Body bright reddish yellow to reddish brown, dorsal ridges and margin darker or even paler in some individuals; a few irregular dark brown radiating lines or chains of spots more or less distinct in different individuals. Dorsal surface covered with a thin transparent waxy or glassy coating. Eyes black, prominent, distinctly defined. Body broadly oval, moderately convex, broadest across median area and roughly pointed on front and back, with sharply defined median longitudinal and two transverse ridges, the median ridge touching the margin in front and terminating at the anal aperture, the anterior transverse ridge meeting the margin between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, posterior ridge extending to a point about midway between the posterior stigmatic cleft and the anal cleft.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="839EBDF6FFB7FFA96BFCFF572ECEF819" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA86BFCFF572CD9F9FD" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCFF572CB2F9B4" bold="true" box="[199,683,150,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female</emphasis>
(n=2) (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86838FF562D50F9B5" box="[771,841,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): Body 4.0–5.0 mm long, 3.0–
<quantity id="0C7C4398FFB7FFA86F92FF572B19F9B5" box="[1193,1280,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
wide, oval to asymmetrical, broadest at level of mesothoracic legs (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA869D0FF7A2D25F9D1" box="[747,828,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
); stigmatic clefts small but deep and distinct; anal cleft shallow, 750 µm long, about 1/7
<superScript id="3CF14335FFB7FFA8693AFF1F2C17F9E8" attach="left" box="[513,526,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">th</superScript>
of body length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA86BFCFEC22F56FB3C" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCFEC22F03F818" box="[199,282,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Margin</emphasis>
. Marginal setae each 21–25 µm long, curved posteriorly, broadening apically, sickle shaped, and serrated on outer margin (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86A85FEE72C0AF844" box="[446,531,294,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
); with 27–32 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, 80–90 setae between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft, and 100–110 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts each containing 9 to 13 stigmatic setae (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86863FEAC2DB0F883" box="[856,937,365,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
), each seta with rather parallel sides, bluntly pointed and slightly swollen at proximal end; median seta longest, 32–45 µm long, lateral setae (which all curve away from median seta) each 25-35 µm long. Stigmatic cleft deep, with highly sclerotized inner margin. Anal cleft with sides either closely adpressed but not fused, or slightly divergent (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86888FE162A1FF8F5" box="[947,1030,471,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
). Eyespots situated on dorsum, each approximately dorsad to a point just posterior to antennal base; each lens 30–37 µm wide, situated in pale area 70–75 µm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA86BFCFD822EF5FD49" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCFD822F38FB58" box="[199,289,579,604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Derm highly sclerotized throughout at maturity, with fine reticulation (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86F75FD832A86FB58" box="[1102,1183,578,604]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2e</figureCitation>
) throughout; marginal and submarginal bands formed by pattern of lighter spots on the darker area and dark spots on the lighter area (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86BA4FD482EEAFBA7" box="[159,243,649,675]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
); median area relatively lighter, with randomly distributed small irregular dark patches; transverse ridges conspicuous by being completely colourless. Setae each shorter than width of basal socket (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86FFFFD6D2B0DFBC2" box="[1220,1300,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2f</figureCitation>
) (could not be measured because of upright position), with bluntly rounded apex, frequent throughout but most abundant on submarginal areas. Pores not detected. Preopercular pores each oval to circular (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86F23FD322A72FA09" box="[1048,1131,755,781]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
Fig.
<quantity id="0C7C4398FFB7FFA86F76FD322A72FA09" box="[1101,1131,755,781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" unit="g" value="2.0">2g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
), 2.5–5.0 µm long, slightly convex, each situated on pale dermal area 12–15 µm in diameter, arranged in 3 groups on each side, forming 2 divergent lines extending anteriorly from anal plates to the abdominal segment I; first group with 63–75, second with 55–62 and third with 2–6 pores on each side. Tubular ducts absent. Submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together rather pyriform, with external margins convex (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86836FC402D78FA9F" box="[781,865,897,923]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
); each plate with anterolateral margin considerably longer than posterolateral margin, outer angle rounded and apex with 4 setae: 1 present apically (10–17 µm long), 2 along inner margin and 1 on posterolateral margin, all probably small and fine; length of anal plates 145–160 µm, width of a single plate 54–60 µm. Ano-genital fold (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA869CFFC2A2D5EFD01" box="[756,839,1003,1029]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2h</figureCitation>
) with 2 pairs of minute setae present along anterior margin (9–10 µm long) and 2 or 3 pairs of longer fine setae laterally, each 22–25 µm long. Anal ring (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86E34FBCE2B42FD2D" box="[1295,1371,1039,1065]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2i</figureCitation>
) with 8 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA86BFCFB962FD1FFEA" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCFB962F16FD74" box="[199,271,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Venter</emphasis>
. Derm entirely membranous. Multilocular pores absent. Setae: with pairs of long setae on abdominal segments IV–VI measuring 105–110 µm, 70–80 µm and 50–60 µm (those nearest genital opening the longest); shorter setae (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86A0FFB5C2F98FDB3" box="[308,385,1181,1207]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2j</figureCitation>
), each 15–20 µm long, rather frequent, particularly medially on last few pregenital segments; with 2 pairs of interantennal setae, measuring 30–35 µm and 65–70 µm long, respectively. Submarginal setae (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86BA4FB252EEBFDFA" box="[159,242,1252,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2k</figureCitation>
) numbering 32–34 between anterior spiracular clefts, each side with 11–13 between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts and 29–34 between posterior spiracular cleft and anal cleft. Spiracles (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86F74FAC62A81FC25" box="[1103,1176,1287,1313]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2l</figureCitation>
) normal with peritreme widths: anterior 28–36 µm, posterior 35–39 µm. Spiracular disc pores (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA8688CFAEA2A09FC41" box="[951,1040,1323,1349]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
Fig.
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) each mainly with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle, also a very few present more medially near coxae; with 25–55 disc pores in each anterior band and
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each posterior band. Legs quite well developed, each with tibia and tarsus separate but no articulatory sclerosis (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA869BEFA542CC1FCAB" box="[645,728,1429,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2n</figureCitation>
); claws each without a denticle; claw digitules both very broad, 40–50 µm long, longer than claw; tarsal digitules normal, longer than claw digitules (70–80 µm). Dimensions of hind legs: trochanter+femur 232–273 µm, tibia 131–170 µm, tarsus 101–142 µm. Antennae each 6-segmented (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86E54FA1D2EAFFF1E" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2o</figureCitation>
), but
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFB7FFA86BC2F9C12F8CFF1D" box="[249,405,1535,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
with 8 segments on one side and 7 on other; third segment the longest, with 0–2 pseudoarticulations; total antenna length 500–585 µm; segments I–III each with a single fine seta, segment IV with 1 fleshy seta, segment V with 1 fine seta and 1 fleshy seta, and segment VI with 7 fleshy setae and 1 fine seta. Microducts minute (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86BC3F9AB2F49FF80" box="[248,336,1642,1668]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2p</figureCitation>
), usually present around mouthparts but very hard to detect on available specimens, probably sparse. Tubular ducts (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFB7FFA86AA0F94C2FF6FFA3" box="[411,495,1677,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[209,1375,312,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-80@5.[195,1392,309,1881]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maacoccus piperis (Green), diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Body derm; b. Marginal setae; c. Stigmatic setae; d. Anal plate; e. Preopercular pores; f. Dorsal seta; g. Preopercular pores; h. Anogenital fold; i. Anal ring; j. Ventral setae on pregenital segments; k. Submarginal setae; l. Spiracle; m. Spiracular pores; n. Hind leg; o. Antenna; p. Ventral microduct; q. Ventral tubular ducts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Fig. 2q</figureCitation>
) each with a wide outer ductule and a rather thin, indistinct, inner ductule with a small terminal gland, only present medially and mediolaterally on abdominal segment VI, in a band of 15–25 ducts. Labium about 75 µm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA86BFCF9362F97FE79" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCF9362F42FE15" bold="true" box="[199,347,1783,1809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Comparison</emphasis>
: The early descriptions of this species by
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB7FFA8681CF9392DACFE16" author="Green, E. E." box="[807,949,1784,1810]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" pagination="171 - 249" refId="ref13448" refString="Green, E. E. (1904) s. n. In: The Coccidae of Ceylon. Pt. III. Dulau &amp; Co., London, pp. 171 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1904">Green (1904</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB7FFA868FBF9392DE0FE16" author="Green, E. E." box="[960,1017,1784,1810]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" pagination="1007 - 1037" refId="ref13485" refString="Green, E. E. (1922) Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1007 - 1037." type="journal article" year="1922">1922</bibRefCitation>
) are scanty; the redescription by
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB7FFA86E5EF9392EFBFE31" author="Tang, F. T." pageId="4" pageNumber="217" refId="ref15621" refString="Tang, F. T. (1991) The Coccidae of China. Shanxi United Universities Press, Taiyuan, 377 pp." type="book" year="1991">Tang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
is in Chinese and therefore not accessible to all. The above description based on Indian material matches those by
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB7FFA86A39F8FE2F8CFE5D" author="Green, E. E." box="[258,405,1855,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" pagination="171 - 249" refId="ref13448" refString="Green, E. E. (1904) s. n. In: The Coccidae of Ceylon. Pt. III. Dulau &amp; Co., London, pp. 171 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1904">Green (1904</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFB7FFA86A9FF8FE2FC4FE5D" author="Green, E. E." box="[420,477,1855,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" pagination="1007 - 1037" refId="ref13485" refString="Green, E. E. (1922) Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1007 - 1037." type="journal article" year="1922">1922</bibRefCitation>
) and the keys to the species of the genus available, so we are sure that the Indian material is
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB7FFA86A2FF8A22F9EFE78" box="[276,391,1891,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Maacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86A2FF8A22F9EFE78" box="[276,391,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">M. piperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFB7FFA96BFCF8442ECEF819" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,2023]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86BFCF8442F9CFEA4" bold="true" box="[199,389,1925,1952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Ecological notes</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFB7FFA86AA8F8472C41FE9B" box="[403,600,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">
Macoccus
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFB7FFA86931F8472C41FE9B" box="[522,600,1926,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Maacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperis">piperis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
has been collected only once, at Bengaluru,
<collectingRegion id="0940209FFFB7FFA86F7BF8442AAEFE9B" box="[1088,1207,1925,1951]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
. Perhaps this species does not cause any economic damage at present and hence has been neglected previously, though it is probably present in other pepper-growing areas of
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFB7FFA8695FF80D2CB8FEE2" box="[612,673,1996,2022]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="217">India</collectingCountry>
. In the present study, the scale was found in large numbers but more than 90% of the collected specimens had been parasitized, showing the exit holes of emerged adult parasitoids, so we could not collect or rear any parasitoids. This indicates that the population is being kept at a low level by these parasitoids. In the present study no ant species were found attending the scale insects, nor any predators preying on them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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