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<document id="19485E7C864DA3F524B38E39B31EC93A" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.1" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665495" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1708004431046" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="OLoughlin, P. Mark &amp; Waters, Jonathan M." docDate="2004" docId="185387DDFFB9FFB2FCACE06DFA784C48" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.61.1.1-40.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61 (1)" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-61-issue-1-2004/pages-1-40/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Asterinidae Gray 1840" docType="key" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="E46AFFA5FFBAFFB6FF85E377FFC94846" masterDocTitle="A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1708004824033" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="009C7411D0669EF1E125C4F733D6282F">A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE06DFB964B77" blockId="3.[809,1119,794,817]" box="[809,1119,794,817]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Key to genera of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FC67E06DFB964B77" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[994,1119,794,817]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE03FFA614C6D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE03FFA6E4BF0" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE03FFA6E4BF0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1. Furrow spines in longitudinal arrangement on adambulacral plates (fig. 16d); 2 series of tube feet in each ambulacrum; lacking internal plated brood chambers....................................2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE0CAFA614C6D" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE0CAFA614C6D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
— Furrow spines in vertical series on adambulacral plates (fig. 17f); 4 series of tube feet; internal plated brood chambers with abactinal and actinal interradial openings...............................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FB73E762FA614C6D" ID-CoL="9G3QV" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1880" box="[1270,1448,1045,1067]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FB73E762FAA94C6D" bold="true" box="[1270,1376,1045,1067]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tremaster</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE745FA614CE6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE745FA614C20" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE745FA614C20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2. Rays narrow at base, to varying degrees subcylindrical or digitiform (fig. 2j)............................ 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE71AFA614CE6" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE71AFA614CE6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">— Rays broad at base or not discrete, not subcylindrical or digitiform (figs 2b, i).......................... 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE7DFFA604CBE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE7DFFA614CF8" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" box="[809,1448,1192,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE7DFFA614CF8" box="[809,1448,1192,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3. Superambulacral series of plates present (fig. 4a)..... 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE7B2FA604CBE" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE7B2FA604CBE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
— Lacking superambulacral, transactinal and superactinal plates (fig.
<quantity id="57029B2EFFB9FFB5FC4FE795FC384CBE" box="[970,1009,1250,1272]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="16.0">16g</quantity>
)...
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FBB1E795FA8D4CBE" ID-CoL="7PWLX" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="O'Loughlin" authorityYear="2004" box="[1076,1348,1250,1272]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudopatiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FBB1E795FB0C4CBE" bold="true" box="[1076,1221,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pseudopatiria</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BD57A2FFB9FFB5FACEE795FA604CBE" box="[1355,1449,1250,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE677FA6E4D16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE677FA614D50" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" box="[809,1448,1280,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE677FA614D50" box="[809,1448,1280,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4. Superactinal plates present (fig. 4b)............... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE66AFA6E4D16" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE66AFA6E4D16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
— Superactinal plates absent (fig. 14e)......................................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FBF9E64DFAFB4D16" ID-CoL="7PWKZ" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[1148,1330,1338,1360]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudonepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FBF9E64DFAFB4D16" bold="true" box="[1148,1330,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pseudonepanthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A.H. Clark
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE62FFA614E46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE62FFA614DEE" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE62FFA614DEE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
5. Rays narrowly flat actinally, marginal edge weakly angular; pedicellariae present; transactinal plates present (fig. 4f).........................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FA85E6E5FA614DEE" ID-CoL="7PMCP" authority="Gray" authorityName=", Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1280,1448,1426,1448]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Nepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FA85E6E5FAA74DEE" bold="true" box="[1280,1390,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nepanthia</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE6C7FA614E46" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE6C7FA614E46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
— Rays broadly flat actinally, marginal edge strongly angular (fig. 10d); lacking pedicellariae; lacking transactinal plates........................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FB66E69DFA614E46" ID-CoL="7NRN3" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[1251,1448,1514,1536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Callopatiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FB66E69DFAA94E46" bold="true" box="[1251,1376,1514,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Callopatiria</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE57FFA614ED5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE57FFA614E7D" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE57FFA614E7D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6. Interradii very thin; abactinal and actinal plates interiorly contiguous throughout the interradii (fig. 7)......... 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE535FA614ED5" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE535FA614ED5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">— Interradii not very thin; abactinal and actinal interradial plates contiguous or connected by superactinal plates distally only (fig. 15c)........................... 9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFB9FFB5FCACE5EDFA614F38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE5EDFA614F4E" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE5EDFA614F4E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
7. Body arched; furrow spines project actinally, in continuous series, with integument and granule cover (fig. 17c); actinal spines glassy thorn-tipped (fig. 17d).........................................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFB9FFB5FB6BE585FA614F4E" ID-CoL="7Q2QR" authority="Sladen" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1262,1448,1778,1800]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFB9FFB5FB6BE585FA954F4E" bold="true" box="[1262,1372,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stegnaster</emphasis>
Sladen
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFB9FFB5FCACE467FA614F38" blockId="3.[809,1449,840,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFB9FFB5FCACE467FA614F38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">— Body not arched; furrow spines not projecting actinally, in webbed groups on adambulacral plates, not covered with integument and granules; actinal spines not glassy thorn-tipped..................................... 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE397FCC349CE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE397FCC34976" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE397FCC34976" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
8. Abactinal spinelets sacciform; interradii extensively supported by long thin articulating interior projections from abactinal and actinal plates (fig. 7)..
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDC2E26DFCC34976" ID-CoL="7NP7J" authority="Nardo" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[583,778,282,304]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDC2E26DFD0D4976" bold="true" box="[583,708,282,304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anseropoda</emphasis>
Nardo
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE24FFCC349CE" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE24FFCC349CE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
— Abactinal spinelets granuliform; interradii extensively supported interiorly by contiguous imbricating abactinal and actinal plates........
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FE3FE205FCC349CE" ID-CoL="7PW5J" authority="Aziz and Jangoux" authorityName=", Aziz and Jangoux" authorityYear="1985" box="[442,778,370,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FE3FE205FD8749CE" bold="true" box="[442,590,370,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudasterina</emphasis>
Aziz and Jangoux
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE2E7FCC349B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE2E7FCC34985" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE2E7FCC34985" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9. Lacking superambulacral, transactinal and superactinal plates..................................... 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE2BDFCC349B8" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE2BDFCC349B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— One or both of superambulacral and superactinal plates present.................................... 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE172FCC34A8D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE172FCC24A35" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE172FCC24A35" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
10. Abactinal body covered by thick integument with subgranular spinelets; body typically in high arched (domed) shape (fig. 17e); abactinal interradial plate arrangement irregular...........................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDAAE12AFCC24A35" ID-CoL="7P7NC" authority="Koehler" authorityName=", Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[559,779,605,627]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDAAE12AFD7B4A35" bold="true" box="[559,690,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kampylaster</emphasis>
Koehler
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE10DFCC34A8D" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE10DFCC34A8D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Body not covered by thick integument with subgranular spinelets; body rarely in high arched (domed) shape; abactinal interradial plate arrangement regular...... 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE1A5FCC34B3D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE1A5FCC24B65" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE1A5FCC24B65" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
11. Abactinal spinelets glassy, acicular or subsacciform, in tufts (fig. 8f) or paxilliform (fig. 8i); inferomarginal plates with distal tuft of spinelets (fig. 8h)..
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDCBE07AFCC24B65" ID-CoL="7NPXD" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[590,779,781,803]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterinides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDCBE07AFD0A4B65" bold="true" box="[590,707,781,803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asterinides</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE05DFCC34B3D" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE05DFCC34B3D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Abactinal spinelets opaque, granuliform or digitiform, not in tufts or paxilliform; inferomarginal spinelets not in distal tufts................................. 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE0F5FCC24C48" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE0F5FCC34BF0" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE0F5FCC34BF0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
12. Rays discrete; abactinal spinelets columnar to digitiform (fig. 6a) (Atlantic, Mediterranean).....
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDEEE0D7FCC34BF0" ID-CoL="7NPXC" authority="Nardo" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[619,778,928,950]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDEEE0D7FD0D4BF0" bold="true" box="[619,708,928,950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asterina</emphasis>
Nardo
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE0CAFCC24C48" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE0CAFCC24C48" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
— Rays not discrete, margin straight or slightly incurved; abactinal spinelets granuliform (fig. 5a) (temperate Indo-Pacific)..................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FD94E08FFCC24C48" ID-CoL="7PGP2" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName=", O'Loughlin" authorityYear="2002" box="[529,779,1016,1038]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Meridiastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FD94E08FFD424C48" bold="true" box="[529,651,1016,1038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Meridiastra</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE762FCC34CF8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE762FCC34CC5" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE762FCC34CC5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
13. Abactinal and actinal plates with dense subpaxilliform tufts of glassy acicular subsacciform spinelets and spines (fig. 5c); lacking superambulacral plates (fig. 15c)................................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDACE71AFCC34CC5" ID-CoL="7PPWF" authority="Fisher" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[553,778,1133,1155]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDACE71AFD0D4CC5" bold="true" box="[553,708,1133,1155]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paranepanthia</emphasis>
Fisher
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE7FDFCC34CF8" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE7FDFCC34CF8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Abactinal spinelets and actinal spines not in dense subpaxilliform tufts; superambulacral plates present....... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE7B2FCC34D75" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE7B2FCC34CBE" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE7B2FCC34CBE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14. Abactinal spinelets glassy, acicular or sacciform or splaytipped sacciform or long thin conical (fig. 13c)......15</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE677FCC34D75" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE677FCC34D75" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Abactinal spinelets opaque, granuliform or digitiform, or short thin to thick columnar (fig. 15d)............ 18</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE64DFCC34E46" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE64DFCC24DEE" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE64DFCC24DEE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
15. Abactinal plates with numerous firmly attached, glassy spinelets (fig. 9f); superomarginal spinelets same as those on abactinal plates (fig. 9d).......................................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FE25E6E5FD6E4DEE" ID-CoL="7NPHB" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="O'Loughlin" authorityYear="2004" box="[416,679,1426,1448]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Aquilonastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FE25E6E5FDE04DEE" bold="true" box="[416,553,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aquilonastra</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BD57A2FFBEFFB2FD2BE6E5FCC24DEE" box="[686,779,1426,1448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE6C7FCC34E46" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE6C7FCC34E46" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Abactinal plates with very fine glassy spinelets, numerous to none, weakly attached (fig. 13c); superomarginal spinelets few to none (fig. 13d)................. 16</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE57FFCC34F4E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE57FFCC34ED5" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE57FFCC34ED5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
16. Abactinal plates loosely contiguous leaving non-plated spaces (fig. 12); distal abactinal plates in series perpendicular or zig-zag to margin (fig. 12a); superomarginal plates small, not in regular series; inferomarginal plates with stout sacciform spinelets (fig. 10e)..
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FDC2E50AFCC34ED5" ID-CoL="7NX4G" authority="Perrier" authorityName=", Perrier" authorityYear="1875" box="[583,778,1661,1683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Disasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FDC2E50AFD764ED5" bold="true" box="[583,703,1661,1683]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Disasterina</emphasis>
Perrier
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE5EDFCC34F4E" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE5EDFCC34F4E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Abactinal plates imbricate, always contiguous; distal abactinal plates not in perpendicular series to margin; superomarginal plates in distinct regular series; inferomarginal spinelets not stout sacciform............ 17</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FF0EE467FA794908" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FF0EE467FCC24F38" blockId="4.[139,780,224,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FF0EE467FCC24F38" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
17. Body low; abactinal plates small, thin, deeply notched, up to 6 series along each side of rays (fig. 13b); inferomarginal spinelets acicular, in dense integument-covered tufts (fig. 13d)......
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FE2BE41FFD6E4F38" ID-CoL="7P747" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="OLoughlin &amp; Waters" authorityYear="2004" box="[430,679,1896,1918]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FE2BE41FFDE14F38" bold="true" box="[430,552,1896,1918]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indianastra</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BD57A2FFBEFFB2FD2BE41FFCC24F38" box="[686,779,1896,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E397FA794908" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E397FA794908" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
— Body high; abactinal plates large, thick, shallow notches or crescentiform, up to 3 series along side of rays (fig. 18a); inferomarginal spinelets discrete, not in dense integument-covered tufts................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FB46E24FFA794908" ID-CoL="7Q3V2" authority="Livingstone" authorityName=", Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[1219,1456,312,334]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tegulaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FB46E24FFAF94908" bold="true" box="[1219,1328,312,334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tegulaster</emphasis>
Livingstone
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FCB4E222FA6649A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E222FA6649E0" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E222FA6649E0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">18. Form subpentagonal to medium-rayed stellate; large papular spaces; numerous papulae and secondary plates per space (fig. 15f)........................... 19</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E2DAFA6649A6" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E2DAFA6649A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">— Form pentagonal to subpentagonal; small papular spaces; few papulae and secondary plates per space (fig. 11b)..20</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FCB4E29FFA794AE8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E29FFA794A10" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E29FFA794A10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
19. Abactinal plates with close subpaxilliform cover of spinelets; spinelets thick to thin, short columnar or sub-globose (figs 15d, e); more than 3 spines on mid-interradial actinal plates...............
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FAAAE137FA794A10" ID-CoL="7PQHR" authority="Gray" authorityName=", Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1327,1456,576,598]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FAAAE137FABF4A10" bold="true" box="[1327,1398,576,598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Patiria</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E12AFA794AE8" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E12AFA794AE8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
— Spinelets on abactinal plates not in close subpaxilliform cover; spinelets granuliform or digitiform (fig. 16e); up to 3 spines on mid-interradial actinal plates
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FA8CE1EFFA794AE8" ID-CoL="7PQHS" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[1289,1456,664,686]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FA8CE1EFFAA04AE8" bold="true" box="[1289,1385,664,686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Patiriella</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="2B0E2E6EFFBEFFB2FCB4E1C2FA784C48" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E1C2FA794B18" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E1C2FA794B18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
20. Superomarginal plates typically in prominent series, longitudinally subrectangular; inferomarginal plates project narrowly to define the margin; abactinal papular spaces with predominantly 1 papula (fig. 11a); midray and distal actinal interradial plates frequently with 1 spine.............................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FB0AE03FFA794B18" ID-CoL="7NTVM" authority="Dartnall et al." authorityName="Dartnall" box="[1167,1456,840,862]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Cryptasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FB0AE03FFAD44B18" bold="true" box="[1167,1309,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cryptasterina</emphasis>
Dartnall et al.
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFBEFFB2FCB4E012FA784C48" blockId="4.[817,1457,224,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="2B0B95FEFFBEFFB2FCB4E012FA784C48" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
— Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates typically subequal; inferomarginal plates project prominently to define margin; abactinal papular spaces frequently with more than 1 papula (fig. 11b); midray and distal actinal interradial plates frequently with 2 spines (fig. 16c).............................
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFBEFFB2FBD1E08FFA844C48" ID-CoL="7PQFH" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="O'Loughlin" authorityYear="2004" box="[1108,1357,1016,1038]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFBEFFB2FBD1E08FFB044C48" bold="true" box="[1108,1229,1016,1038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Parvulastra</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BD57A2FFBEFFB2FAD6E08FFA784C48" box="[1363,1457,1016,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>