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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="9667" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e14a5b5-aa20-4050-b2b4-f393764fc6c7" ID-PMC="PMC7644702" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-981-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" ID-PubMed="33199958" ID-ZooBank="5194AAC86B8A473F8A41470A60182A0B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-981-1" checkinTime="1604011718171" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pall-Gergely, Barna, Sajan, Sheikh, Tripathy, Basudev, Meng, Kaibaryer, Asami, Takahiro &amp; Ablett, Jonathan D." docDate="2020" docId="F4D5B9103B745A36A6B977F07BCD341B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 981: 1-220" docOrigin="ZooKeys 981" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" docTitle="Pincerna Preston 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" id="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC" masterDocTitle="Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue" masterLastPageNumber="220" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732398552916" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F32D19F6AB9D76E01E1815E0DF0BDBE7">Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="06C65690AD2B79B8AEDAA99762AE9ECE">Pall-Gergely, Barna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3C80B5E2FE6057237524E3D9F8E81497">Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Otto ut 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D080A6917CB8D3A13762016A368C2752">Sajan, Sheikh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B50B39DB3FEB28DC1E6C119A16337DC1">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India &amp; Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 002, Uttarakhand, India</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="04B8C4E15E9376E253EC90DD0EA1E1BB" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-6824</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="01F43F01FAE36CC6109EF393047C3DA7">Tripathy, Basudev</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="61F084E6EF720C82C141EDE36FBAC4BD">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EF8606B164DDCAB54F363EB0EC890F03">Meng, Kaibaryer</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0310C8AE3015B5212D0C806176EDACAB">National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="120839E4189B5818511E60FE58DAA2FB">Asami, Takahiro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1B1FDB740B3B5BD319C3839E42E57D13">Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390 - 8621, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="611500218AE307A15234B1AA0D6C72C0">Ablett, Jonathan D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="37D42FB09112636B9F41261EAC3686BA">Mollusca Section, Invertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museums, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="F9257B0218A701501D3893EE376EBD9A">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F4D5B9103B745A36A6B977F07BCD341B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168714970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F4D5B9103B745A36A6B977F07BCD341B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4D5B9103B745A36A6B977F07BCD341B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="19DF6CF32256CA88596D075A80731A8C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D8139656C62A389F49E5AFE946A68ED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="84077FDE152A77F338018D9DA07705E5" LSID="F4D5B910-3B74-5A36-A6B9-77F07BCD341B" authority="Preston, 1907" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Pincerna Preston, 1907</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="746E9D66D855E4D8D52F4161F83C2374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD8C34C7B02F79C70B1405890D16E526" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5D056F9453D7DF5640D40822298FB067" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus (Pincerna)" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pincerna" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">Alycaeus (Pincerna)</taxonomicName>
Preston, 1907: 206.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CA0B821E136654CEF2BF43CBDD3E2D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="462E44E179DDE78CB3BED617E8B4E151" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus (Cycloryx)" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cycloryx" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">Alycaeus (Cycloryx)</taxonomicName>
Godwin-Austen 1914: 334.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="757B5034E8EABE6F7130C49CBBD5E037" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C418DCB2360AB9DFEF8F94871BE12149" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx)" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cycloryx">Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="195F7705B087629FC743043409473665" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B213" refString="Thiele, J, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1." year="1929">Thiele 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 108; Wenz 1938: 478.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A319D6EFAA96801D1E85BCA58A31695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3E3BEA255C23C3612CCA1A39DF6C62B5" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus (Pincerna)" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pincerna" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">Alycaeus (Pincerna)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="93CEBA0AFD46F4C36349B13F2155F139" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B213" refString="Thiele, J, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1." year="1929">Thiele 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 108; Wenz 1938: 479;
<bibRefCitation id="D1A0809715C3259B3858D401BBBD6981" author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 33-34.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35EDD4674C1DB24D3D912B54E90433A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="021D3D46D336CD87F09E9FF01051A6FF" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Chamalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx)" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cycloryx">Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx)</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="64EA1D65AA7845C405E38F98656F7774" author="Egorov, RV" journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B45" refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow" title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R." year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB2545A09C9A9DBA1F6B02C73355C57E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A2A5FF008F909150EF9737B0DA64687C" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Pincerna</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="1E7AB3316772D836ED2335F0E7A6BDEF" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 219" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" refId="B155" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, 2017. A new species of Alycaeidae, Pincerna yanseni n. sp. from Sumatra, with the resurrection of the genus Pincerna Preston, 1907 (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 213 - 219, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" title="A new species of Alycaeidae, Pincerna yanseni n. sp. from Sumatra, with the resurrection of the genus Pincerna Preston, 1907 (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea)." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" volume="65" year="2017">
<normalizedToken id="5FF20C3F9218DEBF3917BFA2716AC229" originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
: 214.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5262E8D1C3D75946C28DE80F99564D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph id="ADE6AFDA470C415FED6DE3867890EB20" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98959CDD66A47EDED5D664E3BC28AB29" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2BC766FF24517E0DB4B6A1104D2E8F9E" baseAuthorityName="Preston" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna liratula" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liratula">
<emphasis id="EDE74AB7DBCAAEFEB466981D9EB574FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna liratula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Preston, 1907 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F0333FBAAA986281813F32BF69DA844B" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Pincerna constricta (Benson, 1851), syntype (NHMUK 1906.4.4.41; type species of Cycloryx) B Pincerna liratula (Preston, 1907), syntype (NHMUK 1907.5.20.191; type species of Pincerna) C Stomacosmethis sarasinorum (Bollinger, 1918), lectotype (NHMB 2411. a; type species of Stomacosmethis). Photographs: Harold Taylor (A, B); Eduard Stoeckli (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468684" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39B</figureCitation>
) (introduced as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="424404CFF6424540F60C6CF257BE18DF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="2B6C4B3915AECF9750AB20CD73277108" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but apparently used on genus level), by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A11ADE173E657E40316CE0BACD429C70" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F581944C262A426A703642121D6B9813" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F6023320D95425B8E79AB677D89473D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shell very small to medium sized (D: 2.5-6 mm), globose triangular, usually higher than wide; protoconch smooth, without spiral striation; R1 usually with strong, widely-spaced ribs and weak spiral striation; R2 smooth to prominently ribbed (in those cases not different from R1), very short, pyriform (in typical
<taxonomicName id="F5237405DB4591EDCB7C8F97CBC3072C" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8ABE588FB31A383DD60B40B70C278993" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species) or somewhat longer in
<taxonomicName id="0C6B45FD9F22CD067BBAA82052512571" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47DCCF4ED57E1A8BEA05AAB6C77EFC54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like shells; umbilicus often closed by the reflected columellar extension in many species. Operculum thin, in some species with a low circular structure, or calcareous ridges radiating outwards of the nucleus on the outer surface. Radula of a single species is known, see Table
<tableCitation id="0C9A856E3DF604B81A53F17775D9624D" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Radula traits of Alycaeidae. For the species examined by Venmans (1956) see Radula under &quot; Description and assessment of morphological characters &quot; (page 14)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5767D4397BF7570F345CB3D9D4124A0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="5767D4397BF7570F345CB3D9D4124A0D">1</tableCitation>
(central tooth with 5 cusps, broad, central cusp pointed).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4F528BC3592C60C0DFED748F9094A76F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468684" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 39" startId="F39">
<paragraph id="A5AD6FCF8F432DFB162BD446829E4B27" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6BD5B7C2FFDB723412A5ACA07C0A6143" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 39.</emphasis>
Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa
<emphasis id="E23B194B391B047CEC8AFF0F901D4408" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="28F47CE1DEC46BDE5C19B9B64ABDBECA" baseAuthorityName="Benson" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna constricta" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="F58972BFF6D32212A9C3D47A6CBE04B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benson, 1851), syntype (NHMUK 1906.4.4.41; type species of
<taxonomicName id="B408DA5026E8CA6EA84AF4034844EE86" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DE6F8F4C8E676E06CB2BF691DFCC3BBF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis id="FD2D9D3FFFFAEF7F5601345C3E079288" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7C44F406FBE459ECB98EF7C4F1C3F660" baseAuthorityName="Preston" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna liratula" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liratula">
<emphasis id="16361086BF15986E9372198721FF8954" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna liratula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Preston, 1907), syntype (NHMUK 1907.5.20.191; type species of
<taxonomicName id="572772F9CA30E8121D611948F3749CC2" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5312A9254E6EA5D24E81BDFA5B1892AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis id="02ADB231A78CA13BA727E8986FCBFB5E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="69C54C1DE443F2AB52160E00A4A859B2" baseAuthorityName="Bollinger" baseAuthorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis sarasinorum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">
<emphasis id="CA205048A91938401843AD08AE994FBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis sarasinorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bollinger, 1918), lectotype (NHMB 2411.a; type species of
<taxonomicName id="DB8F5C6ABB72B8669C4106A0B44062C4" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BAEFA7368267DFDB56D5B835FAFD92F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Photographs: Harold Taylor (
<emphasis id="2BB36BD22621927FCACD2DB01D5E3A91" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
); Eduard Stoeckli (
<emphasis id="880E682548F61C7291A9124ABDF75209" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B61B2DDB8DC91AA7D91E82469A2C9810" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph id="628251F6D38A69F3941C5F5819D056DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="448B3E7B81FEDF6E2FDC162590239F53" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Remarks.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC915DF6F042900925B5C1399DA92F6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="71F4657308E4D057CE005A974DE0D21F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE5EC7DBA7758443C4607516104E3BE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The distribution of
<taxonomicName id="5E9C64FD8F44E276569BA8FE16DDC52D" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="635BFC040CA5BEDC112138EC61A012AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seemingly consists of two disjunct geographic areas, namely the southeastern Himalaya to northern Vietnam and northern Laos, and Sumatra, the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and northern Borneo (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2ED503DADD314282701995A793429AC6" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Distribution of Pincerna Preston, 1907 (dark shaded area) and Stomacosmethis Bollinger, 1918 (light shaded area)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468685" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">40</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D0837CEE43552B79ED6425E474A8CB24" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="6EEFF4BC540ED5E93CD2AF80D04130A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A225554C61C5A53FC5032441A3E90B9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The relationship between
<taxonomicName id="E02B7324E1DBFEE61CEAE72E49A20AFB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="0CD84C89CB42C618978B902F08134630" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9BA2CB350409BD87EB6E926F48419777" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9B61FAC3E84095527AEB18C2E30EA1DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="54465BD2619D172C5A38177F798EAD72" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3AB28DFF833EFEF1533F4044E61E9B84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most problematical point of the current revision. The genus
<taxonomicName id="CE83E455F39CA3E5520D40E4546DDD21" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FD4FC041BDA0A26E10CC8134E3DE6DD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Godwin-Austen, 1914 (type species:
<taxonomicName id="FBABE0AA437F0674D2628F146EAE11C3" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cyclostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclostoma constrictum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="constrictum">
<emphasis id="992527BE302EEEE012AC8587788F6882" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclostoma constrictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benson, 1851, OD) was erected as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="53DAF163242A4AC5FC86BFD38F7F86CE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="9321C50BD58A33EE06BA0D70B6BD1118" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray, 1850, and was described on the basis of the ovately conoid shell shape, the regular ribbing on the upper whorls, and the extremely short, often clubbed or pear-shaped sutural tube (Godwin-Austen 1914). Godwin-Austen (1914) only included species from northeastern India and Burma (Rakhin = Arakan, and the Shan States) in this genus. However, the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="F57CA4B802CF364386F52CF814D67293" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48F9EA6A894F290C3E28B6F7E3C09067" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
matches several species extralimital to the distributional range as defined by Godwin-Austen, namely those from northern Vietnam, Borneo,
<normalizedToken id="83583A571B37D091A9A4CA2F55A054E5" originalValue="China’s">China's</normalizedToken>
Guizhou Province, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. The most striking example is the Sumatran
<taxonomicName id="B81CD91AE5476530932B7BAB4A0B6BED" authorityName="Pall-Gergely" authorityYear="2017" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna yanseni" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="yanseni">
<emphasis id="80F4EAE1ABF7E35DE4C8097A339813DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna yanseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the northern Vietnamese
<taxonomicName id="8705E96DD26CCC18BE0FB6C4235DE14D" authorityName="Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg" authorityYear="1912" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus costulosus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="costulosus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="DA5075AB5079704278113B64B3828467" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus costulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which both look so similar to Indian and Burmese species that it was challenging to find any differences between those two and the Indian and Burmese taxa. One of those &quot;extralimital
<emphasis id="906F45438C8A3378F83B0C6F4233701C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
&quot; is
<taxonomicName id="C10EC37005B9EF2B2C3EE753EACA8B6D" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus liratulus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liratulus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="EF0F2D1662D7731190BDE28B629A188E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus liratulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Preston, 1907, known from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, which has been placed in its own subgenus,
<taxonomicName id="FFF2B85B71126EC06198418233EDF78F" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3F3B1CDE418D55F968BF0B491B6B8D92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Preston, 1907. Originally,
<taxonomicName id="84EDF2B3D15E56095AAC876574B5EA06" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="05C8E0240D1554A6E62DDF64D08F6011" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was diagnosed on the basis of a &quot;circular cup&quot; on the outer surface of the operculum. The outer surface of operculum, however, has limited taxonomic value at the generic level in the
<taxonomicName id="5D7A7EDF17FE5BA507097A79ECC038A9" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1864" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">Alycaeidae</taxonomicName>
, especially since the outer rings have evolved in multiple alycaeid genera (
<taxonomicName id="7AE7799259A79EC040592FE90DC8B1A0" authorityName="Kobelt &amp; Moellendorff" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Dicharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicharax" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="61C02C9EC0BB09AC5A92688C6017C054" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8E4DB8CE9292DD53E15F25CD9661A796" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1900" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Metalycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metalycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4D3615052B1DBA98F6359202DCFD32D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metalycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="01971F5BE13B8C34D4A57A12E8E422D8" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DE37005B44729938E574DAB0B8D8BA24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see this study and
<bibRefCitation id="50DBA0DAE91D071867734DC450348F8A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" refId="B162" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1" volume="4331" year="2017">
<normalizedToken id="4BB9472638221F1E185BCFC066C322CD" originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
et al. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, the most similar species to
<taxonomicName id="8A939B31AF55D8A7098200AB3ACC9A91" lsidName="P. liratula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liratula">
<emphasis id="C3CFAFFDC03264C23E59A47FE8BE421E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. liratula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F04ADF323D8CDB2E6AAF299789B62C06" lsidName="P. thieroti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="thieroti">
<emphasis id="2A0BC52E63B51F795EC721FC820B8175" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. thieroti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacks the circular cup on the outer surface of the operculum. Consequently, no important conchological characters distinguish
<taxonomicName id="6E7CF511851F19725456B99041558F47" authorityName="Goodwin-austen" authorityYear="1914" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Cycloryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloryx" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D8A2B4164F8319BC9B10EAD56E2FC728" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cycloryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5FB3DA6580545FFD07A603120BD0FD0B" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BA325FDAA7F1A94289B77AD864C6BDE3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and thus, they have been synonymised (
<bibRefCitation id="E85DCC6346E1D10B3D1E3D05A37C6DB1" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 219" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" refId="B155" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, 2017. A new species of Alycaeidae, Pincerna yanseni n. sp. from Sumatra, with the resurrection of the genus Pincerna Preston, 1907 (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 213 - 219, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" title="A new species of Alycaeidae, Pincerna yanseni n. sp. from Sumatra, with the resurrection of the genus Pincerna Preston, 1907 (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea)." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/65rbz213-219.pdf" volume="65" year="2017">
<normalizedToken id="CE71063B5FD1A5ABEEBD8F910ACD1102" originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). See also under Genus-level diversity (p. 13).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC02C1D8664CECEB1DD6C298F2AFC569" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="63AF13576988ABC14F0CB01D0B6DF887" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0214BCDACB6D09167E012EBD56C4492F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is globular and sparsely ribbed,
<taxonomicName id="8C972DC30FF715975E8DBE80950E505C" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C594E3B6BD64AE69DE22C1FE2C368E9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is triangular and densely ribbed.
<taxonomicName id="1F058C8FEB83620F1C1FF671D2F49F69" baseAuthorityName="Tomlin" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis balingensis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="balingensis">
<emphasis id="60A5186A9EA2E0EFB218688CFEFDCBF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis balingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is globular, but densely ribbed, forming a connection between the two genera, but the radula morphology unambiguously indicates its position within
<taxonomicName id="5A795E159BBFB29F37630C3FAE682D2E" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9784D7DDE9362C59AD9CF3D9D65FCA8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We retain the two genera separate due to the unique radular morphology of all known
<taxonomicName id="F532A3857A0D4C8B9C3BBC6A215B0EC2" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41D5E1ADDCE0AD9FFAAEB73AE60A2753" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Furthermore, there are many species with typical features of both respective genera. See also under
<taxonomicName id="A06811C7489208D6AD45BCADDEE591E6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Alycaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alycaeus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">
<emphasis id="48253E50DAB174BBBDDA2FCAD4FCB3D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alycaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(p. 17).
</paragraph>
<caption id="826D6B0DD9DE97207133E561262F4A99" doi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468685" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 40" startId="F40">
<paragraph id="295FF38B8E7A2321F97AE0E65C5A2A14" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="776C1A3C5AD93B318E3BF3BFB5C1F1EB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 40.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="739B023BB0079067D1D43846A8EBF098" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1907" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Pincerna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pincerna" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0435457C58E4F2FCAB234561A8752DF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pincerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Preston, 1907 (dark shaded area) and
<taxonomicName id="0B20E65DD092AC7E1B1A7D13724CA4FA" authorityName="Bollinger" authorityYear="1918" class="Gastropoda" family="Alycaeidae" genus="Stomacosmethis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomacosmethis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="23DFD6972C5042D74B5465554E968F91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stomacosmethis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bollinger, 1918 (light shaded area).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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