392 lines
50 KiB
XML
392 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="5DEE09451EE7A1E957EE6AC695AD1C9B" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2007.64.10" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12211036" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1718992444411" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Watson, Jeanette E." docDate="2007" docId="8740D513FF90903E6A67D2EC12E41EDB" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.64.103-106.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 64" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-64-2007/pages-103-106/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Candelabrum australe" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="7B79AD6BFF90903C6941D73D113B1A2F" masterDocTitle="Notes on Candelabrum australe (Briggs, 1928) (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1719005192060" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9430310953C0EC02D02A3C0DF3565238">Notes on Candelabrum australe (Briggs, 1928) (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ACCDBFAC1F7A86555CD11D679528051B">Watson, Jeanette E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F908D016073B142567169828AE11B73F">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D6F677817C7C6007E3F6B15D30067742">
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<mods:date id="43346494380BFDF684D9496674E2C077">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="33BBAC332F711214BB1E00823ED20D8D">64</mods:number>
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<treatment id="8740D513FF90903E6A67D2EC12E41EDB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12211268" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12211268" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8740D513FF90903E6A67D2EC12E41EDB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8740D513FF90903E6A67D2EC12E41EDB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<heading id="541ED369FF90903C6A67D2EC15901FC8" bold="true" box="[806,1195,1489,1511]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF90903C6A67D2EC15901FC8" ID-CoL="5WY4S" authority="(Briggs 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[806,1195,1489,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A67D2EC15901FC8" bold="true" box="[806,1195,1489,1511]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A67D2EC152E1FC8" bold="true" box="[806,1045,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Candelabrum australe</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6D60D2EC159F1FC8" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[1057,1188,1489,1511]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="305 - 315" refId="ref2422" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1928. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids No. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum 16: 305 - 315." type="journal article" year="1928">Briggs 1928</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="47F3378EFF90903C6A0DD2C1156C1CB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF90903C6A0DD2C1151E1C4F" blockId="0.[806,1438,1532,1686]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<treatmentCitation id="8E484214FF90903C6A0DD2C115961C3F" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[844,1197,1532,1552]" page="307" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" year="1928">
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<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF90903C6A0DD2C115961C3F" ID-CoL="45983" authority="Briggs, 1928: 307" authorityName="Briggs" authorityPageNumber="307" authorityYear="1928" box="[844,1197,1532,1552]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Myriothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A0DD2C115331C20" box="[844,1032,1532,1551]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Myriothela australis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6D4CD2C115961C3F" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[1037,1197,1532,1552]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="305 - 315" refId="ref2422" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1928. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids No. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum 16: 305 - 315." type="journal article" year="1928">Briggs, 1928: 307</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 32, pl. 33, fig. 3, pl. 34, figs 1–4.—
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<treatmentCitation id="8E484214FF90903C6AC7D12A151C1C05" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[902,1063,1559,1578]" page="244" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" year="1929">
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6AC7D12A151C1C05" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[902,1063,1559,1578]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="244 - 264" refId="ref2458" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1929. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids. No. II. Development of the gonophores and formation of the egg in Myriothela australis, Briggs. Records of the Australian Museum 17: 244 - 264." type="journal article" year="1929">Briggs 1929: 244</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 1–4, pls 42–44.—Briggs, 1939: 10.–
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<treatmentCitation id="8E484214FF90903C6A67D10E12ED1C6A" author="Manton, S." box="[806,982,1586,1606]" page="280" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6A67D10E12ED1C6A" author="Manton, S." box="[806,982,1586,1606]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton, 1940: 280</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A9FD10E152F1C6A" box="[990,1044,1587,1605]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">et seq</emphasis>
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||
. fig. 8a.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8E484214FF90903C6D35D10F12721C4F" author="Dakin, W. J. & Bennett, I. & Pope, E." page="208" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" year="1948">
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6D35D10F12721C4F" author="Dakin, W. J. & Bennett, I. & Pope, E." pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="176 - 230" refId="ref2502" refString="Dakin, W. J., Bennett, I., and Pope, E. 1948. A study of certain aspects of the ecology of the intertidal zone of the New South Wales coast. Australian Journal of Science 1: 176 - 230." type="journal article" year="1948">Dakin, Bennett and Pope, 1948: 208</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.–Ralph, 1866: 158, 162.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF90903C6A0DD155156C1CB9" blockId="0.[806,1438,1532,1686]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2FF9432BFF90903C6A0DD155156C1CB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF90903C6A0DD15515241C54" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[844,1055,1640,1659]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelebrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A0DD15515241C54" box="[844,1055,1640,1659]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Candelebrum australe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—Segonzac and Vervoort, 1995: 35.—
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<treatmentCitation id="8E484214FF90903C6A67D1BE15681CB9" author="Hewitt C. L. & Goddard, J. H. R." box="[806,1107,1667,1686]" page="2280" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6A67D1BE15681CB9" author="Hewitt C. L. & Goddard, J. H. R." box="[806,1107,1667,1686]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="2280 - 2288" refId="ref2550" refString="Hewitt C. L., and Goddard, J. H. R. 2001. A new species of large and highly contractile hydroid in the genus Candelabrum (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae) from southern Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 2280 - 2288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hewitt and Goddard, 2001: 2280</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="47F3378EFF90903E6A67D19212E41EDB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF90903C6A67D19215B01D33" blockId="0.[806,1437,1710,1910]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF90903C6A67D192129C1CEB" box="[806,935,1711,1732]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Description.</emphasis>
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Living material (supplementing
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF90903C6C4FD19314B71CEC" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[1294,1420,1710,1732]" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="305 - 315" refId="ref2422" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1928. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids No. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum 16: 305 - 315." type="journal article" year="1928">Briggs 1928</bibRefCitation>
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). Contracted hydroid cap-like in appearance, the gonophorebearing blastostyle region forming a decorative circular basal rim and the body a tapering crown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF90903D6A0DD01913351CF5" blockId="0.[806,1437,1710,1910]" lastBlockId="1.[149,781,1673,1903]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Hydrorhiza comprising numerous short stolons covered by perisarc radiating from below the base of the hydranth but obscured by the living animal; stolons terminating in small circular disks firmly attached to the algal thallus; hydrorhiza entirely covered by a thin greyish layer of mucus. Body not extending into the blastostyle region.</paragraph>
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<caption id="5B96348DFF91903D69D2D7D813791AD7" box="[147,578,229,248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" startId="1.[147,196,229,248]" targetType="table">
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69D2D7D813791AD7" blockId="1.[147,578,229,248]" box="[147,578,229,248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
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||
Table 1. Nematocysts of
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<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF91903D6833D7D813791AD7" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[370,578,229,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">Candelabrum australe</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69DAD61C146D1932" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
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<table id="7DE996A5FF916FC369DAD61D14A31931" box="[155,1432,288,798]" gridcols="7" gridrows="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
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<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD61D14A31B62" box="[155,1432,288,333]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
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<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD61D10801B62" box="[155,443,288,333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Nematocyst</th>
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<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD61D13581B62" box="[476,611,288,333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Capsule</th>
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<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D61D123C1B62" box="[642,775,288,333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Dimensions</th>
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||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D61D153B1B62" box="[808,1024,288,333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Shaft</th>
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<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D61D15971B62" box="[1049,1196,288,333]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Tube/thread</th>
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||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD61D14281B62" box="[1230,1299,288,333]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Body tentacle</th>
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||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D61D14A31B62" box="[1333,1432,288,333]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Blastostyle tentacle</th>
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||
</tr>
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<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD65F14A31BA0" box="[155,1432,354,399]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD65F10801BA0" box="[155,443,354,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Desmoneme (fig. 3A)</th>
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||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD65F13581BA0" box="[476,611,354,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Elongate ovoid</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D65F123C1BA0" box="[642,775,354,399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">18–20 x 12–15</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D65F153B1BA0" box="[808,1024,354,399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">-</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D65F15971BA0" box="[1049,1196,354,399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Long, strongly coiled1</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD65F14281BA0" box="[1230,1299,354,399]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">****</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D65F14A31BA0" box="[1333,1432,354,399]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD69E14A31BF1" box="[155,1432,419,478]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD69E10801BF1" box="[155,443,419,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Desmoneme (fig. 3B) Stenotele (fig. 3C)</th>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD69E13581BF1" box="[476,611,419,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Elongate ovoid Ovoid</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D69E123C1BF1" box="[642,775,419,478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">10–12 x 7–9 21 x 13</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D69E153B1BF1" box="[808,1024,419,478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">- Undischarged</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D69E15971BF1" box="[1049,1196,419,478]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Coiled -</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD69E14281BF1" box="[1230,1299,419,478]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">*** *</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D69E14A31BF1" box="[1333,1432,419,478]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">* Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD52114A31851" box="[155,1432,540,638]" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD52110801851" box="[155,443,540,638]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Stenotele (fig. 3D) Stenotele (fig. 3E) Stenotele (fig. 3F)</th>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD52113581851" box="[476,611,540,638]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Ovoid Round Ovoid</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D521123C1851" box="[642,775,540,638]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">15 x 13 15 x 11 12 x 10</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D521153B1851" box="[808,1024,540,638]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Length 12
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D6AC9D52112AE1801" box="[904,917,540,558]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">μ</emphasis>
|
||
m Thick, length 10
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D6AFED57912F71879" box="[959,972,580,598]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">μ</emphasis>
|
||
m Undischarged
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D52115971851" box="[1049,1196,540,638]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">- - -</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD52114281851" box="[1230,1299,540,638]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">**** *** **</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D52114A31851" box="[1333,1432,540,638]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Absent * **</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD58614A318D9" box="[155,1432,699,758]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD586108018D9" box="[155,443,699,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Merotrichous isorhiza (fig. 3G) Merotrichous Isorhiza? (fig. 3H)</th>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD586135818D9" box="[476,611,699,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Ovoid Paddle-shape</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D586123C18D9" box="[642,775,699,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">19–22 x 14–16 8–9 x 5–6</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D586153B18D9" box="[808,1024,699,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">- Undischarged</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D586159718D9" box="[1049,1196,699,758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Long, spinous2 -</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD586142818D9" box="[1230,1299,699,758]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">** **</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D58614A318D9" box="[1333,1432,699,758]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">**** *</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B1D96647FF916FC369DAD43714A31931" box="[155,1432,778,798]" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="F2080F3BFF916FC369DAD43710801931" box="[155,443,778,798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Mesotele (fig. 3I)</th>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC3689DD43713581931" box="[476,611,778,798]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Leaf-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36BC3D437123C1931" box="[642,775,778,798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">18–21 x 7–9</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36A69D437153B1931" box="[808,1024,778,798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Length 18
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D6AC9D43612AE1932" box="[904,917,779,797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">μ</emphasis>
|
||
m, spinous3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D58D43715971931" box="[1049,1196,778,798]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Moderately long</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36D8FD43714281931" box="[1230,1299,778,798]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">**</td>
|
||
<td id="F2080F3BFF916FC36C74D43714A31931" box="[1333,1432,778,798]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">***</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="F20F658BFF91903D69D2D40B15891E0E" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" targetBox="[155,1432,288,798]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69D2D40B123E1965" blockId="1.[147,1448,822,1057]" box="[147,773,822,842]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Order of abundance of nematocysts: **** (very abundant) to * (rare).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69F8D46C109819C9" blockId="1.[147,1448,822,1057]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D69F8D46C11CF194C" box="[185,244,849,867]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
a. The shafts of the largest desmonemes are long and thick, with spines lining the proximal inner 3rd of the coil. b. Nematocysts identified here as merotrichous isorhizas may belong to 3 distinct size-classes or to 1 class with a capsule very variable in size. Those on the blastostyle tentacles are somewhat larger, extremely abundant and densely packed along the surface of the tentacle; when disturbed, an immensely long thread (tubule) much longer than those of the body tentacles is ejected. The thread is smooth proximally followed by a finely spinous section c. 30
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D6989D48711EE19E3" box="[200,213,954,972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">μ</emphasis>
|
||
m long, then a very long smooth distal thread. c. The shafts of the mesoteles are long and spindle-shaped with a moderately swollen spinous head and long thread.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69F8D4CC15891E0E" blockId="1.[147,1448,822,1057]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">The living hydroid is dark orange in colour showing paler longitudinal bands when the body is extended; mature female gonophores paler yellow; apices of the blastostyle tentacles and the apical cap of mature gonophores with a dark brown granular band.</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<caption id="5B96348DFF91903D69D5D2AD14151C6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12211038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12211038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12211038/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" startId="1.[148,206,1424,1443]" targetBox="[147,926,1128,1430]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69D5D2AD14151C6F" blockId="1.[148,1449,1424,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Figure1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF91903D69A2D2AD10921F8C" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[227,425,1424,1443]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D69A2D2AD10921F8C" box="[227,425,1424,1443]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Candelabrum australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.Laboratory photograph of partially extended hydranth Figure 2 A, female blastostyle with clusters on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF91903D69F6D2F910681FF8" box="[183,339,1476,1495]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D69F6D2F910681FF8" box="[183,339,1476,1495]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">Ecklonia radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thallus. A, capitate of tentacles and young and mature Figure 3 A, large desmoneme from body body tentacles; B, blastostyle tentacles; C, gonophores containing larvae. B, actinula tentacles. B, small desmoneme. C–F, mature gonophore. Scale bar: 2 cm. larva several hours after liberation. Scale stenoteles.G,large merotrichous isorhiza. bar: A, 2 mm; B, 0.5 mm. H, small?merotrichous isorhiza. I, mesotele. Scale bar: 30
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF91903D6C46D116142E1C6F" box="[1287,1301,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">μ</emphasis>
|
||
m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903D69FAD1DF154E1C93" blockId="1.[149,781,1673,1903]" lastBlockId="1.[818,1449,1673,1903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Body tentacles capitate, globular, numbering about 1500 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF91903D69DDD03D10241D3A" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[156,287,1792,1814]" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" pagination="305 - 315" refId="ref2422" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1928. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids No. I. Two new species of the genus Myriothela. Records of the Australian Museum 16: 305 - 315." type="journal article" year="1928">Briggs 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), crowded together on the contracted hydranth but separated when body expanded; tentacles borne on stout transparent peduncles and richly armed with nematocysts. Blastostyles crowded on lower body, bearing clusters of 6–10 apically flattened tentacles on stout peduncles; tentacles armed with 100s of large nematocysts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF91903E6A16D1F911C01B7D" blockId="1.[818,1449,1673,1903]" lastBlockId="2.[138,769,229,485]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="1" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Hydranth bisexual, gonophores fixed sporosacs, male and female gonophores borne separately on stout branched blastostyles among clusters of tentacles; blastostyles comprising numerous developing and mature gonophores; mature gonophores of both sexes spherical, c.
|
||
<quantity id="C811C9E0FF91903D6DFCD00615C31D7E" box="[1213,1272,1851,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter with a flattened circular apical cap. Several larvae visible inside mature female gonophores. Actinula larvae were liberated after 36 hours in the laboratory; larvae flattened, typically lobate but variable in shape, capable of slow, barely perceptible movement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69F1D66711CF1BCB" blockId="2.[138,769,229,485]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
At least 9 size-classes of nematocysts in 4 morphological categories in the cnidome of the hydranth, all size-classes occurring in the body tentacles and 6 size-classes in the blastostyle tentacles. Data on the nematocysts are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="426B51BEFF92903E69E4D6F211D41BCB" box="[165,239,463,485]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[147,196,229,248]" captionText="Table 1. Nematocysts of Candelabrum australe" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69CBD6C11369192F" blockId="2.[138,769,508,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E69CBD6C111D0183E" box="[138,235,508,529]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The common brown kelp
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E68B4D6C11398183E" box="[501,675,508,529]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E68B4D6C11398183E" box="[501,675,508,529]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in depths of
|
||
<quantity id="C811C9E0FF92903E69BAD52710751800" box="[251,334,538,559]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="1.0">1–20 m</quantity>
|
||
in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="77FE2495FF92903E68A1D5271305181F" box="[480,574,538,560]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and is likely the seaweed upon which Briggs found his
|
||
<collectingRegion id="CD2DAAE7FF92903E6B7CD505123A1861" box="[573,769,568,590]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E686AD56813251845" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[299,542,597,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E686AD56813251845" box="[299,542,597,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="77FE2495FF92903E6B2FD56B123B1844" box="[622,768,597,619]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
material provided no information about substrate but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6BABD54911ED1889" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6BABD54911ED1889" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">E. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a common coastal kelp near Christchurch in the South Island. Although the few southern Australian records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E69CBD5F011C418CD" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[138,255,717,738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E69CBD5F011C418CD" box="[138,255,717,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest it is a rare species, it is probably widely distributed in the abundant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E68E2D5D710C418D0" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[419,511,746,767]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E68E2D5D710C418D0" box="[419,511,746,767]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69F1D435102E19FE" blockId="2.[138,769,508,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
The smooth, long-lived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E68E3D43510C51932" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[418,510,776,797]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E68E3D43510C51932" box="[418,510,776,797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thallus would provide an excellent substrate for attachment of a large hydroid lacking a firm hydrocaulus. The hydrorhiza is strongly adherent to the alga by radiating disk-like stolonal plugs. At the site of attachment to the algal thallus there is a distinct light-coloured aureole indicating reaction of the hydrorhizal mucus sheath with the alga.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69F1D4E411D71EF2" blockId="2.[138,769,508,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
The tapering body of the hydranth is remarkably extensile and prehensile, extending rapidly from
|
||
<quantity id="C811C9E0FF92903E6B54D4CB13581E23" box="[533,611,1014,1036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" unit="cm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
, sweeping back and forth over the algal substrate somewhat reminiscent of an elephant’s trunk. It is highly sensitive to stimulus, contracting rapidly when touched. Authors’ descriptions of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E69CBD35310231EAC" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1830" box="[138,280,1134,1155]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E69CBD35310231EAC" box="[138,280,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
report a small circular mouth but this is probably an artifact of preservation. In contrast, the mouth of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E69CBD397103B1E91" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[138,256,1193,1215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E69CBD397103B1E91" box="[138,256,1193,1215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely open when actively exploring the substrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69F1D3D810411C4F" blockId="2.[138,769,508,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E69F1D3D8100C1ED5" author="Briggs, E. A." box="[176,311,1253,1275]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="244 - 264" refId="ref2458" refString="Briggs, E. A. 1929. Studies in Australian athecate hydroids. No. II. Development of the gonophores and formation of the egg in Myriothela australis, Briggs. Records of the Australian Museum 17: 244 - 264." type="journal article" year="1929">Briggs (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a detailed description of the development of the gonophores and formation of the egg of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6B26D23E13E11F37" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[615,730,1283,1304]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6B26D23E13E11F37" box="[615,730,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but as his specimens were almost dead, he could not provide information on larval development. Schuchert (1996) observed a juvenile specimen of an undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6B33D261123B1F5E" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1830" box="[626,768,1372,1393]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6B33D261123B1F5E" box="[626,768,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="77FE2495FF92903E6986D24710631FBF" box="[199,344,1402,1424]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The specimen moved about slowly for several weeks in the laboratory before adhering to a suitable surface. In the present laboratory study, following liberation, several flesh-pink larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E68EDD2EE131B1FC7" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[428,544,1491,1512]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E68EDD2EE131B1FC7" box="[428,544,1491,1512]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moved sluggishly for several hours on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6820D2CC10861C29" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[353,445,1521,1542]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6820D2CC10861C29" box="[353,445,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
substrate before attaching by a plug of mucus. Rapid adherence of the larva to the algal substrate would be a vital adaptation in strong water movement of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E698AD177101C1C70" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[203,295,1610,1631]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E698AD177101C1C70" box="[203,295,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E69F1D15512E91BA2" blockId="2.[138,769,508,1898]" lastBlockId="2.[806,1438,229,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Several morphological categories of nematocysts comprising the cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E68E4D1B813081CB5" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1830" box="[421,563,1669,1690]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E68E4D1B813081CB5" box="[421,563,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been noted by authors:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E69A9D19E109A1C96" author="Jaderholm, M. E." box="[232,417,1699,1721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref2601" refString="Jaderholm, M. E. 1905. Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarkischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar Expedition 1901 - 1903 5: 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1905">Jaderholm (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E68F0D19E136B1C97" author="Manton, S." box="[433,592,1699,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6B21D19E13C71C96" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[608,764,1699,1721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref2666" refString="Millard, N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Segonzac and Vervoort (1995),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6898D1FD13C61CFA" author="Hewitt C. L. & Goddard, J. H. R." box="[473,765,1728,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="2280 - 2288" refId="ref2550" refString="Hewitt C. L., and Goddard, J. H. R. 2001. A new species of large and highly contractile hydroid in the genus Candelabrum (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae) from southern Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 2280 - 2288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hewitt and Goddard (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E69CBD1E3101A1CDC" author="Manton, S." box="[138,289,1758,1779]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides a broad classification and illustration of the cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6822D1C613C11D3E" authority="(Manton, 1940)" baseAuthorityName="Manton" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[355,762,1787,1809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="penola">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6822D1C613671D3E" box="[355,604,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum penola (</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6B1CD1C113CF1D3E" author="Manton, S." box="[605,756,1788,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E69CBD02413091D01" authority="(Manton, 1940)" baseAuthorityName="Manton" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[138,562,1817,1839]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E69CBD02410441D00" box="[138,383,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E68D2D02413111D01" author="Manton, S." box="[403,554,1817,1838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6B33D02410481D63" authority="(Vigurs, 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Vigurs" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cocksii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6B33D02411E91D64" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Candelabrum cocksii</emphasis>
|
||
(Vigurs, 1849)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including heteronemes (= mesoteles), stenoteles, desmonemes and haplonemes (= meretrichous isorhizas).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6AD7D7D815101AD4" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[918,1067,229,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref2666" refString="Millard, N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figures the nematocysts comprising the cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6A83D63E15031B37" baseAuthorityName="Manton" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[962,1080,259,280]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6A83D63E15031B37" box="[962,1080,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6D29D63E14A71B37" authority="(Millard, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Millard" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1128,1436,258,280]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6D29D63E15C11B38" box="[1128,1274,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Millard, 1966)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6A11D62215581B1A" author="Hewitt C. L. & Goddard, J. H. R." box="[848,1123,287,309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="2280 - 2288" refId="ref2550" refString="Hewitt C. L., and Goddard, J. H. R. 2001. A new species of large and highly contractile hydroid in the genus Candelabrum (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae) from southern Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 2280 - 2288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hewitt and Goddard (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tabulate the cnidome of known species of the genus. The cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6DF6D60014161B7E" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1207,1325,316,338]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6DF6D60014161B7E" box="[1207,1325,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises the same morphological categories of nematocysts as reported by these authors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E6A0DD6A9150A1877" blockId="2.[806,1438,229,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="BF816E58FF92903E6A0DD6A915171877" country="New Zealand" latitude="-44.0" location="Tasman" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasman">
|
||
Examination of the gross morphological features of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="77FE2495FF92903E6A67D68C12891BE8" box="[806,946,433,455]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
material confirmed its identity as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6C63D68C14AC1BE9" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1314,1431,433,454]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6C63D68C14AC1BE9" box="[1314,1431,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus extending the range of the species from 34–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6ADD02C2FF92903E6C7DD6F314561BCC" box="[1340,1389,462,483]" degrees="44" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" precision="55555" value="-44.0">44°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and across the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="CD2DAAE7FF92903E6ADFD6D612D6182F" box="[926,1005,491,512]" country="New Zealand" name="Tasman" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Tasman</collectingRegion>
|
||
Sea. As none of the nematocysts were discharged in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="77FE2495FF92903E6A9CD535155D1831" box="[989,1126,520,542]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
material and the cnidome had deteriorated in preservation, no detailed examination of the nematocysts was possible
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E6A0DD56215B6190C" blockId="2.[806,1438,229,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
The arrangement of the body desmoneme tentacles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6A67D54012A118BE" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[806,922,636,658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6A67D54012A118BE" box="[806,922,636,658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is such that they would provide little assistance in capturing and passing prey to the mouth; their function is clearly that of defence. Laboratory observations indicated that the large active mouth of the hydranth is capable of engulfing prey, suggesting the species could possibly be regarded as a grazer rather than a static predator.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E6A0DD4161298199A" blockId="2.[806,1438,229,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">In contrast to the body tentacles, the cnidome of the blastostyles is overwhelmingly dominated by meretrichous isorhizas aggressively armed with extraordinarily long barbed threads capable of entangling large predators of the gonophores.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F566405FF92903E6A0DD48112E41EDB" blockId="2.[806,1438,229,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B7819F4FF92903E6A0DD48112DE19FE" author="Manton, S." box="[844,997,956,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" pagination="255 - 293" refId="ref2637" refString="Manton, S. 1940. On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition 1: 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
postulated that the hydranth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6C76D48114A619FE" baseAuthorityName="Manton" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1335,1437,956,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="penola">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6C76D48114A619FE" box="[1335,1437,956,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. penola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be long-lived, taking some years to reach maturity. Longevity would be advantageous for a large and active hydranth, allowing time for investment of energy in growth, feeding and reproduction. Such longevity requires a firm, equally long-lived substrate such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6DE6D370143F1E4D" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[1191,1284,1101,1122]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6DE6D370143F1E4D" box="[1191,1284,1101,1122]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for settlement and growth. While the life-span of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6D89D356147F1E50" baseAuthorityName="Briggs" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1224,1348,1130,1152]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6D89D356147F1E50" box="[1224,1348,1130,1152]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">C. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still unknown, it spans several years, as the same 2 individuals were regularly observed over a period of at least 3 years on an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E91F86FF92903E6A67D3FC12B81EF9" authorityName="Hornemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[806,899,1217,1238]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Lessoniaceae" genus="Ecklonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="105" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3D9DB817FF92903E6A67D3FC12B81EF9" box="[806,899,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="105">Ecklonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant in a shallow tide pool at Port Phillip Heads (R. Burn, pers. com.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |