418 lines
49 KiB
XML
418 lines
49 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="66DB98E5A47E14556D6653E355280F29">
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<mods:title id="CAC098D716DBA8ACA6AF96B9B8EA250E">The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C8DB76CECEB7221A5018F59FB61E4028">Turner, Thomas L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5FC6E71AB124F87ECDAC537C4278D7AB">Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="23E1D1F87982945A313A0A9B3F0A90E6">Lonhart, Steve I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A39FC6577045D218825E9EB80313AD66">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Santa Cruz, California, USA. steve. lonhart @ noaa. gov; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5559 - 792 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AE16D1756514114BF673C428A0407C24" type="email">steve.lonhart@noaa.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A66FA9B77493CA8E4B858040421054BC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0FF642BAA526A9588483B2C3415163BA">2023</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="09E54D114265FFCFFF1DF8A2FEAFFA0D" ID-CoL="51296b5c-e636-44a2-91f4-96f299487458" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,382,1870,1897]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804265FFCFFF1DF8A2FEAFFA0D" bold="true" box="[151,382,1870,1897]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Halichondria loma</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="56DE2A174265FFCFFF1DF89EFEC1FAE9" box="[151,272,1906,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,853,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-323@28.[151,1436,849,1833]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Maximum likelihood phylogenies for the Halichondriidae. A: 28S locus, B: cox1 locus. Genbank accession numbers are shown; bold indicates new sequences. Node confidence is based on bootstrapping. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162413/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Figures 18</figureCitation>
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,
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|
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<quantity id="091D9B774262FFC8FB95FF57FB54FDB1" box="[1055,1157,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="45C8D1A14262FFC8FB95FF57FB54FDB1" box="[1055,1157,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="10.0">10–22 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 8/10/21;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4262FFC8FB72FF57FCAFFD9D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966331" collectionCode="CASIZ, IZC, SBMNH" elevation="21" latitude="32.69438" location="North Monastery Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.2686" municipality="Carmel" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" specimenCode="CASIZ236654, IZC00048445, IZC00048444, SBMNH700908, SBMNH700913, IZC00048442, IZC00048443, SBMNH700925, SBMNH700914" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9E439EE94262FFC8FB72FF57FA48FDB1" box="[1272,1433,187,213]" collectionCode="IZC" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">IZC00048442</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FF1DFF33FE42FD9D" box="[151,403,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Inner Carmel Pinnacle</collectorName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FE2FFF32FDC2FD9D" box="[421,531,222,249]" degrees="36.55910" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="36.5591">36.55910</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FD96FF33FD70FD9D" box="[540,673,223,249]" degrees="121.96630" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="-121.9663">-121.96630</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="091D9B774262FFC8FD38FF33FCC7FD9D" box="[690,790,223,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="45C8D1A14262FFC8FD38FF33FCC7FD9D" box="[690,790,223,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10–18 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 8/10/21;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4262FFC8FC0EFF33FD5BFC79" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966326" collectionCode="CASIZ, IZC, SBMNH" elevation="21" latitude="32.69438" location="North Monastery Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.2686" municipality="Carmel" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" specimenCode="CASIZ236654, IZC00048445, IZC00048444, SBMNH700908, SBMNH700913, IZC00048442, IZC00048443, SBMNH700925, SBMNH700914" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9E439EE94262FFC8FC0EFF33FBF2FD9D" box="[900,1059,223,249]" collectionCode="IZC" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">IZC00048443</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FBA7FF33FBA7FD9D" box="[1069,1142,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Wreck</collectorName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FB4BFF33FAC7FD9D" box="[1217,1302,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Ruby E</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FAABFF33FA49FD9D" box="[1313,1432,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">San Diego</collectorName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FF15FEEFFEDCFC79" box="[159,269,259,285]" degrees="32.76680" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="32.7668">32.76680</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FE91FEEFFE4FFC79" box="[283,414,259,285]" degrees="117.27620" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="-117.2762">-117.27620</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="091D9B774262FFC8FE3FFEEEFDCCFC79" box="[437,541,258,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">
|
||
<elevation id="45C8D1A14262FFC8FE3FFEEEFDCCFC79" box="[437,541,258,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">18–25 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 5/16/21;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4262FFC8FD1EFEEFFE89FC25" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966309" collectionCode="CASIZ, IZC, SBMNH" elevation="21" latitude="32.69438" location="North Monastery Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.2686" municipality="Carmel" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" specimenCode="CASIZ236654, IZC00048445, IZC00048444, SBMNH700908, SBMNH700913, IZC00048442, IZC00048443, SBMNH700925, SBMNH700914" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9E439EE94262FFC8FD1EFEEFFC9EFC79" box="[660,847,258,285]" collectionCode="SBMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="Museum">SBMNH700925</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FCD7FEEFFC21FC79" box="[861,1008,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Six Fathoms</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FC75FEEFFBABFC79" box="[1023,1146,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">San Diego</collectorName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FB1BFEEFFB2EFC79" box="[1169,1279,259,285]" degrees="32.71000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="32.71">32.71000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FA87FEEFFA41FC79" box="[1293,1424,259,285]" degrees="117.26860" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="-117.2686">-117.26860</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="091D9B774262FFC8FF1DFECBFF3FFC25" box="[151,238,295,321]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="9.0">
|
||
<elevation id="45C8D1A14262FFC8FF1DFECBFF3FFC25" box="[151,238,295,321]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="9.0">9–18 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 5/15/21;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4262FFC8FED4FECBFB20FC25" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966314" box="[350,1265,294,321]" collectionCode="CASIZ, IZC, SBMNH" elevation="21" latitude="32.69438" location="North Monastery Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.2686" municipality="Carmel" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" specimenCode="CASIZ236654, IZC00048445, IZC00048444, SBMNH700908, SBMNH700913, IZC00048442, IZC00048443, SBMNH700925, SBMNH700914" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9E439EE94262FFC8FED4FECBFDC8FC25" box="[350,537,295,321]" collectionCode="SBMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="Museum">SBMNH700914</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FDAEFECBFD5DFC25" box="[548,652,295,321]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Goalpost</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="631053444262FFC8FD1DFECBFCDEFC25" box="[663,783,295,321]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">San Diego</collectorName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FCA8FECBFC5EFC25" box="[802,911,295,321]" degrees="32.69438" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="32.69438">32.69438</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554262FFC8FC11FECBFBCFFC25" box="[923,1054,295,321]" degrees="117.26860" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="1" value="-117.2686">-117.26860</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="091D9B774262FFC8FBBBFECAFB47FC25" box="[1073,1174,294,321]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">
|
||
<elevation id="45C8D1A14262FFC8FBBBFECAFB47FC25" box="[1073,1174,294,321]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 2/8/20.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86FF65194262FFC8FF4DFEA7FCD6FE5D" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924262FFC8FF4DFEA7FB68FC01" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,825]" box="[199,1209,331,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FF4DFEA7FE9FFC01" bold="true" box="[199,334,331,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Name inspired by Point Loma, the location where the first sample was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924262FFC8FF4DFE83FCEEFC91" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FF4DFE83FEB0FCED" bold="true" box="[199,353,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Encrusting, bright yellow in life, white when preserved. Oscules prominent, flush with surface or atop low chimneys. Surface patterned with partially transparent mesh-like ectosomal network of fibers and vein-like sub-surface channels. Morphology is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114262FFC8FD6BFE5BFC8DFCB4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[737,860,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FD6BFE5BFC8DFCB4" box="[737,860,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">H. panicea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114262FFC8FC1AFE5BFBE7FCB5" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[912,1078,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FC1AFE5BFBE7FCB5" box="[912,1078,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">H. bowerbanki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in contrast to these species, no individuals were found to form tendrils or occur in green.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924262FFC8FF4DFE12FAF3FF05" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FF4DFE12FEE4FF7C" bold="true" box="[199,309,510,536]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Choanosome is a chaotic mass of oxeas in confusion, accompanied by paucispicular tracts; no apparent spongin. Ectosomal skeleton of tangential oxeas; in some regions of the sponge, these form a lattice of meandering, paucispicular tracts; in other regions the oxeas form a mat patterned only by circular gaps around pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924262FFC8FF4DFD86FCD6FE5D" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FF4DFD86FEE1FFE0" bold="true" box="[199,304,618,644]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
Oxeas of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114262FFC8FE7AFD87FD56FFE1" box="[496,647,619,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FE7AFD87FD56FFE1" box="[496,647,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Halichondria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form, thickest in the center, gradually tapering to hastate tips.
|
||
<typeStatus id="115E88304262FFC8FABEFD87FA4DFFE1" box="[1332,1436,619,645]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
411–544–650 x 9–12–15 μm (n=40). Other samples average from 462 to 527 μm. All samples pooled: 298–509–650 x 5–11–16 μm (n=386). Only one size class of spicules present (length and width distributions are unimodal), but if spicule preparations are done for ectosome and choanosome separately, spicules are significantly shorter in ectosome (sample IZC00048442: ectosome 409–516–611 x 5–11–15 μm (n=49), choanosome 407–548–644 x 5–10–14 μm (n=50), Wilcoxon rank-sum test p=0.004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="9A9A661A4262FFC8FF1DF8ACFF39FAC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162413" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162413/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" startId="28.[151,250,1856,1880]" targetBox="[151,1433,853,1829]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924262FFC8FF1DF8ACFF39FAC4" blockId="28.[151,1436,1856,1952]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FF1DF8ACFECCFA3C" bold="true" box="[151,285,1856,1880]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">FIGURE 18</emphasis>
|
||
. Maximum likelihood phylogenies for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114262FFC8FD62F8ACFC5EFA3C" box="[744,911,1856,1880]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Halichondriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A:
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FC37F8ACFC35FA3C" box="[957,996,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">28S</emphasis>
|
||
locus, B:
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804262FFC8FBDCF8ACFB54FA3C" box="[1110,1157,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
locus. Genbank accession numbers are shown; bold indicates new sequences. Node confidence is based on bootstrapping. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9A9A661A4263FFC9FF1DFB6BFD27F9A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162415" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162415/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" startId="29.[151,250,1159,1183]" targetBox="[158,1430,181,1135]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924263FFC9FF1DFB6BFD27F9A7" blockId="29.[151,1436,1159,1219]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FF1DFB6BFEC8F9FB" bold="true" box="[151,281,1159,1183]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">FIGURE 19</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FEAFFB6BFE3CF9FB" box="[293,493,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FEAFFB6BFE38F9FB" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[293,489,1159,1183]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma">Halichondria loma</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Field photos of holotype (A) and SBMNH700925 (B). C: oxea from IZC00048442. D: crosssection and E: surface skeleton, both from SBMNH700914.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86FF65194263FFC9FF4DFB00FD9BFB2E" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924263FFC9FF4DFB00FE3CF8F2" blockId="29.[151,1437,1260,2042]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FF4DFB00FE21F862" bold="true" box="[199,496,1260,1286]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is uncommon but widespread on subtidal, natural reefs in Southern and Central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F8704263FFC9FF78FAFCFEB6F84E" box="[242,359,1296,1322]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It was found at 40% of the natural reefs investigated around the Monterey Peninsula, 40% of the natural reefs investigated around San Diego County in extreme Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F8704263FFC9FC74FAD8FBA3F82A" box="[1022,1138,1332,1358]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but not found at any sites between. It was also found on the wreck of the Ruby E, an artificial reef in the San Diego area. It was not common at any site where it was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924263FFC9FF4DFA4CFD9BFB2E" blockId="29.[151,1437,1260,2042]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FF4DFA4CFD62F8DE" box="[199,691,1440,1467]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FF4DFA4CFE8FF8DE" box="[199,350,1440,1466]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halichondria</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FEF0FA4DFE2AF8DE" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[378,507,1441,1466]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">H. panicea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FD80FA4DFD62F8DE" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[522,691,1440,1466]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">H. bowerbanki</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and/or undescribed species—are abundant in marinas and bays in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F8704263FFC9FF3FFA28FEF8F8BA" box="[181,297,1476,1502]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FEE8FA29FE6FF8BA" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[354,446,1476,1502]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FEE8FA29FE6FF8BA" box="[354,446,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. loma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FE4CFA28FDF0F8BA" bold="true" box="[454,545,1476,1502]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB4263FFC9FE4CFA28FDF0F8BA" box="[454,545,1476,1502]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was not found at any of the 23 marinas investigated by the authors. There are also many intertidal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FE0BFA04FDC9FB66" box="[385,536,1512,1538]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FE0BFA04FDC9FB66" box="[385,536,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Halichondria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Northern and Central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F8704263FFC9FCB2FA04FC7DFB66" box="[824,940,1512,1538]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FC6FFA05FB90FB66" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[997,1089,1512,1538]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FC6FFA05FB90FB66" box="[997,1089,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. loma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FBC0FA04FB74FB66" bold="true" box="[1098,1189,1512,1538]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB4263FFC9FBC0FA04FB74FB66" box="[1098,1189,1512,1538]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was not found at any intertidal sites investigated.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FE58F9E0FD76FB42" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[466,679,1548,1574]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FE58F9E0FD76FB42" box="[466,679,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Halichondria loma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FD25F9E0FCD9FB42" bold="true" box="[687,776,1548,1574]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB4263FFC9FD25F9E0FCD9FB42" box="[687,776,1548,1574]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
therefore seems to be limited to the subtidal, and occurs at low density, primarily on natural reefs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86FF65194263FFCAFF4DF9B8FC0BFD9D" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924263FFC9FF4DF9B8FAF7FA0E" blockId="29.[151,1437,1260,2042]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FF4DF9B8FEEAFB0A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1620,1646]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FE78F9B8FD58FB0A" box="[498,649,1620,1646]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FE78F9B8FD58FB0A" box="[498,649,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Halichondria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known in California:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FC26F9B9FBF9FB0A" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[940,1064,1621,1646]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FC26F9B9FBF9FB0A" box="[940,1064,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. panicea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FBD5F9B9FAD4FB0A" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[1119,1285,1620,1646]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FBD5F9B9FAD4FB0A" box="[1119,1285,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. bowerbanki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the new species is quite similar to both. Previous descriptions of these species in California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA744B634263FFC9FBCCF994FAF6FBF6" author="de Laubenfels, M. W." box="[1094,1319,1656,1682]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref25222" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2927.1" type="journal article" year="1932">de Laubenfels 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA744B634263FFC9FAB9F995FF00FBD2" author="Lee, W. & Elvin, D. & Reiswig, H." pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref25268" refString="Lee, W., Elvin, D. & Reiswig, H. (2007) The sponges of California: A guide and key to the marine sponges of California. Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation, Monterey, California, 395 pp." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Lee
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FAEEF995FA4CFBF6" box="[1380,1437,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) describe oxeas up to a maximum of 420 μm in length, while the new species is longer: the
|
||
<typeStatus id="115E88304263FFC9FB58F970FAE5FBD2" box="[1234,1332,1692,1718]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
averages 544 μm, with a maximum of 650 μm. This is a subtle difference, especially considering that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FB24F92DFA84FBBE" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[1198,1365,1728,1754]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FB24F92DFA84FBBE" box="[1198,1365,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. bowerbanki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B6F276024263FFC9FF1DF908FE82FB9A" box="[151,339,1764,1790]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been described as having spicules of similar length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA744B634263FFC9FC4FF908FB42FB9A" author="Ackers, R. G. & Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. & Stone, S. M. K. & Morrow, C. C." box="[965,1171,1764,1790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref23072" refString="Ackers, R. G., Moss, D., Picton, B. E., Stone, S. M. K. & Morrow, C. C. (2007) Sponges of the British Isles: A color guide and working document. Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye, 156 pp." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Ackers
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FB90F909FB80FB9A" box="[1050,1105,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, genetic data at mitochondrial and nuclear loci support the distinctiveness of the new species, with
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FBE9F8E5FA44FA46" box="[1123,1429,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FBE9F8E5FB30FA46" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1123,1249,1801,1826]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">H. panicea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FB64F8E5FA44FA46" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[1262,1429,1800,1826]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">H. bowerbanki</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and the new species all having 14–23% sequence divergence at
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FCD3F8C0FC52FA22" box="[857,899,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">28S</emphasis>
|
||
and 4–10% sequence divergence at
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FA9FF8C0FA9BFA22" box="[1301,1354,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
(figure 18). The new species is therefore best identified using a combination of genetic and morphological data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924263FFC9FF4DF899FC31FA9E" blockId="29.[151,1437,1260,2042]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
We have extensive collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FDC2F898FD0EFAEA" box="[584,735,1908,1934]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FDC2F898FD0EFAEA" box="[584,735,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Halichondria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other locations in Central and Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F8704263FFC9FB78F898FAB7FAEA" box="[1266,1382,1908,1934]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and these unpublished data support the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FD4CF875FC95FAD6" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[710,836,1945,1970]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FD4CF875FC95FAD6" box="[710,836,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. panicea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FC0BF875FBFBFAD6" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[897,1066,1944,1970]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FC0BF875FBFBFAD6" box="[897,1066,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. bowerbanki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the region; in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FA0BF875FF1EFAB2" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FA0BF875FF1EFAB2" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">H. loma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804263FFC9FF5DF850FEE0FAB2" bold="true" box="[215,305,1980,2006]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB4263FFC9FF5DF850FEE0FAB2" box="[215,305,1980,2006]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, these data point to several other wide-spread undescribed species. These data will be detailed in an upcoming systematic revision of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114263FFC9FD0EF80CFCE9FA9E" box="[644,824,2016,2042]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Halichondriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A36924260FFCAFF4DFF7BFC0BFD9D" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
|
||
This species cannot be identified in the field, as the gross morphology cannot be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114260FFCAFAA8FF7BFA4CFDD4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1314,1437,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804260FFCAFAA8FF7BFA4CFDD4" box="[1314,1437,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">H. panicea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804260FFCAFF3CFF57FDD0FDB1" box="[182,513,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114260FFCAFF3CFF57FEB1FDB1" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1930" box="[182,352,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowerbanki">H. bowerbanki</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114260FFCAFEE0FF57FDD0FDB1" box="[362,513,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halichondria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be tentatively identified to the genus level in the field, but are easy to confuse with some other species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114260FFCAFD80FF33FD4BFD9D" baseAuthorityName="de Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[522,666,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="psila">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804260FFCAFD80FF33FD4BFD9D" box="[522,666,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Mycale psila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D114260FFCAFD5AFF33FC05FD9D" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[720,980,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="perlevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA804260FFCAFD5AFF33FC05FD9D" box="[720,980,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Hymeniacidon perlevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |