299 lines
47 KiB
XML
299 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="A5C83A37336EDD9DADCC677791FE3547" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3641.4.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3006d2d6-6c77-4e43-8fb7-54b5666dd555" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="216534" ID-ZooBank="C8D9B6B3-9AA2-40BA-B82E-92E4C18560B2" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460596435383" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Craig, Douglas A. & Porch, Nick" docDate="2013" docId="CB42586AFFCE583E8686BE29CF487D5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03641p462.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3641 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Simulium (Inseliellum) raivavaense Craig and Porch, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="457" masterDocId="377B2012FFC658378611BC6ECE4D796B" masterDocTitle="Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?" masterLastPageNumber="462" masterPageNumber="448" pageNumber="456" updateTime="1698326873186" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="477B0755B5322411D4D83542DE07A14B">
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<mods:title id="F4B85CA727880FEB4ED1C39E6296DF49">Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C41E2D22B8D58BAA86162D526DD0701E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EDB40244B3A2CFC81CD95B1EA7457EB1">Craig, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="ECBE75B505A6433DAFE1AFCA1B836AD7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="AABF7C5F23A558A0142D5FBC064DB5C8">Porch, Nick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5490DB82305F8A360101052654CBD984">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9C3B37D76FC82DFE7923C2A14E50F9F3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="650D4FD509C6EC5513560D404C834EA9">
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<mods:date id="AF00E727632B2DC065C5A324A429D500">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="82677585B2AB34CD59A96FDFA2142DA5" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="CFB80A7D4552DD3EFAF24B9A76DC8094">3641</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="DE58CECC1D96FFA12E8A11B8CFF8E3BD" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F15AD8779C671243BF1260D60367D113">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A41A3E6425977809D820ECD220B06F72" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3641.4.10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BCF7A546268B8BD18645BEB52B7FB729" type="GBIF-Dataset">3006d2d6-6c77-4e43-8fb7-54b5666dd555</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9CDE709299194E7EC07E8F36F64AC85F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CC2374E4DEA9870B9909127415731C35" type="Zenodo-Dep">216534</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CB42586AFFCE583E8686BE29CF487D5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6163974" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119566923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6163974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB42586AFFCE583E8686BE29CF487D5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB42586AFFCE583E8686BE29CF487D5F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F8686BE29CF0D7BE9" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F8686BE29CDC67B0A" blockId="8.[151,907,583,642]" box="[151,907,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<heading id="181C5E10FFCE583F8686BE29CDC67B0A" bold="true" box="[151,907,583,609]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8686BE29CDC67B0A" bold="true" box="[151,907,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8686BE29CD6D7B0A" authority="Craig and Porch" authorityName="Craig and Porch" box="[151,800,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Inseliellum">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8686BE29CF437B0A" bold="true" box="[151,270,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Simulium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F870EBE29CFEA7B0A" bold="true" box="[287,423,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Inseliellum</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F87A8BE29CC057B0A" bold="true" box="[441,584,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">raivavaense</emphasis>
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Craig and Porch
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AAC8815FFCE583F853CBE29CDC67B0A" box="[813,907,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F8686BE04CF0D7BE9" blockId="8.[151,907,583,642]" box="[151,320,618,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Figures: 14–17</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F8686BEDCCFFB7A79" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F8686BEDCCFFB7A79" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8686BEDCCF477BA0" bold="true" box="[151,266,690,715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Larva: hypostoma with three sublateral teeth, lateral tooth and two paralateral teeth broadly flattened and slightly recurved medially. Frontoclypeal apotome with pigmentation not in figure eight configuration. Postgenal cleft U-shaped.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F86D6BF70CB387C61" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BF70CA507A5D" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,1053,798,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6BF70CF1C7A5C" bold="true" box="[199,337,798,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Description</emphasis>
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(Based on
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<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F87C1BF70CC787A5D" box="[464,565,798,822]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F8451BF71CCE67A5C" box="[576,683,799,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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and numerous other specimens).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BF2CCFDB7A31" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,406,834,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Adults. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BF09CFCE7A15" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,387,870,894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Pupa. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BFE5CF4D7DA9" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6BFE5CF5A7AC8" bold="true" box="[199,279,907,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Larva.</emphasis>
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Last instar. Head capsule: moderately pigmented, the postocciput and hypostoma more so (
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8328BFE4CBC27AC9" box="[1337,1423,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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). Frontoclypeal apotome (
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F87BBBFC0CFB37AAD" box="[426,510,942,966]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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): cuticle corrugated with bases of sensilla raised, neither markedly so; with darker medial and posterior pigmentation, similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F84FEBFBDCDDE7A80" box="[751,915,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teruamanga">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F84FEBFBDCDDE7A80" box="[751,915,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. teruamanga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F85B5BFBCCA4B7A81" box="[932,1030,978,1002]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1835,1858]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,193,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1444,193,1778]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 8. Simulium (I.) teruamanga. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Matavera Stream, Rarotonga (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 3. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 4. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 5. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 6. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 7. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft, frontoclypeal apotome and antenna of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 8. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216536/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2, 7</figureCitation>
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), markedly different from that of
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<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8396BFBDCF5D7D64" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
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<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8396BFBDCF5D7D64" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8732BF98CF277D65" box="[291,362,1014,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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); ecdysial line not sinuous, sharply rounded posterolaterally (
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8224BF98CAC17D65" box="[1077,1164,1014,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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). Hypostoma (
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8329BF98CBC27D65" box="[1336,1423,1014,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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): median tooth distinct, apex markedly posterior to line of lateral teeth; three sublateral teeth small and flanged; lateral tooth and two paralateral teeth markedly prominent, flattened and slightly recurved medially; serrations three to five, small, sharp. Five hypostomal sensilla. Postgenal cleft U-shaped, smoothly rounded apically (
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<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F832DB80CCBC27D11" box="[1340,1423,1122,1146]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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). Posterior tentorial pits not markedly developed, albeit distinct. Mandibular phragma not markedly extended ventrally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6B8A0CB387C61" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
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Probable penultimate instar. Hypostoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F84B0B8A0CCBA7D8D" box="[673,759,1230,1254]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Median tooth prominent, sublateral teeth of equal length, lateral tooth and paralateral teeth as for last instar; serrations three, as for last instar. Three hypostomal sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F86D6B979CD947F6D" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6B979CAEC7C1D" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6B979CF767C44" bold="true" box="[199,315,1303,1327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F86D6B979CF4D7C44" box="[199,256,1303,1327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
data
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F875BB979CFFA7C44" box="[330,439,1303,1327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F875BB979CFFA7C44" bold="true" box="[330,439,1303,1327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
: Microscope slide, ventral head capsule of larva. Label details:-
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8290B978CAB37C45" box="[1153,1278,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8298B978CABC7C45" box="[1161,1265,1302,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F831FB978CBC77C45" box="[1294,1418,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Inseliellum</emphasis>
|
||
)/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8686B952CF537C38" box="[151,286,1340,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8686B952CF537C38" box="[151,286,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Austral Islands/ Raivavae, nr. Rairua/
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="26DF8FBBFFCE583F84FBB954CD2F7C39" box="[746,866,1338,1362]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" precision="1" value="-23.86851">S23.86851</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="26DF8FBBFFCE583F857CB954CDB07C39" box="[877,1021,1338,1362]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" precision="1" value="-147.67853">W147.67853</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/ Acq. #17239 BPBM/ PVLP D. A. Craig. 2010/
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F873BB930CFF37C1D" box="[298,446,1374,1398]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
(red)". Deposited Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai'i.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6B9ECCD217C89" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
Paratypes—four. As for
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F87CEB9ECCC097CF1" box="[479,580,1410,1434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but with
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F84A8B9EDCD057CF0" box="[697,840,1411,1435]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
. One probable penultimate instar with frontoclypeal apotome deposited Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Three, one of penultimate instar, deposited Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), CSIRO, Canberra,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3BFCA9ECFFCE583F84EFB9A4CD247C89" box="[766,873,1482,1506]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6B980CD947F6D" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,985,1518,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6B980CFFD7F6C" bold="true" box="[199,432,1518,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F87A6B980CC6F7F6D" box="[439,546,1518,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="9C5057DEFFCE583F843CB981CCD67F6C" box="[557,667,1519,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, numerous other specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F86D6BA7CCCA47F41" box="[199,745,1554,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BA7CCCA47F41" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,745,1554,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6BA7CCF147F40" bold="true" box="[199,345,1554,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8779BA7CCFE77F41" box="[360,426,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,1239,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1239,1876]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of known simuliid material on Cook and Austral Islands. Simulium (I.) teruamanga — squares, S. (I.) rurutuense — circles. Simulium (I.) raivavaense — asterisk. Solid shapes indicates extant species, stippled subfossil material. (Adapted from Craig et al. 2001)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216535/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Austral Islands, Raivavae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583F86D6BA59CD557F25" box="[199,792,1590,1615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BA59CD557F25" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" box="[199,792,1590,1615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6BA59CF0B7F24" bold="true" box="[199,326,1591,1615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Named for the Austral Island, Raivavae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0BF1BAF7FFCE583E86D6BA35CF487D5F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCE583F86D6BA35CD007EB1" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F86D6BA35CF767F18" bold="true" box="[199,315,1627,1651]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Recognizing a species of simuliid merely on the basis of incomplete subfossil larval head capsules is problematic. However, the hypostomata are well preserved, including one frontoclypeal apotome, and provide clear evidence about the specific distinctiveness of this material. Using the hypostoma as a major diagnostic character for species has been successfully employed by Craig and Joy (2000) for Polynesian simuliids and the overall problem was discussed by Craig (1987, 1997).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8535BA85CA6C7E68" box="[804,1057,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8535BA85CA6C7E68" box="[804,1057,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Simulium raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs markedly in hypostomal expression from that of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8412BB61CCD17E4C" box="[515,668,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8412BB61CCD17E4C" box="[515,668,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Rurutu (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F855BBB60CDFF7E4D" box="[842,946,1806,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1835,1858]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,193,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1444,193,1778]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 8. Simulium (I.) teruamanga. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Matavera Stream, Rarotonga (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 3. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 4. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 5. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 6. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 7. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft, frontoclypeal apotome and antenna of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 8. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216536/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 3, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and subfossil material from Tubuai. The median and sublateral teeth are relatively similar in size, but the lateral and paralateral teeth differ—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8317BB5DCBD67E20" box="[1286,1435,1843,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8317BB5DCBD67E20" box="[1286,1435,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has five to six paralateral teeth, whereas there are only two markedly enlarged such teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F82A2BB39CB157E05" box="[1203,1368,1879,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F82A2BB39CB157E05" box="[1203,1368,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8396BB39CF5D7EF8" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8396BB39CF5D7EF8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the median tooth is subequal in length to the most prominent lateral teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F8280BB14CAAB7EF9" box="[1169,1254,1914,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8396BB15CF537EDD" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8396BB15CF537EDD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the median tooth is markedly shorter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCE583F84EBBBF0CD197EDD" box="[762,852,1950,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). The serrations also differ distinctly—small and rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F8707BBADCFE67EB0" box="[278,427,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F8707BBADCFE67EB0" box="[278,427,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sharp and distinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCE583F84B2BBADCD0B7EB0" box="[675,838,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCE583F84B2BBADCD0B7EB0" box="[675,838,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="456">S. raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCF583E86D6BCF9CF57780F" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">
|
||
There is little question that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8435BCF6CC8279DB" box="[548,719,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8435BCF6CC8279DB" box="[548,719,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls within the Cook-Austral Islands clade of species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8396BCF6CF5379BF" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teruamanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8396BCF6CF5379BF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. teruamanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8774BCD3CFB279BF" box="[357,511,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8774BCD3CFB279BF" box="[357,511,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), agreeing in expression of hypostomal teeth, cuticular corrugation and raised sensilla bases. That this is probably the correct grouping is confirmed by the poorly developed ventral extension of the mandibular phragma in
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E87DFBD6BCC377877" box="[462,634,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E87DFBD6BCC3B7877" box="[462,630,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">S. raivavaense</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This character state is expressed in the majority of
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E82D1BD6ACB717877" box="[1216,1340,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Inseliellum</emphasis>
|
||
species, but not a small segregate of Society Islands species, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8505BD46CDE7782B" box="[788,938,296,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" rank="species" species="mesodontium">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8505BD46CDE7782B" box="[788,938,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">mesodontium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-subgroup, which have superficially similar hypostoma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCF583E86D6BD1ECAF678C7" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E86D6BD1ECFF278E3" box="[199,447,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raivavaense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E86D6BD1ECFF278E3" box="[199,447,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Simulium raivavaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E87E7BD1ECCC178E3" box="[502,652,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E87E7BD1ECCC178E3" box="[502,652,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E85AFBD1ECA2F78E3" box="[958,1122,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teruamanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E85AFBD1ECA2F78E3" box="[958,1122,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. teruamanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by possession of only three sublateral teeth on either side of the median tooth of the hypostoma; the latter species has four.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCF583E86DFBDD9CC617BA7" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Subfossil simuliid material from Raivavae included a single specimen that retained the frontoclypeal apotome and shows specific differences from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8427BDB3CC81789F" box="[566,716,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8427BDB3CC81789F" box="[566,716,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The apotome has a pigmentation pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCF583E82A3BDB2CB48789F" box="[1202,1285,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), albeit faint, more like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E8746BE6ECFB67B73" box="[343,507,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teruamanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8746BE6ECFB67B73" box="[343,507,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. teruamanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCF583E841BBD91CC037B7C" box="[522,590,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1835,1858]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,193,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1444,193,1778]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 8. Simulium (I.) teruamanga. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Matavera Stream, Rarotonga (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 3. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 4. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 5. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 6. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 7. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft, frontoclypeal apotome and antenna of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 8. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216536/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), not the figure-of-eight shape diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E825ABE6ECAAD7B73" box="[1099,1248,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E825ABE6ECAAD7B73" box="[1099,1248,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCF583E82E1BD91CB797B7C" box="[1264,1332,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further the hypostomal teeth have only two paralateral teeth and the serrations are developed as small teeth, not rounded structures as for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84EB92FFFFCF583E874CBE26CFBA7B0B" box="[349,503,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rurutuense">
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E874CBE26CFBA7B0B" box="[349,503,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">S. rurutuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The median tooth is poorly developed (
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E85CCBE26CDBC7B0B" box="[989,1009,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">cf</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCF583E8212BE29CACA7B34" box="[1027,1159,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Fig. 11, 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). That this is a derived condition is bolstered by the more generalized development of the teeth in a penultimate instar subfossil (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBD0F5F9FFCF583E8350BE02CBDE7BEF" box="[1345,1427,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 17. 9 – 13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14 – 17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) where the median tooth is more prominent. Such ontogenetic development of apomorphic hypostomal teeth is well known for
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8703BEDACFC37BA7" box="[274,398,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">Inseliellum</emphasis>
|
||
(Craig 1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCF583E86D6BEB9CA027A37" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">The site of collection of this material is today an extensively weed-invaded former taro swamp: immediately adjacent to the core site there are extensive contemporary taro gardens. Prior to human arrival (sometime not long before 1300AD) the sediments suggest significantly more running water and a forested landscape paralleling the general trends in other palaeo-records from the region (Anderson and Kennett 2012).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4354E97CFFCF583E86D6BF09CF487D5F" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Rapa-iti, often referred to as Rapa, further to the east lacks introduced fish and crustaceans (Englund 2004). Simuliids are not known from this island, neither are subfossils, so an assumption might be that they never reached this far east. Rapa appears to have less biogeographic affinity to the other Austral Islands than it does to the Society Islands (Englund 2004; Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E8402BFBBCC087A87" box="[531,581,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008). A sedimentary sequence from Rapa (Core 2 of Prebble
|
||
<emphasis id="719F356EFFCF583E830BBFBBCB017A87" box="[1306,1356,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012) has been examined for insect remains and despite containing extensive subfossil insect material, none are of simuliids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |