468 lines
58 KiB
XML
468 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="AE648D7ED4E23E3DB6F773DBEE5B0393" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872345" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE648D7ED4E23E3DB6F773DBEE5B0393" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE648D7ED4E23E3DB6F773DBEE5B0393" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki Mayr</taxonomicName>
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Figs 75, 88b
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="939 - 996" title="Neue Formiciden." volume="20" year="1870 b">Mayr 1870b</bibRefCitation>
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: 985 (s.) MEXICO (Bilimek) [NHMW]. Lectotype (s.) designated:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378. Nec
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="25 - 35" title="The ants (Hym. Formicidae) of Mauritius." url="10.1080/00222934608654518" volume="13" year="1946">Donisthorpe 1946</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wittenborn, D" journalOrPublisher="NeoBiota" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="47 - 64" title="Characteristics of exotic ants in North America." url="10.3897/neobiota.10.1047" volume="10" year="2011">Wittenborn and Jeschke 2011</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="deplanata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="deplanata">deplanata</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana var. deplanata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="deplanata">Pheidole floridana var. deplanata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pergande, T" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="858 - 896" title="Mexican Formicidae." volume="5" year="1896">Pergande 1896</bibRefCitation>
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: 883 (s.w.) MEXICO, Tepic (Eisen and Vaslit) [USNM]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="antoniensis" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="antoniensis">antoniensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana var. antoniensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="antoniensis">Pheidole floridana var. antoniensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="334 - 382" title="Varietes myrmecologiques." volume="45" year="1901 b">Forel 1901b</bibRefCitation>
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: 364 (s.w.) COLOMBIA, San Antonio, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Forel) [MHNG]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="annectens" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="annectens">annectens</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctatissima" subspecies="annectens">Pheidole punctatissima subsp. annectens</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1905: 93 (s.) BAHAMAS, Mangrove Key, Andros Island (Wheeler) [MCZC]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="insulana" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="insulana">insulana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctatissima" subspecies="insulana">Pheidole punctatissima subsp. insulana</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1905: 93 (s.w.) BAHAMAS Southern Bight, Andros Islands; BAHAMAS, Blue Hills, New Providence Island (Wheeler) [MCZC]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="venezuelana" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="venezuelana">venezuelana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii var. venezuelana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="venezuelana">Pheidole anastasii var. venezuelana</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="155 - 185" title="Miscellanea myrmecologiques II (1905)." volume="49" year="1905 b">Forel 1905b</bibRefCitation>
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: 159 (s.m.) VENEZUELA, Caracas (Meinert) [MHNG]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="johnsoni" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="johnsoni">johnsoni</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii var. johnsoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="johnsoni">Pheidole anastasii var. johnsoni</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1907: 272 (s.w.m.) HONDURAS, Manatee (Johnson) [MCZC]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="ares" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="ares">ares</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="ares">Pheidole floridana subsp. ares</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 72" title="Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley." volume="44" year="1908">Forel 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 57 (s.w.m.) COSTA RICA, Cote du Tablazo, 1500 m; COSTA RICA, San Juan de Tobozi, 1400 m (Biolley) [MHNG]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 378.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="lauta" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="lauta">lauta</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole lauta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lauta">Pheidole lauta</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1908c: 470 (s.w.q.m.) U.S.A. Subspecies of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="floridana" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="floridana">floridana</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Creighton, WS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 585" title="The ants of North America." volume="104" year="1950">Creighton 1950</bibRefCitation>
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: 179. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="floridana" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="floridana">floridana</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Gregg, RE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="7 - 48" title="Key to the species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the United States." volume="66" year="1959">Gregg 1959</bibRefCitation>
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: 21. See also
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 424. n. syn.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="cellarum" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii var. cellarum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="cellarum">Pheidole anastasii var. cellarum</taxonomicName>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 72" title="Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley." volume="44" year="1908">Forel 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 55 (s.w.) greenhouses in Zurich (SWITZERLAND), Kew (GREAT BRITAIN), Dresden (GERMANY) [MHNG]. Description of queen (as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
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, based on material from Guatemala intercepted at Hamburg; material labeled incorrectly as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="cellarum" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum</taxonomicName>
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types in Forel collection):
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="43 - 82" title="Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex-, Dacryon-, Podomyrma- und Echinopla-Arten." volume="18" year="1901 a">Forel 1901a</bibRefCitation>
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: 78. Description of queen in key:
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gessellschaft or Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 77" title="Fauna insectorum helvetiae. Hymenoptera. Formicidae. Die Ameisen der Schweiz." volume="12" year="1915">Forel 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 34. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
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:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 378.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="rectiluma" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="rectiluma">rectiluma</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rectiluma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectiluma">Pheidole rectiluma</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 493 (s.w.) NICARAGUA, Hotel Selva Negra, 139 km north of Matagalpa, 1200 m (Kugler & Hahn). Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="bilimeki" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 90" title="Additions to the taxonomy of New World Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="2181" year="2009">Longino 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis among introduced pheidole">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Diagnosis among introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Color usually red brown, rarely yellow brown. MajorHW 0.75-1.04, HL 0.79-1.13, SL 0.44-0.57, CI 87-97, SI 50-65 (n=39, Longino pers. comm.). Head uniform in color (Fig. 35); subquadrate (Fig. 7); often entirely punctate (Fig. 11), but portions of posterolateral lobes can be glossy. Posterolateral lobes never with distinct rugulae. Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). Postpetiole
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="22" start="start">relatively</pageBreakToken>
|
||
broad; distinctly more than 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
petiolar width in dorsal view (Fig. 31). First gastral tergite with anterior third to entire surface matte. MinorHW 0.42-0.52, HL 0.47-0.59, SL 0.40-0.54, CI 83-93, SI 88-108 (n=38, Longino pers. comm.). Head, including the area mesad of the frontal carinae, entirely covered by reticulated network of punctures, giving it a dull appearance (Fig. 37). Posterior head margin relatively broad and flat (Fig. 57). Antennal scapes lack standing hairs (Fig. 55); surpass posterior head margin by a distance equal to or greater than eye (Fig. 40). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Hairs on mesosoma stout, stiff, of equal length and arranged in pairs (Fig. 53). Postpetiole narrow in dorsal view, only slightly broader than petiole. Gaster with at least anterior 1/3 of first tergite matte (Fig. 33).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among species treated here, it is easily confused with the aforementioned and members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Minor workers can also be confused with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See section under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
for identification notes. In the southeastern United States,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery, which is discussed in more detail below. In the Neotropics, there are many native species that closely resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
We propose the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole lauta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lauta">Pheidole lauta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wheeler to be transferred from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In his original description
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="399 - 485" title="The ants of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. (Part I.)." volume="24" year="1908 c">Wheeler (1908c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“…">"...</normalizedToken>
|
||
the worker has the base of the gaster opaque whereas this is shining in the specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="floridana" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="floridana">floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
given me by Prof. Emery." The description and the photographs we have examined of the type specimens all agree with the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
used here and in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="34 - 42" title="Pheidolebilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Should
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
therefore be synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
offered that the former might represent the northernmost population of the latter, and recent phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) show these two as sibling taxa. Based on the results of her analysis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that her samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Costa Rica, RA0162) and putative
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Florida, RA0331) were each
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="other’s">other's</normalizedToken>
|
||
closest relatives, and that this pair was sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Costa Rica). The result is also supported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which found a shallow divergence separating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
from putative
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially compared to the deep divergence separating these sister taxa from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that in order for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a valid member of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
would also have to be accepted as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
We suggest that this conundrum stems from the common misapplication of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a shiny gaster species) to collections of what are in fact the North American population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a matte gaster species).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
came to a similar conclusion in his revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Florida, "P. floridana seems to be confined to southeast Florida in the Miami area. This is the only place where I was able to locate this species. Due to its close relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
the latter has been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
many times, thus, mistakenly extending the supposed
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="23" start="start">range</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of P. floridana. P. anastasii is actually the species widely distributed in Florida, while
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="floridana" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="floridana">floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent or at least must be rare in most of the state."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
One explanation for the confusing phylogenetic results is that RA0331 actually refers to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr, and that true members of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery from the Miami area were not included in the aforementioned phylogenetic analyses. The samples of RA0331 were collected in central Florida from Polk County, well outside the Miami area from which the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery is known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Deyrup, who collected and identified the specimens of RA0331, has previously (2003; 1988; 1989) applied the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
to matte gaster specimens that earlier authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MR" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="21 - 26" title="Additional species of Florida ants, with remarks." url="10.2307/3492695" volume="17" year="1933">Smith 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 17" title="A list of the ants of Florida with descriptions of new forms." volume="40" year="1932">Wheeler 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) would have considered
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery, and that we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
To properly ascertain the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr we suggest a future phylogenetic analysis that includes specimens matching the type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preferably from the Miami area. If there is evidence supporting the conspecificity of samples matching our concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery must be revaluated. If, rather, the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples are heterospecific with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then there are at least two hypotheses that could explain this result. One is that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to Florida. The second, perhaps more compelling albeit ironic explanation, would propose the Miami population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conspecific with a Neotropical species inadvertently introduced to Florida. Miami is a major shipping port and was the gateway for many introduced ants over the past two centuries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The taxonomic confusion surrounding whether published accounts refer to our proposed concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or instead to either
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, makes it difficult to ascertain the natural history of the species. The following account given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="34 - 42" title="Pheidolebilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, refers definitively to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They report that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a common species in open, recently or frequently disturbed habitats. In Costa Rica it occurs in lowland dry forest, lowland wet forest, and montane habitats to about 1500 m elevation. It is a common ant of roadsides, nesting under stones or in dead fence posts. It is a frequent pest ant in houses and is a common ant at baits in second growth dry forest vegetation in seasonally dry Guanacaste Province. It can also be abundant and dominant in large disturbances deep within primary forest reserves. We tentatively treat the account given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
as referring to the North American population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That account stated that winged reproductives have been found in nests during September and October, and that the species occurs in a variety of woodland habitats, nests in soil, litter, and rotten wood, and in both xeric and mesic situations. It also noted the observation of Stefan Cover that colonies are monogynous, may contain 1000 or more ants, and are sometimes polydomous. Cover observed that the species is omnivorous, but does not appear to harvest seeds (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Florida. He found the species most often nesting under the bark at the base of pines or along the roots, but occasionally found it nesting in the soil. The colonies he observed supported over 600 workers with a 5:1 ratio of minors to majors. Mature colonies were monogynous, although in laboratory conditions colonies
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
|
||
lost their original queen would accept other conspecific queens. Several colonies were discovered with two or three founding females, but laboratory experiments found that one would kill the others before the rearing of the first brood. Naves also recorded that the species feeds on seeds, fruits, and scavenges on small dead arthropods and is predaceous on small live arthropods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Neotropical native that ranges from northern South America to southern North America and across the Caribbean. The records included here from the southern United States have previously been treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">Pheidole floridana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not reported from Florida until 1932 (Wheeler). While it is possible that the penetration of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the southern United States represents a recent dispersal event, even one that has been anthropogenically facilitated, there are several reasons for considering
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
as native to the region. Firstly, the range of North American populations appear contiguous with those of Mexico and the Caribbean, and gene flow among them is probable. Secondly, populations from Florida are known to host two parasites, a mermithid that parasitizes workers, and a hymenopteran parasite species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Orasema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasema</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from greenhouses in Illinois and Ohio in North America. The species has also been found indoors and greenhouses across Europe, including the Netherlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boer, P" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam)" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="121 - 129" title="Exotic ants in The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="68" year="2008">Boer and Vierbergen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Germany (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 72" title="Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley." volume="44" year="1908">Forel 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Great Britain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 72" title="Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley." volume="44" year="1908">Forel 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Ireland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stelfox, AW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section B" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="201 - 355" title="A list of HymenopteraAculeata (Sensu lato) of Ireland." volume="37" year="1927">Stelfox 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Switzerland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 72" title="Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley." volume="44" year="1908">Forel 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Jamaica is reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although the species might occur there, it is also possible that Wilson was referring to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole jamaicensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Pheidole jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wheeler. The single Mauritius occurrence is of a single minor worker examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="25 - 35" title="The ants (Hym. Formicidae) of Mauritius." url="10.1080/00222934608654518" volume="13" year="1946">Donisthorpe (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but this specimen more likely refers to the superficially similar
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is widespread across the island and its neighbors in the Indian Ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a synanthropic species with a high tolerance for habitat disturbance. It is occasionally found indoors, especially in greenhouses. There is little indication that is causes significant impact to agricultural systems or native ecosystems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |