479 lines
63 KiB
XML
479 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="6B3220B7CBD3B5F31541651731EC5AEA" ID-CLB-Dataset="291300" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0919e3e6-dbd6-49c9-9c23-9f1956638634" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10821407" ID-ZooBank="41362562-52D1-4EF4-B6D5-4B42A2A3EED9" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1710500959011" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bilton, David T. & Mlambo, Musa C." docDate="2024" docId="6B45DE72FFD8FFCD27A9EE470CEFF969" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5424.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5424 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.7" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Protozantaena gigantea Bilton & Mlambo 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="386" masterDocId="977CA60AFFD9FFCE273EEC780F6EFFF0" masterDocTitle="A distinctive new species of Protozantaena Perkins, 1997 from lowland Namaqualand, South Africa (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="388" masterPageNumber="383" pageNumber="384" updateTime="1710894741030" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5C25A1D9D6898527AAC5A3F545C5EC5F">A distinctive new species of Protozantaena Perkins, 1997 from lowland Namaqualand, South Africa (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2DAA5942378F701B912341C6104119C3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F609E0ECFF5EA6B460E35E77D7F7195C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3027252DF55D866BE153F88B31E41FAA">Bilton, David T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D87343B5A1209E9D8D7AAB2A1ADF4C7">School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL 4 8 AA, UK & Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADD90AD6D62477541D1E07015750CF04">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="68EB0AE9113BB9037F8890668AB2D583">Mlambo, Musa C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AB0F73F2AD915D62E3A33802EF5FE367">Department of Freshwater Invertebrates, Albany Museum, and Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="577CC096F65D0C09694FE4F5D31A8518">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="211D58D0B9E26B062A1C9DEE2DD807D3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6A9274F98349120B7D45BF6D51832125">
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<mods:date id="3456851D6302C988C722E09E69EC2AA9">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B1F1545B592189AE8048670FD69D9C53">2024-03-14</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8C6B2199111D6740E3E5C7720860C429">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="147A4F332023A79D4BB9839C73583F53" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6B45DE72FFD8FFCD27A9EE470CEFF969" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10841524" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10841524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B45DE72FFD8FFCD27A9EE470CEFF969" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B45DE72FFD8FFCD27A9EE470CEFF969" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFD8FFCF27A9EE470D72FDA9" box="[151,540,575,601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27A9EE470D72FDA9" blockId="1.[151,540,575,638]" box="[151,540,575,601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<heading id="B81BD808FFD8FFCF27A9EE470D72FDA9" bold="true" box="[151,540,575,601]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27A9EE470D72FDA9" bold="true" box="[151,540,575,601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFD8FFCF27A9EE470ED9FDA9" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,439,575,601]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27A9EE470ED9FDA9" bold="true" box="[151,439,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Protozantaena gigantea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFD8FFCF2680EE470D72FDA9" box="[446,540,575,601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFD8FFCF27A9EE1B0E38FD8D" box="[151,342,611,638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27A9EE1B0E38FD8D" blockId="1.[151,540,575,638]" box="[151,342,611,638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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(
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<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFD8FFCF27A1EE1B0E5DFD8E" box="[159,307,611,638]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-152@2.[165,1422,450,1743]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Protozantaena species.A) P. labrata Perkins, 1997, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B) P. birdi Bilton, 2022., holotype habitus; C) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype habitus; D) P. labrata, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E) P. birdi, holotype aedeagus; F) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Figs. 1C & F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFD8FFCF2601EE1B0E20FD8D" box="[319,334,611,637]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-31@4.[160,1427,181,1650]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protozantaena species, distribution and habitat.A) Distribution of Protozantaena in Southern Africa, green symbol = P. gigantea sp. nov., red symbol = P. labrata Perkins, 1997, blue symbols = P. birdi Bilton, 2022, star indicating new locality in the Eastern Cape Drakensberg; B–C) Type locality and habitat of P. gigantea sp. nov., South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Swart Doring River on N7 ca. 30 km south of Garies (photos Andy Foggo)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821411/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFD8FFCF27A9EED30CB6FCA5" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27A9EED30CFEFD1A" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27A9EED30E58FD35" bold="true" box="[151,310,683,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Type locality.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="53846539FFD8FFCF2600EED30CFEFD1A" country="South Africa" county="Namaqualand" elevation="0" latitude="-30.823626" location="Swart Doring River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="18.11808" municipality="Swart Doring River" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape Province">
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||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF2600EED30EB8FD35" bold="true" box="[318,470,683,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<collectingCountry id="9BFB2FF4FFD8FFCF2600EED30EB8FD35" box="[318,470,683,709]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="2128A186FFD8FFCF26DBEED30D96FD35" box="[485,760,683,709]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCounty id="0A3217E8FFD8FFCF243BEED30CCDFD35" box="[773,931,683,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Namaqualand</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="0337F51EFFD8FFCF2491EED30BE3FD35" box="[943,1165,683,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Swart Doring River</collectingMunicipality>
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||
on N7, ca.
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||
<locationDeviation id="F2E17646FFD8FFCF222FEED30E6CFD19" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF222FEED30A36FD35" box="[1297,1368,683,709]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
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||
south of Garies
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||
</locationDeviation>
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||
, residual pools,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="86D809A3FFD8FFCF2689EEB70D1CFD19" box="[439,626,719,746]" degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" precision="1" seconds="25.05" value="-30.823626">30° 49’ 25.05” S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="86D809A3FFD8FFCF2546EEB70C58FD1A" box="[632,822,719,746]" degrees="18" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" precision="1" seconds="05.09" value="18.11808">18° 07’ 05.09” E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<elevation id="68C18857FFD8FFCF247CEEB70CFEFD1A" box="[834,912,719,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF247CEEB70CE2FD1A" box="[834,908,719,746]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="m" value="169.0">169 m</quantity>
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.
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||
</elevation>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9EE8B0BF1FCC1" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27F9EE8B0E1AFCFD" bold="true" box="[199,372,755,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Type material.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="53846539FFD8FFCF2645EE8B0BF1FCC1" collectingDate="2023-09-17" collectionCode="AMG" collectorName="D T Bilton" country="South Africa" elevation="169" latitude="-30.823626" location="Swart Doring River" longitude="18.11808" municipality="Garies" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF2645EE8B0E86FCFD" bold="true" box="[379,488,755,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFD8FFCF2645EE8B0E86FCFD" box="[379,488,755,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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||
(male): “
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||
<date id="975249A4FFD8FFCF2571EE8B0DA5FCFD" box="[591,715,755,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" value="2023-09-17">
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<collectingDate id="8716B04CFFD8FFCF2571EE8B0DA5FCFD" box="[591,715,755,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" value="2023-09-17">17/ix/2023</collectingDate>
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</date>
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<collectingCountry id="9BFB2FF4FFD8FFCF25EFEE8B0C0EFCFD" box="[721,864,755,781]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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NC//
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<location id="E63339BFFFD8FFCF249CEE8B0B10FCFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B45DE72FFD8FFCD27A9EE470CEFF969:E63339BFFFD8FFCF249CEE8B0B10FCFD" box="[930,1150,755,781]" country="South Africa" municipality="Garies" name="Swart Doring River" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Swart Doring River</location>
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||
on N7, ca. //
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<locationDeviation id="F2E17646FFD8FFCF222DEE8B0F91FCC1" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF222DEE8B0A37FCFD" box="[1299,1369,755,781]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
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south of Garies
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</locationDeviation>
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<geoCoordinate id="86D809A3FFD8FFCF2638EF6F0EE2FCC2" box="[262,396,791,818]" degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" precision="1" seconds="25.05" value="-30.823626">304925.05S</geoCoordinate>
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//
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<geoCoordinate id="86D809A3FFD8FFCF2694EF6F0D5CFCC2" box="[426,562,791,818]" degrees="18" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" precision="1" seconds="05.09" value="18.11808">180705.09E</geoCoordinate>
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<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF2507EF6F0DEEFCC2" box="[569,640,791,818]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="m" value="169.0">
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<elevation id="68C18857FFD8FFCF2507EF6F0DEEFCC2" box="[569,640,791,818]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="m" value="169.0">169 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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<collectorName id="4E190AB2FFD8FFCF25B9EF600D91FCC1" box="[647,767,791,818]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">D T Bilton</collectorName>
|
||
leg.” and red holotype label (
|
||
<collectionCode id="85FDF7A1FFD8FFCF2375EF6F0BFDFCC1" box="[1099,1171,791,817]" collectionName="South Africa, Cape Province, Grahamstown, Albany Museum" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9qz-7eka" name="Albany Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">AMG</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9EF430CB6FCA5" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" box="[199,984,827,854]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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||
<materialsCitation id="53846539FFD8FFCF27F9EF430CBAFCA5" box="[199,980,827,854]" collectingDate="2023-09-17" collectionCode="AMG, CDTB, NMW" collectorName="D T Bilton" country="South Africa" elevation="169" location="Swart Doring River" municipality="Garies" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27F9EF430E51FCA5" bold="true" box="[199,319,827,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFD8FFCF27F9EF430E51FCA5" box="[199,319,827,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(7):
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||
<specimenCount id="F5EAA4EDFFD8FFCF264BEF430EF4FCA5" box="[373,410,827,853]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="F5EAA4EDFFD8FFCF2698EF430EA7FCA5" box="[422,457,827,853]" count="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
|
||
same data as holotype (
|
||
<collectionCode id="85FDF7A1FFD8FFCF25E8EF430C72FCA5" box="[726,796,827,853]" collectionName="South Africa, Cape Province, Grahamstown, Albany Museum" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9qz-7eka" name="Albany Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">AMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="85FDF7A1FFD8FFCF2419EF430C1AFCA5" box="[807,884,827,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">CDTB</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="85FDF7A1FFD8FFCF2441EF430CA2FCA5" box="[895,972,827,853]" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">NMW</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFD8FFCD27F9EF270CFFFE5D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9EF270B04FC6E" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="D198B376FFD8FFCF27F9EF270E37FC89" bold="true" box="[199,345,863,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Size:
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFD8FFCF26A0EF270D65FC89" box="[414,523,863,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: BL
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF2500EF270DCBFC8A" box="[574,677,863,890]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="1.95">1.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
; EL
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF25E6EF270C51FC8A" box="[728,831,863,890]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; EW
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF2445EF270C8CFC8A" box="[891,994,863,890]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="0.85">0.85 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFD8FFCF24D2EF180B33FC8A" box="[1004,1117,864,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: Male BL
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF23ECEF270A56FC8A" box="[1234,1336,863,890]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="1.95">1.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
; EL
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF2255EF270FA8FC6E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; EW
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF263AEFFB0E05FC6E" box="[260,363,899,926]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="0.86">0.86 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Females BL 1.95–2.00 mm; EL
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF25E3EFFB0CEDFC6E" box="[733,899,899,926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="1.275" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.25">1.25–1.30 mm</quantity>
|
||
; EW
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFD8FFCF24FEEFFB0B08FC6E" box="[960,1126,899,926]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="384" unit="mm" value="0.875" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.85">0.85–0.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9EFDF0EAFFBF9" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">
|
||
Colour: Dorsum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFD8FFCF26B0EFDF0E8DFC31" box="[398,483,935,961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-152@2.[165,1422,450,1743]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Protozantaena species.A) P. labrata Perkins, 1997, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B) P. birdi Bilton, 2022., holotype habitus; C) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype habitus; D) P. labrata, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E) P. birdi, holotype aedeagus; F) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
) brown to dark brown; pronotal and elytral margins paler. Antennae, maxillary palpi and legs yellowish brown; tarsi and last segment of maxillary palps infuscates. Venter brown; pronotal hypomeron and elytral epipleurs paler.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9E86B0EA9FABD" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Head: Labrum transverse, large, rectangular, slightly longer than clypeus; apical margin upturned, with weak apicomedian emargination; laterally fringed with short arcuate setae; dorsal surface shining, microreticulation absent, with sparse, fine micropunctation and long, sparse, fine adpressed setae. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, weakly arcuate. Clypeus, frons and vertex shining, with sparse, medium punctures bearing long, fine, adpressed setae, Microreticulation weak and restriced to lateral border of clypeus and frons between interocular foveae and compound eyes. Ocelli large and distinct, shining, each located at the base of shallow, oblique interocular fovea, which extend towards, but fail to reach, frontoclypeal suture. Compound eyes relatively large; 12 ommatidia in longest series. Maxillary palpi moderately long, last palpomere elongate, widened slightly subbasally, then narrowed basally on anterior surface.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9E9200B6CF961" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Pronotum: Transverse, widest before middle. Anterior margin weakly arcuate; median 0.25 with distinct hyaline border; posterior margin weakly bisinuate around centre; lateral margins weakly attenuated and sinuate behind widest point, anteriorly arcuate to anterior angles; in lateral view appearing thickened over wider anterior section, with upper and lower rim. Anterior angles broadly rounded, posterior angles weakly obtuseangulate. Anterior and posterior impressions shallow but evident, relatively straight. Without impression at posterior angles. Surface strongly shining, especially on disc, microreticulation absent. Entire surface punctate, each puncture with anterior margin extended posteriorly as narrow ridge, apparently dividing puncture into a pair of two smaller punctures; long, fine, recumbent setae arising from posterior extreme of dividing ridge. Punctures denser towards lateral margins, less so along anterior and posterior margins; very shallow and sparser on disc.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCF27F9EAE30BE5F8B5" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Elytra: Elongate, attenuate posteriorly. Sides arcuate, explanate margins relatively broad in middle; apices broadly truncately rounded. Ten-seriate punctate; punctures without granules, series not striate-impressed; punctures moderate, round, shallow, each bearing small, fine, white, recumbent or decumbent seta; spacing between punctures approx. 1–1.25 puncture diameters on disc. Interstices shining, each with unilinear row of fine, punctures, bearing long, fine, recumbent setae, similar to those of puncture rows; punctures without granules.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFD8FFCC27F9EB280B89FE5D" blockId="1.[151,1437,683,2042]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="1" pageNumber="384">Venter: Mentum, submentum, and genae shining, microreticulation absent; mentum with moderate, submentum with sparse, medium punctures, bearing fine, white decumbent setae; genae almost impunctate. Gula shining with sparse with sparse micropunctures and transverse lines of reticulation. Prosternum rugosely microreticulate; punctate anteriorly and laterally, punctures bearing erect golden setae, particularly long centrally; mesoventrite rugosely microreticulate, punctate, with short, erect setae. Pronotal hypomeron broad, glabrous, with sparse, fine punctures and short adprssed setae. Elytral epipleurs broad anteriorly, narrowing over posterior 0.6 and absent at apices; surface shining, glabrous; anterior 0.3 with irregular, confluent punctures and suberect setae along internal margin, otherwise without evident microreticulation or punctation. Metaventrite dull, with dense, medium punctures bearing shaggy hydrofuge vestiture; with shallow, longitudinal oval impression in centre, surrounded by flat area. Abdominal ventrites 1–4 punctate as metaventrite and completely hydrofuge pubescent, some longer hairs scattered amongst shorter vestiture and along posterior margins of ventrites; ventrite 5 with pubescence over anterior 0.5 only; ventrites 5–7 shining, each with an irregular transverse row of punctures, some bearing long, yellowish, decumbent setae. Last tergite with tuft of setae on each side of narrow, shallow apicomedial notch.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B7933FECFFDBFFCC27A6EA920CBFF89E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" startId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" targetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDBFFCC27A6EA920CBFF89E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1770,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC27A6EA920E79F8F2" bold="true" box="[152,279,1770,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC2622EA930D72F8F2" box="[284,540,1770,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC2622EA930EDEF8F2" box="[284,432,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Protozantaena</emphasis>
|
||
species. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC2517EA930C73F8F2" authority="Perkins, 1997" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[553,797,1770,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC2517EA930DE2F8F2" box="[553,652,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDBFFCC25AEEA920C73F8F2" author="Perkins, P. D." box="[656,797,1770,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" pagination="89 - 207" refId="ref3459" refString="Perkins, P. D. (1997) Life on the effective bubble: exocrine secretion delivery systems (ESDS) and the evolution and classification of beetles in the family Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 66, 89 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 215139" type="journal article" year="1997">Perkins, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC23FBEA930AFBF8F2" authority="Bilton, 2022" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[1221,1429,1770,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC23FBEA930A63F8F2" box="[1221,1293,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDBFFCC222CEA920AFBF8F2" author="Bilton, D. T." box="[1298,1429,1770,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" pagination="92 - 96" refId="ref3203" refString="Bilton, D. T. (2022) A new species of Protozantaena Perkins, 1997 from the Great Escarpment of South Africa (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Zootaxa, 5125 (1), 92 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5125.1.6" type="journal article" year="2022">Bilton, 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
., holotype habitus; C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC264EEB770E8DF8D6" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[368,483,1807,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC264EEB770E8DF8D6" box="[368,483,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC26D4EB760D55F8D6" bold="true" box="[490,571,1806,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDBFFCC26D4EB760D55F8D6" box="[490,571,1806,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype habitus; D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC2423EB770CECF8D6" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[797,898,1806,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC2423EB770CECF8D6" box="[797,898,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC2272EB770AF8F8D6" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[1356,1430,1806,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC2272EB770AF8F8D6" box="[1356,1430,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype aedeagus; F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDBFFCC2640EB4B0E9EF8BA" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[382,496,1843,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC2640EB4B0E9EF8BA" box="[382,496,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDBFFCC26C8EB4A0D29F8BA" bold="true" box="[502,583,1842,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDBFFCC26C8EB4A0D29F8BA" box="[502,583,1842,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9ECEF0D49FF25" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Legs: Moderately long, tarsal segments relatively narrow and elongate. Basal three tarsomeres of pro and mesotarsi with pad of suction setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9ECA70E2EFE95" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
Aedeagus: Elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFDAFFCD2687ECA70D68FF09" box="[441,518,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-152@2.[165,1422,450,1743]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Protozantaena species.A) P. labrata Perkins, 1997, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B) P. birdi Bilton, 2022., holotype habitus; C) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype habitus; D) P. labrata, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E) P. birdi, holotype aedeagus; F) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Fig 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
), gonopore bearing flagellum very long, arcuate, bending toward base, almost as long as main-piece; supporting flagellum shorter. Mainpiece straight or nearly so in ventral view, narrowing approx. 0.3 from apex; in lateral view arcuate, with relatively large, broad, widened setose area; parameres very short, each with two setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9ED170A5DFE79" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[199,1331,367,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Female: Without obvious external differences to males, other than the absence of tarsal suction setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9EDEB0CFFFE5D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[199,913,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
Variation: Some
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFDAFFCD26BDEDEB0E80FE5D" box="[387,494,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
paler than
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFDAFFCD2552EDEB0DA0FE5D" box="[620,718,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
due to tenerality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFDAFFCD27F9EDCE0DD7FC71" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9EDCE0DD7FC71" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27F9EDCE0EBFFE20" bold="true" box="[199,465,438,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
In the field, the size and appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2494EDCF0B45FE20" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[938,1067,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2494EDCF0B45FE20" box="[938,1067,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD230BEDCF0BFFFE21" bold="true" box="[1077,1169,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD230BEDCF0BFFFE21" box="[1077,1169,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
suggested a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD27A9EDA30D66FE05" authority="Orchymont, 1937" authorityName="Orchymont" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,520,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Parhydraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27A9EDA30E44FE05" box="[151,298,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Parhydraena</emphasis>
|
||
Orchymont, 1937
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it first being recognised as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD24BAEDA30B46FE04" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[900,1064,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD24BAEDA30B46FE04" box="[900,1064,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Protozantaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the aedeagus. The detailed morphology of the new species suggests that it is related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD247EED870CFCFDE9" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[832,914,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD247EED870CFCFDE9" box="[832,914,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD24F5ED870B54FDE9" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[971,1082,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD24F5ED870B54FDE9" box="[971,1082,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known from the Eastern Cape Great Escarpment and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9BFB2FF4FFDAFFCD26C3EE5B0D33FDCD" box="[509,605,547,573]" name="Namibia" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
respectively, sharing with these species the same general habitus, male labral modifications, maxillary palpal structure and aedeagal design. The new species differs markedly in size, however, at 1.95–2.00 mm being significantly larger than either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD244DEE130CAAFD75" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[883,964,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD244DEE130CAAFD75" box="[883,964,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFDAFFCD24EBEE120B12FD75" box="[981,1148,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.4">1.40–1.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2395EE130A74FD75" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[1195,1306,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2395EE130A74FD75" box="[1195,1306,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="2414C281FFDAFFCD2215EE120FAAFD59" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4249999999999998" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="1.4249999999999998" valueMax="1.45" valueMin="1.4">1.40–1.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
)—see
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFDAFFCD262DEEF70EE2FD59" box="[275,396,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-152@2.[165,1422,450,1743]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Protozantaena species.A) P. labrata Perkins, 1997, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B) P. birdi Bilton, 2022., holotype habitus; C) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype habitus; D) P. labrata, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E) P. birdi, holotype aedeagus; F) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD251EEEF70DF0FD58" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[544,670,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD251EEEF70DF0FD58" box="[544,670,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD259BEEF70D90FD59" bold="true" box="[677,766,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD259BEEF70D90FD59" box="[677,766,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has shallower, finer punctures, particularly on the head and pronotum, than either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD26ACEECB0E8DFD3D" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[402,483,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD26ACEECB0E8DFD3D" box="[402,483,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2534EECB0D16FD3D" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[522,632,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2534EECB0D16FD3D" box="[522,632,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as relatively longer maxillary palpi and legs and more broadly explanate elytral margins. The aedeagus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD25B9EEAF0C68FD00" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[647,774,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD25B9EEAF0C68FD00" box="[647,774,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2431EEAF0C04FD01" bold="true" box="[783,874,727,753]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD2431EEAF0C04FD01" box="[783,874,727,753]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
also differs consistently from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2227EEAF0A05FD01" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[1305,1387,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2227EEAF0A05FD01" box="[1305,1387,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD27A9EE830E68FCE5" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,262,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27A9EE830E68FCE5" box="[151,262,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD26FFEE830D2EFCE4" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[449,576,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD26FFEE830D2EFCE4" box="[449,576,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2576EE830DCCFCE5" bold="true" box="[584,674,763,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD2576EE830DCCFCE5" box="[584,674,763,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, with the main piece thicker in lateral view, a larger, more strongly widened setose area close to apex, and shorter flagellae. Note that the length and angle of curvature of the flagellae differ between specimens within both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2576EF3B0DF7FCAD" authorityName="Bilton" authorityYear="2022" box="[584,665,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2576EF3B0DF7FCAD" box="[584,665,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. birdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD25ECEF3B0C2EFCAD" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[722,832,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD25ECEF3B0C2EFCAD" box="[722,832,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This may also be the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD238AEF3B0A5DFCAC" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[1204,1331,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD238AEF3B0A5DFCAC" box="[1204,1331,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2205EF3B0AFBFCAD" bold="true" box="[1339,1429,835,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD2205EF3B0AFBFCAD" box="[1339,1429,835,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but so far only
|
||
<specimenCount id="F5EAA4EDFFDAFFCD267FEF1F0EDDFC71" box="[321,435,871,897]" count="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||
are available for study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFDAFFCD27F9EFF30D76FBE1" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9EFF30D76FBE1" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27F9EFF30E20FC55" bold="true" box="[199,334,907,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named in reference to the relatively large body size.At 1.95–2.00 mm in length, this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD23C6EFF30AF2FC54" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[1272,1436,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD23C6EFF30AF2FC54" box="[1272,1436,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Protozantaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be considered a giant amongst dwarves, particularly in a mainland African context, the next largest known species being the Madagascan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD26D5EFAB0C67FC1D" authority="Perkins, 2017" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="2017" box="[491,777,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD26D5EFAB0D06FC1D" box="[491,616,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDAFFCD2553EFAB0C67FC1D" author="Perkins, P. D." box="[621,777,979,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 264" refId="ref3593" refString="Perkins, P. D. (2017) Hydraenidae of Madagascar (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zootaxa, 4342 (1) 1 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4342.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Perkins, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ranging from 1.73 to 2.00 mm. For comparative body sizes of African species, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFDAFFCD26A4EF8F0D7DFBE1" box="[410,531,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,462,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-152@2.[165,1422,450,1743]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Protozantaena species.A) P. labrata Perkins, 1997, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, habitus; B) P. birdi Bilton, 2022., holotype habitus; C) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype habitus; D) P. labrata, paratype, Namibia, Naukluft, aedeagus; E) P. birdi, holotype aedeagus; F) P. gigantea sp. nov. holotype aedeagus. Scale bars A–C) = 0.5 mm; D–F) = 100 μm. Note that the exact curvature of the aedeagal flagellae differs between specimens of all three species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821409/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ABF63CEFFFDAFFCD27F9E8620CEFF969" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3536F64FFDAFFCD27F9E8620CEFF969" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27F9E8620E9DFBC5" bold="true" box="[199,499,1050,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C57D1C6FFDAFFCD25CCE8630C4CFBC5" box="[754,802,1051,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the Swart Doring River, a seasonal watercourse in lowland Namaqualand, part of the Groen River catchment. At the time of sampling, water in the Swart Doring was limited to residual pools, around which there were small traces of salt incrustation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD23BBE81B0A6AFB8C" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[1157,1284,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD23BBE81B0A6AFB8C" box="[1157,1284,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2233E81B0A06FB8D" bold="true" box="[1293,1384,1123,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD2233E81B0A06FB8D" box="[1293,1384,1123,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was found in a single residual pool below an old bridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BD773E1FFDAFFCD25DAE8FF0C30FB51" box="[740,862,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-31@4.[160,1427,181,1650]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protozantaena species, distribution and habitat.A) Distribution of Protozantaena in Southern Africa, green symbol = P. gigantea sp. nov., red symbol = P. labrata Perkins, 1997, blue symbols = P. birdi Bilton, 2022, star indicating new locality in the Eastern Cape Drakensberg; B–C) Type locality and habitat of P. gigantea sp. nov., South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Swart Doring River on N7 ca. 30 km south of Garies (photos Andy Foggo)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821411/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The water beetle fauna suggested fresh to weakly hyposaline conditions, accompanying species being the dytiscids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2448E8D30A5FFB35" authority="(Fabricius, 1787)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[886,1329,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Caperhantus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cicurius">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2448E8D30B09FB34" box="[886,1127,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Caperhantus cicurius</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1787)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2203E8D30D53FB19" authority="Laporte, 1835" authorityName="Laporte" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Cybister" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tripunctatus" subSpecies="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2203E8D30EFCFB19" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Cybister tripunctatus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
Laporte, 1835
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2574E8B70B71FB19" authority="(Boheman, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[586,1055,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Hydroglyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infirmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2574E8B70C20FB19" box="[586,846,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Hydroglyphus infirmus</emphasis>
|
||
(Boheman, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2313E8B70A24FB19" box="[1069,1354,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Tyndalhydrus caraboides</emphasis>
|
||
Sharp, 1882,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD27E3E88B0C3FFAFD" authority="(Gemminger & Harold, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Gemminger & Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[221,849,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Canthyporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentottus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27E3E88B0E97FAFD" box="[221,505,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Canthyporus hottentottus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gemminger & Harold, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD24B6E88B0BD3FAFD" authority="Sharp, 1882" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" box="[904,1213,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Andex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD24B6E88B0B42FAFC" box="[904,1068,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Andex insignis</emphasis>
|
||
Sharp, 1882
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the hydraenids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD27A9E96F0D39FAC1" authority="Orchymont, 1948" authorityName="Orchymont" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,599,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Ochthebius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andronius">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27A9E96F0EE3FAC1" box="[151,397,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Ochthebius andronius</emphasis>
|
||
Orchymont, 1948
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD255DE96F0CB8FAC1" authority="Balfour-Browne, 1954" authorityName="Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1954" box="[611,982,1302,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Ochthebius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD255DE96F0DBBFAC1" box="[611,725,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">O. pedalis</emphasis>
|
||
Balfour-Browne, 1954
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD24DCE96F0FBCFAA5" authority="Perkins & Balfour-Browne, 1994" authorityName="Perkins & Balfour-Browne" authorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Ochthebius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD24DCE96F0B0DFAC0" box="[994,1123,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">O. spinasus</emphasis>
|
||
Perkins & Balfour-Browne, 1994
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD27E0E9430DE7FAA5" authority="Perkins, 2014" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="2014" box="[222,649,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Hydraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodecimata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD27E0E9430E89FAA5" box="[222,487,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Hydraena duodecimata</emphasis>
|
||
Perkins, 2014
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD25FFE9430B3DFAA5" authority="Perkins, 2008" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="2008" box="[705,1107,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Parasthetops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD25FFE9430CDEFAA4" box="[705,944,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Parasthetops striatus</emphasis>
|
||
Perkins, 2008
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD23F5E9430A01FAA4" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[1227,1391,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD23F5E9430A01FAA4" box="[1227,1391,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Protozantaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been found elsewhere in the region, despite rather extensive water beetle sampling in the Kamiesberg and Bokkeveld in recent years (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDAFFCD253EE9FB0DF7FA6D" author="Bilton, D. T." box="[512,665,1411,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" pagination="589 - 592" refId="ref2892" refString="Bilton, D. T. (2013 a) Crenitis bicolor sp. n. from the Kamiesberg of South Africa (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Zootaxa, 3626 (4), 589 - 592. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3626.4.13" type="journal article" year="2013">Bilton 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b; 2015; 2016; 2017). On current data it seems that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD23CCE9FB0A1CFA6C" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2024" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2024" box="[1266,1394,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD23CCE9FB0A1CFA6C" box="[1266,1394,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2245E9FB0FA6FA31" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAAB0E0DFFDAFFCD2245E9FB0FA6FA31" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may be restricted to highly seasonal rivers in the Namaqualand lowlands. Seasonal rivers in the region harbour other locally endemic water beetles, including the torridincolids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD244BE9B30A26FA15" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2023" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2023" box="[885,1352,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Torridincolidae" genus="Delevea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madiba">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD244BE9B30B43FA15" box="[885,1069,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Delevea madiba</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDAFFCD230BE9B30A26FA15" author="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C." box="[1077,1352,1483,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref3329" refString="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C. (2023) A revision of Delevea Reichardt, 1976: a Southern African endemic water beetle genus including the largest known extant myxophagans (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae). Zootaxa, 5285 (2), 311 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5285.2.5" type="journal article" year="2023">Bilton & Mlambo, 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD22BFE9B30D70F9F9" authority="Bilton & Mlambo, 2023" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Torridincolidae" genus="Delevea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namaqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD22BFE9B30F91F9F8" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">D. namaqua</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDAFFCD2636E9970D70F9F9" author="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C." box="[264,542,1519,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref3329" refString="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C. (2023) A revision of Delevea Reichardt, 1976: a Southern African endemic water beetle genus including the largest known extant myxophagans (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae). Zootaxa, 5285 (2), 311 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5285.2.5" type="journal article" year="2023">Bilton & Mlambo, 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these taxa being apparently related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD24E2E9970AF6F9F9" authority="Endrody-Younga, 1997" authorityName="Endrody-Younga" authorityYear="1997" box="[988,1432,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Torridincolidae" genus="Delevea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namibiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD24E2E9970BE8F9F9" box="[988,1158,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">D. namibiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Endrödy-Younga, 1997
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known from the South African Great Escarpment (Clarke
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2425EA6B0C22F9DD" box="[795,844,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011) and the same region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9BFB2FF4FFDAFFCD239DEA6B0A6DF9DD" box="[1187,1283,1555,1581]" name="Namibia" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2216EA6B0AFBF9DD" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1997" box="[1320,1429,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Protozantaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2216EA6B0AFBF9DD" box="[1320,1429,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">P. labrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such distribution patterns suggest that common historical factors have shaped the evolution of these two lineages of beetles (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="877D1295FFDAFFCD2600EA230D25F985" author="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C." box="[318,587,1627,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref3329" refString="Bilton, D. T. & Mlambo, M. C. (2023) A revision of Delevea Reichardt, 1976: a Southern African endemic water beetle genus including the largest known extant myxophagans (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae). Zootaxa, 5285 (2), 311 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5285.2.5" type="journal article" year="2023">Bilton & Mlambo 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD2454EA230B11F985" authority="Reichardt, 1976" authorityName="Reichardt" authorityYear="1976" box="[874,1151,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Torridincolidae" genus="Delevea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD2454EA230CA8F985" box="[874,966,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Delevea</emphasis>
|
||
Reichardt, 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that the largest species known to date,
|
||
<emphasis id="D198B376FFDAFFCD267AEA070EBBF968" box="[324,469,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24EC14E7FFDAFFCD267AEA070EBFF968" authorityName="Bilton & Mlambo" authorityYear="2023" box="[324,465,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Torridincolidae" genus="Delevea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namaqua">D. namaqua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was found in Groen River catchment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |