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<mods:title id="0E99D20D99D836EF7D37DD7301FBC283">The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="92A8C741A72A076B4AAB812B7B11C6F4">Hui, Tan Heok</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E6346EE466A3F404CEA3A1A7F554059">Peng, Kelvin Lim Kok</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E6BCCC7033B937E183FA4AFC5FFFB205">Huan, Liew Jia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FADCDBCF84D2FF3E1453691855DC8340">Wei, Low Bi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F520982F238E8089ED7907D2DA76B230">Hing, Rayson Lim Bock</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E1137B41557335F5C595D53ADE3C9FB5">Beng, Jeffrey Kwik Teik</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF9A5E4CFEC3F856FE35BBA5" bold="true" box="[290,496,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Clarias gariepinus</emphasis>
(Burchell)
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(
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, AF[SPC])
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<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF9A5E4CFF69F836FEC9B405" bold="true" box="[136,268,2035,2059]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFEF3F836FE2DB405" author="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP" box="[274,488,2035,2059]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" refId="ref30344" refString="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP (2008) Wild Animals of Singapore: a photographic guide to mammals, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fishes. First Edition. Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2008">Baker &amp; Lim, 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFE12F836FDE9B405" author="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP" box="[499,556,2035,2059]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" refId="ref30384" refString="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: a photographic guide to mammals, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fishes. Second Edition. Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFDD6F836FF04B425" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFF2FF7D6FE6BB425" author="Tan HH &amp; Low MEY &amp; Lim KKP" box="[206,430,2067,2091]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref35273" refString="Tan HH, Low MEY &amp; Lim KKP (2010) Fishes of the Marina basin, Singapore, before the erection of the Marina Barrage. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58 (1): 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="2010">Tan HH et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFE5BF7D6FD75B425" author="Tan HTW &amp; Chou LM &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng PKL" box="[442,688,2067,2091]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" refId="ref35705" refString="Tan HTW, Chou LM, Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng PKL (2010) The Natural Heritage of Singapore. Third edition. Prentice Hall, Singapore, ix + 323 pp." type="book" year="2010">Tan HTW et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFD5CF7D6FCC2B425" author="Yeo DCJ &amp; Lim KKP" box="[701,775,2067,2091]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="327 - 332" refId="ref36219" refString="Yeo DCJ &amp; Lim KKP (2010) Aplocheilus lineatus, a non-native killifish (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3: 327 - 332." type="journal article" year="2010">Yeo &amp;</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE5B36ABFF9A5E4CFCA2FE41FB04BDF2" blockId="17.[835,1474,388,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">
Lim, 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC23FE41FB93BD92" author="Baker N" box="[962,1110,388,412]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="63" refId="ref30246" refString="Baker N (2013 d) African sharp-toothed walking catfish at Lower Peirce Reservoir. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 63." type="journal article" year="2013">Baker, 2013d</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFB83FE41FAFCBD93" author="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP" box="[1122,1337,388,413]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="107" refId="ref30424" refString="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP (2013) African sharp-toothed walking catfish at Upper Seletar. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 107." type="journal article" year="2013">Baker &amp; Lim, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFAA5FE41FCB9BDB3" author="Kwik JTB &amp; Kho ZY &amp; Quek BS &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="239 - 245" refId="ref31974" refString="Kwik JTB, Kho ZY, Quek BS, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2013) Urban stormwater ponds in Singapore: potential pathways for spread of alien freshwater fishes. BioInvasions Records, 2 (3): 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="2013">Kwik et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
; Ng et al., 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFBD0FE60FB66BDB3" author="Yeo RKH" box="[1073,1187,421,445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref36340" refString="Yeo RKH (2013) Alien fishes at Bishan Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 27 - 28." type="journal article" year="2013">Yeo, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFB4CFE60FAEDBDB3" author="Tan HH" box="[1197,1320,421,445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="6 - 7" refId="ref34571" refString="Tan HH (2014 a) Non-native fishes observed in marsh pond at West Coast Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014: 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="2014">Tan, 2014a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFAD3FE61FCB9BDD2" author="Kwik JTB &amp; Yeo DCJ" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref32018" refString="Kwik JTB &amp; Yeo DCJ (2015) Difference in fish assemblages in protected and non-protected freshwater streams in a tropical urbanized country. Hydrobiologia, 762: 143 - 156." type="journal article" year="2015">Kwik &amp; Yeo, 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC69FE00FB88BDD2" author="Tan HH &amp; Koh LL" box="[904,1101,452,477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref35027" refString="Tan HH &amp; Koh LL (2015) Antagonistic behaviour of African walking catfish at Bishan Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2015: 119 - 121." type="journal article" year="2015">Tan &amp; Koh, 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFBB8FE00FAC5BDD2" author="Ho JKI &amp; Ramchunder SJ &amp; Memory A &amp; Theng M &amp; Li T &amp; Clews E &amp; Cai Y &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1113,1280,452,476]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" refId="ref31444" refString="Ho JKI, Ramchunder SJ, Memory A, Theng M, Li T, Clews E, Cai Y, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2016) A Guide to the Freshwater Fauna of Nee Soon Swamp Forest. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 139 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ho et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFAEDFE01FA7BBDD2" author="Lim KKP &amp; Chua MAH &amp; Lim NT-L" box="[1292,1470,452,476]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="165 - 198" refId="ref32798" refString="Lim KKP, Chua MAH &amp; Lim NT-L (2016) Freshwater fishes, terrestrial herpetofauna and mammals of Pulau Tekong, Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 9: 165 - 198." type="journal article" year="2016">Lim et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFCA2FE20FC36BDF2" author="Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng TH &amp; Tan SK &amp; Low BW" box="[835,1011,484,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="186 - 190" refId="ref35534" refString="Tan HH, Yeo DCJ, Ng TH, Tan SK &amp; Low BW (2016) Fishes, shrimps and aquatic snails observed at Kranji Marsh. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2016: 186 - 190." type="journal article" year="2016">Tan et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFBE1FE20FB7BBDF2" author="Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Low BW &amp; Movin N" box="[1024,1214,484,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="7 - 9" refId="ref35572" refString="Tan HH, Yeo DCJ, Low BW &amp; Movin N (2017 b) Fishes, shrimps and aquatic molluscs observed at Singapore Quarry. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2017: 7 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">Tan et al., 2017b</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF9A5E4CFCA2FDE1FC13BE32" bold="true" box="[835,982,548,572]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Distribution.</emphasis>
Bedok Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFB40FDE0FA72BE33" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[1185,1463,549,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Jurong Lake (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC3AFD80FB3DBE53" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[987,1272,581,605]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Kranji Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFCAAFDA0FBA8BE73" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[843,1133,613,637]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Upper Seletar Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFA41FDA0FBF5BE93" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFBDDFD41FAD3BE93" author="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP" box="[1084,1302,644,669]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="107" refId="ref30424" refString="Baker N &amp; Lim KKP (2013) African sharp-toothed walking catfish at Upper Seletar. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 107." type="journal article" year="2013">Baker &amp; Lim, 2013</bibRefCitation>
); Lower Seletar Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC21FD60FB23BEB3" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[960,1254,677,701]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Pandan Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFCAAFD00FBB5BED3" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[843,1136,709,733]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Upper Peirce Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFA41FD00FBF0BEF3" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Rochor canal (now part of Marina Reservoir;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC59FCC0FB48BF13" author="Tan HH &amp; Low MEY &amp; Lim KKP" box="[952,1165,772,797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref35273" refString="Tan HH, Low MEY &amp; Lim KKP (2010) Fishes of the Marina basin, Singapore, before the erection of the Marina Barrage. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58 (1): 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="2010">Tan HH et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingCountry id="A6F3763BFF9A5E4CFB7EFCC1FACEBF12" box="[1183,1291,772,796]" name="Singapore" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Botanic Gardens (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFCAAFCE0FBCFBF33" author="Yeo DCJ &amp; Lim KKP" box="[843,1034,804,829]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="327 - 332" refId="ref36219" refString="Yeo DCJ &amp; Lim KKP (2010) Aplocheilus lineatus, a non-native killifish (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3: 327 - 332." type="journal article" year="2010">Yeo &amp; Lim, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); Lower Peirce Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFAC3FCE1FA72BF32" author="Baker N" box="[1314,1463,804,828]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="63" refId="ref30246" refString="Baker N (2013 d) African sharp-toothed walking catfish at Lower Peirce Reservoir. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 63." type="journal article" year="2013">Baker, 2013d</bibRefCitation>
); Pangsua pond (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC0AFC81FB77BF53" author="Kwik JTB &amp; Kho ZY &amp; Quek BS &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1003,1202,836,861]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="239 - 245" refId="ref31974" refString="Kwik JTB, Kho ZY, Quek BS, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2013) Urban stormwater ponds in Singapore: potential pathways for spread of alien freshwater fishes. BioInvasions Records, 2 (3): 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="2013">Kwik et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
); Woodlands Town Park pond (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC66FCA1FB8CBF73" author="Kwik JTB &amp; Kho ZY &amp; Quek BS &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[903,1097,868,893]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="239 - 245" refId="ref31974" refString="Kwik JTB, Kho ZY, Quek BS, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2013) Urban stormwater ponds in Singapore: potential pathways for spread of alien freshwater fishes. BioInvasions Records, 2 (3): 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="2013">Kwik et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
); Yishun pond (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFB14FCA1FA72BF73" author="Kwik JTB &amp; Kho ZY &amp; Quek BS &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1269,1463,868,893]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="239 - 245" refId="ref31974" refString="Kwik JTB, Kho ZY, Quek BS, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2013) Urban stormwater ponds in Singapore: potential pathways for spread of alien freshwater fishes. BioInvasions Records, 2 (3): 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="2013">Kwik et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
); Bishan Park (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC3AFC40FB96BF93" author="Yeo RKH" box="[987,1107,901,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref36340" refString="Yeo RKH (2013) Alien fishes at Bishan Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013: 27 - 28." type="journal article" year="2013">Yeo, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFB80FC40FAE8BF92" author="Tan HH &amp; Koh LL" box="[1121,1325,900,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref35027" refString="Tan HH &amp; Koh LL (2015) Antagonistic behaviour of African walking catfish at Bishan Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2015: 119 - 121." type="journal article" year="2015">Tan &amp; Koh, 2015</bibRefCitation>
); West Coast Park marsh pond (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFBE8FC60FB4DBFB3" author="Tan HH" box="[1033,1160,933,957]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="6 - 7" refId="ref34571" refString="Tan HH (2014 a) Non-native fishes observed in marsh pond at West Coast Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014: 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="2014">Tan, 2014a</bibRefCitation>
);
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Botanic Gardens (Tan HH, pers. obs., 2015); Pulau Tekong (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFAEBFC01FA72BFD2" author="Lim KKP &amp; Chua MAH &amp; Lim NT-L" box="[1290,1463,964,988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="165 - 198" refId="ref32798" refString="Lim KKP, Chua MAH &amp; Lim NT-L (2016) Freshwater fishes, terrestrial herpetofauna and mammals of Pulau Tekong, Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 9: 165 - 198." type="journal article" year="2016">Lim et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
); Kranji Marsh (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFC05FC20FB52BFF2" author="Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng TH &amp; Tan SK &amp; Low BW" box="[996,1175,996,1021]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="186 - 190" refId="ref35534" refString="Tan HH, Yeo DCJ, Ng TH, Tan SK &amp; Low BW (2016) Fishes, shrimps and aquatic snails observed at Kranji Marsh. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2016: 186 - 190." type="journal article" year="2016">Tan et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingCountry id="A6F3763BFF9A5E4CFB4AFC21FAD2BFF2" box="[1195,1303,996,1020]" name="Singapore" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Quarry (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF9A5E4CFA9AFC20FC71B812" author="Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Low BW &amp; Movin N" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" pagination="7 - 9" refId="ref35572" refString="Tan HH, Yeo DCJ, Low BW &amp; Movin N (2017 b) Fishes, shrimps and aquatic molluscs observed at Singapore Quarry. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2017: 7 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">Tan et al., 2017b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="96FE6520FF9A5E4CFCA2FB80FB35B932" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="DE5B36ABFF9A5E4CFCA2FB80FB35B932" blockId="17.[834,1475,1092,1341]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF9A5E4CFCA2FB80FC77B853" bold="true" box="[835,946,1093,1117]" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Remarks.</emphasis>
This African species appears to have displaced the native congener,
<taxonomicName id="19E44D28FF9A5E4CFBFCFBA1FB1BB872" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1053,1246,1124,1148]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clariidae" genus="Clarias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batrachus">
<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF9A5E4CFBFCFBA1FB1BB872" box="[1053,1246,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Clarias batrachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many of its known habitats in
<collectingCountry id="A6F3763BFF9A5E4CFC58FB41FBEDB892" box="[953,1064,1156,1180]" name="Singapore" pageId="17" pageNumber="167">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, and is the subject of present research by Low BW (Ng et al., 2013). The juveniles of this species range from
<quantity id="191C9B4EFF9A5E4CFC5EFB00FBCAB8D2" box="[959,1039,1221,1245]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">12 cm</quantity>
to
<quantity id="191C9B4EFF9A5E4CFBD0FB01FBB6B8D2" box="[1073,1139,1220,1244]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="167" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
length, and are commonly sold as live feed in the ornamental fish trade (Tan HH, pers. obs.). The species has been observed to be the subject of mercy/ religious release (Yeo DCJ, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>