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<mods:title id="FDEA89B06076A01205685A486B52B167">The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EBDFA4E9DAD8D01E82DA0C437DE2522B">Hui, Tan Heok</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73DDC3A904D5F7A51F73A36DA92FC65B">Huan, Liew Jia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CB380C15842F717A8DD93EC23BAEB47">Wei, Low Bi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="41F33C3C387318BA3C7335877E047976">Hing, Rayson Lim Bock</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D536B1965FC2821498E26B73F361B84B">Beng, Jeffrey Kwik Teik</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="DE5B36ABFF8A5E5CFED0F8D8FD99BB3B" blockId="1.[305,604,1821,1845]" box="[305,604,1821,1845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="851381C7FF8A5E5CFED0F8D8FD99BB3B" bold="true" box="[305,604,1821,1845]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" reason="2">
<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF8A5E5CFED0F8D8FD99BB3B" bold="true" box="[305,604,1821,1845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">
Family
<taxonomicName id="19E44D28FF8A5E5CFE6BF8D8FD99BB3B" ID-CoL="627MW" ID-ENA="86367" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[394,604,1821,1845]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="96FE6520FF8A5E5CFCA2FDB8FAD4BF1B" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="DE5B36ABFF8A5E5CFCA2FDB8FAD4BF1B" blockId="1.[835,1474,637,789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF8A5E5CFCA2FDB8FC11BE9B" bold="true" box="[835,980,637,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">Distribution.</emphasis>
Upper Seletar Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFB02FDB8FA45BE9B" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng PKL" box="[1251,1408,637,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" pagination="2385 - 2388" refId="ref33575" refString="Ng HH, Tan HH, Yeo DCJ &amp; Ng PKL (2009) [issued 2010] Stingers in a strange land: South American freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) in Singapore. Biological Invasions, 12 (8): 2385 - 2388." type="journal article" year="2009">Ng et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFA6BFDB8FC58BEBB" author="Chua G" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" refId="ref30763" refString="Chua G (2010) Stingrays breeding in Upper Seletar. The Straits Times, 26 March 2010, p. C 5." type="book" year="2010">Chua G, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFC49FD5BFB7CBEBB" author="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH" box="[936,1209,669,694]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" pagination="95 - 116" refId="ref33505" refString="Ng HH &amp; Tan HH (2010) An annotated checklist of the nonnative freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. COSMOS, 6 (1): 95 - 116." type="journal article" year="2010">Ng HH &amp; Tan HH, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFB25FD5BFAACBEBB" author="Ho JKI &amp; Ramchunder SJ &amp; Memory A &amp; Theng M &amp; Li T &amp; Clews E &amp; Cai Y &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1220,1385,669,693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" refId="ref31444" refString="Ho JKI, Ramchunder SJ, Memory A, Theng M, Li T, Clews E, Cai Y, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2016) A Guide to the Freshwater Fauna of Nee Soon Swamp Forest. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 139 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ho et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
); Lower Peirce Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFBE4FD78FBB4BEDB" author="Lai JCY" box="[1029,1137,701,725]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" pagination="75" refId="ref32080" refString="Lai JCY (2015) Slender peacock bass and motoro stingray from Lower Peirce Reservoir. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2015: 75." type="journal article" year="2015">Lai, 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFB9CFD7BFAE1BEDB" author="Ho JKI &amp; Ramchunder SJ &amp; Memory A &amp; Theng M &amp; Li T &amp; Clews E &amp; Cai Y &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1149,1316,701,725]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" refId="ref31444" refString="Ho JKI, Ramchunder SJ, Memory A, Theng M, Li T, Clews E, Cai Y, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2016) A Guide to the Freshwater Fauna of Nee Soon Swamp Forest. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 139 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ho et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
); Banir stream [direct link to Lower Seletar Reservoir] (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFB0EFD18FA73BEFB" author="Tan HH &amp; Zeng Y" box="[1263,1462,733,758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" pagination="141" refId="ref35656" refString="Tan HH &amp; Zeng Y (2015) Motoro stingray in stream at Lorong Banir. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2015: 141." type="journal article" year="2015">Tan &amp; Zeng, 2015</bibRefCitation>
); Lower Seletar Reservoir (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFBBDFD38FAC3BF1B" author="Ho JKI &amp; Ramchunder SJ &amp; Memory A &amp; Theng M &amp; Li T &amp; Clews E &amp; Cai Y &amp; Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ" box="[1116,1286,765,789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" refId="ref31444" refString="Ho JKI, Ramchunder SJ, Memory A, Theng M, Li T, Clews E, Cai Y, Tan HH &amp; Yeo DCJ (2016) A Guide to the Freshwater Fauna of Nee Soon Swamp Forest. Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 139 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ho et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="96FE6520FF8A5E5CFCA2FCF8FB0EB81B" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="DE5B36ABFF8A5E5CFCA2FCF8FB0EB81B" blockId="1.[835,1474,829,1045]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="EC90EAB9FF8A5E5CFCA2FCF8FC75BF5B" bold="true" box="[835,944,829,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151">Remarks.</emphasis>
Recent observations indicate a breeding population at Lower Peirce Reservoir, where up to
<specimenCount id="C8E2FD22FF8A5E5CFB1DFC98FA41BF7B" box="[1276,1412,861,885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" type="juvenile">six juveniles</specimenCount>
were sighted at night in shallow water adjacent to a boardwalk (Zhou H, pers. obs.,
<date id="AA5A106BFF8A5E5CFBD7FC58FB08BFBB" box="[1078,1229,925,949]" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" value="2016-08">August 2016</date>
). This stingrays diet includes fishes and aquatic macroinvertebrates, including freshwater gastropods, crustaceans, and insect larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="BA754B5AFF8A5E5CFA76FC18FC17B81B" author="Tan HH &amp; Tan SK" pageId="1" pageNumber="151" pagination="51 - 52" refId="ref35422" refString="Tan HH &amp; Tan SK (2018) Snail operculum in the faeces of a motoro stingray. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2018: 51 - 52." type="journal article" year="2018">Tan &amp; Tan, 2018</bibRefCitation>
; Kwik et al., in prep.).
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