652 lines
76 KiB
XML
652 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document id="CEF4A75E0CAC4EC43C8348C862D23D5B" ID-CLB-Dataset="46761" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205593" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d80346ff-f0ac-49e4-9622-599cd854408f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205593" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460363607568" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shimada, Tomohiko, Matsui, Masafumi, Yambun, Paul & Sudin, Ahmad" docDate="2011" docId="03A0B522FFD54F48FF5690C6FF021AD4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02905p056.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2905" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Meristogenys dyscritus Shimada, Matsui, Yambun & Sudin, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="FF99CD5AFFDC4F59FFC1967FFFF91D33" masterDocTitle="A survey of morphological variation in adult Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae), with a description of a new cryptic species" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698294951668" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BBB32FE724325C7F0B09A6BD54796FD4">
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<mods:title id="6DBCA9676EEDA59F4A0BAA06EA6FE4D0">A survey of morphological variation in adult Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae), with a description of a new cryptic species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="622FAFD7EF2BBB89FF71BC5E38294E70" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="AFA587F7405A92BBE9E201E4D368A0AD">Shimada, Tomohiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="96193E15C245082A1319DAA3A0EC4C09">Matsui, Masafumi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="65E3A73E022B17829536FDA009570A75">Yambun, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="DADDC19974AE6F4A64A51CA4EA56345B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="72FFC54BD7E59BD8352836C20DB7D1A6">Sudin, Ahmad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="515892CBDF6DF572EF3979A0DB977943">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DA7CBE40A40E88E0EAC01D68F4D248B4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC1ED8031620AB504AE9A3C323EC4F21">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="314E2B208B6D730E63303E5C93357061">2905</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A0B522FFD54F48FF5690C6FF021AD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613136" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119410284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613136" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61516878-6594-4457-A5D1-7255447C37AE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0B522FFD54F48FF5690C6FF021AD4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C31357BFFFD54F50FF5690C6FEF41A41" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD54F50FF5690C6FDF61BE0" blockId="9.[151,527,1721,1747]" box="[151,527,1721,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0FEB358FFD54F50FF5690C6FDF61BE0" bold="true" box="[151,527,1721,1747]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FF5690C6FDF61BE0" bold="true" box="[151,527,1721,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FF5690C6FE531BE0" ID-CoL="6RBD9" box="[151,426,1721,1747]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FF5690C6FE531BE0" bold="true" box="[151,426,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Meristogenys dyscritus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E655DFFD54F50FE7390C6FDF61BE0" box="[434,527,1721,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD54F50FF56917FFEF41A41" blockId="9.[151,1436,1792,1906]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FF56917FFF091A25" box="[151,240,1792,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Amolops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FF56917FFF091A25" box="[151,240,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Amolops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. A: Matsui, 1979, p. 340, figs. 26, 28A;
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FD77917FFBBC1A25" authority="Matsui, 1986" authorityName="Matsui" authorityYear="1986" box="[694,1093,1792,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Amolops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FD77917FFC571A25" box="[694,942,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Amolops amoropalamus</emphasis>
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: Matsui, 1986
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 628–629 (part);
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FAD5917DFEA71A06" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FAD5917DFEA71A06" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(lineage 3, lineage 4): Shimada
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FD6D915FFD201A06" box="[684,729,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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., 2007a, p. 173–189; Shimada
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FBD8915FFBBE1A06" box="[1049,1095,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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., 2008, p. 24–34; Shimada
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FAA3915FFA691A06" box="[1378,1424,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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., 2011, p. 158–177,
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<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD54F50FE479141FE271A60" box="[390,478,1854,1876]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1605,1628]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox-0="[443,1142,388,1573]" captionTargetBox-1="[220,1364,807,1907]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[434,1153,373,1585]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[211,1380,785,1924]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Ova of Meristogenys amoropalamus (A) and M. dyscritus (B). Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Relationship between female snout-vent length (SVL) and ovum numbers per ovary. Closed dots indicate Meristogenys amoropalamus (Group A), while open dots indicate M. dyscritus (Group B)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/205596/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/205597/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3–4</figureCitation>
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, Appendix 2,
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FDAC9140FC6D1A67" box="[621,916,1854,1876]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FDAC9140FC6D1A67" box="[621,916,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(larval morphotype 3-a): Shimada
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FB3D9140FAD01A67" box="[1276,1321,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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., 2007b, p. 59–63.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31357BFFFD54F53FF5691E1FC6C1C0C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD54F53FF5691E1FC6C1C0C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1950,2011]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FF5691E1FEE81A84" bold="true" box="[151,273,1950,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species is a member of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD54F50FD0C91DFFC9D1A84" box="[717,868,1952,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FD0C91DFFC9D1A84" box="[717,868,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Meristogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, based on the morphology of the larval specimens molecularly assigned to it (larval morphotype 3-a in Shimada
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD54F50FC8E91BBFC7E1AE8" box="[847,903,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2007a); these had diagnostic characteristics of the genus: abdominal sucker; divided upper jaw sheaths; and ribs on the outer surface of both jaw sheaths.
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD64F53FA9096E6FEA01DE7" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FA9096E6FEA01DE7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Meristogenys dyscritus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small species of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD64F53FDB296C2FD181DE7" box="[627,737,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerboa">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FDB296C2FD181DE7" box="[627,737,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">M. jerboa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group (Matsui, 1986), with male SVL
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<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD64F53FB3396C3FA6E1DE7" box="[1266,1431,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.56" metricValueMax="3.95" metricValueMin="3.17" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="35.6" valueMax="39.5" valueMin="31.7">31.7–39.5 mm</quantity>
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, female SVL 61.0–
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<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD64F53FEA596A0FE331DC4" box="[356,458,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.12" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="71.2">71.2 mm</quantity>
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; rear of thigh dark brown, dusted with small irregular light spots; web poorly developed leaving terminal two phalanges on fourth toe free of broad webbing; ova relatively small and heavily pigmented in the animal pole; upper third of iris sandy brown to yellowish brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFD64F53FF56903AFBA81B6F" box="[151,1105,1605,1628]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205596/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[443,1142,388,1573]" targetPageId="10">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F53FF56903AFBA81B6F" blockId="10.[151,1105,1605,1628]" box="[151,1105,1605,1628]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF56903AFEEB1B68" bold="true" box="[151,274,1605,1628]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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Ova of
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD64F53FEA49038FD721B6F" box="[357,651,1606,1628]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FEA49038FD721B6F" box="[357,651,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(A) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD64F53FD249038FC9A1B6F" box="[741,867,1606,1628]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FD249038FC9A1B6F" box="[741,867,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(B). Scale bar = 2 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C31357BFFFD64F53FF0690F6FBC01BF6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F53FF0690F6FBC01BF6" blockId="10.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF0690F6FEB71B92" bold="true" box="[199,334,1673,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific name is derived from dyskritos (Gr.), doubtful or indistinguishable, referring that the new species is difficult to distinguish from
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<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD64F53FDBA90D1FCBE1BF6" box="[635,839,1709,1733]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
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<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FDBA90D1FCBE1BF6" box="[635,839,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in adult morphology.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31357BFFFD64F53FF0690AEFEB61AAE" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F53FF0690AEFAB51A3E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF0690AEFEC21BDA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1745,1769]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
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<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD64F53FF0690AEFECF1BDA" box="[199,310,1745,1769]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Osaka Museum of Natural History (
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||
<collectionCode id="ED189CF1FFD64F53FD1A90AFFCCD1BDB" box="[731,820,1744,1768]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rcjv-ktyc" name="Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">OMNH</collectionCode>
|
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) Am8069, an adult male from Liwagu River,
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<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD64F53FAFE90AFFA6E1BDB" box="[1343,1431,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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||
, Headquarters of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E44A4FFD64F53FD7B908AFCDD1A3E" box="[698,804,1781,1805]" name="Malaysia" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Collected in March, 1979, by Masafumi Matsui.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F53FF069166FC9B1A66" blockId="10.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF069166FEBF1A02" bold="true" box="[199,326,1817,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
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<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD64F53FF069166FEB81A02" box="[199,321,1817,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Two males and a female from the
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<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD64F53FD159166FCFD1A02" box="[724,772,1817,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
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locality; Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig, Bonn (
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||
<collectionCode id="ED189CF1FFD64F53FE829142FE6D1A66" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" box="[323,404,1853,1877]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">ZFMK</collectionCode>
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) 41644; Sabah Parks (SP) 26481, 21392.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F53FF06911FFEB61AAE" blockId="10.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF06911FFE451A4A" bold="true" box="[199,444,1888,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
Forty-five males and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FCFBDFFD64F53FD01911FFCC41A4B" box="[704,829,1888,1912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD64F53FC75911EFC1D1A4A" box="[948,996,1889,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (Liwagu), Mahua, and Wario (See Appendix).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31357BFFFD64F48FF0691D7FF021AD4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD64F52FF0691D7FE2A1CB4" blockId="10.[151,1436,1672,2022]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,751]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD64F53FF0691D7FCF61AF2" bold="true" box="[199,783,1960,1985]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD64F53FEBA91D6FE111AF2" box="[379,488,1961,1985]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body moderately slender, SVL 31.7; head subtriangular, slightly longer (12.8) than wide (12.7); snout blunt, projecting slightly beyond lower jaw; eyes elevated; canthi sharp, slightly concave; lores slightly oblique, concave; nostrils lateral, just below canthal edge, distinctly closer to tip of snout (2.4) than to eye (2.7);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E44A4FFD74F52FDE196C2FDAB1DE7" box="[544,594,189,212]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
(4.3) wider than IOD (3.0); latter narrower than UEW (3.4); SL 5.2; pineal spot visible, slightly behind the line connecting anterior corners of orbits; tympanum distinct, TDv (3.5) and TDh (3.4), two-thirds of EL (5.2); T-EL (0.8) one-fourth of TDv and TDh; vomerine teeth obvious, in small oblique groups separated by the width of one group, groups on line connecting rear rims of choanae; tongue deeply notched, without papilla; paired subgular vocal sacs form gular pouches at corners of throat; vocal opening just inside commissures of jaws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD74F52FF0497EBFD191F24" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fingers slender, first and second subequal, much shorter than third; tips expanded into disks having circummarginal grooves; disks of all fingers subequal in diameter, one-third diameter of tympanum; no fringes of skin along fingers; no supernumerary metacarpal tubercles; distinct nuptial pads covering dorsal and medial surfaces of the first finger from its base to subarticular tubercle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD74F52FF04945BFBA01FDC" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Forelimb length unavailable; LAL 19.1; HAL 11.0; HLL 69.7; tibia long (23.1); heels overlapping when limbs are held at right angles to body; THIGH (19.9) and FL (20.3) much shorter than TL. Toe disks similar to those of fingers in shape and size; webbing not fully extending to disk on fourth toe, leaving two phalanges free of broad sheet; excision of web between fourth and fifth toes proximal to middle subarticular tubercle of fourth toe; a narrow fringe of skin along medial edge of first toe; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, shorter than distance between it and subarticular tubercle of first toe; a small round, raised outer metatarsal tubercle.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFD74F52FF5691DCFC171AEB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205597/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[220,1364,807,1907]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD74F52FF5691DCFC171AEB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1955,2009]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD74F52FF5691DCFEEA1A8A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1955,1978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Relationship between female snout-vent length (SVL) and ovum numbers per ovary. Closed dots indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD74F52FA9991DAFE781AEB" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD74F52FA9991DAFE781AEB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group A), while open dots indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD74F52FD3D91BCFC811AEB" box="[764,888,1986,2008]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD74F52FD3D91BCFC811AEB" box="[764,888,1986,2008]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFD04F55FF569065FBD31B7C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205598/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[166,1413,224,1526]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD04F55FF569065FBD31B7C" blockId="12.[151,1436,1562,1616]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD04F55FF569065FEEA1B03" bold="true" box="[151,275,1562,1585]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Relationship between female SVL and ovum volume (ovary volume divided by clutch size). Closed dots indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD04F55FF569045FE441B7C" box="[151,445,1593,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD04F55FF569045FE441B7C" box="[151,445,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group A), while open dots indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD04F55FCF79045FC4A1B7C" box="[822,947,1593,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD04F55FCF79045FC4A1B7C" box="[822,947,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD04F55FF049004FEB81BEF" blockId="12.[151,1437,1659,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Skin of dorsum finely granular on head and trunk; a weak fold from above eye to axilla; a low dorsolateral glandular fold; side of trunk coarsely granular; limbs strongly rugose above; throat smooth; chest and abdomen weakly rugose.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD04F55FF069098FD8E1AEB" blockId="12.[151,1437,1659,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD04F55FF069098FD011A33" bold="true" box="[199,760,1767,1792]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Colour in life (See coloured pictures of
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD04F55FD629098FD101A33" box="[675,745,1767,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1763,1786]" captionTargetBox="[340,1263,253,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[286,1300,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsolateral views of Meristogenys amoropalamus (A, SP 26612) from Kamborangah and M. dyscritus (B, SP 26481) from Liwagu." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum light brown with small dark spots; lores with dark streak below canthus; upper lip light grey; a blackish brown band beginning behind eye bordering rear of the tympanum, diverging above the tympanum and nearly reaching the inguinal area, dorsal and ventral boundaries sharp; limbs marked dorsally with alternating light and dark brown crossbars, the darker ones narrower; a short dark streak ventrally at insertion of arm; rear of thigh light brown with scattered irregular light spots; throat and chest whitish with dots of melanophores; lower lip vaguely barred with blackish brown; ventral surface of tibia whitish, with heavy pigmentation of melanophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFD14F54FF56959DFDAF1940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205599/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[162,1428,200,965]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF56959DFDAF1940" blockId="13.[151,1437,994,1139]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FF56959DFEED1ECB" bold="true" box="[151,276,994,1017]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Eyes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FEB2959BFD631ECA" box="[371,666,995,1017]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FEB2959BFD631ECA" box="[371,666,995,1017]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FC82959BFC381ECA" box="[835,961,995,1017]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FC82959BFC381ECA" box="[835,961,995,1017]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Group B). A, the female paratopotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FA41959BFED71924" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FA41959BFED71924" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the type locality (Gunung Tapai Sia) after anaesthesia; B, C,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FC0F927DFB7E1924" box="[974,1159,1025,1047]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FC0F927DFB7E1924" box="[974,1159,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mesilau after (B) and before (C) anaesthesia; D–F,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FE02925EFDB91905" box="[451,576,1056,1078]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FE02925EFDB91905" box="[451,576,1056,1078]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Wario after anaesthesia (D) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD14F54FC0C925EFBB21905" box="[973,1099,1056,1078]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FC0C925EFBB21905" box="[973,1099,1056,1078]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Liwagu before anaesthesia (E, F). Specimen vouchers: A, OMNH Am8068; B, BORNEENSIS 22901; C, KUHE 39460; D, BOR 22970; E, SP 26481; F, SP 21514. For abbreviations, see Appendix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF0692E0FBEB19EF" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FF0692E0FEB6198B" bold="true" box="[199,335,1183,1208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Iris colour.</emphasis>
|
||
Although iris colour of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD14F54FD6A92DFFCF4198B" box="[683,781,1184,1208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is unavailable, other specimens from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFD14F54FACA92DEFAC2198A" box="[1291,1339,1185,1209]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (Liwagu) had the bicoloured iris, sandy brown above and reddish brown below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF069298FBBD1817" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FF069298FE5B1833" bold="true" box="[199,418,1255,1280]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Colour in alcohol.</emphasis>
|
||
Color pattern has not been changed even after preservation in ethanol for several years, except for iris colour which disappeared soon after the fixation in formalin solution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF06934FFDAA185F" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FF06934FFEF0187B" bold="true" box="[199,265,1328,1352]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Eggs:</emphasis>
|
||
Ova bicoloured, heavy pigmentations on the animal pole, cream white on the vegetal pole; clutch size 750–1500; ovum diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD14F54FE04932BFDB6185F" box="[453,591,1364,1388]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF069307FF5318EB" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FF069307FD5118A3" bold="true" box="[199,680,1399,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Larvae (See coloured pictures of
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD14F54FD939308FD6118A3" box="[594,664,1399,1424]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[181,1401,217,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larvae of two Meristogenys species treated in this study. A, Meristogenys amoropalamus (BORNEENSIS 05 B 247) from Mahua; B, Meristogenys dyscritus (BORNEENSIS 05 B 239) from Mahua. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205601/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FCFBDFFD14F54FC919307FC1118A3" box="[848,1000,1400,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="generic">67 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of stage 26–41 of Gosner (1960) from Mahua. These specimens are identical to those used by Shimada
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD14F54FCAF93E2FC661887" box="[878,927,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007a) to define their larval morphotype 3- a.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF04939BFA761BBF" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Head-body length (HBL) 10.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD14F54FDF0939BFD6318CF" box="[561,666,1508,1532]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="16.8">16.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head-body oval, broadly rounded at snout, flat below, head-body width (HBW) maximum at level of spiracle 61–71% (median=65.8%) of HBL; depth 49–64% (median=55.4%) of HBW; eyes dorsolateral, not visible from below, pointing outward, eyeball 13–15% (median=13.7%) of HBL; interorbital 123–169% (median=147.6%) of eye diameter; eye-snout distance 36–46% (median=41.1%) of HBL; nostril open, rim not raised, closer to eye than to tip of snout; internarial 57–80% (median=69.8%) of interorbital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD14F54FF0490E7FF051AE3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1183,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Oral disk ventral, width 57–73% (median=65.7%) of HBW; upper lip separated from snout by a groove; upper lip with short marginal papillae in lateral third, inframarginal papillae near corner; lower lip with uninterrupted row of short marginal papillae; labial tooth row formulae 6(4–6)/6(1) in three specimens, 6(4–6)/7(1) in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FCFBDFFD14F54FB3C909FFA611BCB" box="[1277,1432,1760,1784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="generic">48 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, and 6(4–6)/8(1) in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FCFBDFFD14F54FEB2917BFDE81A2F" box="[371,529,1796,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
; jaw sheaths heavy completely black except for outer margins covered by thin film; upper sheath film thicker than the lower; outer surface of lower jaw sheaths with several weak ribs; margin finely serrate, 3–11 and 4–7 serrae on a half of upper and lower jaw sheaths, respectively; upper jaw sheaths Mshaped, lower V-shaped; both jaw sheaths divided; a large suctorial abdominal disk following oral disk; peripheral part of disk darkened and keratinized; length 40–52% (median=46.5%) of HBL; width 78–98% (median=87.9%) of HBW.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFD24F57FF56909CFE881A2B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205600/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[340,1263,253,1733]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD24F57FF56909CFE881A2B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1763,1816]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD24F57FF56909CFEEC1BCA" bold="true" box="[151,277,1763,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsolateral views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD24F57FDC5909AFCD21BC9" box="[516,811,1764,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD24F57FDC5909AFCD21BC9" box="[516,811,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, SP 26612) from Kamborangah and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD24F57FB11909AFAA91BC9" box="[1232,1360,1764,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD24F57FB11909AFAA91BC9" box="[1232,1360,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, SP 26481) from Liwagu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD24F56FF04913AFB011C0C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1861,2029]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Spiracle sinistral; tube moderately long, length subequal to length of eyeball, pointing upward and backward, free of body wall for half its length; anal tube median, free of tail; tail heavily muscled, dorsal margin strongly convex, deepest before middle, tapering to slightly pointed tip; tail length 143–179% (median=164.7%) of HBL, maximum depth 23–33% (median=26.5%) of length; caudal muscle deeper than fins in basal half; dorsal fin origin behind body, fin deeper than ventral fin except in final fourth; ventral fin origin at end of proximal third of tail; head-body with four pairs of glandular clusters; a postorbital cluster about an eye length behind eye, with 0–3 glands; a infraorbital at the base of snout, with 1–3 glands; a prespiracular cluster just anterior to spiracle, with 0–4 glands; a midlateral at the posterior end of body, with 0–8 glands; no ventral and dorsal fin glands; 0–16 ventral fin glands; head-body scattered dorsally with minute protuberances anterior to eye in developed larvae; the area occupied by spinules and their density increasing with stage of development; lateral line pores indistinct.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF049733FC831CB4" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Head-body light brown dorsally and laterally, sometimes posterior half of lateral surface dark brown; caudal muscle light brown; translucent fins with scattered pigmentations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF0497EBFAAB1CFC" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Other ten larval specimens from Bundu Tuhan (st. 28), Liwagu (st. 32), Poring (st. 31), and Wario (st. 30 and 32) had characteristics similar to Mahua specimens, but all ten specimens had six rows of lower labial teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF0697A4FA9D1CC7" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[199,1380,475,500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF0697A4FEC21CC7" bold="true" box="[199,315,475,500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Males from Mahua tended to be smaller than males from Liwagu and Wario in SVL (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68B318FFFD34F56FB3E97A3FAAF1CC7" box="[1279,1366,476,500]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,301,1261]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparisons of snout-vent length (SVL: means + 2 SE, followed by ranges in parenthesis, in mm) and percentage" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7654BCFFDA4F5FFF5696E7FA651D9D" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" tableUuid="DF7654BCFFDA4F5FFF5696E7FA651D9D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF049780FE931FB7" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Although relatively weak web development is one of the diagnostic characters of this species, some females from Liwagu and Wario had developed broad webs, which reached to the toe disk. Individuals usually had a bicoloured iris, sandy brown above and reddish brown below, but some females from Liwagu had monocoloured reddish brown iris.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF0494EFFE791E27" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Larvae from Mt. Kinabalu tended to have fewer labial tooth rows in lower jaw than the specimens from Mahua (Crocker Range). In Mahua, only 4.7% of larvae had six rows of labial teeth on the lower jaw, and all other larvae had seven or eight rows, whereas all ten larvae collected around Mt. Kinabalu (Bundu Tuhan, Liwagu, Poring and Wario) had six rows.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF069560FD381E4C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF069560FEF31E0B" bold="true" box="[199,266,799,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Calls.</emphasis>
|
||
We recorded calls of a male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FDAC955EFD0E1E0B" box="[621,759,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FDAC955EFD0E1E0B" box="[621,759,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SP 26472) at Liwagu at the midnight of
|
||
<date id="FFB722F4FFD34F56FB0B9560FAA61E04" box="[1226,1375,799,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" value="2007-06-14">14 June 2007</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FAAF9560FF5F1E6F" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1427,1450]" captionTargetBox="[215,1369,245,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[187,1400,193,1406]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sonograms of advertisement calls by Meristogenys dyscritus recorded at Liwagu." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205602/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) at an air temperature of 17.5 C. The male perched on a low shrub,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FC62953BFC111E6F" box="[931,1000,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
above ground, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FB09953BFB0A1E6F" box="[1224,1267,836,860]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
from the river. Many other males were also calling around there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF0695F3FBBB196A" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">The call was emitted sporadically with several minutes intervals, and consisted of a short, unpulsed note, lasting about 0.11 sec. A call included three continuous phases, of which the first one had a marked frequency modulation; it descended quickly in frequency from 8000–10000 Hz down to about 6000 Hz. In the second phase, the frequency was kept stable around 6000 Hz. The third phase had a remarkable frequency modulation again; it ascended quickly in frequency from 6000 up to 9000 Hz. Dominant frequencies were traced at about 6000–10000 Hz ranges, and harmonic bands were often found between 12000–15000 Hz ranges.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF06921CFD5E18F3" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF06921CFE94194F" bold="true" box="[199,365,1123,1148]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
Among 11 known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD7C921AFCAD194F" box="[701,852,1125,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD7C921AFCAD194F" box="[701,852,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Meristogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FCA2921AFB39194F" authority="Inger, 1966" authorityName="Inger" authorityYear="1966" box="[867,1216,1124,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinabaluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FCA2921AFBDA194F" box="[867,1059,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. kinabaluensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Inger, 1966)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB0D921AFEA11993" authority="Inger and Gritis, 1983" authorityName="Inger and Gritis" authorityYear="1983" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poecilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB0D921AFAA9194F" box="[1228,1360,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. poecilus</emphasis>
|
||
(Inger and Gritis, 1983)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FEA492F6FCED1993" authority="Shimada et al. 2011" authorityName="Shimada et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[357,788,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FEA492F6FDD31993" box="[357,554,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. stenocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
Shimada
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD5A92F6FD341993" box="[667,717,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FCE092F6FB461993" authority="Shimada et al. 2011" authorityName="Shimada et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[801,1215,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmachilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FCE092F6FC2D1993" box="[801,980,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. stigmachilus</emphasis>
|
||
Shimada
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB8492F6FB8E1993" box="[1093,1143,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB3A92F6FE9A19F7" authority="Boulenger, 1887" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1887" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB3A92F6FA651993" box="[1275,1436,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
(Boulenger, 1887)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a large body size (male SVL>
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FCC692D3FCA119F7" box="[775,856,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
, female SVL>
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FBC492D3FBAC19F7" box="[1029,1109,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and are easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FF1592AEFEA719DB" box="[212,350,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF1592AEFEA719DB" box="[212,350,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From some small species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD5592AEFCE619DB" box="[660,799,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD5592AEFCE619DB" box="[660,799,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated in the poorly developed toe webs [In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FABC92AEFE66183F" authority="Gunther, 1872" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1872" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerboa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FABC92AEFF19183F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. jerboa</emphasis>
|
||
(Gunther, 1872)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FE6C928AFCB8183F" authority="Matsui, 1986" authorityName="Matsui" authorityYear="1986" box="[429,833,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FE6C928AFD77183F" box="[429,654,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
(Matsui, 1986)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC8E928AFB30183F" authority="Matsui et al., 2008" authorityName="Matsui et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[847,1225,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maryatiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC8E928AFC1E183F" box="[847,999,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. maryatiae</emphasis>
|
||
Matsui
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB87928AFB80183F" box="[1094,1145,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB17928AFEB91803" authority="Matsui, 1986" authorityName="Matsui" authorityYear="1986" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB17928AFA65183F" box="[1238,1436,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
(Matsui, 1986)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FEBC9366FCBD1803" authority="Inger and Gritis, 1983" authorityName="Inger and Gritis" authorityYear="1983" box="[381,836,1304,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeomerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FEBC9366FDD41803" box="[381,557,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. phaeomerus</emphasis>
|
||
(Inger and Gritis, 1983)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, webs reach at the toe disk], heavy pigmentations on the ventral surface of tibia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FE169342FDBE1867" box="[471,583,1340,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerboa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FE169342FDBE1867" box="[471,583,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. jerboa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD969342FD091867" box="[599,752,1341,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maryatiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD969342FD091867" box="[599,752,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. maryatiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FCC19342FC3C1867" box="[768,965,1340,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FCC19342FC3C1867" box="[768,965,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FBC69342FB4E1867" box="[1031,1207,1340,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeomerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FBC69342FB4E1867" box="[1031,1207,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. phaeomerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only scattered pigmentation), small irregular light spots on the rear of thigh (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC90931EFC46184B" box="[849,959,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerboa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC90931EFC46184B" box="[849,959,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. jerboa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC37931EFB2E184B" box="[1014,1239,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC37931EFB2E184B" box="[1014,1239,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have large bright blotches), and black streaks around eyes, lores and tympanum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC9D93FAFC3318AF" box="[860,970,1412,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerboa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC9D93FAFC3318AF" box="[860,970,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. jerboa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC1993FAFAB918AF" box="[984,1344,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC1993FAFB8B18AF" box="[984,1138,1413,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maryatiae">M. maryatiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FBBD93FAFAB918AF" box="[1148,1344,1412,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">M. orphnocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FABC93FAFED918F3" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeomerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FABC93FAFED918F3" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. phaeomerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually lack such colour patterns).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF0493B2FD721BD1" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FF0493B2FE3318D7" box="[197,458,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF0493B2FE3318D7" box="[197,458,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Meristogenys dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD8C93B2FCE518D7" box="[589,796,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD8C93B2FCE518D7" box="[589,796,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in adult morphology, but the typical individuals can be identified through morphological characters. The upper iris of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FC8F938EFC211B3B" box="[846,984,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FC8F938EFC211B3B" box="[846,984,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually sandy brown, but is yellowish green in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FEC3906AFE2A1B1F" box="[258,467,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FEC3906AFE2A1B1F" box="[258,467,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FE26906BFDC81B1F" box="[487,561,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,200,965]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,973]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Eyes of Meristogenys amoropalamus (Group A) and M. dyscritus (Group B). A, the female paratopotype of M. amoropalamus from the type locality (Gunung Tapai Sia) after anaesthesia; B, C, M. amoropalamus from Mesilau after (B) and before (C) anaesthesia; D – F, M. dyscritus from Wario after anaesthesia (D) and M. dyscritus from Liwagu before anaesthesia (E, F). Specimen vouchers: A, OMNH Am 8068; B, BORNEENSIS 22901; C, KUHE 39460; D, BOR 22970; E, SP 26481; F, SP 21514. For abbreviations, see Appendix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205599/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), although this character changes after anaesthesia, and there might be an intraspecific variation. Additionally, females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD749046FCB91B63" box="[693,832,1592,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD749046FCB91B63" box="[693,832,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have smaller (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FC299048FBD21B7C" box="[1000,1067,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[166,1413,224,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Relationship between female SVL and ovum volume (ovary volume divided by clutch size). Closed dots indicate Meristogenys amoropalamus (Group A), while open dots indicate M. dyscritus (Group B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205598/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) ova and larger clutch size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FAAF9048FF5F1B47" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox="[220,1364,807,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[211,1380,785,1924]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Relationship between female snout-vent length (SVL) and ovum numbers per ovary. Closed dots indicate Meristogenys amoropalamus (Group A), while open dots indicate M. dyscritus (Group B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205597/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FF309022FE391B47" box="[241,448,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF309022FE391B47" box="[241,448,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(See “Reproductive characters” in Result). In females,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB819022FB341B47" box="[1088,1229,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB819022FB341B47" box="[1088,1229,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have longer hand (usually longer than 31% of SVL) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD9A90FEFCD11BAB" box="[603,808,1664,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD9A90FEFCD11BAB" box="[603,808,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(usually less than 31% of SVL) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FB669000FB051BA4" box="[1191,1276,1663,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1437,1460]" captionTargetBox="[165,1416,213,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1416]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Plots of percentage ratios of HAL and TL to SVL in females. Closed dots indicate Meristogenys amoropalamus (the asterisk is the paratopotype of M. amoropalamus), while open dots indicate M. dyscritus (Group B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205603/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FABC90FEFEC71B8C" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FABC90FEFEC71B8C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually have larger tympanum (more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FCE990D8FC811B8C" box="[808,888,1703,1727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
2) than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FBED90D7FB411B8C" box="[1068,1208,1703,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FBED90D7FB411B8C" box="[1068,1208,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFD34F56FAF590D8FA7A1B8C" box="[1332,1411,1703,1727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
2), although there is a range of overlap (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133218B1FFD34F56FDF390B5FD841BD1" box="[562,637,1738,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1647,1670]" captionTargetBox="[185,1396,439,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,409,1626]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Relationship between SVL and the tympanum area (TDv * TDh * π / 4) in males. Closed dots indicate Meristogenys amoropalamus (the asterisk is the holotype of M. amoropalamus), while open dots indicate M. dyscritus (the asterisk is the holotype of M. dyscritus)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205604/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Fig 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFD34F56FF049090FE681AEC" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Contrary to the adult morphology, the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FD1F908FFC901A34" box="[734,873,1775,1799]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FD1F908FFC901A34" box="[734,873,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite different from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB0E908FFA651A34" box="[1231,1436,1775,1799]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB0E908FFA651A34" box="[1231,1436,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in morphological characters. The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FDBA916BFCFF1A18" box="[635,774,1811,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FDBA916BFCFF1A18" box="[635,774,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have six rows on upper jaws, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FAC0916BFF2B1A7C" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FAC0916BFF2B1A7C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have seven. In the young developmental stages, the lower jaw sheaths of both larvae is divided, but only those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FF369123FE3D1A40" box="[247,452,1883,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FF369123FE3D1A40" box="[247,452,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fuse into a large single jaw sheath before metamorphosis. Glands in a tail are limited to ventral fin in larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FEB991FFFDFA1AA4" box="[376,515,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FEB991FFFDFA1AA4" box="[376,515,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while they are present in both fins of larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FBC391FFFB361AA4" box="[1026,1231,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FBC391FFFB361AA4" box="[1026,1231,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For the comparison between larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FEB191DBFE031A88" box="[368,506,1955,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FEB191DBFE031A88" box="[368,506,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FDB091DBFCF11A88" box="[625,776,1956,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FDB091DBFCF11A88" box="[625,776,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Meristogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae in Sabah, see the KEY TO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFD34F56FB4B91DCFAAD1A89" box="[1162,1364,1955,1978]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFD34F56FB4B91DCFAAD1A89" box="[1162,1364,1955,1978]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">MERISTOGENYS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
LAR- VAE FROM SABAH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFCC4F49FF569104FB101A83" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205601/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[181,1401,217,1876]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFCC4F49FF569104FB101A83" blockId="16.[151,1436,1915,1968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCC4F49FF569104FEE11AA2" bold="true" box="[151,280,1915,1938]" pageId="16" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae of two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCC4F49FE089102FDA81AA1" box="[457,593,1917,1938]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCC4F49FE089102FDA81AA1" box="[457,593,1917,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="49">Meristogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species treated in this study. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCC4F49FC019102FB121AA1" box="[960,1259,1916,1938]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amoropalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCC4F49FC019102FB121AA1" box="[960,1259,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="49">Meristogenys amoropalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BORNEENSIS 05B247) from Mahua; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCC4F49FE5F91E4FD711A83" box="[414,648,1946,1968]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCC4F49FE5F91E4FD711A83" box="[414,648,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="49">Meristogenys dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BORNEENSIS 05B239) from Mahua. Scale bar = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7654BCFFCD4F48FF5693ECFBAB1899" box="[151,1106,1427,1450]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205602/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[215,1369,245,1358]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFCD4F48FF5693ECFBAB1899" blockId="17.[151,1106,1427,1450]" box="[151,1106,1427,1450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FF5693ECFEEB189A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1427,1450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Sonograms of advertisement calls by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FD5493EAFC861899" box="[661,895,1428,1450]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FD5493EAFC861899" box="[661,895,1428,1450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Meristogenys dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recorded at Liwagu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFCD4F48FF0493A8FC311B4C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1495,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FEA493A7FE0818DC" box="[357,497,1495,1519]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FEA493A7FE0818DC" box="[357,497,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share divided lower jaw sheaths, six rows of labial teeth on the upper jaw, and no glands on their dorsal fin or ventral surface with larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FCDD9383FC1B1B20" box="[796,994,1531,1555]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FCDD9383FC1B1B20" box="[796,994,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FB599383FADC1B20" box="[1176,1317,1531,1555]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dyscritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FB599383FADC1B20" box="[1176,1317,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. dyscritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, have rectangular body shape (body oval in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FDB6905FFCC31B04" box="[631,826,1567,1591]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FDB6905FFCC31B04" box="[631,826,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), surface projections restricted to head (projections on head and body in advanced stage in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FDF1903BFD0D1B68" box="[560,756,1603,1627]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FDF1903BFD0D1B68" box="[560,756,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and usually seven or eight rows of lower labial teeth (usually six rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FE8B9017FDF41B4C" box="[330,525,1639,1663]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FE8B9017FDF41B4C" box="[330,525,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; See Shimada
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FD749017FD1F1B4C" box="[693,742,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2007a for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFCD4F48FF0690F4FD271A3C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1495,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FF0690F4FEE31B90" bold="true" box="[199,282,1675,1699]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Besides the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2BA96FFCD4F48FE6B90F4FE231B90" box="[426,474,1675,1699]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality Liwagu,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FD6390F5FD011B91" box="[674,760,1674,1698]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l., adults of this species have been collected from Wario (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FF5F90D0FF111BF4" box="[158,232,1711,1735]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in the Kinabalu National Park, and Mahua (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FCDE90D0FC8F1BF4" box="[799,886,1711,1735]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.063" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1063.0">1063 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in the Crocker Range National Park, all in Sabah,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E44A4FFCD4F48FF2B90ADFEAD1BD9" box="[234,340,1746,1770]" name="Malaysia" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The larvae of this species have also been collected from Bundu Tuhan (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FB4B90ADFB2D1BD9" box="[1162,1236,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="990.0">990 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) and Poring (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FF5F9088FF1E1A3C" box="[158,231,1783,1807]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in/around the Kinabalu National Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB60434FFCD4F48FF069164FF021AD4" blockId="17.[151,1437,1495,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FF069164FE701A00" bold="true" box="[199,393,1818,1843]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Gravid females were collected in July (Liwagu), August (Mahua and Wario), November (Wario), and December (Mahua). Larvae collected in March (Liwagu and Mahua), August (Liwagu, Wario, Bundu Tuhan, and Mahua), and November (Poring) showed a wide range of developmental stages. Thus, there seems to be no particular reproductive seasons. Larvae were collected from rivers with a width of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1A9D1FFCD4F48FB9B91F8FB4B1AAC" box="[1114,1202,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">
|
||
5–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FCFBDFFCD4F48FBB691F8FB4B1AAC" box="[1143,1202,1927,1951]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" type="generic">10 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. At night, they make a mixed cluster with larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FE2C91D3FD541AF0" box="[493,685,1963,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinabaluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FE2C91D3FD541AF0" box="[493,685,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. kinabaluensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FD7D91D3FC791AF0" box="[700,896,1963,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Meristogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orphnocnemis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FD7D91D3FC791AF0" box="[700,896,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">M. orphnocnemis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C097FB7FFCD4F48FC7F91D3FB591AF0" box="[958,1184,1964,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Huia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cavitympanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DD826FFCD4F48FC7F91D3FB591AF0" box="[958,1184,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Huia cavitympanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on top of flat rocks in the river.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |