501 lines
69 KiB
XML
501 lines
69 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="96FF076568C534FF2DE467EC107926A9">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D627865A8D4B3731D024350BEDFE4EC">Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E180BED16F5288E7358406A7CCF8D71C">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0646B001991825EE8B67F2DCE8FCBC07" type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="47FAD2B90CA677273D6E9D7595F20D6A">Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D30A43FC4BA8D75B7EB83C36F9A5BE50">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0E9217D22254299F8D10D00787197050">Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9639C3716497227EC3FA1AAA5E2C4968">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7FA6D5277BD8B37480F070FEB63F81F7">Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9197CA92D7EB0EF7C2733292088E6AA1">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B44376DE1365F5197FF47452058CF7B2">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="9F863B27C92B4FD5BF1D2C66E4F6A232">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="44EF3147265B60B71D648BE22EC2AFA9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8EB21A8E4CA25DBF986FF4296103FD72" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520398" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8EB21A8E4CA25DBF986FF4296103FD72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8EB21A8E4CA25DBF986FF4296103FD72" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Xenidae" scope_order="Strepsiptera">
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<subSubSection id="1580793923ECFCAEC1360855CC28449D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EC136F3428A304CB426C27746211D8A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2944B3463756DEB4DEBAB725E40C9432" ID-CoL="8KZJ5" LSID="8EB21A8E-4CA2-5DBF-986F-F4296103FD72" authority="Rossi, 1794" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos Rossi, 1794</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6E2DC85F2D975170A405C5A7E3D24A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B188CA017AD248652A73B3F376358B41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A3568360FF8D828931F4F5D2853988A3" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi, 1794: 114. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="5E9AE4F856E224D0D90A21CFE8377534" baseAuthorityName="Rossi" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos vesparum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesparum">Xenos vesparum</taxonomicName>
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(Rossi, 1793), by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D0D3DFBB4D20F0BCBBD105D79DB69E2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="0F9FE1D2031832DC3FBA48A75F591513" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Acroschismus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acroschismus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acroschismus</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1908: 79 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="4445F2246B04E6E28AC56102F1EA05DB" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart 1941</bibRefCitation>
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). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="3325E2CC7513B7175F8B8FDF54226C67" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Acroschismus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acroschismus hubbardi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Acroschismus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1908.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8976F3451660ECB368C38CBD67B20028" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4D5E2A195369FA093BD5D5E7AF8ECF9A" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Schistosiphon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schistosiphon" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schistosiphon</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1908: 80 (synonymized by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="505D220F068B404B21D3B5B5FF3F6A84" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart 1941</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="9BE25AADB20ABA4A89E396899B9A1EB3" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos peckii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckii">Xenos peckii</taxonomicName>
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Kirby, 1813.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DBB7E2A50E62ECC27CC13C55BFE1DB33" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="5DD73216465C9B92B40D4CB013438705" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Vespaexenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespaexenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vespaexenos</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1909: 133 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="40D8382A87C2133FE87892E9AA3895B4" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart 1941</bibRefCitation>
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). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="14FEC3C6A7E739E8EE0D3B8049A17F70" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Vespaexenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespaexenos crabronis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabronis">Vespaexenos crabronis</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1909.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="461D350E7A2844B0E265B9AB87D62A2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="497D1ABA26762E95AB449D7B049CC450" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Belonogastechthrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Belonogastechthrus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Belonogastechthrus</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1911: 498 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="714A98A558240F743353CC9EC547FAF9" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart 1941</bibRefCitation>
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). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="CEF40F3059DA52EE28A37AD949B0F59F" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Belonogastechthrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Belonogastechthrus zavattarii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zavattarii">Belonogastechthrus zavattarii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="0B73A5F5CD1056E3809862BA4F95F467" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 511" refId="B90" refString="Pierce, WD, 1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 40: 487 - 511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" title="Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" volume="40" year="1911">Pierce 1911</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181EA1DC0A307D6E7AA826BF7FED9481" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A80A38E9CD2B885EA8C880FE9BA9A23A" authorityName="Brethes" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Clypoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clypoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Clypoxenos</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="B4FE10B9F1B69A94DFD8D1AB8C301513" originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
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, 1923: 46 (synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62751648ACD5C60A2E8C7F3E773983BE" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart 1941</bibRefCitation>
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). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="425172C8D53883874F82CD0D98C0A38A" authorityName="Brethes" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Clypoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clypoxenos americanus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">Clypoxenos americanus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="27FE35729A2E3EEFDE0755CB3081DDA8" originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
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, 1923.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="590635AC082099D276850B933C0E6A97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3075A02C28C9511C163EB2941C954CF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7EC53C1126FEF85FADFA51C6AB04B3D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differing from other genera by the combination of following characters. Clypeal sensilla distinct, position on clypeal lobe extended onto ventral side, often present near clypeo-labral border (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="BC1DA0F439743E7228CFDEC66D694C8A" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53D</figureCitation>
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). Maxilla variable in shape, almost fused with labial area, or raised from it, but not distinctly prominent anteriorly (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="1BAA8E10B058A138818615D83EF9FE95" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53E, F</figureCitation>
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). Reduced forms of maxilla often indistinctly separated from labial area. Cuticle of maxilla in some cases strongly sclerotized like in
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<taxonomicName id="ED2041EF5E57F4FDA883E25FBA0549AE" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AEE5E3DB449048434F462BFFEB4842E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but border between clypeus and labrum always distinct (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="92B13E180E7760B4B8667B56F3DBD96E" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prosternal extension not differentiated. Mandible not protruding from capsule. In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FCC302C9BAFD8BA0B63B82DA7ACAE55" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="63B52B645929A7F4FEC85D8EFA54A67A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FD3DC4FDCAD532A6CCEC5801B48255F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="07F04522982B8FAFF8135FCF14065C5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4B42FE4C624E03246D187CD4792A0B23" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="30F9E03229FB602E77611B8E7A1E062C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Extremely variable, ca. as long as wide, slightly wider than long, or distinctly longer than wide. Meso-metathoracic segmental border in some cases distinctly constricted laterally. Extremely variable in size, length 0.8-2.7 mm, maximum width 0.84-2.43 mm. Anterior head margin evenly rounded, protruding, or strongly protruding. Thorax slightly or distinctly widening posteriorly. Cephalothorax uniformly pale or colorful. Coloration with multiple brown (nearly black) and orange shades forming distinct pattern, often with pale anterior part and dark posterior area (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3542C366C5FEE4BFFBF3BAED349B5A2E" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="F51" captionText="Figure 51. Xenos peckii, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Polistes fuscatus stylopized by two females of X. peckii, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with two adult females inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure51" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">51C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E830098CB07A4CA92DA6E93893E5BE7C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure51" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 51" startId="F51">
|
||
<paragraph id="69DE225FB53F202581FB495817AE4DD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="57B202B17215291768FA8CFAFB3DB9F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 51.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8422E67582C38E8D43C9D823AD41732" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos peckii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1C89313CE2845269088F1FCBD6A3EE3E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos peckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="B2B0888D1FCE7C34702B2D6261DC2095" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C03CC01C225FEDC1E1BF35D97D75C9DD" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polistes fuscatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96A03AA8FFF1530FEDDCA021CB63A301" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Polistes fuscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stylopized by two females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C490EB1F36FD3EAA6A018E2BE3502C8" lsidName="X. peckii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7A7B7FC6D6D0F8E3448A0E41F2E63266" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. peckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="D19933BAF7615A87CD03BBDEFAAF525C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of host abdomen with two adult females inside
|
||
<emphasis id="DBB0AAA1405CB933D946DA313BEAF019" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side of cephalothorax
|
||
<emphasis id="D863E804D661D41C4759B489E23CFDFE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9457BBA3562A2CD01D2F8083B3897BB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="714534EAA2A87FA4DC75969D91103E03" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Ca. ⅓ ~
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2ED0CE8C9976AB58DEE780B7C7B61ABB" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral cephalic extension. Coloration forming specific pattern with pale and dark combined. Clypeal region well delimited from labral area, border between clypeus and labrum often distinct (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF371185259C3C2FD0568A32C3E88B" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="F52" captionText="Figure 52. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of labral area, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">52F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="25F0962EF65D1AC77742C0F7CBE18628" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clypeal area variable in shape, apical margin arcuate, nearly flat, or protruding, forming distinct clypeal lobe. Cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled. Numerous distinct sensilla present on clypeal surface, between 20 and 60 (or more), mainly concentrated anteriorly, rarely also scattered laterally, on clypeal lobe extending to ventral side, often near indistinct clypeo-labral border (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="313A1BB2B419BF18FE92351EA36D395A" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle of frontal region slightly wrinkled. Segmental border between head and prothorax often indistinct to almost absent, at most indicated by change of color or transverse colored stripe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BA0219F985B03D0C6EAD0CCC6ED24C21" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 52" startId="F52">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE934A42E723961362DD8D898F892DEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A39D2F70CE774E047E4328242F462CF9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 52.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F9D785138E0DD85FE6BDDCAC1FE1459" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos peckii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="72ED412FB1239EF34FE74347AE517638" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos peckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="D240CECDE4F6EF81AB760C491CE3F2F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="85CAEB607A89B02F67E544612EE6469A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="669C345A741B0573A97F4DE4BC03F574" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="96C1C34425355026592D5B88A6BC2A52" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="FBE6E1529BD248E90ED0DDDC32341EB7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="E10CF68CF77C2872B80894E1607C9341" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of labral area, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="01308F1963583A78C42913D36FD1B4D9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 53" startId="F53">
|
||
<paragraph id="3EDCA01BB13153379D9DD3C870C18280" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E7AE27A7960B7C9D6EED89CE9A86331" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 53.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9241096AE1B49EC82A2F6A24DD54162" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos peckii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="EC25A7E3CEDAE38805EB352A2EF6457D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos peckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="01E8717A4F99612BDE5EFE228BB1955A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="7BD9253527162C36D514797DFE74C1A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="A0624949E715DE509B6570C22001BB37" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="555B7C5EF420B6285E2C3473E0D1A50D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="EB7A678BC59780401450016FCD67050F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="55B011555131DA956897085A9164444A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B342FADE01EF920C15DB295FF5DBC410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2C7038EAB50875E4AF7CD58AAC713CE8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Slightly wrinkled with dispersed sensilla. Not delimited or indistinctly delimited by furrow medially, but border usually still recognizable (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9797938D37AB98826A2FB431FD5F2B4A" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B27789D88A4B8511B8B402C7A70C576" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="86DB364BB134769551088DC82D7654F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved as poorly defined area, usually with several small, rounded plates, antennal sensilla, or cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D01846960B015641131CFC554EAD583" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="F52" captionText="Figure 52. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of labral area, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">52C</figureCitation>
|
||
), in some cases combined, but antennal vestige in some cases only visible as strongly sculptured cuticle, without any plates or sensilla. Periantennal area wrinkled or reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9ACFDC4C96B7B12B9448FEBEA5A16A73" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D10805B901D4D6503B73BCF34D392D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field variable, semicircular to nearly circular, elliptic, or subtriangular. Dorsal field slightly arcuate to straight, raised, or flat, ~ 4-5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4124FA4C0D2C4EC3C7076A25A1DFCE43" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="24945DA4DAC4977419E12462A1DC03FB" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="F52" captionText="Figure 52. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of labral area, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">52F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal field laterally as long as medially, or laterally narrowed, with ~ 10-20 setae or sensilla inserted in cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C46230CED12F5C34E4B5264D36EB8E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8CD0307DDBD549E142FB158A02514FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed at angle of 30-75° and enclosed in mandibular capsule, exceptionally slightly protruding. Mandibular bulge more or less distinctly raised, with several sensilla. Cuticle of mandible completely or partially sculptured. Tooth narrow or wider, pointed apically, more or less distinctly armed with spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="280995DCE114256893E2260506B1EF49" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CEC3BD80104301131AE43BC2E01FA45" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Variable in shape, nearly fused with labial area and scarcely distinguishable from it, or raised but not distinctly prominent anteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="226B30121D7A2A0C27026F69422F44CF" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle smooth, wrinkled or reticulated, in some cases strongly sclerotized. Maxillary apex not projecting beyond mandible anteriorly but in some cases elevated maxillary base very slightly overlapping base of mandible. Vestige of palp inconspicuous, very poorly defined, often forming cavity or completely missing. If recognizable usually located medially or slightly apically on ventral side of maxilla (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6973588A2EC81126D19DDEB67097EB2" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, cls - clypeal sensillum, fr - frontal region, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxillary base usually indistinctly produced anterolaterally as a submaxillary groove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D0969C58D1E6B743A78506F6585434B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E3E51513C721ADC5EEC4ECD6D78EBCD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area more or less recognizable between maxillae, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Flat, slightly wider than long, as long as wide, or longer than wide. Cuticular surface smooth or reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="678DA39F5C59E1A6DBE3E513414F51EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5CDB53D99B63638314696C465BF7AEF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Widely arcuate to nearly straight or bisinuate, in some cases V-shaped, sclerotized along margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="32D7A070303EC315F9314F867B965A99" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="4483758A66381D7797339628BE1FBC2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually indicated by mesal furrows, combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal side. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge or indicated by change of cuticular sculpture. Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side reticulate with scattered small or larger pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension undifferentiated, evenly arched. Meso- and metathorax of standard transverse shape, in few cases constricted laterally. Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="19C3CD99E6184FBBF1F42C53BCD3E7AB" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="F52" captionText="Figure 52. Xenos peckii, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of labral area, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure52" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">52E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="58F1135585DE1FED685C924FCB42C7FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D096B7467435DE2F75A99B974E662EAE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles on posterior third of cephalothorax slightly elevated, with anterodorsal and anterolateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="32164DA9F3BA91DFC2135E3C02D95072" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8C184581C4E98FA6AFD54C4F9398BD73" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70A681D51F91DDDDCECD33CC5D45E756" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Differing from other genera by the following combination of characters. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye ~ 2-3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E159EADAEC031F8C3E7DCDDAED9E0FDF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
larger than diameter of vestigial antenna. Paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field slightly distinct or indistinct. Cephalotheca usually elliptic (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="71409F16A4DA4FED030D36BB0624BE51" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frontal fissure indistinct or almost absent (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E171181C032DEC9994F88A8AA7390DD4" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxilla not distinctly elongated, at most 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="183B396055604A2726E3867A4B954F15" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than basally wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9E96CF4B1D960658D3E3F2D39F3E0891" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge strongly reduced or missing (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1EFB9B8686F682D6E3A790BCC68E2EC" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cephalotheca mostly dark (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="802B8B6FD5641CA324B3D7D1D622721C" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5F3FB53A4D5BC0C6035951D09D22174F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 54" startId="F54">
|
||
<paragraph id="9FF24D3019259FD8080E6DE16437858F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F577F604F1A5112B0ED04D27096A7F77" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 54.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="619F94AC0F29DBADE4203F9745E3CDAB" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos peckii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E8976FF16C186C109C41A7C06428E0B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos peckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="31EDDCE73EEA98B581D934159D6C3001" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="1DE5906CB345AB29E97AB5C4721406BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="EE23AC382B1A9E374594298B745B72ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="92AD67D312DE2017C44DA434F6BF7CDE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="1BCC2718C12DEBDDEAA0ADAE2CFC5B53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi -frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B55AFBF8989AEE8E0FCD447A301E8EC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A5668002280B4AEB2B5B2A28B988829D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0739978F3F8B9252FCCE0E59D5E5C799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="59FC51AE17892C68967AA3063D3A9155" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
In frontal view rounded, elliptic, in lateral view slightly pointed anteriorly or rounded. Coloration with pattern of pale and dark shades but dark color dominant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E080A12398F3B2755F128202B18060D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3DE91C178CA3F692AFD510F2C184AC9E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes completely dark or lighter, with dark individual cornea lenses visible. Clypeal lobe straight or slightly arcuate in frontal view, not or slightly prominent in lateral view. Sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe. Frontal impression inconspicuous or distinct (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B143495BF9038A274F733E3891F0E69C" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge indistinct (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D03B43483CF7DA482C220685DAC476E1" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54D</figureCitation>
|
||
) or absent. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye ~ 2-3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C96B10D89231597FFC5FA5F913882C1B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
larger than diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A789A19F875563F9E16830121B992201" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5BEAD0A22891566C8938DB22579D8B2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, without furrows, delimited medially by more or less distinct frontal impression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4B8BD806AC31AC938CF469457D231DCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AAC5A61B8C3C7187F4D6A37C50606E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, with small plates, cavities or sensilla, and complete torulus (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E313959D939261E22DF86A0B52575B16" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Xenos peckii, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5BFD99D8C3C0BB1D19D32E324CF37AD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD02BC06BEF2E3B4B9E6EB9B3E068A8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct, with setae on dorsal field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="495EAFADBAD8D1056249CDC2BDADD1DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="45F3FF63DED96ACD0CD9783203ED5F63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Mandibular bulge with sensilla, separated from pointed tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="90C910C22F73E45874A09EB77DD6C930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C70C19976D2DAB716F175DB62BA1510B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent, dark. Vestige of palp distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E4C88D71C9195ABCF0A4F1657911CA82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FED93E5C14B685AB3EEC7E875816088" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark labium distinctly visible between and below maxillae. Praementum and postmentum separated by indistinct transverse furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE520928AFCDBD090DF2AF79CD50BF52" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECC263D096E1FB2A12F90F2BAAA6368D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly or distinctly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DB529BDF7DAB0052D2CBADF0AFB01F25" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph id="897DD864408B17501CCB88E590E02F3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9AD43A6210C563E0EED29F1D71CB6E0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Deeply nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E33394C0FF394C5C6BFB66660BAA28B3" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, representing the largest radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E899950437510CCCF3966F73B3302922" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">Benda et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AA97A867C9E3E4B0BF3A55D6A5131C7" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="839F879B67F6AAB21D7E2A30F5DC1892" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E6C9C66ADFB98679EEB1BA9BCA4D37D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Straka and Benda unpubl. results)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="411360AB2D6C53E7FF85DFA1CC399E7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="70E6996D99C856B3147993520D855A07" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="223D6D392FA1914E0DAC251AB42FD825" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The geographic origin is unclear, probably the New World or Afrotropical region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE216846E4200366E0B9A5A0E127A312" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The present distribution of 33 described species comprising the Old and New World.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E3A497F125784CE074F03A3DC4A8B2DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C6A230527D15F6AD44E8B89C8A4F5EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C96CEEBD5AB4F388BE2C7DDF9E0ABD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Several tribes of social
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CA00B0E8B20ACDD902ACEB3BA1770E3" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60B6823E4145E10DBDBB7100DDB6E172" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Vespini">Vespini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1BCB9560019FC743E441540FBD68E64" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Polistini">Polistini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F678D506DDF0405B028614410DA599A" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1993" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mischocyttarini">Mischocyttarini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7504393176FBCB61EC9C8F931B4C49A" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1918" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Ropalidiini">Ropalidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="24F9C7716A985794AC8869DB400398A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="BB26E7C21953D671BD7D2FB61B3C9BC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="036FE51DA8B68B7FC9B1AB242D602DB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The first species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72EBC529E7E899AAD1B3928CFE28AA48" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Strepsiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22324A27ABCDD90A892F1041B47184E0" baseAuthorityName="Rossi" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos vesparum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesparum">
|
||
<emphasis id="6D95F5B1C5EBFB4CF1858D2CF2C7D3CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos vesparum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was superficially described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8E513BAF70EBB9CE64F0AC3CDD51F7C" author="Rossi, P" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B100" refString="Rossi, P, 1793. Observations de M. Rossi sur un nouveau genre d'insecte voisin des Ichneumons. Bulletin de la Societe Philomanthique 1: e49." title="Observations de M. Rossi sur un nouveau genre d'insecte voisin des Ichneumons. Bulletin de la Societe Philomanthique 1: e 49." year="1793">Rossi (1793)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who assigned it to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9BF8B9E7CE81C344A10139D844B1D641" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Ichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumon" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4325CFE5ABBE431DA07DE277AA22FEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ichneumon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC6E602FD79980D85A8FC90FFB9FE0CC" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41967D5CC69D920C74C4902EF7CC49CE" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2934E5C69BC7DEEE4619A659CE9A1C7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced later by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70D416C6F1EC7E658A76E358FFB31F8D" author="Rossi, P" journalOrPublisher="Polloni, Pisa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Rossi, P, 1794. Mantissa insectorum, exhibens species nuper in Etruria collectas a Petro Rossio. Adiectis faunae Etruscae illustrationibus ac emendationibus. Vol. 2. Polloni, Pisa" title="Mantissa insectorum, exhibens species nuper in Etruria collectas a Petro Rossio. Adiectis faunae Etruscae illustrationibus ac emendationibus. Vol. 2." year="1794">Rossi (1794)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5FB1D858F9FBD6A0D3BFF6076FC8376" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B88" refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85" title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera." volume="9" year="1908">Pierce (1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="43AA0DA1AFE39502BFC136F6B0CB47E8" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 232" refId="B89" refString="Pierce, WD, 1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 66: 1 - 232" title="A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby." volume="66" year="1909">1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E81439C90CA046E33D4E44489B0CFBB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 511" refId="B90" refString="Pierce, WD, 1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 40: 487 - 511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" title="Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" volume="40" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described several genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F46C0AC91E47FA45531A946BF7B28AAB" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Acroschismus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acroschismus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="33B702E318E7138B281F2FE428C27D2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acroschismus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A65CACD90ECD51522B89BCB24132D8D6" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Stylopidae" genus="Belonogastrechthrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Belonogastrechthrus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6378CF84BCD0C83016F665B5425854B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Belonogastrechthrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF08F0EC461FFE03CB8A0D5DD3E4B1AA" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Schistosiphon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schistosiphon" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8AD0C8AF18605D9F59F042D6C270DCE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schistosiphon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A680347002632B4F1FF63395D7067FB" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Vespaexenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespaexenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9F57189B972858FF91894E263DAB382F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vespaexenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on his hypothesis of host specialization. These were later synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76E61867C2C4251F3BD83E265EDFEF5C" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5247B97470E0C0CAC763085DEA7E0B19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F64ED5A5F58F499E57953F540FC361B6" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 160" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 7: 91 - 160" title="A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America." volume="7" year="1941">Bohart (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and also the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24CD1268E815B7787B23363D0AACDD14" authorityName="Brethes" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Clypoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clypoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A19DE022FD6803079C2A464B67AFA97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Clypoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2309B6FF8E4A3627D6124C2DF554B583" author="Brethes, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de la Plata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 56" refId="B10" refString="Brethes, J, 1923. Primera contribucion para el conocimiento de los " Strepsiptera " argentinos. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de la Plata 15: 41 - 56" title="Primera contribucion para el conocimiento de los " Strepsiptera " argentinos." volume="15" year="1923">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31BD15B1AF0DD4A7051308636271B386" originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1923)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="12C871EE90EBCA7AE6020FF1CBFCF9F7" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
maintained this concept and extended it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D520EEDA624E91882165DFF992E193C2" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D8DCED368AB58BABCC5529BD256F07A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and considered representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9503C1FC64DD96B2EEA9B6DB4D49D4FF" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EF41DC17EFF741521D816601490E1D10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as parasites of social wasps.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B7452CDC5F0042DACCA6BB68C87429D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="970781F77B30732B918117B019567EA3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) revealed xenids parasitizing social
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E526F8EDD55A5377B0326A3BF9D08A2E" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a polyphyletic group. We classify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07AE17FA45795426CACAA8319B811DE8" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D033DBEF6DBDADF94451335F128A22F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus based on the monophyly revealed by molecular phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F79E2F2C679ACEFED5062E269510D6AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D17AEA10EC32011872A08D9BCA460AA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and based on morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |