treatments-xml/data/57/0F/12/570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28.xml

<document id="2E5BF153ED9210853885623FD27D28EE" ID-CLB-Dataset="5662" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38bacee8-bbb7-473e-8d6a-a5c928530e34" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913497" ID-ZooBank="4C254D2A-E497-4344-8B02-5AD96FF505B4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623171470016" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Steffen, Michael A., Irwin, Kelly J., Blair, Andrea L. &amp; Bonett, Ronald M." docDate="2014" docId="570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03786p442.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Eurycea subfluvicola Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="439" masterDocId="AB366A1CFFB8FFD0FFB8FF9AFFD3281A" masterDocTitle="Larval masquerade: a new species of paedomorphic salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea) from the Ouachita Mountains of North America" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="423" pageNumber="431" updateTime="1699005334399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="FEFBC7ECFD7B29396CCA0AC236940527">Larval masquerade: a new species of paedomorphic salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea) from the Ouachita Mountains of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A115F46EE9980EB887C82E7E8783C04">Steffen, Michael A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C3AB9F2F48D8E5C33620976F5FA74BCC">Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="645FA678B6DEE15E22B271C233F8F912" type="email">michael-steffen@utulsa.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="287CE8BB2E7B186CB9A409F8FF134E26">Irwin, Kelly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A160DBA718051A4FA871D6F7A3ACFCED">Blair, Andrea L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9F43D49FB23FF84C13D441AFB3F173FA">Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D7B5F4B0DB42A2717FC75B6D25A752F7">Bonett, Ronald M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E1C47C4A6B35D07008D2861BBAEEA22F">Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF2FFF46FE2F28ED" blockId="8.[151,517,220,280]" box="[151,508,220,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<heading id="8451141EFFB0FFD8FF2FFF46FE2F28ED" bold="true" box="[151,508,220,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF2FFF46FE2F28ED" bold="true" box="[151,508,220,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FF2FFF46FE4428EC" ID-CoL="3D3HS" authority="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett, 2014" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,407,220,246]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF2FFF46FE4428EC" bold="true" box="[151,407,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F6E1C21BFFB0FFD8FE26FF47FE2F28ED" box="[414,508,221,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF2FFF65FDD62902" blockId="8.[151,517,220,280]" box="[151,517,255,280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Ouachita Streambed Salamander</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF2FFEDDFDC529F5" blockId="8.[151,1436,327,496]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<materialsCitation id="6FCEA92FFFB0FFD8FF2FFEDDFDC529F5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3314669303" collectingDate="2013-03-25" collectionCode="MAS, KJI" county="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" location="Berkeley" municipality="University" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" specimenCode="MVZ 269485" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF2FFEDDFED8297A" box="[151,267,327,352]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF2FFEDDFED7297A" bold="true" box="[151,260,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FF2FFEDDFED7297A" box="[151,260,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FEF3FEDDFE7E297A" box="[331,429,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is an adult female collected by 
<collectionCode id="B9B73BB7FFB0FFD8FC9EFEDDFCB0297A" box="[806,867,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">MAS</collectionCode>
and 
<collectionCode id="B9B73BB7FFB0FFD8FC18FED2FC1B2945" box="[928,968,328,351]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">KJI</collectionCode>
on 
<date id="AB1885B2FFB0FFD8FC40FEDDFB7A297A" box="[1016,1193,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" value="2013-03-25">
<collectingDate id="BB5C7C5AFFB0FFD8FC40FEDDFB7A297A" box="[1016,1193,327,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" value="2013-03-25">25-March 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
and deposited at the 
<collectingCounty id="3678DBFEFFB0FFD8FF2FFEF6FE2A299F" box="[151,505,364,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="3F7D3908FFB0FFD8FDBBFEF6FDAA299F" box="[515,633,364,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">University</collectingMunicipality>
of 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB0FFD8FD27FEF6FCC7299F" box="[671,788,364,389]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FCA7FEF6FC57299F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FCA7FEF6FC57299F" box="[799,900,364,389]" county="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" municipality="University" name="Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="California">Berkeley</location>
(
<specimenCode id="8F000B09FFB0FFD8FC2BFEF6FBE1299F" box="[915,1074,364,389]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="Museum">MVZ 269485</specimenCode>
; 
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB0FFD8FB85FEF6FB53299F" box="[1085,1152,364,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-351@9.[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral images of the female holotype (MVZ 269485) of Eurycea subfluvicola. Preserved October 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913507/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). 
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FB2EFEF6FB26299F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FB2EFEF6FB26299F" box="[1174,1269,364,389]" county="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" municipality="University" name="Detailed" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="California">Detailed</location>
measurements (mm) post preservation is listed in 
<tableCitation id="922496C9FFB0FFD8FD83FE15FD4529B2" box="[571,662,399,424]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,241,544,567]" captionTargetBox="[161,967,594,1278]" captionText="TABLE 4. Detailed measurements (mm) of Eurycea subfluvicola holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" tableUuid="8BD9F3FAFFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D">Table 4</tableCitation>
. 
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FD1DFE15FD2F29B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FD1DFE15FD2F29B2" box="[677,764,399,424]" county="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" municipality="University" name="Though" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="California">Though</location>
slightly faded in preservation, the 
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FB18FE15FAD129B2" box="[1184,1282,399,424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is similar in coloration and pattern as described in the species diagnosis. 
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FCF6FE2EFCA929D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FCF6FE2EFCA929D7" box="[846,890,436,461]" county="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" municipality="University" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="California">The</location>
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FC3BFE2EFC3629D7" box="[899,997,436,461]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
contains nine enlarged oviductal eggs that are visible through the venter.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D" ID-Table-UUID="8BD9F3FAFFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D" box="[151,957,543,567]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" startId="8.[151,241,544,567]" targetBox="[161,967,594,1278]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFC6E2A2D" blockId="8.[151,957,543,567]" box="[151,957,543,567]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF2FFDBAFED02A2D" bold="true" box="[151,259,544,567]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">TABLE 4</emphasis>
. Detailed measurements (mm) of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FDD7FDBAFC812A2D" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[623,850,543,567]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FDD7FDBAFC812A2D" box="[623,850,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
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holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF19FDC8FC692CE4" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<table id="ADA651D2FFB0002FFF19FDC8FC142CE4" box="[161,967,594,1278]" gridcols="2" gridrows="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FDC8FC142A72" box="[161,967,594,616]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<th id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FDC8FD882A72" box="[161,603,594,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Total Length</th>
<th id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FDC8FC142A72" box="[922,967,594,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">67.9</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FDE6FC142A88" box="[161,967,636,658]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FDE6FD882A88" box="[161,603,636,658]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Standard Length (SVL)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FDE6FC142A88" box="[922,967,636,658]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">42.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FD3FFC142AA1" box="[161,967,677,699]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FD3FFD882AA1" box="[161,603,677,699]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Head length (snout to gular fold)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FD3FFC142AA1" box="[922,967,677,699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FD54FC142AFE" box="[161,967,718,740]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FD54FD882AFE" box="[161,603,718,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Head depth at posterior angle of jaw</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FD54FC142AFE" box="[922,967,718,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FD62FC142B14" box="[161,967,760,782]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FD62FD882B14" box="[161,603,760,782]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Head width</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FD62FC142B14" box="[922,967,760,782]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FCBBFC142B2D" box="[161,967,801,823]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FCBBFD882B2D" box="[161,603,801,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eye to nostril (left)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FCBBFC142B2D" box="[922,967,801,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FCD0FC142B7A" box="[161,967,842,864]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FCD0FD882B7A" box="[161,603,842,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eye diameter (horizontal)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FCD0FC142B7A" box="[922,967,842,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FCEEFC142B90" box="[161,967,884,906]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FCEEFD882B90" box="[161,603,884,906]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Interorbital distance</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FCEEFC142B90" box="[922,967,884,906]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FC07FC142BA9" box="[161,967,925,947]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FC07FD882BA9" box="[161,603,925,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Snout to forelimb insertion</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FC07FC142BA9" box="[922,967,925,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FC5CFC142BC6" box="[161,967,966,988]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FC5CFD882BC6" box="[161,603,966,988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Trunk Length</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FC5CFC142BC6" box="[922,967,966,988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">27.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FC6AFC142C1C" box="[161,967,1008,1030]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FC6AFD882C1C" box="[161,603,1008,1030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Width at mid-body</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FC6AFC142C1C" box="[922,967,1008,1030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FB83FC142C35" box="[161,967,1049,1071]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FB83FD882C35" box="[161,603,1049,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Depth at mid-body</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FB83FC142C35" box="[922,967,1049,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">4.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FBD8FC142C42" box="[161,967,1090,1112]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FBD8FD882C42" box="[161,603,1090,1112]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Tail length</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FBD8FC142C42" box="[922,967,1090,1112]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">26.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FBF6FC142C98" box="[161,967,1132,1154]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FBF6FD882C98" box="[161,603,1132,1154]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Tail width at base</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FBF6FC142C98" box="[922,967,1132,1154]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FB0FFC142CB1" box="[161,967,1173,1195]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FB0FFD882CB1" box="[161,603,1173,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Tail depth at base</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FB0FFC142CB1" box="[922,967,1173,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FB24FC142CCE" box="[161,967,1214,1236]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FB24FD882CCE" box="[161,603,1214,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Forelimb length to tip of longest digit (left)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FB24FC142CCE" box="[922,967,1214,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB0002FFF19FB72FC142CE4" box="[161,967,1256,1278]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFF19FB72FD882CE4" box="[161,603,1256,1278]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Hindlimb length to tip of longest digit (left)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB0002FFC22FB72FC142CE4" box="[922,967,1256,1278]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">5.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF7FFAD8FC332DB9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1346,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF7FFAD8FE952D41" bold="true" box="[199,326,1346,1371]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FF7FFAD8FE922D41" box="[199,321,1346,1371]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="6FCEA92FFFB0FFD8FEE9FAD9FBE32D41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3314669301" ID-GBIF-Specimen="1058404017" box="[337,1072,1346,1371]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://portal.vertnet.org/o/amnh/herpetology?id=a-191438" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" specimenCode="A191438" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFB0FFD8FEE9FAD9FE6D2D41" box="[337,446,1347,1371]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
are one formalin fixed specimen (
<collectionCode id="B9B73BB7FFB0FFD8FCE3FAD8FC602D41" box="[859,947,1346,1371]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">AMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="8F000B09FFB0FFD8FC06FAD8FBFB2D41" box="[958,1064,1346,1371]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">A191438</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="6FCEA92FFFB0FFD8FB84FAD8FEDA2DB9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3314669304" ID-GBIF-Specimen="1058404025" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://portal.vertnet.org/o/amnh/herpetology?id=a-191440" location="City" municipality="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" specimenCode="A191439, A191441" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York" typeStatus="paratype">
and seven cleared and stained specimens deposited at the 
<collectingMunicipality id="3F7D3908FFB0FFD8FE70FAFCFCA02D65" box="[456,883,1382,1407]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">American Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
in 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB0FFD8FC2EFAFDFBDA2D65" box="[918,1033,1382,1407]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">New York</collectingRegion>
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FBB7FAFCFB932D65" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FBB7FAFCFB932D65" box="[1039,1088,1382,1407]" municipality="American Museum of Natural History" name="City" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="New York">City</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB0FFD8FBF4FAFDFB6D2D65" box="[1100,1214,1382,1407]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">New York</collectingRegion>
(
<collectionCode id="B9B73BB7FFB0FFD8FB74FAFCFAF02D65" box="[1228,1315,1382,1407]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">AMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="8F000B09FFB0FFD8FA92FAFCFA472D65" box="[1322,1428,1382,1407]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">A191439</specimenCode>
- 
<specimenCode id="8F000B09FFB0FFD8FF2FFA10FED22DB9" box="[151,257,1418,1443]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">A191441</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="6FCEA92FFFB0FFD8FEB7FA10FC0F2DB9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3314669302" box="[271,988,1418,1443]" collectionCode="MVZ" location="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" specimenCode="MVZ 269485-269489" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York" typeStatus="paratype">
and the 
<location id="DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FED0FA11FD1B2DB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:570F1264FFB0FFC0FF2FFF46FED42E28:DA79F5A9FFB0FFD8FED0FA11FD1B2DB9" box="[360,712,1418,1443]" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="New York">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology</location>
(
<specimenCode id="8F000B09FFB0FFD8FD6FFA10FC072DB9" box="[727,980,1418,1443]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="Museum">MVZ 269485-269489</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF7FFA34FCBE2E15" blockId="8.[151,1436,1346,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF7FFA34FEB52DDC" bold="true" box="[199,358,1454,1479]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">Type locality.</emphasis>
A unnamed first order tributary of Slunger Creek, located in the Trap Mountains, a subdivision in the southeastern portion of the Ouachita Mountain physiographic province, Hot Spring County, 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB0FFD8FB5FFA48FA812DF1" box="[1255,1362,1490,1515]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFB0FFD8FAE5FA48FA4A2DF1" box="[1373,1433,1490,1515]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">USA</collectingCountry>
. This locality is within the confines of Lake Catherine State Park.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="97BCF0F9FFB0FFD8FF7FF980FBFC2E61" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF7FF980FBFC2E61" blockId="8.[151,1436,1346,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF7FF980FE9D2E29" bold="true" box="[199,334,1562,1587]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name, s 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FDF5F981FD012E29" box="[589,722,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">ubfluvicola,</emphasis>
is an adjective derived from the Latin prefix, 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FB47F981FAF52E29" box="[1279,1318,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">sub</emphasis>
- meaning “below”, 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FEBEF9A4FE822E4C" box="[262,337,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">fluvius</emphasis>
which is “a stream”, and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FD31F9A4FD6A2E4C" box="[649,697,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">colo</emphasis>
meaning “to dwell.” The translation then is “dwells below the stream”, in reference to its existence below the streambed during xeric conditions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="97BCF0F9FFB0FFDBFF7FF91CFB282FEB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="434" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF7FF91CFAF32F11" blockId="8.[151,1436,1346,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FF7FF91CFE922E84" bold="true" box="[199,321,1670,1695]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This species is assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FD42F91DFC842E84" box="[762,855,1671,1694]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FD42F91DFC842E84" box="[762,855,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on strong molecular phylogenetic evidence, and overall similarity to other larval 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FD97F931FD5F2ED8" box="[559,652,1707,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FD97F931FD5F2ED8" box="[559,652,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genus 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FCACF931FCA22ED8" box="[788,881,1707,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FCACF931FCA22ED8" box="[788,881,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly heteromorphic, with no single character to diagnosis it from other spelerpine genera (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB0FFD8FD30F954FCD82EFD" author="Wake, D. B." box="[648,779,1742,1767]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref12747" refString="Wake, D. B. (1966) Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, Family Plethodontidae. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Science, 4, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1966">
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFB0FFD8FD30F954FD1A2EFD" box="[648,713,1742,1767]" name="Wake Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Wake</collectingCountry>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB0FFD8FCAEF954FC042EFD" author="Camp, C. D. &amp; Peterman, W. E. &amp; Milanovich, J. R. &amp; Lamb, T. &amp; Maerz, J. C. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[790,983,1742,1767]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" pagination="86 - 94" refId="ref10425" refString="Camp, C. D., Peterman, W. E., Milanovich, J. R., Lamb, T., Maerz, J. C. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2009) A new genus and species of lungless salamander (family Plethodontidae) from the Appalachian highlands of the south-eastern United States. Journal of Zoology, 279, 86 - 94. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2009.00593. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Camp et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB0FFD8FC5AF954FB622EFD" author="Adams, D. C. &amp; Berns, C. M. &amp; Kozak, K. H. &amp; Wiens, J. J." box="[994,1201,1742,1767]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" pagination="2729 - 2738" refId="ref9797" refString="Adams, D. C., Berns, C. M., Kozak, K. H. &amp; Wiens, J. J. (2009) Are rates of species diversification correlated with rates of morphological evolution? Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B, 276, 2729 - 2738. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.0543" type="journal article" year="2009">Adams et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). However, members are consistently monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic studies (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB0FFD8FCCDF968FBE82F11" author="Camp, C. D. &amp; Peterman, W. E. &amp; Milanovich, J. R. &amp; Lamb, T. &amp; Maerz, J. C. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[885,1083,1778,1803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" pagination="86 - 94" refId="ref10425" refString="Camp, C. D., Peterman, W. E., Milanovich, J. R., Lamb, T., Maerz, J. C. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2009) A new genus and species of lungless salamander (family Plethodontidae) from the Appalachian highlands of the south-eastern United States. Journal of Zoology, 279, 86 - 94. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2009.00593. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Camp 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FC79F969FC212F11" box="[961,1010,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB0FFD8FBFFF969FAC72F11" author="Bonett, R. M. &amp; Steffen, M. A. &amp; Lambert, S. M. &amp; Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T." box="[1095,1300,1778,1803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" pagination="466 - 482" refId="ref10231" refString="Bonett, R. M., Steffen, M. A., Lambert, S. M., Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2014) Evolution of paedomorphosis in plethodontid salamander: ecological correlates and re-evolution of metamorphosis. Evolution, 68, 466 - 482. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 12274" type="journal article" year="2014">
Bonett 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FB20F969FB022F11" box="[1176,1233,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB0FFD8FF7FF88CFCC22FF9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1346,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">
The dorsum of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB0FFD8FEC5F88DFDBE2F34" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[381,621,1814,1838]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB0FFD8FEC5F88DFDBE2F34" box="[381,621,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily uniform amber/yellow background color, pigmented with numerous dark brown melanophores, which create irregularly shaped blotches throughout the dorsum and flanks (
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB0FFD8FF27F8C4FF372F6D" box="[159,228,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-351@9.[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral images of the female holotype (MVZ 269485) of Eurycea subfluvicola. Preserved October 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913507/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="431">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In most individuals irregularly spaced spots are formed by the absence of melanophores along the dorsolateral region of the trunk, possibly indicative of the lateral line. The semi-transparent venter is unpigmented, except for a few widely dispersed melanophores beneath the tail. Dorsal and ventral coloration is separated by a sharply defined ventral-lateral boundary along the trunk.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB1FFD9FF2FFBC9FF032C9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913507/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" startId="9.[151,249,1107,1129]" targetBox="[340,1247,193,1085]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB1FFD9FF2FFBC9FF032C9D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1107,1159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FF2FFBC9FEC62C73" bold="true" box="[151,277,1107,1129]" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral images of the female holotype (MVZ 269485) of 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FC4DFBCEFB062C72" box="[1013,1237,1107,1129]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FC4DFBCEFB022C72" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1013,1233,1107,1129]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">Eurycea subfluvicola</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Preserved October 2013.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB1FFD9FF7FFB2EFBC92F2C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,1846]" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">
Morphological characteristics that distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FD6DFB2FFC172CD6" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[725,964,1204,1228]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FD6DFB2FFC172CD6" box="[725,964,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from syntopic 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FBCCFB2FFACF2CD6" box="[1140,1308,1204,1228]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FBCCFB2FFACF2CD6" box="[1140,1308,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are: 1) 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FF0EFB43FE772CEA" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[182,420,1240,1264]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FF0EFB43FE772CEA" box="[182,420,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is paedomorphic (i.e. presence of mature testes and ova, and deposition of fertilized eggs while in the larval form) and, based on our samples, is sexually mature by at least 
<quantity id="185E0E97FFB1FFD9FB27FB66FB342D0F" box="[1183,1255,1276,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="32.0">32mm</quantity>
SVL. 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FA86FB67FECD2D22" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FA86FB67FECD2D22" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Eurycea multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are never known to be paedomorphic and typically metamorphose between 
<quantity id="185E0E97FFB1FFD9FBCAFABAFB292D23" box="[1138,1274,1312,1337]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="24.0">24 to 41mm</quantity>
SVL. 2) Head and body shape differ significantly between the two species. PCAs show only minimal overlap in morphospace between body shape, and no overlap in head shape (
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB1FFD9FCB5FAF2FC842D9B" box="[781,855,1384,1409]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1523,1545]" captionTargetBox="[328,1229,227,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-216@10.[309,1247,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of adult E. subfluvicola (dark grey) and larval E. multiplicata (light grey), demonstrating minimal overlap in head (top) and body (bottom) morphospace. Landmarks and semilandmarks are shown in Figure 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913509/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Additionally, the Goodall’s F-test on geometric morphometric data was highly significant for heads, and bodies (F 
<subScript id="4322A137FFB1FFD9FC71FA01FC282DB3" attach="left" box="[969,1019,1435,1449]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">82,270 6</subScript>
=35.85, p&lt;0.001 and F 
<subScript id="4322A137FFB1FFD9FAA4FA01FA952DB3" attach="right" box="[1308,1350,1435,1449]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">18,630</subScript>
=13.60, p&lt;0.001). The same pattern was also seen when comparing only small 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FC57FA2EFB4E2DD1" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1007,1181,1459,1483]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FC57FA2EFB4E2DD1" box="[1007,1181,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;
<quantity id="185E0E97FFB1FFD9FB78FA29FADA2DD6" box="[1216,1289,1459,1484]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="40.0">40mm</quantity>
SVL) to 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FA3CFA2EFECD2DF5" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FA3CFA2EFECD2DF5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae (F 
<subScript id="4322A137FFB1FFD9FE36FA7CFE132DEE" attach="right" box="[398,448,1510,1524]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">82,155 8</subScript>
=25.53, p&lt;0.001, and F 
<subScript id="4322A137FFB1FFD9FD76FA7CFD2B2DEE" attach="left" box="[718,760,1510,1524]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">18,324</subScript>
=4.94, p&lt;0.001). 3) Relative to SVL, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FB15FA42FA842DF5" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1197,1367,1495,1519]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FB15FA42FA842DF5" box="[1197,1367,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a longer trunk, and a shorter and narrower head compared to 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FC8AFA64FC0B2E0F" box="[818,984,1533,1557]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FC8AFA64FC0B2E0F" box="[818,984,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae (
<tableCitation id="922496C9FFB1FFD9FB8BFA67FB592E0C" box="[1075,1162,1533,1558]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Standard measurements of E. subfluvicola and E. multiplicata. All standard morphological measurements were made to the nearest 0.1mm. TL=Trunk Length, SVL=Snout vent length, HL=head length, HW=head width, EN=eye to nostril distance, ED=eye diameter, ID=interorbital distance. TRW=trunk width anterior to forlimbs, TW=tail width." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" tableUuid="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915">Table 5</tableCitation>
). This may be driven by the fact that 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FE9AF9B8FE192E20" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[290,458,1570,1594]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FE9AF9B8FE192E20" box="[290,458,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a very long trunk relative to its head, but these differences are not significant. 4) In profile, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FF4CF9DCFE352E47" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[244,486,1605,1629]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FF4CF9DCFE352E47" box="[244,486,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a flat head and longer snout (ANCOVA, p &lt;0.001; 
<tableCitation id="922496C9FFB1FFD9FB30F9DFFB332E44" box="[1160,1248,1605,1630]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Standard measurements of E. subfluvicola and E. multiplicata. All standard morphological measurements were made to the nearest 0.1mm. TL=Trunk Length, SVL=Snout vent length, HL=head length, HW=head width, EN=eye to nostril distance, ED=eye diameter, ID=interorbital distance. TRW=trunk width anterior to forlimbs, TW=tail width." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" tableUuid="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915">Table 5</tableCitation>
) with relatively smaller in diameter and depressed eyes, compared to 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FD50F9F0FC5D2E98" box="[744,910,1642,1666]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FD50F9F0FC5D2E98" box="[744,910,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae (ANCOVA, p &lt;0.05; 
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB1FFD9FB75F9F3FAC32E98" box="[1229,1296,1641,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,249,997,1019]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,976]" captionTargetId="figure-98@12.[151,1435,193,976]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Side by side lateral and dorsal images of adult E. subfluvicola (top) and larval E. multiplicata (bottom) illustrating head shape differences between syntopic species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913511/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="922496C9FFB1FFD9FAA3F9F3FAA32E98" box="[1307,1392,1641,1666]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Standard measurements of E. subfluvicola and E. multiplicata. All standard morphological measurements were made to the nearest 0.1mm. TL=Trunk Length, SVL=Snout vent length, HL=head length, HW=head width, EN=eye to nostril distance, ED=eye diameter, ID=interorbital distance. TRW=trunk width anterior to forlimbs, TW=tail width." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" tableUuid="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915">Table 5</tableCitation>
). 5) Individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FE83F917FE0F2EBF" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[315,476,1677,1701]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FE83F917FE0F2EBF" box="[315,476,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E.subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more attenuate in body form than 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FC34F914FBE12EBF" box="[908,1074,1677,1701]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FC34F914FBE12EBF" box="[908,1074,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae, having smaller diameter trunks and tail widths, with the latter being highly significant (ANCOVA, p &lt;0.001; 
<tableCitation id="922496C9FFB1FFD9FBDFF92BFB6E2ED0" box="[1127,1213,1713,1738]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Standard measurements of E. subfluvicola and E. multiplicata. All standard morphological measurements were made to the nearest 0.1mm. TL=Trunk Length, SVL=Snout vent length, HL=head length, HW=head width, EN=eye to nostril distance, ED=eye diameter, ID=interorbital distance. TRW=trunk width anterior to forlimbs, TW=tail width." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" tableUuid="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915">Table 5</tableCitation>
). 6) 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FB4CF928FA482ED0" box="[1268,1435,1714,1738]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FB4CF928FA482ED0" box="[1268,1435,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have many more iridophores in their irises, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FD49F94CFC482EF7" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[753,923,1749,1773]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FD49F94CFC482EF7" box="[753,923,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has reduced coloration in its iris making the eye primarily black in color. 7) A prominent black stripe of pigmentation is present along the lateral side of the snout and head in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FEDBF884FDDA2F2F" box="[355,521,1821,1845]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FEDBF884FDDA2F2F" box="[355,521,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this stripe is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB1FFD9FCA9F884FC6A2F2F" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[785,953,1821,1845]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB1FFD9FCA9F884FC6A2F2F" box="[785,953,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB1FFD9FC70F887FBDF2F2C" box="[968,1036,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,249,997,1019]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,976]" captionTargetId="figure-98@12.[151,1435,193,976]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Side by side lateral and dorsal images of adult E. subfluvicola (top) and larval E. multiplicata (bottom) illustrating head shape differences between syntopic species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913511/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="432">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB2FFDAFF2FFA69FF212E5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913509/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" startId="10.[151,249,1523,1545]" targetBox="[328,1229,227,1457]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB2FFDAFF2FFA69FF212E5C" blockId="10.[151,1436,1523,1606]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFF2FFA69FEC72E13" bold="true" box="[151,276,1523,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of adult 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFD44FA6EFC472E12" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[764,916,1523,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFD44FA6EFC472E12" box="[764,916,1523,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(dark grey) and larval 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFB3BFA6EFAC92E12" box="[1155,1306,1523,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFB3BFA6EFAC92E12" box="[1155,1306,1523,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(light grey), demonstrating minimal overlap in head (top) and body (bottom) morphospace. Landmarks and semilandmarks are shown in Figure 2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB2FFDAFF7EF9E9FF1C2F7E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1651,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">
Larval morphology of plethodontids is highly conserved, and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFC34F9EEFBE52E91" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[908,1078,1651,1675]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFC34F9EEFBE52E91" box="[908,1078,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to the larvae of other species of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFED9F902FDB52EB5" authority="(Wake 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Wake" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[353,614,1686,1711]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFED9F902FE6D2EB5" box="[353,446,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Eurycea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB2FFDAFE6BF90CFD8E2EB5" author="Wake, D. B." box="[467,605,1686,1711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref12747" refString="Wake, D. B. (1966) Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, Family Plethodontidae. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Science, 4, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1966">
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFB2FFDAFE6BF90CFDC72EB5" box="[467,532,1686,1711]" name="Wake Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Wake</collectingCountry>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Trunk vertebral counts (between atlas and sacrum) are 21-22 (n=7, mode=21), whereas syntopic and nearby populations of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFC8AF926FC0E2EC9" box="[818,989,1723,1747]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFC8AF926FC0E2EC9" box="[818,989,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=17) have 21 vertebrae. The trunk vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFE9CF97AFE1F2EED" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[292,460,1759,1783]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFE9CF97AFE1F2EED" box="[292,460,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appears to be longer and narrower than 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFC7AF97AFBBB2EED" box="[962,1128,1759,1783]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFC7AF97AFBBB2EED" box="[962,1128,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB2FFDAFBCFF944FB682EED" box="[1143,1211,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-100@12.[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cleared and stained images of E. subfluvicola (top) and E. multiplicata (bottom) skulls. Yellow arrows indicate quadrate and squamosal bones which are collectively more robust in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata. Red arrows point to trunk vertebrae which appear more elongate in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913513/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The phalanges are well ossified with cartilaginous caps, exhibiting the standard plethodontid phalangeal formulae: 1-2-3-2 for the forelimbs, and 1-2-3-3-2 for the hindlimbs (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB2FFDAFD33F8BCFC542F25" author="Shubin, N. H. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[651,903,1830,1855]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" pagination="1782 - 1808" refId="ref12270" refString="Shubin, N. H. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2003) Morphological variation, development, and evolution of the limb skeleton of salamanders. In: Heatwole, H. &amp; Davies, M. (Eds.), Amphibian biology, Vol. 5. Osteology. Surrey Beatty &amp; Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia, pp. 1782 - 1808." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Shubin &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFB2FFDAFCBBF8BCFC912F25" box="[771,834,1830,1855]" name="Wake Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Wake</collectingCountry>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Carpal counts are eight, and tarsal counts are nine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB2FFDAFF7FF8F4FC0C2FEE" blockId="10.[151,1436,1651,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">
The quadrate and squamosal, which are part of the mandibular suspensorium, are collectively more robust in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFA3CF8EAFEF32FB1" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFA3CF8EAFEF32FB1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFE37F80EFDE82FB1" box="[399,571,1939,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFE37F80EFDE82FB1" box="[399,571,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB2FFDAFDEAF809FD4E2FB6" box="[594,669,1939,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-100@12.[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cleared and stained images of E. subfluvicola (top) and E. multiplicata (bottom) skulls. Yellow arrows indicate quadrate and squamosal bones which are collectively more robust in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata. Red arrows point to trunk vertebrae which appear more elongate in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913513/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). As in most spelerpine larval forms, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFBC9F80EFAF32FB1" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1137,1312,1939,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFBC9F80EFAF32FB1" box="[1137,1312,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contain 3 cartilaginous epibranchials, and in some individuals these structures are partially ossified (two of 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB2FFDAFB5CF82CFA432FD5" box="[1252,1424,1974,1999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
), whereas no ossification is apparent in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB2FFDAFDFAF846FD3B2FE9" box="[578,744,2011,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB2FFDAFDFAF846FD3B2FE9" box="[578,744,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae (n=10; 
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB2FFDAFC35F841FC022FEE" box="[909,977,2011,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-100@12.[293,1231,1100,1805]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cleared and stained images of E. subfluvicola (top) and E. multiplicata (bottom) skulls. Yellow arrows indicate quadrate and squamosal bones which are collectively more robust in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata. Red arrows point to trunk vertebrae which appear more elongate in E. subfluvicola than E. multiplicata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913513/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="433">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" ID-Table-UUID="8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BD9F3FAFFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" startId="11.[151,241,152,175]" targetBox="[155,1258,298,1363]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FF082915" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFF2FFF02FEDC28B5" bold="true" box="[151,271,152,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
Standard measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFDF8FF02FD3028B5" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[576,739,151,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFDF8FF02FD3028B5" box="[576,739,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFCA5FF02FC6D28B5" box="[797,958,151,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFCA5FF02FC6D28B5" box="[797,958,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All standard morphological measurements were made to the nearest 0.1mm. TL=Trunk Length, SVL=Snout vent length, HL=head length, HW=head width, EN=eye to nostril distance, ED=eye diameter, ID=interorbital distance. TRW=trunk width anterior to forlimbs, TW=tail width.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB3FFDBFF23FEB1FBE82D49" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<table id="ADA651D2FFB3002FFF23FEB0FB392D49" box="[155,1258,298,1363]" gridcols="3" gridrows="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FEB0FB39295A" box="[155,1258,298,320]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FEB0FE50295A" box="[155,387,298,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Measurement Stats</th>
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FEB0FCFC295A" box="[559,815,298,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFD97FEB1FD14295A" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[559,711,299,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFD97FEB1FD14295A" box="[559,711,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FEB0FB39295A" box="[1001,1258,298,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFC51FEB1FBAC295A" box="[1001,1151,299,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC51FEB1FBAC295A" box="[1001,1151,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FECEFB392970" box="[155,1258,340,362]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FECEFCFC2970" box="[559,815,340,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">(n=24)(n=8 pairs for ED)</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FECEFB392970" box="[1001,1258,340,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">(n=12)(n=8 pairs for ED)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FEE4FB39298E" box="[155,1258,382,404]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FEE4FE50298E" box="[155,387,382,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean TL/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FEE4FCFC298E" box="[559,815,382,404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.632 ± 0.019</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FEE4FB39298E" box="[1001,1258,382,404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.601 ± 0.020</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FE32FB3929A4" box="[155,1258,424,446]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FE32FE5029A4" box="[155,387,424,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range TL/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FE32FCFC29A4" box="[559,815,424,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.581–0.667</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FE32FB3929A4" box="[1001,1258,424,446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.558–0.634</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FE48FB3929F2" box="[155,1258,466,488]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FE48FE5029F2" box="[155,387,466,488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FE48FCFC29F2" box="[559,815,466,488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">19.1–31.7</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FE48FB3929F2" box="[1001,1258,466,488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">10.5–26.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FE66FB392A08" box="[155,1258,508,530]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FE66FE502A08" box="[155,387,508,530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean HL/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FE66FCFC2A08" box="[559,815,508,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.160 ± 0.009</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FE66FB392A08" box="[1001,1258,508,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.182 ± 0.014</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FDBFFB392A21" box="[155,1258,549,571]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FDBFFE502A21" box="[155,387,549,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range HL/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FDBFFCFC2A21" box="[559,815,549,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.146–0.186</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FDBFFB392A21" box="[1001,1258,549,571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.159–0.199</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FDD5FB392A7F" box="[155,1258,591,613]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FDD5FE502A7F" box="[155,387,591,613]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FDD5FCFC2A7F" box="[559,815,591,613]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">5.6–7.5</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FDD5FB392A7F" box="[1001,1258,591,613]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">3.7–6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FDE3FB392A95" box="[155,1258,633,655]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FDE3FE502A95" box="[155,387,633,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean HW/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FDE3FCFC2A95" box="[559,815,633,655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.128 ± 0.007</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FDE3FB392A95" box="[1001,1258,633,655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.151 ± 0.012</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FD38FB392AA2" box="[155,1258,674,696]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FD38FE502AA2" box="[155,387,674,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range HW/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FD38FCFC2AA2" box="[559,815,674,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.117–0.143</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FD38FB392AA2" box="[1001,1258,674,696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.127–0.175</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FD56FB392AF8" box="[155,1258,716,738]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FD56FE502AF8" box="[155,387,716,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FD56FCFC2AF8" box="[559,815,716,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">4.5–6.1</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FD56FB392AF8" box="[1001,1258,716,738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">3.2–5.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FD6CFB392B16" box="[155,1258,758,780]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FD6CFE502B16" box="[155,387,758,780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean TRW/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FD6CFCFC2B16" box="[559,815,758,780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.090 ± 0.004</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FD6CFB392B16" box="[1001,1258,758,780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.097 ± 0.007</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FCBAFB392B2C" box="[155,1258,800,822]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FCBAFE502B2C" box="[155,387,800,822]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range TRW/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FCBAFCFC2B2C" box="[559,815,800,822]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.085–0.095</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FCBAFB392B2C" box="[1001,1258,800,822]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.088–0.115</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FCD0FB392B7A" box="[155,1258,842,864]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FCD0FE502B7A" box="[155,387,842,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FCD0FCFC2B7A" box="[559,815,842,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">2.9–4.2</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FCD0FB392B7A" box="[1001,1258,842,864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">2.1–3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FCEEFB392B90" box="[155,1258,884,906]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FCEEFE502B90" box="[155,387,884,906]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean TW/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FCEEFCFC2B90" box="[559,815,884,906]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.081 ± 0.004</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FCEEFB392B90" box="[1001,1258,884,906]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.089 ± 0.005</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FC07FB392BA9" box="[155,1258,925,947]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FC07FE502BA9" box="[155,387,925,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range TW/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FC07FCFC2BA9" box="[559,815,925,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.074–0.085</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FC07FB392BA9" box="[1001,1258,925,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.080–0.097</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FC5DFB392BC7" box="[155,1258,967,989]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FC5DFE502BC7" box="[155,387,967,989]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FC5DFCFC2BC7" box="[559,815,967,989]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">2.6–4.0</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FC5DFB392BC7" box="[1001,1258,967,989]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">1.6–3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FC6BFB392C1D" box="[155,1258,1009,1031]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FC6BFE502C1D" box="[155,387,1009,1031]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean EN/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FC6BFCFC2C1D" box="[559,815,1009,1031]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.042 ± 0.002</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FC6BFB392C1D" box="[1001,1258,1009,1031]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.039 ± 0.003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FB80FB392C2A" box="[155,1258,1050,1072]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FB80FE502C2A" box="[155,387,1050,1072]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range EN/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FB80FCFC2C2A" box="[559,815,1050,1072]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.037–0.045</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FB80FB392C2A" box="[1001,1258,1050,1072]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.035–0.046</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FBDEFB392C40" box="[155,1258,1092,1114]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FBDEFE502C40" box="[155,387,1092,1114]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FBDEFCFC2C40" box="[559,815,1092,1114]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">1.3–2.0</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FBDEFB392C40" box="[1001,1258,1092,1114]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.8–1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FBF4FB392C9E" box="[155,1258,1134,1156]" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FBF4FE502C9E" box="[155,387,1134,1156]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean ED/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FBF4FCFC2C9E" box="[559,815,1134,1156]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.022 ± 0.002</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FBF4FB392C9E" box="[1001,1258,1134,1156]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.032 ± 0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FB0DFB392CB7" box="[155,1258,1175,1197]" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FB0DFE502CB7" box="[155,387,1175,1197]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range ED/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FB0DFCFC2CB7" box="[559,815,1175,1197]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.019–0.025</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FB0DFB392CB7" box="[1001,1258,1175,1197]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.027–0.040</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FB5AFB392CCC" box="[155,1258,1216,1238]" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FB5AFE502CCC" box="[155,387,1216,1238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FB5AFCFC2CCC" box="[559,815,1216,1238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.7–1.0</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FB5AFB392CCC" box="[1001,1258,1216,1238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.7–1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FB70FB392D1A" box="[155,1258,1258,1280]" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FB70FE502D1A" box="[155,387,1258,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Mean ID/SVL ± SD</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FB70FCFC2D1A" box="[559,815,1258,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.035 ± 0.003</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FB70FB392D1A" box="[1001,1258,1258,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.040 ± 0.003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FA8EFB392D30" box="[155,1258,1300,1322]" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FA8EFE502D30" box="[155,387,1300,1322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range ID/SVL</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FA8EFCFC2D30" box="[559,815,1300,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.031–0.040</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FA8EFB392D30" box="[1001,1258,1300,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.035–0.046</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6196A130FFB3002FFF23FAA7FB392D49" box="[155,1258,1341,1363]" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<th id="2247C84CFFB3002FFF23FAA7FE502D49" box="[155,387,1341,1363]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Range</th>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFD97FAA7FCFC2D49" box="[559,815,1341,1363]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">1.1–2.0</td>
<td id="2247C84CFFB3002FFC51FAA7FB392D49" box="[1001,1258,1341,1363]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">0.7–1.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB3FFDBFF7FFA02FC3F2EB7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1432,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFF7FFA02FC6F2DAB" bold="true" box="[199,956,1432,1457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Phylogenetic Reconstruction and Divergence Time Estimation.</emphasis>
As in previous phylogenetic analyses our 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFF2FFA27FF182DCF" box="[151,203,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Cytb</emphasis>
phylogeny strongly supports the monophyly of the 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFCF5FA27FB922DCF" box="[845,1089,1469,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFCF5FA27FB922DCF" box="[845,1089,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Eurycea multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, which includes 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFA3CFA27FECD2DE3" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFA3CFA27FECD2DE3" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFE96FA7BFE6D2DE2" authorityName="Moore &amp; Hughes" authorityYear="1939" box="[302,446,1505,1528]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tynerensis">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFE96FA7BFE6D2DE2" box="[302,446,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. tynerensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFE76FA7BFD962DE3" baseAuthorityName="Bonett &amp; Chippindale" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[462,581,1505,1529]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFE76FA7BFD962DE3" box="[462,581,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. spelaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFDEDFA7AFC452DE3" author="Chippindale, P. T. &amp; Bonett, R. M. &amp; Baldwin, A. S. &amp; Wiens, J. J." box="[597,918,1504,1529]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="2809 - 2822" refId="ref10615" refString="Chippindale, P. T., Bonett, R. M., Baldwin, A. S. &amp; Wiens, J. J. (2004) Phylogenetic evidence for a major reversal of life-history evolution in plethodontid salamanders. Evolution. 58, 2809 - 2822. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2004. tb 01632. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Bonett &amp; Chippindale 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFC1AFA7BFBA72DE3" author="Bonett, R. M. &amp; Steffen, M. A. &amp; Lambert, S. M. &amp; Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T." box="[930,1140,1504,1529]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="466 - 482" refId="ref10231" refString="Bonett, R. M., Steffen, M. A., Lambert, S. M., Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2014) Evolution of paedomorphosis in plethodontid salamander: ecological correlates and re-evolution of metamorphosis. Evolution, 68, 466 - 482. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 12274" type="journal article" year="2014">
Bonett 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC4DFA7BFBFC2DE3" box="[1013,1071,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), and now 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFB4AFA7BFA4F2DE3" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1266,1436,1505,1529]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB4AFA7BFA4F2DE3" box="[1266,1436,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB3FFDBFF27F99EFF232E07" box="[159,240,1540,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,205,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-317@13.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The 50% majority rule phylogram from a Baysian inference analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Partitioned Bayesian analyses of Cytb (a) and Rag1 (b), based on 15 million generations, showing E. subfluvicola (bold) and its sister taxon E. multiplicata. Posterior probabilities indicating node support are shown for major nodes of ingroup clades. For ingroup taxa, the label is the field number followed by the locality number (1 through 30; Figure 1; Table 1). Note that locality number 5 includes E. subfluvicola and sympatric E. multiplicata. E=Eurycea and P=Pseudotriton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913517/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFEBCF99FFE232E07" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[260,496,1541,1565]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFEBCF99FFE232E07" box="[260,496,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to the clade that includes all representative 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFB88F99FFB042E07" box="[1072,1239,1541,1565]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB88F99FFB042E07" box="[1072,1239,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations from throughout the Ouachita Mountains (BAPP=0.99). Uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence between 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFA3CF9B3FEF32E7F" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFA3CF9B3FEF32E7F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFEEDF9D7FE282E7F" box="[341,507,1613,1637]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFEEDF9D7FE282E7F" box="[341,507,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges from 13.5-16.6% (mean=15%) for 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC6EF9D7FBD82E7F" box="[982,1035,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Cytb</emphasis>
. This is more than two to five times the divergence of many recognized sister species of plethodontid salamanders (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFBB1F9EAFAC72E93" author="Chippindale, P. T. &amp; Price, A. H. &amp; Wiens, J. J. &amp; Hillis, D. W." box="[1033,1300,1648,1673]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref10552" refString="Chippindale, P. T., Price, A. H., Wiens, J. J. &amp; Hillis, D. W. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships and systematic revision of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders. Herpetological Monographs, 14, 1 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1467045" type="journal article" year="2000">
Chippindale 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB23F9EBFB002E93" box="[1179,1235,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFAA7F9EAFF002EB7" author="Hillis, D. M. &amp; Chamberlain, D. A. &amp; Wilcox, T. P. &amp; Chippindale, P. T." pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="266 - 280" refId="ref11230" refString="Hillis, D. M., Chamberlain, D. A., Wilcox, T. P. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2001) A new species of subterranean blind salamander (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: Eurycea: Typhlomolge) from Austin, Texas, and a systematic revision of central Texas paedomorphic salamanders. Herpetologica, 57, 266 - 280." type="journal article" year="2001">
Hillis 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFADCF9EBFA4F2E93" box="[1380,1436,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFF65F90EFE162EB7" author="Jockusch, E. L. &amp; Yanev, K. P. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[221,453,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="361 - 391" refId="ref11437" refString="Jockusch, E. L., Yanev, K. P. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2002) Molecular phylogenetic and speciation in a complex of cryptic salamander species (Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps). Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 76, 361 - 391." type="journal article" year="2002">
Jockusch 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFEF3F90FFE572EB7" box="[331,388,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFE69F90EFD0D2EB7" author="Garcia-Paris, M. &amp; Good, D. A. &amp; Parra-Olea, G. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[465,734,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="1640 - 1647" refId="ref10956" refString="Garcia-Paris, M., Good, D. A., Parra-Olea, G. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2000) Biodiversity of Costa Rica salamanders: implications of high levels of genetic differentiation and phylogeographic structure for species formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 97, 1640 - 1647. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 97.4.1640" type="journal article" year="2000">
Garcia-Paris 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFDDCF90FFD4F2EB7" box="[612,668,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFD52F90FFC332EB7" author="Vences, M. &amp; Wake, D. B." box="[746,992,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="2613 - 2669" refId="ref12629" refString="Vences, M. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2007) Speciation, species boundaries and phylogeography of amphibians. In: Heatwole, H. (Eds.), Amphibian Biology. Vol. 7. Surrey Beatty &amp; Sons, Baulkham Hills, pp. 2613 - 2669." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Vences &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFB3FFDBFCE5F90EFC4F2EB7" box="[861,924,1684,1709]" name="Wake Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Wake</collectingCountry>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB3FFDBFF7FF922FB8B2F7B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1432,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
The phylogeny of 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFE2EF923FE022ECB" box="[406,465,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Rag1</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB3FFDBFE58F922FDE12ECB" box="[480,562,1720,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,205,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-317@13.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The 50% majority rule phylogram from a Baysian inference analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Partitioned Bayesian analyses of Cytb (a) and Rag1 (b), based on 15 million generations, showing E. subfluvicola (bold) and its sister taxon E. multiplicata. Posterior probabilities indicating node support are shown for major nodes of ingroup clades. For ingroup taxa, the label is the field number followed by the locality number (1 through 30; Figure 1; Table 1). Note that locality number 5 includes E. subfluvicola and sympatric E. multiplicata. E=Eurycea and P=Pseudotriton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913517/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
) also shows 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFD7BF923FCBF2ECB" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[707,876,1721,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFD7BF923FCBF2ECB" box="[707,876,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to all 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFBACF923FB682ECB" box="[1044,1211,1721,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFBACF923FB682ECB" box="[1044,1211,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BAPP=0.77), with relatively high sequence divergence between these taxa for 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC8CF947FCBC2EEF" box="[820,879,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Rag1</emphasis>
, uncorrected p=0.9-2.3% (mean=1.4%), which is considerable given that it is a much more conserved nuclear gene (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFC2AF89AFBB52F03" author="Hoegg, S. &amp; Vences, M. &amp; Brinkmann, H. &amp; Meyer, A." box="[914,1126,1792,1817]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="1188 - 1200" refId="ref11299" refString="Hoegg, S., Vences, M., Brinkmann, H. &amp; Meyer, A. (2004) Phylogeny and comparative substitution rates of frogs inferred from sequences of three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 1188 - 1200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msh 081" type="journal article" year="2004">
Hoegg 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC5FF89BFBF22F03" box="[999,1057,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
). What is most informative about the DNA sequence data is that it shows 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFD27F8BFFC952F27" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[671,838,1829,1853]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFD27F8BFFC952F27" box="[671,838,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly divergent from syntopic 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFB75F8BFFAA02F27" box="[1229,1395,1829,1853]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB75F8BFFAA02F27" box="[1229,1395,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for both a mitochondrial (n= 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB3FFDBFE15F8D2FD942F7B" box="[429,583,1864,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount>
) and a nuclear (n= 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB3FFDBFCA2F8D2FC602F7B" box="[794,947,1864,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
) gene (
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB3FFDBFBBEF8D2FB992F7B" box="[1030,1098,1864,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,205,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-317@13.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The 50% majority rule phylogram from a Baysian inference analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Partitioned Bayesian analyses of Cytb (a) and Rag1 (b), based on 15 million generations, showing E. subfluvicola (bold) and its sister taxon E. multiplicata. Posterior probabilities indicating node support are shown for major nodes of ingroup clades. For ingroup taxa, the label is the field number followed by the locality number (1 through 30; Figure 1; Table 1). Note that locality number 5 includes E. subfluvicola and sympatric E. multiplicata. E=Eurycea and P=Pseudotriton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913517/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB3FFDBFF7FF8F6FB282FEB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1432,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">
Bayesian species-tree and divergence time estimation based on mitochondrial (
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFBD8F8F7FB462F9F" box="[1120,1173,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Cytb</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB6BF8F7FAD22F9F" box="[1235,1281,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Nd4</emphasis>
) and nuclear (
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFF18F80BFF082FB3" box="[160,219,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Rag1</emphasis>
) gene trees shows strong support for the sister relationship of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFC21F80BFB922FB3" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[921,1089,1937,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFC21F80BFB922FB3" box="[921,1089,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFBC0F80BFAF32FB3" box="[1144,1312,1937,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFBC0F80BFAF32FB3" box="[1144,1312,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB3FFDBFA97F80AFAA72FB3" box="[1327,1396,1936,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[269,1330,210,1802]" captionTargetId="figure-109@14.[251,1339,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Bayesian species tree chronogram of spelerpines plethodontid salamanders including E. subfluvicola (bold). The species tree and divergence times estimates from *BEAST are based on mitochondrial (Cytb and Nd4) and nuclear gene (Rag1) trees (see Methods). Numbers subtending each node are posterior probabilities of node support for major lineages. Node bars indicate 95% highest posterior density on divergence dates. Some redundant taxa were pruned. E=Eurycea, G=Gyrinophilus, P=Pseudotriton, S=Stereochilus, and U=Urspelerpes. AR=Arkansas, NC=North Carolina, OK=Oklahoma, and TX=Texas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913519/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). If we constrain the basal node of all spelerpine plethodontids to be 49 million years old (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFB3FFDBFBD8F82EFAFD2FD7" author="Bonett, R. M. &amp; Steffen, M. A. &amp; Lambert, S. M. &amp; Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T." box="[1120,1326,1972,1997]" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" pagination="466 - 482" refId="ref10231" refString="Bonett, R. M., Steffen, M. A., Lambert, S. M., Wiens, J. J. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2014) Evolution of paedomorphosis in plethodontid salamander: ecological correlates and re-evolution of metamorphosis. Evolution, 68, 466 - 482. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 12274" type="journal article" year="2014">
Bonett 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFB0BF82FFB3F2FD7" box="[1203,1260,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), then the divergence between 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFEC4F843FDF62FEB" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[380,549,2009,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFEC4F843FDF62FEB" box="[380,549,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB3FFDBFDE3F843FCD22FEB" box="[603,769,2009,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB3FFDBFDE3F843FCD22FEB" box="[603,769,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="434">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dates to approximately 18 million years ago.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB4FFDCFF2FFC7FFD592C00" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913511/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" startId="12.[151,249,997,1019]" targetBox="[151,1435,193,976]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB4FFDCFF2FFC7FFD592C00" blockId="12.[151,1436,997,1050]" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFF2FFC7FFEDF2BE1" bold="true" box="[151,268,997,1019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Side by side lateral and dorsal images of adult 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFD4AFC7CFC592BE0" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[754,906,997,1019]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFD4AFC7CFC592BE0" box="[754,906,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(top) and larval 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFB8BFC7CFB1A2BE0" box="[1075,1225,997,1019]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFB8BFC7CFB1A2BE0" box="[1075,1225,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bottom) illustrating head shape differences between syntopic species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB4FFDCFF2FF8CEFC312FB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913513/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" startId="12.[151,249,1876,1898]" targetBox="[293,1231,1100,1805]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB4FFDCFF2FF8CEFC312FB2" blockId="12.[151,1436,1876,1960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFF2FF8CEFEDE2F70" bold="true" box="[151,269,1876,1898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Cleared and stained images of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFDE4F8CFFD242F70" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[604,759,1877,1898]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFDE4F8CFFD242F70" box="[604,759,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(top) and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFCDCF8CFFC2F2F70" box="[868,1020,1877,1898]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFCDCF8CFFC2F2F70" box="[868,1020,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bottom) skulls. Yellow arrows indicate quadrate and squamosal bones which are collectively more robust in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFCE2F8EEFC202F92" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[858,1011,1907,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFCE2F8EEFC202F92" box="[858,1011,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFB94F8EEFB102F92" box="[1068,1219,1907,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFB94F8EEFB102F92" box="[1068,1219,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Red arrows point to trunk vertebrae which appear more elongate in 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFDCDF809FCDD2FBD" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[629,782,1938,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFDCDF809FCDD2FBD" box="[629,782,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB4FFDCFCFDF809FC0F2FBD" box="[837,988,1938,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB4FFDCFCFDF809FC0F2FBD" box="[837,988,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="435">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB5FFDDFF2FFAF9FBAB2DE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913517" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913517/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" startId="13.[151,249,1379,1401]" targetBox="[165,1421,205,1342]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB5FFDDFF2FFAF9FBAB2DE9" blockId="13.[151,1436,1379,1523]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF2FFAF9FECB2D63" bold="true" box="[151,280,1379,1401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
The 50% majority rule phylogram from a Baysian inference analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Partitioned Bayesian analyses of 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFE5DFA18FDC62D8D" box="[485,533,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Cytb</emphasis>
(a) and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFDD0FA18FD4E2D8D" box="[616,669,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Rag1</emphasis>
(b), based on 15 million generations, showing 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFBC0FA18FADD2D8D" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1144,1294,1410,1431]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFBC0FA18FADD2D8D" box="[1144,1294,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bold) and its sister taxon 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFEACFA3BFE7F2DAF" box="[276,428,1440,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFEACFA3BFE7F2DAF" box="[276,428,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Posterior probabilities indicating node support are shown for major nodes of ingroup clades. For ingroup taxa, the label is the field number followed by the locality number (1 through 30; Figure 1; Table 1). Note that locality number 5 includes 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFEE0FA44FE232DE8" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[344,496,1501,1523]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFEE0FA44FE232DE8" box="[344,496,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and sympatric 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFD33FA44FCF22DE8" box="[651,801,1501,1523]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFD33FA44FCF22DE8" box="[651,801,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFC96FA44FCEE2DE9" box="[814,829,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFCF4FA44FC732DE9" box="[844,928,1502,1523]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFCF4FA44FC732DE9" box="[844,928,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Eurycea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFC6AFA44FC322DE9" box="[978,993,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">P</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFC57FA47FBA12DE8" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[1007,1138,1501,1522]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Pseudotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFC57FA47FBA12DE8" box="[1007,1138,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Pseudotriton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="97BCF0F9FFB5FFDDFF7FF9BAFE1D2EF6" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="description">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB5FFDDFF7FF9BAFE1D2EF6" blockId="13.[151,1437,1568,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF7FF9BAFEED2E22" box="[199,318,1568,1593]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF7FF9BAFEE42E23" bold="true" box="[199,311,1568,1593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Variation</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Variation is based on 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB5FFDDFDFDF9BAFD332E23" box="[581,736,1568,1593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFCB4F9BBFC642E22" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[780,951,1568,1592]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFCB4F9BBFC642E22" box="[780,951,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB5FFDDFC72F9BAFBF52E23" box="[970,1062,1568,1593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="male">8 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFB5FFDDFB8CF9BAFB652E23" box="[1076,1206,1568,1593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
). All 24 individuals were adults, based on presence of mature or maturing egg follicles, or enlarged testes (
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB5FFDDFBCEF9DEFB172E47" box="[1142,1220,1604,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-351@9.[340,1247,193,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral images of the female holotype (MVZ 269485) of Eurycea subfluvicola. Preserved October 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913507/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFB5FFDDFB46F9DEFADD2E47" box="[1278,1294,1604,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[283,1303,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure-52@15.[283,1303,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images of reproductive status in E. subfluvicola. (a) Female with developing ova in ovaries. (b) Male with enlarged testicular lobes, and smaller lobules in development. (c) Developing embryo of E. subfluvicola (16 days old)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913523/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">9</figureCitation>
). Male SVL ranged in size from 
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(mean=40.8) and between 31.4-48.0mm (mean=41.1) for females. There are no somatic differences between the sexes, and only minor differences in coloration among individuals. We found 0.1- 0.3% nucleotide divergence (uncorrected p) in 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFD1EF92AFD082ED2" box="[678,731,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Cytb</emphasis>
and 18 sites with heterozygous positions across all individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFF0DF94FFE8E2EF6" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[181,349,1748,1772]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF0DF94FFE8E2EF6" box="[181,349,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFE34F94EFE1D2EF6" box="[396,462,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Rag1.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="97BCF0F9FFB5FFC0FF7FF962FED42E28" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB5FFC0FF7FF962FED62A27" blockId="13.[151,1437,1568,2025]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1586]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF7FF962FE262F0B" bold="true" box="[199,501,1784,1809]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
. The known distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFC86F963FBFD2F0A" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[830,1070,1784,1808]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFC86F963FBFD2F0A" box="[830,1070,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently limited to the Trap Mountains, a range of generally east-west trending ridges in the southeastern portion of the Ouachita Mountain physiographic province. These uplands are composed of Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks; principally the Devonian/Mississippian 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB5FFDDFE15F8FEFDC62F67" box="[429,533,1892,1917]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
Novaculite and younger Mississippian Stanley Shale formations. Stream valley alluvium deposits overlie the Stanley Shale and predominantly consist of 
<collectingRegion id="1D626D90FFB5FFDDFC71F812FBE22FBB" box="[969,1073,1928,1953]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
Novaculite gravels and cobbles. 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB5FFDDFF2FF837FE572FDE" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,388,1964,1988]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB5FFDDFF2FF837FE572FDE" box="[151,388,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from one locality where it can be found in two nearby sites. The two sites are a 
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section of Slunger Creek and a 
<quantity id="185E0E97FFB5FFDDFD97F84AFDB22FF3" box="[559,609,2000,2025]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" unit="m" value="50.0">50m</quantity>
section of an unnamed tributary within the Slunger Creek alluvial valley; approximately 
<quantity id="185E0E97FFA8FFC0FEF0FF0DFE5428AA" box="[328,391,151,176]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" unit="m" value="135.0">135m</quantity>
apart from one another. During our 2013 surveys, we found more individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FA3CFF03FEF328CE" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FA3CFF03FEF328CE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(approximately 50 observations) in the longer stream section, while fewer individuals were found in the smaller stream section (&lt;10 observations). Surface stream flows are seasonally ephemeral in these two stream reaches. However, surface flow persists, both upstream and downstream, when the streambed is completely dry at these two sites. This suggests a subsurface flow in the stream channels or hyporheic zone connectivity between these points, which may provide habitat for 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FD3BFED7FCF9297E" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[643,810,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FD3BFED7FCF9297E" box="[643,810,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during periods of low rainfall. Our ability to observe 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FA3CFED7FEF32992" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FA3CFED7FEF32992" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dependent upon the rise of the water table during winter and spring, which is similar to the seasonal observability of paedomorphic populations of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FD10FE0FFCE929B6" authorityName="Moore &amp; Hughes" authorityYear="1939" box="[680,826,405,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tynerensis">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FD10FE0FFCE929B6" box="[680,826,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. tynerensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Ozark Plateau (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FB27FE0EFF0729CA" author="Bonett, R. M. &amp; Chippindale, P. T." pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="6" refId="ref10123" refString="Bonett, R. M. &amp; Chippindale, P. T. (2006) Streambed microstructure predicts evolution of development and life history mode in the plethodontid salamander Eurycea tynerensis. BMC Biol ogy, 4, 6." type="journal article" year="2006">Bonett &amp; Chippindale 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The Slunger Creek valley supports two metamorphic, stream-dwelling plethodontids (
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FB79FE23FAB929CA" box="[1217,1386,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FB79FE23FAB929CA" box="[1217,1386,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FF2FFE46FE0A29EE" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,473,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brimleyorum">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FF2FFE46FE0A29EE" box="[151,473,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Desmognathus brimleyorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Dominant vegetation at the 
<typeStatus id="001D1DD0FFA8FFC0FC81FE46FCBA29EE" box="[825,873,476,500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">type</typeStatus>
locality is second growth mixed pine-hardwood forest composed of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FE31FD9AFDE42A02" box="[393,567,512,536]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echinata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FE31FD9AFDE42A02" box="[393,567,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Pinus echinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several hardwoods (
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FCD3FD9AFC4C2A0D" box="[875,927,512,535]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FCD3FD9AFC4C2A0D" box="[875,927,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FC0CFD9AFC252A02" box="[948,1014,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FC0CFD9AFC252A02" box="[948,1014,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FBB2FD9AFB8E2A0D" box="[1034,1117,512,535]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Cornus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FBB2FD9AFB8E2A0D" box="[1034,1117,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Cornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FBC9FD9AFA8D2A02" authority=", Ulmus" authorityName="Ulmus" box="[1137,1374,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Altingiaceae" genus="Liquidambar" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FBC9FD9AFA8D2A02" box="[1137,1374,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Liquidambar, Ulmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FF2FFDBEFF262A21" box="[151,245,548,571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FF2FFDBEFF262A21" box="[151,245,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB6FFDEFF2FF8A2FAAA2FD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913519/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" startId="14.[151,249,1848,1870]" targetBox="[269,1330,210,1802]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB6FFDEFF2FF8A2FAAA2FD3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1848,1993]" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFF2FF8A2FEC02F54" bold="true" box="[151,275,1848,1870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Bayesian species tree chronogram of spelerpines plethodontid salamanders including 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFB30F8A3FAF22F54" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1160,1313,1849,1870]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFB30F8A3FAF22F54" box="[1160,1313,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bold). The species tree and divergence times estimates from *BEAST are based on mitochondrial (
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFBB4F8CDFBEF2F76" box="[1036,1084,1879,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Cytb</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFBD4F8CDFB452F76" box="[1132,1174,1879,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Nd4</emphasis>
) and nuclear gene (
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFAE6F8CDFA402F76" box="[1374,1427,1879,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Rag1</emphasis>
) trees (see Methods). Numbers subtending each node are posterior probabilities of node support for major lineages. Node bars indicate 95% highest posterior density on divergence dates. Some redundant taxa were pruned. 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFBD7F80FFBAD2FB0" box="[1135,1150,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">E</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFB35F80FFB322FB0" box="[1165,1249,1941,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFB35F80FFB322FB0" box="[1165,1249,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Eurycea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFB57F80FFAD22FB0" box="[1263,1281,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">G</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFAA8F80FFA462FB0" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1296,1429,1941,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Gyrinophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFAA8F80FFA462FB0" box="[1296,1429,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Gyrinophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFF2FF82EFF752FD3" box="[151,166,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">P</emphasis>
= 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFF0CF829FE372FD2" box="[180,484,1971,1992]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFF0CF829FEEA2FD2" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[180,313,1971,1992]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Pseudotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudotriton</taxonomicName>
, S= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFED8F829FE332FD2" box="[352,480,1971,1992]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Stereochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stereochilus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB6FFDEFDACF829FD672FD2" box="[532,692,1971,1992]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">
U= 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB6FFDEFD8EF829FD672FD2" authorityName="Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz &amp; Wake" authorityYear="2009" box="[566,692,1971,1992]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Urspelerpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urspelerpes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. AR=Arkansas, NC=North Carolina, OK=Oklahoma, and TX=Texas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8BD9F3FAFFB7FFDFFF2FF83BFA952FCC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913523" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913523/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" startId="15.[151,249,1953,1975]" targetBox="[283,1303,193,1932]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFB7FFDFFF2FF83BFA952FCC" blockId="15.[151,1436,1953,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB7FFDFFF2FF83BFEC32FAD" bold="true" box="[151,272,1953,1975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Images of reproductive status in 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB7FFDFFD3BF838FCF42FAD" box="[643,807,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB7FFDFFD3BF838FCF02FAD" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[643,803,1954,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">E. subfluvicola</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(a) Female with developing ova in ovaries. (b) Male with enlarged testicular lobes, and smaller lobules in development. (c) Developing embryo of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFB7FFDFFBA4F85BFB672FCF" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1052,1204,1984,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFB7FFDFFBA4F85BFB672FCF" box="[1052,1204,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(16 days old).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFA8FFC0FF7FFDDDFBC32B45" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1586]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FF7FFDDDFE2F2A7A" box="[199,508,583,608]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FF7FFDDDFE262A7A" bold="true" box="[199,501,583,608]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Life history and ecology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Most aspects of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FD6AFDD3FCAC2A7A" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[722,895,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FD6AFDD3FCAC2A7A" box="[722,895,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
life history are derived from observations in captivity, and reproductive status has been determined by examining the gonads through the transparent venter. Enlargement of testes was first observed in the field in February, and reached maximum size in the lab by late June and July. Like related 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FE23FD2FFD972AD6" box="[411,580,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FE23FD2FFD972AD6" box="[411,580,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FD39FD2FFCC02AD6" authorityName="Moore &amp; Hughes" authorityYear="1939" box="[641,787,693,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tynerensis">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FD39FD2FFCC02AD6" box="[641,787,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. tynerensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FC9DFD2FFC032AD6" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[805,976,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FC9DFD2FFC032AD6" box="[805,976,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically has single lobed testes (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FAE3FD2EFF002AEA" author="Sever, D. M." pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="187 - 193" refId="ref12214" refString="Sever, D. M. (1974) The occurrence of multiple testes in the genus Eurycea (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). Herpetologica, 30, 187 - 193." type="journal article" year="1974">Sever 1974</bibRefCitation>
; MAS pers. obs.), but one individual possessed multiple lobes (
<figureCitation id="479DBFF7FFA8FFC0FC0FFD4DFBDE2AEA" box="[951,1037,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[283,1303,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure-52@15.[283,1303,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images of reproductive status in E. subfluvicola. (a) Female with developing ova in ovaries. (b) Male with enlarged testicular lobes, and smaller lobules in development. (c) Developing embryo of E. subfluvicola (16 days old)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913523/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Fig. 9b</figureCitation>
). Mature or maturing egg follicles have only once been observed in the field (late November), however, follicles started maturing in the lab (at 20 
<superScript id="28D30E3AFFA8FFC0FAC0FD61FAAC2B13" attach="right" box="[1400,1407,763,777]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">o</superScript>
C) in June and were robust by August. We have not yet found definitive juveniles of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FB9BFCB9FB182B21" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[1059,1227,803,827]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FB9BFCB9FB182B21" box="[1059,1227,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the field, which suggests that early development (&lt;
<quantity id="185E0E97FFA8FFC0FDA3FCDCFDB62B45" box="[539,613,838,863]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="32.0">32mm</quantity>
SVL) may be primarily subterranean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF19A372FFA8FFC0FF7FFCF0FED42E28" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1586]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">
Coinciding with peak testicular size, the five largest captive males began to show signs of metamorphosis (i.e. gill reduction, changes in head morphology and coloration). For four individuals, the process took over 2.5 months, and metamorphosis was never completed before the animals died. 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FC57FC29FB342BD1" box="[1007,1255,947,971]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiplicata">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FC57FC29FB342BD1" box="[1007,1255,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Eurycea multiplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can complete metamorphosis in less than one month after initiation under similar conditions (MAS pers. obs.). Two of the partially metamorphosed 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FE0DFC61FD8D2C09" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[437,606,1019,1043]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FE0DFC61FD8D2C09" box="[437,606,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed remodeling of the hyobranchial apparatus towards the adult form (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FF26FB84FEA82C2D" author="Alberch, P. &amp; Lewbart, G. A. &amp; Gale, E. A." box="[158,379,1054,1079]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="71 - 84" refId="ref9869" refString="Alberch, P., Lewbart, G. A. &amp; Gale, E. A. (1985) The fate of larval chondrocytes during the metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander Eurycea bislineata. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 88, 71 - 84." type="journal article" year="1985">
Alberch 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FEB9FBBAFEEA2C2D" box="[257,313,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
1985
</bibRefCitation>
). This includes the loss of larval epibranchials, and formation of the adult epibranchial, and the reshaping of the ceratohyal, basibranchials, and ceratobranchials. Adult maxillary morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FB7AFBD8FA812C41" author="Wilder, I. W." box="[1218,1362,1090,1115]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" refId="ref12783" refString="Wilder, I. W. (1925) The Morphology of Amphibian Metamorphosis. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 161 pp." type="book" year="1925">Wilder 1925</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FAE5FBD8FF032C65" author="Wake, D. B." pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref12747" refString="Wake, D. B. (1966) Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, Family Plethodontidae. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Science, 4, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1966">
<collectingCountry id="A7B1E3E2FFA8FFC0FAE5FBD8FA4F2C41" box="[1373,1436,1090,1115]" name="Wake Island" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Wake</collectingCountry>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
) started to form in 
<specimenCount id="C9A068FBFFA8FFC0FE00FBFCFDA12C65" box="[440,626,1126,1151]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
. The small external gills were also never completely absorbed. These individuals demonstrate that facultative metamorphosis might be possible in this species, however, given that four of the five large males died during this process (with the 5 
<superScript id="28D30E3AFFA8FFC0FC90FB34FCE72CA6" attach="left" box="[808,820,1198,1212]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">th</superScript>
individual still undergoing metamorphosis 
<date id="AB1885B2FFA8FFC0FAA7FB2BFF002CF4" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" value="2014-02-05">5-February 2014</date>
), indicates that metamorphosis appears to be a grave event, as seen in some other paedomorphic salamanders that have naturally or experimentally metamorphosed (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FD41FB63FC472D08" author="Dundee, H. A." box="[761,916,1273,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="52" refId="ref10853" refString="Dundee, H. A. (1957) Partial metamorphosis induced in Typhlomolge rathbuni. Copeia, 1957, 52. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440522" type="journal article" year="1957">Dundee 1957</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FC26FB63FC0A2D08" author="Dundee, H. A." box="[926,985,1273,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="1060 - 1061" refId="ref10887" refString="Dundee, H. A. (1962) Response of the neotenic salamander Haidotrition wallacei to a metamorphic agent. Science, 135, 1060 - 1061. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 135.3508.1060" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FC5CFB63FB542D08" author="Brandon, R. A." box="[996,1159,1273,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="429 - 438" refId="ref10304" refString="Brandon, R. A. (1976) Spontaneous and induced metamporphosis of Ambystoma dumerrilii (Duges), a paedogenetic Mexican salamander, under laboratory conditions. Herpetologica, 32, 429 - 438." type="journal article" year="1976">Brandon 1976</bibRefCitation>
). It is notable that partial metamorphosis only occurred in the largest, most reproductive males (based on testicular examination), while females showed no signs of metamorphosis (n=13). We hypothesize that high levels of endogenous androgens may induce metamorphosis of male 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FE40FAFCFD732D67" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[504,672,1381,1405]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FE40FAFCFD732D67" box="[504,672,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in captivity. Studies have shown that testosterone, but not estradiol, can increase the rate of metamorphosis in other salamander species (
<bibRefCitation id="BB37DE83FFA8FFC0FC37FA13FB8B2DB8" author="Norris, D. O. &amp; Jones, R. E. &amp; Cohen, D. C." box="[911,1112,1417,1442]" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" pagination="467 - 473" refId="ref11919" refString="Norris, D. O., Jones, R. E., &amp; Cohen, D. C. (1973) Effects of mammalian gonadotropins (LH, FSH, HCC) and gonadal steroids on TSH induced metamorphosis of Ambystoma tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 20, 467 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0016 - 6480 (73) 90078 - 6" type="journal article" year="1973">
Norris 
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FC66FA10FBC52DBB" box="[990,1046,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
1973
</bibRefCitation>
). Surface activity of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FA86FA10FEF32DDF" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FA86FA10FEF32DDF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">Eurycea subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily nocturnal, with individuals leaving the cover of rocks or leaf litter during the day. During periods without surface flow, individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FD21FA48FC972DF3" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[665,836,1489,1513]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FD21FA48FC972DF3" box="[665,836,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presumably follow the water table using interstitial spaces in the streambed gravel. The subterranean ecology of 
<taxonomicName id="18A6D8F1FFA8FFC0FCE9FA6CFC282E17" authorityName="Steffen &amp; Irwin &amp; Blair &amp; Bonett" authorityYear="2014" box="[849,1019,1525,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfluvicola">
<emphasis id="EDD27F60FFA8FFC0FCE9FA6CFC282E17" box="[849,1019,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="439">E. subfluvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the hyporheic zone is completely unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>