325 lines
47 KiB
XML
325 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="252B7E22A89A521FC595CE38DD230ADC">Four new species and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from New Zealand, with a review and key to all described extant taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F02D800B5EF65ED3A4817E2F21784C06" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2FAB699EF8E709ADBA8A0180DC76AF01">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C9160644407781EB2DE375A24F2C6D78">Gordon, Dennis P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F869E091465A1B6C326E3092C3E10D15">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="B7D0D73AC9BB2A18387BF76C17E8F93C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="64D10E860B7CC21FA21E7331235B5F78">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DA22A1DC61C21B8A9641B8356E2B1AA2">Randolph Quek, Z. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="68E0E474DBB2CAD8623A797DAF22234A" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7998-7052</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="98F54C9DCC6C0DEE78D6F5A133F556C2">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="43D690590EB67D7BFAD36B1FBAF21C4D" type="email">randolphquek@u.nus.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1AF406F5D6489840E987D8B9028BA366">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4EBEFF6F8E7C57558801899063EB63BB">Huang, Danwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0C5473E730C3B35ED32B11FFC7F3BB82">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C5E0D67ABF6323A81486644F383C9A56">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D4707720513B3F8CF3EABFA3C045CBED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1BC2D0356605A0624D94015728621C3B">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BAB5F3A76D7BE7E1418252539C66D9F9">2024-03-14</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0381104DFFD4B946EAF0F9BDF7D7F9D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0381104DFFD4B946EAF0F9BDF7D7F9D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381104DFFD4B946EAF0F9BDF7D7F9D2" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD4B944EAF0F9BDF768F9EF" box="[151,522,1617,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B944EAF0F9BDF768F9EF" blockId="17.[151,522,1617,1680]" box="[151,522,1617,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<heading id="D0DF1637FFD4B944EAF0F9BDF768F9EF" bold="true" box="[151,522,1617,1644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAF0F9BDF768F9EF" bold="true" box="[151,522,1617,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD4B944EAF0F9BDF4A2F9E8" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,448,1617,1644]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAF0F9BDF4A2F9E8" bold="true" box="[151,448,1617,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Rhabdopleura francesca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD4B944EBAFF9BEF768F9EF" box="[456,522,1618,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD4B944EAF0F99AF6BAF94E" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B944EAF0F99AF434F913" blockId="17.[151,522,1617,1680]" box="[151,342,1654,1680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD4B944EAF8F99AF47CF913" box="[159,286,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Figs 8A‒H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD4B944EB4DF99AF42CF913" box="[298,334,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,248,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[284,1303,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-28@20.[271,1316,181,1752]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp.: A, section of creeping tube of holotype with a broken erect tube; note the small erect-tube diameter relative to the width of the creeping tube. Rhabdopleura decipula n. sp.: B, holotype NIWA 162592 (left) and paratype 1 (NIWA 161212) colonies on broken shells; C, reflected-light image of part of a paratype 2 colony (NIWA 161213) seen in transparency on smooth shell, showing a loop of one creeping-tube branch curving back on itself, with a narrow crossconnection (cc) of the pectocaulus; erect tubes and zooids (z) and a dormant body (db) also seen. D, SEM image of same colony at lower magnification, with branch loop in C at top right. E, another part of same colony seen in transparency, showing a zooid inside a creeping tube to the left (distal) of a dark dormant body. Scale bars: A, 500 μm; B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 2 mm; E, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821383/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">9A</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B944EAF0F959F6BAF94E" blockId="17.[151,984,1717,1741]" box="[151,984,1717,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD4B944EAF0F959F42EF94F" box="[151,332,1717,1741]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAF0F959F44AF94E" box="[151,296,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Rhabdopleura</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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‘Spirits Bay’:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD4B944EB86F959F7C7F94E" author="Gordon, D. P. & Quek, Z. B. R. & Orr, R. J. S. & Waeschenbach, A. & Huang, D. & Strano, F. & Ramsfjell, M. H. & Liow, L. H." box="[481,677,1717,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref22167" refString="Gordon, D. P., Quek, Z. B. R., Orr, R. J. S., Waeschenbach, A., Huang, D., Strano, F., Ramsfjell, M. H. & Liow, L. H. (2023) Morphological diversity and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from the Western Pacific (Singapore and New Zealand), with implications for a re-evaluation of rhabdopleurid species diversity. Marine Biodiversity, 53 (4), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 19.1007 / s 12526 - 022 - 01310 - 3" type="journal article" year="2023">
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Gordon
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944E852F959F700F94E" box="[565,610,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2023
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: pp. 4, 7, 13, figs 2c, 3b, 8a-h.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD4B944EAF0F919F00FF8B7" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B944EAF0F919F00FF8B7" blockId="17.[151,1437,1781,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAF0F919F4E7F88C" bold="true" box="[151,389,1781,1807]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B40AB06FFD4B944EBF7F91AF65FF8B7" collectingDate="1999-01-29" collectionCode="NIWA" collectorName="Stn Z" elevation="59" latitude="-34.339" location="Spirits Bay" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="172.741" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" specimenCode="NIWA 158157" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EBF7F91AF762F893" box="[400,512,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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<typeStatus id="54931FF9FFD4B944EBF7F91AF498F893" box="[400,506,1782,1808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode id="DB8E0920FFD4B944E86CF91AF7D7F893" box="[523,693,1781,1808]" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="Other institutional type">NIWA 158157</specimenCode>
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,
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<collectorName id="26DDC48DFFD4B944E8A3F91AF665F893" box="[708,775,1782,1808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Stn Z</collectorName>
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9708, Three Kings shelf north of
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<location id="8EF7F780FFD4B944EEF2F91AF075F893" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0381104DFFD4B946EAF0F9BDF7D7F9D2:8EF7F780FFD4B944EEF2F91AF075F893" box="[1173,1303,1782,1808]" latitude="-34.339" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="172.741" name="Spirits Bay" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Spirits Bay</location>
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(Piwhane),
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1CC79CFFD4B944EAF0F8F6F477F8B7" box="[151,277,1818,1844]" degrees="34.3390" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" precision="5" value="-34.339">34.3390° S</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1CC79CFFD4B944EB45F8F6F4D2F8B7" box="[290,432,1818,1844]" degrees="172.7410" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" precision="5" value="172.741">172.7410° E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFD4B944EBDBF8F5F495F8B7" box="[444,503,1817,1844]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" unit="m" value="59.0">
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<elevation id="00054668FFD4B944EBDBF8F5F495F8B7" box="[444,503,1817,1844]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" unit="m" value="59.0">59 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FF96879BFFD4B944E864F8F6F7DDF8B7" box="[515,703,1818,1844]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" value="1999-01-29">
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<collectingDate id="EFD27E73FFD4B944E864F8F6F7DDF8B7" box="[515,703,1818,1844]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" value="1999-01-29">29 January 1999</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, in ethanol
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="3B40AB06FFD4B944E920F8F6F00BF8B7" box="[839,1385,1817,1844]" collectingDate="1999-01-29" collectionCode="NIWA" collectorName="Stn Z" elevation="59" latitude="-34.339" location="Spirits Bay" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="172.741" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" specimenCode="NIWA 162577" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944E920F8F6F6D5F8B0" box="[839,951,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54931FF9FFD4B944E920F8F6F6D3F8B0" box="[839,945,1818,1843]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
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</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode id="DB8E0920FFD4B944E9D9F8F6F106F8B7" box="[958,1124,1817,1844]" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="Other institutional type">NIWA 162577</specimenCode>
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||
, same data as holotype
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD4B944EAA0F8D2F6AFF8FF" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B944EAA0F8D2F6AFF8FF" blockId="17.[151,1437,1781,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
|
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAA0F8D2F42CF8DB" bold="true" box="[199,334,1854,1880]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Etymology.</emphasis>
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||
Honorific for Dr Francesca Strano, acknowledging her interest in this study and in recognition of her work on
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<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD4B944EB42F88EF755F8FF" authorityName="Beli, Cameron & Piraino" authorityYear="2018" box="[293,567,1890,1916]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="recondita">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EB42F88EF755F8FF" box="[293,567,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Rhabdopleura recondita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; her given name used in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD4B947EAA0F869F60EFF7A" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD4B947EAA0F869F60EFF7A" blockId="17.[151,1437,1781,2024]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,150,249]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD4B944EAA0F869F420F81C" bold="true" box="[199,322,1925,1951]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Erect ringed tubes budded directly from surface of creeping tubes. Colony ramifying over dead shell, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFD4B944EB7FF846F42DF847" box="[280,335,1962,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
length or diameter. Erect tubes spaced 675‒808 μm apart, mean erect-tube diameter 119 μm, mean fusellus height 40 μm. Zigzag sutures of creeping tubes not conspicuous, zigzag traversing half to three-quarters of convexity width; zigzag angles 33‒51° on straighter, narrower sections of creeping tube, otherwise 26‒54°, more divergent on wider sections of tube associated with dormant bodies, the latter imparting a dashed appearance to many tubes along their length when viewed by light microscopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF57F1D3FFD7B947EAF0F915F4D3F869" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" startId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" targetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD7B947EAF0F915F4D3F869" blockId="18.[151,1437,1785,2026]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EAF0F915F476F892" bold="true" box="[151,276,1785,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD7B947EB7BF915F775F892" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[284,535,1785,1809]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EB7BF915F775F892" box="[284,535,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Rhabdopleura francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947E847F915F738F892" bold="true" box="[544,602,1785,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD7B947E847F915F738F892" box="[544,602,1785,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577:
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EE81F915F19CF892" bold="true" box="[1254,1278,1785,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">A,</emphasis>
|
||
complete erect tube 2.5 mm long.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EB3EF8F1F412F8B6" bold="true" box="[345,368,1821,1845]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">B,</emphasis>
|
||
holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EEF1F8F1F1CDF8B6" bold="true" box="[1174,1199,1821,1845]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">C,</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EA89F889F464F8FE" bold="true" box="[238,262,1893,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">D,</emphasis>
|
||
section of tube bracketed in A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947E831F889F70FF8FE" bold="true" box="[598,621,1893,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">E,</emphasis>
|
||
apertural end of another erect tube.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947E98CF889F69DF8FE" bold="true" box="[1003,1023,1893,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">F,</emphasis>
|
||
black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD7B947EB8EF865F746F822" bold="true" box="[489,548,1929,1953]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">G, H,</emphasis>
|
||
variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD6B946EAA0FF7AF64FFC4A" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FF7AF127FE9E" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EAA0FF7AF43BFF33" bold="true" box="[199,345,150,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Inception of ringed erect tubes is direct, from surface of creeping tubes. Colony encrusting surface of dead shell, ramifying mostly irregularly over surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946E90FFF57F6DDFF56" box="[872,959,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
), with curved, sinuous or straight sections, creeping tubes branching often at right angles at non-regular intervals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946E9CDFF33F162FF7A" box="[938,1024,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
), spreading up to at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFD6B946EF7DFF33F032FF7A" box="[1306,1360,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
across substratum, forming conspicuous dark-brown to black continuous or dashed tracery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FECBF48AFDE2" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Creeping tubes variable in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946E834FECBF7B7FEC2" box="[595,725,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
); convex part of tube 185‒325 (257) μm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EEA4FECBF1B3FEC3" box="[1219,1233,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 31) wide, with flattened marginal lamina along both sides, also of variable width [24‒113 (71) μm, n = 31], its edges smooth, entire or diffuse; creeping tubes tending to be widest in vicinity of dormant bodies; branching at angles of c. 30‒90°. Surface fusellar sutures on straighter, more parallel-sided sections of tube (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EE07FE7FF1EBFE2F" box="[1120,1161,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946EEF5FE7FF18EFE2E" box="[1170,1260,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
) with point-to-point divergence (zigzag) angles of 33‒51 (42)°, mode 45° (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E938FE5BF60FFE53" box="[863,877,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 23); range of angles more divergent [26‒54° (mean 37°)] on broader, more laterally convex sections of tube typically associated with dormant bodies; zigzag sequence occupying half to three-quarters of convexity width, with zigzag components curved or, less often, straight. Pectocaulus running along floor of creeping tubes, including under ‘dormant buds’ within tubes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946EF5DFDCFF0ECFDBE" box="[1338,1422,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
), 28‒46 (36) μm wide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EBE8FDABF4FFFDE3" box="[399,413,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FD87F6D1FCBA" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Erect tubes up to 3382 μm long, spaced at distances of c. 675‒808 (750) μm along creeping tubes. Tube diameter between fusellar collars 101‒140 (119) μm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E8E8FD63F7FFFD2B" box="[655,669,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 39), most of tube with fairly evenly spaced fusellar collars, these generally weakly projecting circumferentially around tube [3.3‒13.8 (6.4) μm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EE78FD5FF14FFD4F" box="[1055,1069,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 50], microscopically crinkled and horizontal or slightly oblique over most of tube length, more irregular in distalmost and proximalmost parts of tubes. Distance between fusellar collars (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E80CFD17F7ECFC97" box="[619,654,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
fusellus height) in standard section of tube 19‒60 (40) μm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EF26FD17F02DFC97" box="[1345,1359,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 38). Number of fusellar collars in 500 μm of erect tube 10‒12 (11) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E93BFCF3F608FCBB" box="[860,874,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 11).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FCAFF6FDFC26" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
‘Dormant buds’ abundant, mostly parallel-sided or curved, rounded at each end, located serially along creeping tube, each proximal to an erect tube and visually separated from adjacent ‘dormant buds’ by a section of pectocaulus; dormant bud semi-solid, made up of firm rounded globules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946E95BFC67F6F0FC26" box="[828,914,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[279,1308,273,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[266,1321,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp., A‒E, holotype NIWA 158157; F‒H, paratype NIWA 162577: A, complete erect tube 2.5 mm long. B, holotype, possibly comprising more than one colony, on broken scallop shell. C, close-up of B showing that the black tubarium tracery in A is accentuated by continuous series of what look like dormant buds lying along black stolons. D, section of tube bracketed in A. E, apertural end of another erect tube. F, black stolon emergent from a ‘dormant body’ in part of a creeping tube. G, H, variations in creeping-tube width and fusellar patterning, the latter typically weak and thinly developed throughout colony; some point-to-point suture zigzags highlighted. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D‒F, 100 μm; g, h, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821381/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FC43F64FFC4A" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" box="[199,813,943,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Founding individuals (prosiculae and zooids) not seen.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFD6B946EAA0FC3FF7D7F9D2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FC3FF668FA1E" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EAA0FC3FF459FC6E" bold="true" box="[199,315,979,1005]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EB25FC3FF734FC6E" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[322,598,979,1005]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EB25FC3FF734FC6E" box="[322,598,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Rhabdopleura francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E83BFC3FF7F9FC6E" bold="true" box="[604,667,979,1005]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946E83BFC3FF7F9FC6E" box="[604,667,979,1005]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs on the Three Kings Shelf, an area of seafloor off the northern tip of New Zealand’s North Island where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946E812FC1BF798FB92" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[629,762,1015,1041]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E812FC1BF798FB92" box="[629,762,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD6B946E9D8FC1BF1C9FB92" author="Gordon, D. P. & Quek, Z. B. R. & Orr, R. J. S. & Waeschenbach, A. & Huang, D. & Strano, F. & Ramsfjell, M. H. & Liow, L. H." box="[959,1195,1015,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref22167" refString="Gordon, D. P., Quek, Z. B. R., Orr, R. J. S., Waeschenbach, A., Huang, D., Strano, F., Ramsfjell, M. H. & Liow, L. H. (2023) Morphological diversity and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from the Western Pacific (Singapore and New Zealand), with implications for a re-evaluation of rhabdopleurid species diversity. Marine Biodiversity, 53 (4), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 19.1007 / s 12526 - 022 - 01310 - 3" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Gordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EE7AFC1BF132FB92" box="[1053,1104,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined by SEM a tiny portion of the preserved
|
||
<typeStatus id="54931FF9FFD6B946EB87FBF7F720FBB6" box="[480,578,1051,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
colony as well as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD6B946E973FBF7F6B6FBB6" author="Norman, J. R." box="[788,980,1051,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" pagination="95 - 102" refId="ref23857" refString="Norman, J. R. (1921) Rhabdopleura. British Antarctic " Terra Nova " Expedition Natural History Reports, Zoology, 4, 95 - 102." type="journal article" year="1921">Norman’s (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
slides of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EE24FBF7F1A4FBB6" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[1091,1222,1051,1077]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EE24FBF7F1A4FBB6" box="[1091,1222,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EF77FBF7F0FEFBB6" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[1296,1436,1051,1077]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EF77FBF7F0FEFBB6" box="[1296,1436,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EAF0FBD3F5B5FBDA" bold="true" box="[151,215,1087,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946EAF0FBD3F5B5FBDA" box="[151,215,1087,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EA80FBD3F409FBDA" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[231,363,1087,1113]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EA80FBD3F409FBDA" box="[231,363,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has direct-frontal growth of erect tubes, but it differs principally in erect-tube diameter, which is smaller and non-overlapping compared to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946E88CFB8FF61BFBFE" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[747,889,1123,1149]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E88CFB8FF61BFBFE" box="[747,889,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[167‒200 (180) μm vs 101‒140 (119) μm] and in having extremely wide zigzag sutures that extend across the full width of the creeping tube onto the flattened marginal laminae (cf. half to three-quarters of creeping-tube width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946E9C4FB47F152FB46" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[931,1072,1195,1221]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E9C4FB47F152FB46" box="[931,1072,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946EE50FB47F117FB46" box="[1079,1141,1195,1221]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
). This latter character was consistent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EB4BFB23F4CDFB6A" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[300,431,1231,1257]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EB4BFB23F4CDFB6A" box="[300,431,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC6FB9FFD6B946EB93FB23F71AFB6A" box="[500,632,1231,1257]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD6B946E8E0FB23F6BBFB6A" author="Ramirez-Guerrero, G. M. & Kocot, K. M. & Cameron, C. B." box="[647,985,1231,1257]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" pagination="844 - 849" refId="ref24096" refString="Ramirez-Guerrero, G. M., Kocot, K. M. & Cameron, C. B. (2020) Zooid morphology and molecular phylogeny of the graptolite Rhabdopleura annulata (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) from Heron Island, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 98, 844 - 849. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjz- 2020 - 0049" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Ramírez-Guerrero
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E939FB23F6EDFB6A" box="[862,911,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1C) and tube metrics conformed as well.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD6B946EAB2FB1FF41EFA8E" author="Norman, J. R." box="[213,380,1267,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" pagination="95 - 102" refId="ref23857" refString="Norman, J. R. (1921) Rhabdopleura. British Antarctic " Terra Nova " Expedition Natural History Reports, Zoology, 4, 95 - 102." type="journal article" year="1921">Norman (1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 98) also specifically stated that creeping-tube width and erect-tube diameter were the same in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EAD2FAFBF458FAB2" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[181,314,1303,1329]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EAD2FAFBF458FAB2" box="[181,314,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is not the case in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946E83AFAFBF788FAB2" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[605,746,1303,1329]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E83AFAFBF788FAB2" box="[605,746,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E894FAFBF651FAB2" bold="true" box="[755,819,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946E894FAFBF651FAB2" box="[755,819,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, in which erect-tube diameter ranges from 43‒68% of creeping-tube width. Indeed, the phylogenetic results agree on the distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EE3DFAD7F1BEFAD6" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1921" box="[1114,1244,1339,1365]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EE3DFAD7F1BEFAD6" box="[1114,1244,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EF76FAD7F0FEFAD6" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[1297,1436,1339,1365]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EF76FAD7F0FEFAD6" box="[1297,1436,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EAF0FAB3F5B5FAFA" bold="true" box="[151,215,1375,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946EAF0FAB3F5B5FAFA" box="[151,215,1375,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, with the phylogeny reconstructed based on both mitochondrial genomes and 16S+18S rRNA concatenated sequences recovering them in separate lineages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFD6B946E8DFFA6FF79EFA1E" box="[696,764,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[182,1406,466,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-154@6.[169,1418,453,1864]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny for Rhabdopleura reconstructed on: A, concatenated 16S+18S rRNA genes; B, 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Numbers adjacent to nodes represent bootstrap support (≥ 50) /posterior probability (≥0.8) values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821367/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFD6B946EAA0FA4BF7D7F9D2" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
The term ‘dormant buds’ was introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFD6B946E8D7FA4BF60EFA42" author="Stebbing, A. R. D." box="[688,876,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" pagination="205 - 212" refId="ref25392" refString="Stebbing, A. R. D. (1970 b) Aspects of the reproduction and life cycle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata). Marine Biology, 5, 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00346908" type="journal article" year="1970">Stebbing (1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 210) for conspicuous ovoid or spherical masses of yolky granules within creeping tubes. Each is formed at the proximal end of the contractile stalk of a zooid near the septum, becoming enclosed in a dark capsule. Inasmuch as functional feeding zooids can occur within erect tubes distal to the ‘dormant buds’, it may be that they serve as both active and dormant nutrient reserves within a colony. They are abundant in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFD6B946EB84F9DBF70DF9D2" authority="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang, 2024" authorityName="Gordon & Randolph Quek & Huang" authorityYear="2024" box="[483,623,1591,1617]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="francesca" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946EB84F9DBF70DF9D2" box="[483,623,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">R. francesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFD6B946E811F9DBF7D7F9D2" bold="true" box="[630,693,1591,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FC032FFD6B946E811F9DBF7D7F9D2" box="[630,693,1591,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |