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<document id="29B7A63637896C6C8368593BD7BCF64D" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6" ID-PMC="PMC6656982" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-67" ID-PubMed="31363344" ID-ZooBank="128BC1830A6A423488931CBD2D2AF962" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia – Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" checkinTime="1562310429444" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="C00C3BAECE83ED93A801B39F02D68E9A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 67-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" docTitle="Leptogorgia chilensis Verrill 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FC39FFCAFFF7185C9E0D0A1A2F0D8028" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1701315585746" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EBD6882691DBB6E307876901A65561D8">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EFA5BD8D7730FF54C553FBECBC5C4BB4">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="A068B3EA1D6BBDFE91C7D9C263BCF777">860</mods:number>
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<treatment id="C00C3BAECE83ED93A801B39F02D68E9A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525361" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C00C3BAECE83ED93A801B39F02D68E9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C00C3BAECE83ED93A801B39F02D68E9A" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection id="F73F714B6F3281CE1E02CB4BCD075107" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D5AF1CD2D9DB5F2105F794A63C8516A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="D4C5A1C5EC7F84DFEF65F49AAFD82CB2" ID-CoL="3TQ5R" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis (Verrill, 1868)</taxonomicName>
Figures 14A, B, 15
<normalizedToken id="65DE4AF7150DE4F60842B8E0DE536CD8" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66C2DC58995FC018140C15050232571C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E91E16BA2E39EF9FEF08BF43733B7406" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="DD040A596497128824F067FE126D3B76" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Plexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plexaura rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">Plexaura rosea</taxonomicName>
Philippi, 1866: 118 (junior homonym,
<bibRefCitation id="484C8EE5ABA1117710C37FFA45ADD121" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="2EDB7AC70B050CF0FD8D4E30FCD672F1" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C3093E4276E6F215BC05699C525050A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="F65094F8F9A57ABE22B3F8C839DA5CF6" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">Leptogorgia rosea</taxonomicName>
Phillipi, 1892: 7 (as:
<bibRefCitation id="187614D9AF9288CAD70CBA6EB278AAB7" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Verrill 1868b</bibRefCitation>
: 406 (nec
<taxonomicName id="2125517EB433C6FED2840838D4FE107B" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">Leptogorgia rosea</taxonomicName>
Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 134).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4A082C6DE47D1FE7778F630FF2D733D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
(?)
<taxonomicName id="37A99422415D134B896390C24A8FDFBC" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Litigorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litigorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litigorgia</taxonomicName>
(?)
<taxonomicName id="C0AC8C087072383BAAF8E42A4632BBBF" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Holaxonia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holaxonia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="rosea">rosea</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="86D8A29E1A802739073F90EF042882DB" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" year="1868 a">Verrill 1868a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="45A2811603D592D5706A253920026418" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">1868b</bibRefCitation>
: 406.
<bibRefCitation id="FF6FB09418301D4C1E7513087E3249E6" author="Philippi, RA" journalOrPublisher="Anales Museo Nacional Chile, primera seccion (Zoologia)" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 11" title="Los zoofitos Chilenos del Museo Nacional." volume="5" year="1892">Philippi 1892</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="17E8CF8959B6BDEFE1CDCDBF6504F4EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Nec
<taxonomicName id="7B118D4A0264F8A09BB7AF72E1960E42" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Litigorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litigorgia flexilis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexilis">Litigorgia flexilis</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868a.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F7E760424F31B5E674BDD26119A557A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="3E5B975D477557D74C546B628314E6E9" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
(?)
<taxonomicName id="B704A0AF0A601CD011851E1554BF0BD3" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Holaxonia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holaxonia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">chilensis</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868b: 406.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="969EDF2D460BDBFA3ACD8C7BD38DF68F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="CBE4174A5AE94677247F73B3C6BB6F1A" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BA92C6090DEE81266329E943AEAD6F0D" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1919: 772; 1924: 355.
<bibRefCitation id="03E8466D2AA40F274B44D362D2DE1FFE" author="Bielschowsky, E" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="63 - 234" title="Die Gorgonarien Westindien. 6. Die Familie Gorgoniidae, zugleich eine Revision." volume="16" year="1929">Bielschowsky 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 132.
<bibRefCitation id="AA51D849B10832CA9185DC5882A08FEA" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="2612B7714755DC119232B435E13DFF4B" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
: 22-25.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F53A64E24242E6D19D0CE59551FBA6E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="6DB66FDF8E141958D764C9BCDF55E670" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EA99A6EF426DABD0A86E9E1A013F34A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Apparently, originally collected from Chile, south of Valparaiso, and off Algarrobo. For neotype (designated here), northeastern Pacific Ocean, North America, USA, California, Santa Barbara County, Goleta, Sands Beach, ~6 m; coll. R/V
<normalizedToken id="DE99263B3463E4D2788CF55D00828A26" originalValue="‘Vantuna’">'Vantuna'</normalizedToken>
Cruise #469, November 2001.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E4445BF0186F1C7E9F97D75F5D8FC27" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type specimens">
<paragraph id="A9070CA693EE153D59EEF9D85E138E57" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B73925599BCFEBD9FD63C292D4CA1950" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Location of original type specimen not known. Neotype (here designated) SBMNH 422953 [wet].</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35F7FC60B622339ED4509327C3A8A212" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4CB8999D16F7B19CF2CC539D1654677C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="585DA07A7DCDCB0B9A4048964D09787E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">~25 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="84C0FC412CAFE8D13D9BD01DA6727D2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="2DCD89921B0E066E39881C0BB9CC33BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1194E01DD650D4749A99B191A496271" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Colony (Figure 14A) not reticulate; bushy, often lanky; branches spread out, in loosely subpinnate or dichotomous, irregular branching (Figure 14B) pattern; color of living colony orange-red to orangey salmon-pink. Limbaugh (unpublished key) described color as a rich salmon pink; polyps white; dry specimens pale orange to light salmon pink. Branches and branchlets very cylindrical, long, often greater than 30 mm in length, slender (2.0 mm), usually smooth and whip-like, with unbranched, pointed ends. Branches/branchlets lie roughly in one plane (not always); some branching in all directions. Colony height to 3 ft (~92 cm); usually 2 ft (~61 cm) or less. Polyps generally flush in complete retraction, forming oblong apertures, extending in all directions around the branches. Generally, several longitudinal grooves (in bare area between polyps) present. Tentacles on polyps taper at tips and bear two rows of lateral pinnules, slightly displaced to the oral side. Sclerites (Figure 15
<normalizedToken id="59844E2014B1F6F50C684FC258A936AE" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
) commonly spindles having acute or subacute warted ends extending beyond second ring of warts on either side of median girdle; also capstans (two whorls with end tufts), modified as disk-spindles. Anthocodial sclerites small rods, thin, sparsely ornamented; sclerites generally orange in color. What is shown here (Figure 15) comparable to that shown in
<bibRefCitation id="99010ED4FAA4DD5603D9018FDCB93F3E" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="42CA0C1B48E321F6FB52E2B48A8A5C60" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
(2007
</bibRefCitation>
: Figure 14, page 24).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4A4A57E5A8542442E26E229B18778E8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="9D4943B0268963D4A6800B4ABC9AF9C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 14.
<taxonomicName id="8B88957B3495C8D91B38102C52685EA3" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 422953. A Colony measures 25 cm, maximum length, 13.5 cm, broadest width B Detail of branching pattern (branch diameter ≤ 2.0 mm), and gall formation created by species of barnacle, a common occurrence on this and other gorgonian species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2CEC3905379CECB8493A11C7CE6143E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="4F1C13470243CDB6195E6F4A4427F30E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 15.
<taxonomicName id="66D9EFA655EED2C8512E939AA74D6B35" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 422953, SEM image. Color of sclerites is orange-red. A Anthocodial sclerites
<normalizedToken id="D59432C0D25D6E55245B4B388C8AD49F" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
Spindles of coenenchyme. Images closely match those shown in
<bibRefCitation id="501DD38E846266D2B17C356103F76044" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="BB896693A3D1E9292B09EDEB7E8F9ADF" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
(fig. 14).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1BEB127F8E51ABD43A515F4EEE3CE20C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="51E4B626EE4692D6F98424F3D24B4337" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B2CFF137D331F69D5CA5C450E7E9441" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Lepto- is Greek for fine or slender; the root chilensis-, likely indicative of the original type locality. No discussion of the derivation of the species name was found.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="724A83AAE360BCF582AFA013CF8F54B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="common names">
<paragraph id="6E85C123120CA5AA240A5B02027CC13B" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61C72CADB3DE27D3108CB31BD1BAE86D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Pink sea whip; Pink gorgonian; Red gorgonian; Common red sea whip; Chilean crested gorgon; Carmine sea spray; Violet sea spray (from a variety of field/diving guides, conversations with local divers, etc.).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F20115B9CD102A927C3DC70A06A007B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9714EA61046092FA1410EDFAE820F0EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2642AEFC4DCB6A92D36BEB176FBB79FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Several general guidebooks, including that by
<bibRefCitation id="541AB9D1F005E83A9CC245B5EDC2374A" author="Gotshall, DW" journalOrPublisher="Sea Challengers, Los Osos, CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Pacific Coast Subtidal Marine Invertebrates: A Fishwatcher's Guide." year="1979">Gotshall and Laurent (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, state distribution as Monterey Bay to San Benitos Islands in Baja, California. Cairns et al. (1991, 2003) did not list this species. Specimens were collected locally (Santa Barbara area, 9-22 m) for studies done by
<bibRefCitation id="D5F303EF1DB6BC735E2A371875D30219" author="Satterlie, RA" journalOrPublisher="Cell &amp; Tissue Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="379 - 396" title="Neurobiology of the gorgonian coelenterates, Muriceacalifornica and Lophogorgiachilensis. II. Morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229604" volume="187" year="1978">Satterlie and Case (1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0BE4A0299B80420DCAF4DEE6ACA10BC8" author="Satterlie, RA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="191 - 204" title="Neurobiology of the gorgonian coelenterates, Muriceacalifornica and Lophogorgiachilensis. I. Behavioural physiology." url="www.jeb.biologists.org/content/79/1/191.full.pdf" volume="79" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
) on the neurobiology of gorgonian coelenterates. NMNH has numerous lots collected from La Jolla Canyon (USNM 50179), Scripps Canyon (USNM 50191), and southern California (USNM 52442). However, examination and comparison of sclerites taken from many &quot;red whip&quot; forms indicated that likely range of
<taxonomicName id="5C3E29362BC37438F351AF35CFF87EF1" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
is from Anacapa Island off the California coast (thus, from the middle of the California Bight), south, perhaps to the coast of Chile. Further discussion regarding distribution of this species can be found in the
<normalizedToken id="D891C198B2BC57308B8BE50090121E2F" originalValue="“Remarks”">&quot;Remarks&quot;</normalizedToken>
section of this description. That discussion may further clarify some of the confusion regarding this species of &quot;red whip&quot; amongst several others. Other &quot;red whips&quot; that extend from the middle of the California Bight northward, and overlap with
<taxonomicName id="385307657E15F5EC212F741CF405B6C8" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
in the extreme southern end of their range, may well be one or more different species (see &quot;Discussion concerning diversity of &quot;red whip&quot; gorgonian forms,&quot; following description of
<taxonomicName id="E0F149B0918CF5EC0C0E903A13155F47" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
.)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC7DF59EA315AE66CB785768E0EA636" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="455816198557EAF41C03FB456671CB8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AEFFF6F0CE8B6163FED9194B9CCD01AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="10DCD53AE35296439D143EA3F4864FED" author="Gotshall, DW" journalOrPublisher="Sea Challengers, Los Osos, CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Pacific Coast Subtidal Marine Invertebrates: A Fishwatcher's Guide." year="1979">Gotshall and Laurent (1979)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that this species likes offshore pinnacles, depths of 50 to ~200 feet (15-61 m). Another guidebook (
<bibRefCitation id="A59674A873AE926E38F2B80F97B91CC2" author="Snyderman, M" journalOrPublisher="Marcor Publishing, Port Hueneme-California" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="California Marine Life: A Field Guide." year="1987">Snyderman 1987</bibRefCitation>
) stated that: &quot;Reds are very common on the Channel Islands and on offshore pinnacles as far north as Monterey.&quot;
<normalizedToken id="E024D501A5DEF0A2CD9DAC41032B79DE" originalValue="“Reds”">&quot;Reds&quot;</normalizedToken>
would certainly include this species, but the term
<normalizedToken id="D833087D47549622CFA16394F067C347" originalValue="“reds”">&quot;reds&quot;</normalizedToken>
is not exclusively a reference to this species. Found at depths greater than 60 ft (18 m); at Catalina, 40 ft (12 m). Range given elsewhere as 15-60 m deep.
<bibRefCitation id="2E14B44FDFA29A107BEF10074FFAFA4A" author="Lissner, AL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="87 - 101" title="Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the Southern California Continental Borderland." volume="85" year="1986">Lissner and Dorsey (1986)</bibRefCitation>
recorded a maximum depth of 77 m for this species on Tanner and Cortes Banks, off southern California. From a list for California sites, both mainland and islands, with depth ranges indicated, we see: Mainland: Tijuana River: 36 m; Point Loma: 18-42 m; La Jolla: 17-64 m; San Pedro: 12-33 m; Redondo Beach: 12 m; Santa Barbara: 9 m; Islands: Rock Pile (Seamount 8 miles S. Coronados Islands): 30 m; Coronados Islands: 15-39 m; San Clemente Island: 5-21 m; Santa Catalina Island: 8-26 m; Anacapa Island: 6-9 m; Santa Cruz Island: 2-6 m; Santa Rosa Island: 5-8 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBB86FECF1712B93489AB560B05B0FCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
This species has been studied both electrophysiologically and morphologically by
<bibRefCitation id="DC156840EDA6D3F5FA7AE9A409AF2127" author="Satterlie, RA" journalOrPublisher="Cell &amp; Tissue Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="379 - 396" title="Neurobiology of the gorgonian coelenterates, Muriceacalifornica and Lophogorgiachilensis. II. Morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229604" volume="187" year="1978">Satterlie and Case (1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9F394397F1E0F9789CF02806421E7502" author="Satterlie, RA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="191 - 204" title="Neurobiology of the gorgonian coelenterates, Muriceacalifornica and Lophogorgiachilensis. I. Behavioural physiology." url="www.jeb.biologists.org/content/79/1/191.full.pdf" volume="79" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
), and has been the subject of several studies regarding its (and other gorgonian species) relationships with other organisms, such as the obligate commensal barnacle
<taxonomicName id="B16EF76CDB5EFDBDE21E75F9E8F01B10" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Conopea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopea galeata" order="Sessilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galeata">Conopea galeata</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1771), formerly
<taxonomicName id="688F2F53DD730CEE02095C4CF10C00C3" genus="Balanus" lsidName="Balanus galeatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="galeatus">Balanus galeatus</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus, 1771(
<bibRefCitation id="5FFAB681E9EF90500FF424B0D261121E" author="Gomez, ED" journalOrPublisher="The Veliger" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="163 - 165" title="Observations on feeding and prey specificity of Tritoniafestiva (Stearns) with comments on other tritoniids (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)." volume="16" year="1973">Gomez 1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="900AF2540CA99FA9887376A9E8B0DBCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Lewis 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7ED47CA05EBFAECBC19B02DE01CF515B" author="Standing, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Chemical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="823 - 834" title="Inhibition and induction of barnacle settlement by natural products present in octocorals." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987966" volume="10" year="1984">Standing et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E993C95C797B9689DAA1ABE6C9B4E60C" author="Crisp, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="516 - 525" title="Gregariousness and systematic affinity in some North Carolinian (USA) barnacles." volume="47" year="1990">Crisp 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="98D7AEFB9E79628CFB6412D98A39C9C7" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
). I have seen in multiple instances that these barnacles cluster as galls, attached to the axial skeleton of this species and are overgrown by the
<normalizedToken id="12C9B4BB132BCEB745BC6E72530BA7D1" originalValue="gorgonian’s">gorgonian's</normalizedToken>
soft outer tissue.
<taxonomicName id="42F0B6A3A59DB6B7DD7F93FC47D81017" genus="Balanus" lsidName="Balanus nubilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="nubilis">Balanus nubilis</taxonomicName>
Darwin, 1854 is recorded as having been seen on the axial skeleton of dead &quot;
<taxonomicName id="3D7B99ED7C0EAEAC6D08A624564C93B3" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Lophogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Lophogorgia</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<taxonomicName id="3E23C16A35AE85B1E0DDFF4A19508789" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
) in Monterey Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="AFBC6A94A9E16A7C2FD033EC9A90ED25" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
) (questionable gorgonian species identification); this may be opportunistic as it populates widely different sites in addition to this species. As well, several mollusk species have been recorded in association with this species, such as
<taxonomicName id="F3C99D836E5462D695B99EE622F5C4F3" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Tritonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tritonia festiva" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="festiva">Tritonia festiva</taxonomicName>
Stearns, 1873, as reported by
<bibRefCitation id="1E95B64CF4E14A885185B9F55D1D174A" author="Gomez, ED" journalOrPublisher="The Veliger" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="163 - 165" title="Observations on feeding and prey specificity of Tritoniafestiva (Stearns) with comments on other tritoniids (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)." volume="16" year="1973">Gomez (1973)</bibRefCitation>
and several snails of the genus
<taxonomicName id="2A3B5F6010E60229950C9EF86EBA2F5A" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Neosimnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neosimnia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Neosimnia</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="00848017CDE99DC715EB47A536E0C117" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Simnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simnia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Simnia</taxonomicName>
), such as
<taxonomicName id="B23E413164F08AB6799AF4C9F3EFBD20" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Neosimnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neosimnia barbarensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="barbarensis">Neosimnia barbarensis</taxonomicName>
Dall, 1892 (
<bibRefCitation id="8EDF4F429AC73CE3DD95CCFDDDEA2A19" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theodor 1967</bibRefCitation>
, as referenced in
<bibRefCitation id="F03E760173A5240E2A13F40660579B31" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
). An unidentified field guide indicated that the ovulid snail
<taxonomicName id="6CC74C64F4BBD731CCDA9FDB8F638048" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Delonovolva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Delonovolva" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Delonovolva</taxonomicName>
Sowerby III, 1881 lives and feeds on the branches of this gorgonian. Still other organisms may be seen associated with this species, such as other species of cnidarian;
<normalizedToken id="FEEA40CCF21DD56FB230B05D9B36CFAC" originalValue="“red”">&quot;red&quot;</normalizedToken>
gorgonian is often colonized by the zoanthid anemone,
<taxonomicName id="7EFDE4AD812E3A7493C9A6AE2FA73C44" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus lucificum" order="Zoantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">Parazoanthus lucificum</taxonomicName>
, now
<taxonomicName id="508AAC5C897555CD34D3ECB3BA2FB1B2" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Savalia lucifica" order="Zoantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucifica">Savalia lucifica</taxonomicName>
(Cutress &amp; Pequenat, 1960), and likely other species, ultimately resulting in the death of all or most of the red gorgonian polyps (
<bibRefCitation id="25229FE324779A26CE9DBD52F289818B" author="Patton, WK" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="419 - 431" title="Studies on the animal symbionts of the gorgonian coral, Leptogorgiavirgulata." url="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1972/00000022/00000002/art00009?crawler=true" volume="22" year="1972">Patton 1972</bibRefCitation>
, as referenced in
<bibRefCitation id="4E708AA88889B88E207B433390C2B9A8" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In the SBMNH collection, data for several wet specimens on the
<taxonomicName id="81CD8F3E8B3883BF8F3FE20B49032D59" lsidName="Holaxonia" order="Zoanthinaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="order">Zoanthinaria</taxonomicName>
shelves indicated this gorgonian as the substrate. A specimen, SBMNH 45570, collected from Avalon area of Santa Catalina Island, has
<taxonomicName id="14404967D53D98BD74406AA92DA44815" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus induratum" order="Zoantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="induratum">Epizoanthus induratum</taxonomicName>
Cutress &amp; Pequenat, 1960 attached, while SBMNH 45549M, collected from the NE end of Anacapa Island, has
<taxonomicName id="A9E658A2A9440845A8288EB0DC669BAA" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus leptoderma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="leptoderma">Epizoanthus leptoderma</taxonomicName>
Cutress &amp; Pequenat, 1960 attached to it and SBMNH 45550, collected from the Pinnacle off the quarry, near Avalon on Catalina Island, has
<taxonomicName id="E7C23F3DCF644135652A66BF9C41FA31" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Savalia lucifica" order="Zoantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucifica">Savalia lucifica</taxonomicName>
(Cutress &amp; Pequenat, 1960) attached to it. As well, a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="D4E168B7D957201D5A284B802AC6A47C" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
(SBMNH 265962), recently collected by Scott Clark in 2010, on Platform A as part of a survey for Milton Love, has approximately one third of its branches festooned with a creamy yellow zoanthid. There is some specific substratum choice indicated here, and is apparently common among colonial zoanthids. On SBMNH 422944 (see Appendix 1: List of material
<normalizedToken id="FD5CAF7DFB86379712811EED71F9EAA8" originalValue="examined–Part">examined-Part</normalizedToken>
II), there are large clumps of hydroid, but only on bare axis portions of the branches in the colony.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57F167A80A8908C9522ABEF3A241E63A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="4D690F06AD81C5BC5B23F1ECBE6AE186" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, other organisms may be found associated with this species (although there is a question as to species identification of the gorgonian they discussed, as the examples are all from Carmel and Monterey Bays, in northern California; I suspect they may actually be looking at organisms on
<taxonomicName id="8634A91756FDF53B4ADBF88BB1EAAF66" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
). They mention the bryozoan
<taxonomicName id="51FDC81E32CCC1080096660FF3C319B5" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Celleporina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Celleporina robertsonae" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="robertsonae">Celleporina robertsonae</taxonomicName>
, now recognized as
<taxonomicName id="E83989BB8EB91B552BF85BCF21653530" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Costazia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Costazia robertsonae" order="Cheilostomata" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="robertsonae">Costazia robertsonae</taxonomicName>
(Canu &amp; Bassler, 1923), the Broken-back shrimp
<taxonomicName id="A2C3DF10FAE3AC49BF667D279C6E9DD1" class="Malacostraca" family="Thoridae" genus="Heptacarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heptacarpus flexus" order="Decapoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexus">Heptacarpus flexus</taxonomicName>
(Rathbun, 1902), which may scavenge on sclerites, mucus and even toxic tissues from the surface of the gorgonian, a caprellid amphipod, specifically a skeleton shrimp,
<taxonomicName id="1FB964A43BDDADE46E297E9E4BD7A44A" class="Malacostraca" family="Caprellidae" genus="Metacaprella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metacaprella anomala" order="Amphipoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomala">Metacaprella anomala</taxonomicName>
(Mayer, 1903), whose color may derive from their acquiring the pigment ingested while scavenging the
<normalizedToken id="479C1727D4CF802DA3B700F77A1D66AE" originalValue="gorgonian’s">gorgonian's</normalizedToken>
sloughed off debris, and the very small hermit crab
<taxonomicName id="8C7F4BCBE4377A6A1235C67D76A210FE" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Parapagurodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapagurodes hartae" order="Decapoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartae">Parapagurodes hartae</taxonomicName>
McLaughlin &amp; Jensen, 1996 (now recognized as
<taxonomicName id="4AA60A8C823A45894459A06D13382642" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pagurus hartae" order="Decapoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartae">Pagurus hartae</taxonomicName>
(McLaughlin &amp; Jensen, 1966), as noted in
<bibRefCitation id="71B88D0814B56B4B09D01F189E63ACE5" author="McLaughlin, PA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="42 - 56" title="Reevaluation of the hermit crab genus Parapagurodes McLaughlin and Haig, 1973 (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Paguridae) and a new genus for Parapagurodesdoederleini (Dofiein, 1902)." volume="117" year="2004">McLaughlin and Asakura 2004</bibRefCitation>
), recorded as being found only at depths of several hundred meters (presumably on this species; identification of host gorgonian may be incorrect), in southern California.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E195F0737A61B89971E796C758C55D81" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
As described by
<bibRefCitation id="0F720569CA4C51869E98C081F64472B9" author="Fenical, W" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1512 - 1514" title="Lophotoxin: a novel neuromuscular toxin from Pacific sea whips of the genus Lophogorgia." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6112796" volume="212" year="1981">Fenical et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, work was undertaken to extract what has been described as a neuromuscular toxin, lophotoxin, from several species of
<taxonomicName id="F0E8E371B9FFFFC6BA3506D1CCEF15F1" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Lophogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophogorgia (Leptogorgia)" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Leptogorgia">Lophogorgia (Leptogorgia)</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="53A6A776CC118A9380E15C38AAF1FCBE" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
has subsequently been found to produce this chemical, as well (
<bibRefCitation id="6C15943DDCCB19071CA371EDFBAA943F" author="Fenical, W" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1512 - 1514" title="Lophotoxin: a novel neuromuscular toxin from Pacific sea whips of the genus Lophogorgia." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6112796" volume="212" year="1981">Fenical et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
). &quot;Therefore, the distribution of toxin-producing gorgonians extends from Panama Bay northward to Point Conception, California&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="5EFF7DD09C542DF29E41B9D00072CA9B" author="Fenical, W" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1512 - 1514" title="Lophotoxin: a novel neuromuscular toxin from Pacific sea whips of the genus Lophogorgia." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6112796" volume="212" year="1981">Fenical et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Also, it appears that gorgonians are able to distinguish (chemically?) between self colonies and not-self colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="C812EAD3728C1CD8CF74864681E16B88" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
, citing
<bibRefCitation id="66680BDF45591234C0E7903BED1BCA95" author="Theodor, JL" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="690 - 692" title="Distinction between &quot; self &quot; and &quot; not-self &quot; in lower invertebrates." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/227690a0" volume="227" year="1970">Theodor 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FEC53798A9C0868C76FDCFF5F3AF2E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="6E933BF231B2D18DAD6EBA1F230D1413" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="082285673BC277A73B3891D372312DEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="F96F3CEF3BC7543EDF74091DD2547C2E" author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="PhD Dissertation, Illinois: Illinois State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia)." year="1979">Harden (1979</bibRefCitation>
?) stated this as being one of the most common sea whips from southern California; my examinations confirm this. However, the fact that this is such a common species in southern California has led many to assume that all &quot;red whip&quot; forms (or those red and moderately branched forms), are this species, to the exclusion of others. The reality is that there are other red whip species which can easily be mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="8E2D1DE43769805D80911887A7D66307" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
; a cursory look by eye alone can (and has led) to misidentification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6AF4BBEF4B25D3A7840B07477DF2D897" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Characteristics ordinarily used for separating
<taxonomicName id="5D20CA9FFEA6A7F302AEFCED5F3B1256" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Lophogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Lophogorgia</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="0B4D561E75FE652B224170F759E2756E" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
, the flattened branches and arrangement of zooids all around the branches and branchlets, are so variable as to be useless for generic distinctions (
<bibRefCitation id="B8BE52370080C84EB8676B935AA628A5" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="91 - 102" title="A revision of the nomenclature of the Gorgoniidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia), with an illustrated key to the genera." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/866" volume="41" year="1951">Bayer 1951</bibRefCitation>
). Round as well as flattened branches may occur in the same colony, and biserial zooid distribution can be found with little difficulty. Furthermore, specimens of
<taxonomicName id="DC7AE02D0DC0D9EF64174B1033253B2A" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
(typical in all other respects) may have zooids distributed all around the branchlets. Bayer first placed the genus
<taxonomicName id="A6B52F0F803CD1B72A2FCD0F4B230EB9" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Lophogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Lophogorgia</taxonomicName>
in synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="2CD92FCCC305860BD84704D595E40DB1" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
in 1951; based on the work done by
<bibRefCitation id="7BCED7253CFF5753CE1A819C1754B559" author="Grasshoff, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="91 - 147" title="The genus Leptogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in West Africa." volume="14" year="1988">Grasshoff (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B7EB0CE5F9D5EBB5DEA3DB76C97EE588" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="609 - 616" title="A new species of Leptogorgia from the eastern Pacific (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Holaxonia)." url="www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/49186/summary" volume="113" year="2000">Bayer (2000)</bibRefCitation>
was then able to support that synonymy. Bayer used a specimen from Santa Catalina Island, collected at approximately 15 m to conclude that: &quot;
<taxonomicName id="DD5A547A492C8C766289205C918CC599" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="5034927F2D83499F7C948E838D246481" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Lophogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Lophogorgia</taxonomicName>
, as labeled).&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFB8FC3528795FC3AA75B2FF98643B11" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
As this is one of the most common sea whips from southern California, it is not surprising that it has often appeared in live aquarium displays. The Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, in San Pedro, California, had a number of live colonies of this species on display in the public area; all were collected in the local area. As well, the Aquarium of the Pacific, in Long Beach, had a live display of this species in one of its tanks; these also were collected in local southern California areas. However, it is not likely the only species of
<normalizedToken id="D2CD79F30FC1FD32FDC0738ABA3E7CBA" originalValue="“whip”">&quot;whip&quot;</normalizedToken>
that appears in southern California. In any event, it is likely not a common form in northern California. The transitional areas around Point Conception (and waters northward beyond the Bight) offer some intriguing distributional scenarios that will require further exploration. While of similar appearance in general colony form and color, material collected by staff of Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary that I examined in Washington State the summer of 2006 (tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="F1E117C6FFFA7BEC55F809583CB98A05" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
) indicated the possibility of several other species of &quot;red whip&quot; along the western United
<normalizedToken id="956BDEA6DAA26985A87DB8AA9C8849D2" originalValue="States’">States'</normalizedToken>
coast. Based on examinations of several other &quot;red whip&quot; forms, it appeared that the upper geographic limit for this species would be Point Conception, California. &quot;Red whips&quot; further north were determined to be one or more different species. This is covered further in the &quot;red whip&quot; discussion included in the remarks made regarding the quintessential &quot;red whip&quot; of the northwestern California coast,
<taxonomicName id="1669D41C0686FDD9E4AC1AF6AEFCB0DF" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A58561692B219D27F2293738EF9343AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Looking at location records for specimens collected and identified as
<taxonomicName id="01E84AB1DD8F45E1448075A33285EEAA" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
(with confirmed identification), I noted that if type locality is correct,
<taxonomicName id="EAC2C058856BCA0EDCE1989DB6C9B6FD" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
should range from the colder waters off the coast of Chile up through the warmer waters of Central America and Mexico before again encountering the cooler waters of the southern California Bight. How is this possible? What would the depth parameters, substrate features, distance from shore and specific distributional pattern (continuous or fragmented) look like for this species? The missing type material confounds the issue. The material used for
<bibRefCitation id="F04CF68453E28DE696F4D294719DEE4D" author="Philippi, RA" journalOrPublisher="Archiv Fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="118 - 120" title="Kurze Beschreibung einiger chilenischen Zoophyten." volume="32" year="1866">
<normalizedToken id="2E542C0759D8FEEEB6222DBA0BB738E9" originalValue="Philippi’s">Philippi's</normalizedToken>
(1866)
</bibRefCitation>
description of
<taxonomicName id="527009AFF72ED8707361192ED10D9957" lsidName="L. rosea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="rosea">L. rosea</taxonomicName>
could not be located and no recently collected material from Chile resembling this species is apparently available.
<bibRefCitation id="6B76F755EDC7603A54FF4AD844488CC2" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="03AEB38EF8D5C7125A903D17C6193D5D" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
used California specimens for their description of this species. They &quot;do not exclude the possibility (that) the material from California actually represents another species, but (to date) it most resembles
<normalizedToken id="4FD544710A4BBA1C33A24F8D1726E961" originalValue="Philippi’s">Philippi's</normalizedToken>
description.&quot; What is needed is a new specimen collected from the Valparaiso area of Chile, so that a definitive neotype could be established, and then used for comparisons. Until that occurs, I have designated a neotype from among the specimens in the SBMNH collection. Perhaps what we now call
<taxonomicName id="0BD41996E55F2CEE6DA5E345C199478C" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
in southern California waters is actually a southern California endemic in need of its own species name, with a far more restricted range than has been implied previously. This is a prime example of a situation where the presumption that any &quot;red whip&quot; found in the southeastern or northeastern Pacific Ocean is likely
<taxonomicName id="9F07B1ACFB7ECFF92CEAF6518AE16C6B" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
(considered to be quite common), is faulty. The only way to resolve questions surrounding this species is to intentionally examine all &quot;red whip&quot; specimens (in any collection) that may have been collected from California and to intentionally undertake the collecting of material from Chile to southern California, at discrete intervals noting not only latitude/longitude but depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F25B93806B1C98EF814CEB5403465328" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
In the multiple examinations made of &quot;red whip&quot; forms, a specimen of what had been identified as
<taxonomicName id="2FC34226F826ECBC90F0DDBEF16863DF" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia caryi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caryi">Leptogorgia caryi</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868 was examined. This was a dry specimen from NMNH (USNM 5988), collected at Catalina Island, California. In examining it, along with several specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FE519295AA12FDF64F376E620B61C19C" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
, there appeared no marked differences between these specimens, either in overall colony form or in the appearance of sclerites. My initial impression was that
<taxonomicName id="F89B693A490ED7BF58C193C39698FDDA" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868 might not stand as a valid species. Interestingly,
<bibRefCitation id="C2125E14A4A2F264B83E87D09D2C9038" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" title="A revision of the genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in the eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1419.1.1" volume="1419" year="2007">
Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="6ECC73A76936A43616A4D4BE61D386AE" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
examined the same specimen from NMNH. Independently, they came to the same conclusion regarding
<taxonomicName id="26CFABDB3D489530AE26C213A2A9F9ED" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
that I did; the specimen was
<taxonomicName id="AEC838CE11D51025E0CB6E3137209E5D" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="96F2A5513552CFD7DFC5E126EEB62285" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
a dubious species designation.
<bibRefCitation id="220F65306C1E5B61AA1821D865906F47" author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=125302" year="2018 c">Cordeiro et al. (2018c)</bibRefCitation>
shows
<taxonomicName id="49B8ACC969B4791C8252DA402C540E63" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
as an accepted species, while
<taxonomicName id="E5F124DD1B9F4CA9B0A367EED3B4AA24" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
is designated as nomen dubium. Additionally,
<taxonomicName id="811EE5A84509801EBD385178850074F8" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
was linked to another &quot;red whip,&quot;
<taxonomicName id="3E5D57A7EE1BB01B6B0BEFFE9D72A98E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
(now the genus
<taxonomicName id="439502A36C0B20AE73A8F5582244C872" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chromoplexaura</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="13B6A0B09C7CA0D1FB7566F23493B6C7" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="8CEAC46561FAFDEF9DE87B2D79263C75" genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">marki</taxonomicName>
, with the species
<taxonomicName id="6EBF3F95370F2B17548A598ACA3D391F" lsidName="E. (Chromoplexaura) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="Chromoplexaura">E. (Chromoplexaura) marki</taxonomicName>
being a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="93224EC419EC38323404C6146CB78C4E" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
(Cairns et al. 2003). The sclerites in this NMNH specimen definitively put it in the genus
<taxonomicName id="9DD368AC9DC4E7E0744379229D4234A1" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
; sclerites of any specimen identified as
<taxonomicName id="8651A6675C893AD84F5853E4DB82BE0B" lsidName="E. (Chromoplexaura) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="Chromoplexaura">E. (Chromoplexaura) marki</taxonomicName>
certainly did not fit the sclerite description of any in the genus
<taxonomicName id="DA8CB5227B0D497C32A19339E4929451" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leptogorgia</taxonomicName>
. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="FE62ABA4F7CE25DFDD0AFD792CC4F871" lsidName="E. (Chromoplexaura) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="Chromoplexaura">E. (Chromoplexaura) marki</taxonomicName>
is not a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D397A098608AFCF532CCA36DEB18" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
. This was subsequently verified (ITIS Report, accessed online June 2011). Further, a specimen identified by
<bibRefCitation id="CDD09ACC102321F8D4ABF47BB0F16008" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="C2C9527DA70B35CFA6D5B0FA431B3800" lsidName="L. caryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="caryi">L. caryi</taxonomicName>
was collected near San Francisco (and well above what I believe is the upper geographic limit for
<taxonomicName id="5D7423A6C659FF8CDFC99D18830419DD" lsidName="L. chilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="chilensis">L. chilensis</taxonomicName>
). This specimen was supposedly deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, but Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="D465DF25227E4D955922356289E80076" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
could not locate it for examination. Based on its collection locality, it would seem that the original identification of this missing specimen is in error. I have concluded that the range of distribution that was stated in the discussions above, and confirmed generally by Breedy and
<normalizedToken id="D09A47FA2A15207A279E286DC19E5A7C" originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
, seems to accurately pinpoint where this particular species is found. That it may overlap several other red whip forms in the northern end of its range only emphasizes the need for thorough sclerite examination of specimens collected, particularly in the transitional area from southern to northern California. Future molecular work on &quot;red whips&quot; in the transitional area of southern to northern California may answer the question more definitively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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