292 lines
34 KiB
XML
292 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.7647" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b245db07-05b4-4fd0-ac5a-a1405432d26e" ID-PMC="PMC4284435" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-462-125" ID-PubMed="25589857" ID-ZBK="22690510DE564E018F3711AC634CFD61" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-462-125" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 462" ModsDocTitle="Circanota: a new genus of Sparganothini from the Neotropics, and its two new species (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)" checkinTime="1451244970860" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Brown, John W." docDate="2014" docId="014139E0A8DD4A0E48B5FF206E4FA1BC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 462: 125-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 462" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.7647" docTitle="Circanota Brown, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="B5C859DD-C5B1-4C49-8742-FF0E93BFF688" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FFF1A11E3579FFCFFFF46404FFCD6719" masterDocTitle="Circanota: a new genus of Sparganothini from the Neotropics, and its two new species (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="125" pageNumber="126" updateTime="1668159717694" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Circanota: a new genus of Sparganothini from the Neotropics, and its two new species (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brown, John W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>462</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>125</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.7647</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.7647</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-462-125</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">22690510DE564E018F3711AC634CFD61</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">22690510DE564E018F3711AC634CFD61</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152057005" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5C859DD-C5B1-4C49-8742-FF0E93BFF688" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/014139E0A8DD4A0E48B5FF206E4FA1BC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="1" pageNumber="126">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="126" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="126">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Tortricidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B5C859DD-C5B1-4C49-8742-FF0E93BFF688" authority="Brown" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota Brown</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="126">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="126" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="126">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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Brown, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="1" pageNumber="126" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="126">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="127" start="start">Circanota</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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is superficially most similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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Clemens, 1860, with a comparable forewing length and pattern, and long porrect labial palpi.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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and all other sparganothine genera by the strongly undulate costa of the forewing in both sexes. Although females of a few species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota flavendana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavendana">Platynota flavendana</taxonomicName>
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Clemens, 1860,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota rostrana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrana">Platynota rostrana</taxonomicName>
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(Walker, 1863)) have a slightly undulate costa, males typically have an evenly arched costa. Males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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lack the complex scaling of the frons typical of many, but not all,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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, and the labial palpi of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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lack pronounced sexual dimorphism; the palpi are conspicuously longer in the female in most Neotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="127">
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The female genitalia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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are represented by two distinct types. In the type species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., the anterior (typically cup-shaped) part of the sterigma, possibly homologous with the antrum, is broad and asymmetrical, unique within
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Sparganothini">Sparganothini</taxonomicName>
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. In contrast, in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota simplex" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Circanota simplex</taxonomicName>
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the structure is unmodified and similar to that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aesiocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aesiocopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aesiocopa</taxonomicName>
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Zeller, 1877. The signum is long, narrow, and somewhat slender crescent-shaped, most likely homologous with that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aesiocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aesiocopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aesiocopa</taxonomicName>
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Zeller, 1877,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amorbia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amorbia</taxonomicName>
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Clemens, 1860,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amorbimorpha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amorbimorpha</taxonomicName>
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Kruse, 2011,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Coelostathma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coelostathma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coelostathma</taxonomicName>
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Clemens, 1860,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Lambertiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lambertiodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lambertiodes</taxonomicName>
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Diakonoff, 1959,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paramorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paramorbia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paramorbia</taxonomicName>
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Powell & Lambert, 1986,
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<taxonomicName genus="Rhynchophyllus" lsidName="Rhynchophyllus" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Rhynchophyllus</taxonomicName>
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Meyrick, 1932,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganocosma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganocosma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganocosma</taxonomicName>
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Brown, 2013,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganopseustis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganopseustis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganopseustis</taxonomicName>
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Powell & Lambert, 1986,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothina</taxonomicName>
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Powell, 1986, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothoides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothoides</taxonomicName>
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Lambert & Powell, 1986.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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lacks abdominal dorsal pits, which are present in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aesiocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aesiocopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aesiocopa</taxonomicName>
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, many species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amorbia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amorbia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Coelostathma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coelostathma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coelostathma</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganopseustis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganopseustis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganopseustis</taxonomicName>
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. In the male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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, the uncus is long and slender, as in many other sparganothine genera (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothis</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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, 1825,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cenopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cenopis</taxonomicName>
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Zeller, 1875) and in contrast to the spindle-shaped (i.e., broadened subbasally) uncus of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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. The secondary arms of the socii are long and slender, more similar to those of males of genera whose females lack the crescent-shape signum (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cenopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cenopis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
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). The valvae of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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are highly modified, whereas those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota simplex" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Circanota simplex</taxonomicName>
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are less so, although in both species the distal edge of the valva (the area between the termination of the sacculus and the termination of the costa) is membranous and somewhat lobed (much more pronounced in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="2" pageNumber="127" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="127">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="2" pageNumber="127">
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Head: Vertex relatively smooth scaled, upper frons with large, flat tuft of scales overhanging lower frons, lower frons smooth scaled without complex hood. Antennal scaling in two bands per segment, sensory setae 0.7-0.9 times flagellomere width in male, shorter, sparser in female; labial palpus moderate in length, segment II about 2.0 times horizontal diameter of compound eye in male, only slightly longer in female, weakly upcurved; ocellus well developed in both sexes. Thorax: Notum smooth scaled throughout; legs unmodified. Forewing length 4.9-6.1 mm, slightly greater in females; costa undulate in both sexes; costal fold present in male, broad and pronounced in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="128" start="start">undulata</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, reduced and narrow in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="simplex" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="simplex">simplex</taxonomicName>
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; forewing without raised scales; R4 and R5 stalked in basal 0.6. Hindwing with Rs and M1 approximate at base, CuA1 and M3 connate, and M2 and M3 approximate at base; cubital hair pecten present in both sexes, slightly less developed in males. Abdomen: Dorsal pits absent. Female lacking enlarged corethrogyne scaling. Male genitalia with uncus long, slender, uniform in width throughout, curved ventrad apically; socius rather short, narrow, with slender line of sclerotization along inner edge, bearing long dense scales, secondary arm long, slender, not expanded apically; gnathos absent; transtilla slightly arched mesially, with few (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
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) or many (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="simplex" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="simplex">simplex</taxonomicName>
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) stout spines; pulvinus weakly developed; valva broad, short, with expanded
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“notch”">"notch"</normalizedToken>
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subapically (in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
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); sacculus narrow, confined to basal edge of valva, either simple, without free distal process (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="simplex" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="simplex">simplex</taxonomicName>
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) or undulate with a long, free, weakly curved spine at termination (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
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). Phallus long, slender and curved in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
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, shorter, more pistol shaped in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="simplex" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="simplex">simplex</taxonomicName>
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; vesica with a field of about 25-30 short, slender, deciduous, asciculate cornuti. Female genitalia with papillae anales oblong-ovoid, slightly narrower anteriorly, densely covered with papillate setae throughout; apophyses about as long as papillae anales, posteriores slightly shorter than anteriores; sterigma a strongly sclerotized fig, flat along posterior margin, slightly rounded anteriorly, in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="undulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
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with a conspicuous, angulate-rhomboidal mesal portion immediately before junction with ductus bursae (typically the cup-shaped portion of the sterigma), in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="simplex" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="species" species="simplex">simplex</taxonomicName>
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simple, flat, unmodified; colliculum inconspicuous; ductus bursae uniformly narrow throughout, equal to or slightly longer than corpus bursae; corpus bursae round, entire surface with fine faint rounded punctations; signum a ribbon-like, crescent-shaped sclerite in posterior portion of corpus bursae; a tiny, membranous, pocket-like external evagination near signum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="128" type="distribution and biology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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includes two species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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from Costa Rica and Panama, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota simplex" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Circanota simplex</taxonomicName>
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|
from Panama and Ecuador. Hence, the documented range extends from southern Central America to northern South America.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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|
has been collected from about 50-500 m in elevation, with a single individual from 900 m; and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota simplex" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Circanota simplex</taxonomicName>
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|
is known from below 600 m.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">
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|
Although the early stages of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
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|
are unknown, circumstantial evidence suggests that larvae may feed in leaf litter, as was hypothesized for the related
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothoides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothoides</taxonomicName>
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|
(
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Kruse, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 78" title="Systematics of Sparganothoides Lambert and Powell, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini)." volume="2150" year="2009">Kruse and Powell 2009</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
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|
is not among the species reared during the extensive survey of the caterpillars of Area de
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
|
Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" title="Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica, caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths" url="http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso" year="2014">Janzen and Hallwachs 2014</bibRefCitation>
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|
); however, it has been collected at light (n = 8 specimens) within the same study area. Because most
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="tribe" tribe="Sparganothini">Sparganothini</taxonomicName>
|
|
are polyphagous leaf-rollers (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Powell, JA" editor="Hodges, RW" journalOrPublisher="Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" title="Tortricoidea, Tortricidae (part): Tortricinae (part): Sparganothini and Atteriini." volumeTitle="The Moths of North America" year="2012">Powell and Brown 2012</bibRefCitation>
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|
), it is assumed that larvae of this species would have been encountered if it was feeding externally on living vegetation. Although leaf-litter feeding is unusual within
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it is the main feeding mode in the Australian
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="tribe" tribe="Epitymbiini">Epitymbiini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Powell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" pagination="179 - 216" title="Oviposition patterns and egg characteristics of Australian Tortricine moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." url="10.1071/ZO9850179" volume="33" year="1985">Powell and Common 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and has been implicated as the feeding strategy in the Nearctic genus
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Anopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anopina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anopina</taxonomicName>
|
|
Obraztsov, 1962 (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="tribe" tribe="Euliini">Euliini</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, JW" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 128" title="Systematics of Anopina Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini)." volume="120" year="2000">Brown and Powell 2000</bibRefCitation>
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|
) and the Neotropical genus
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothoides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kruse, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 78" title="Systematics of Sparganothoides Lambert and Powell, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini)." volume="2150" year="2009">Kruse and Powell 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="128" type="barcodes">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">Barcodes.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">
|
|
BOLD (Barcode of Life Database, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph) includes sequence data for 12 specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota undulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata">Circanota undulata</taxonomicName>
|
|
but no specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota simplex" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Circanota simplex</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Of the 12 specimens, I have examined four from the ALAS Project (The Arthropods of La Selva) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Colwell, RK" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" title="Project ALAS. Arthropods of La Selva" url="http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/ALAS/ALAS.html" year="2006">Colwell and Longino 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) (INBio) and three from Area de
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
|
Guanacaste (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA" pageId="8" pageNumber="133" title="Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica, caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths" url="http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso" year="2014">Janzen and Hallwachs 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) (USNM). Five specimens from Area de
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
|
Guanacaste could not be located. The 12 specimens show genetic divergence of less than 0.1% among the samples. In neighbor-joining trees (based on COI) for all
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" rank="tribe" tribe="Spaganothini">Spaganothini</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
|
|
is portrayed nearest
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothoides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganothoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
, consistent with many morphological features (e.g., the crescent-shaped signum, the presence of secondary arms of the gnathos, the absence of dorsal pits, minimal sexual dimorphism).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="128">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="3" pageNumber="128">
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|
The male genitalia of the two included species are divergent in several features, in particular the shapes of the valva and the phallus, casting some doubt on their putative congeneric status. However, the two species are virtually indistinguishable in facies, including the most compelling synapomorphy of the genus (i.e., undulate
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="129" start="start">costa</pageBreakToken>
|
|
in both sexes), and the male genitalia share a unique combination of characters: a long, slender uncus; short socii with long, slender secondary arms (not expanded distally); and a membranous lobelike process at the outer margin of the valva. Both species also lack modified scaling on the frons in the male (which is present in many
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Platynota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platynota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platynota</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and dorsal pits (which are present in many
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amorbia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amorbia</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganopseustis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganopseustis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganopseustis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and nearly all
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Coelostathma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coelostathma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coelostathma</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aesiocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aesiocopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aesiocopa</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganopseustis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganopseustis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sparganopseustis</taxonomicName>
|
|
). On the basis of these characters, the two species are assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Circanota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Circanota" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Circanota</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="129" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="129">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="129">
|
|
The generic name is from the Latin
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“circum”">"circum"</normalizedToken>
|
|
, meaning around, and the Latin
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“nota,”">"nota,"</normalizedToken>
|
|
meaning mark. It is interpreted as masculine.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |