treatments-xml/data/03/D9/AC/03D9AC4AE55DFFB7FCC4FD8DBA2304C8.xml

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<mods:title id="299C27412A2BBBA78B948F86E5DD7356">Revision of the Highly Specialized Ant Genus Discothyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropics with X-Ray Microtomography and 3 D Cybertaxonomy</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55DFFB3FCC4FD8DBE1F017D" blockId="8.[818,1442,536,971]" box="[818,1293,536,559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FCC4FD8DBF51017D" ID-CoL="6CZPD" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[818,1091,536,559]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FCC4FD8DBF51017D" box="[818,1091,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Discothyrea traegaordhi</emphasis>
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Species Complex
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A4ED7E55DFFB3FCC4FDAEB8C700C2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55DFFB3FCC4FDAEB89E011C" blockId="8.[818,1442,536,971]" box="[818,908,571,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FCC4FDAEB89E011C" bold="true" box="[818,908,571,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Frontal carinae fused for most of their extent, reduced to a narrow medial lamella, platelike to triangular in profile, apex rounded to acute; linear in frontal view; antennal scrobes absent; AT3 never as long as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FC61FD24B8E90191" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[919,1019,688,707]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FC61FD24B8E90191" box="[919,1019,688,707]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. oculata</emphasis>
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complex (ASI 85–183; 
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55DFFB3FB2BFD25BE750196" box="[1245,1383,688,708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[146,173,535,552]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,148,499]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[152,1435,147,500]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Still images generated from surface display volume renderings of petiole and gaster showing different proportions of abdominal segments III (in orange) and IV (in blue). (A) D. mixta, (B) D. kalypso, (C) D. venus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542136/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2C and D</figureCitation>
); eyes variably developed: either absent, a pigmented spot, or if larger, ommatidia flattened, hence eye not protruding from head; sculpture variable; ventrolateral surface of head without distinct processes; petiole variable, dorsally attenuated anteroposteriorly or broadly cuneate; not disciform or hemispherical in profile, outline usually pentagonal in anterior view, sometimes rectangular or hexagonal or dorsally rounded.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A4ED7E55DFFB3FCA4FC0EB8670099" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55DFFB3FCA4FC0EB8670099" blockId="8.[818,1442,536,971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
[See 
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55DFFB3FC76FC0EB8A400FC" box="[896,950,923,942]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[146,173,1890,1907]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,1291,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[154,1434,1290,1855]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Still images from surface display volume renderings displaying the general morphology of both species complexes. Discothyrea oculata complex, D. mixta (CASENT0285473): (A) head in full-face view, (B) head in profile, (C) head in ventral view, (D) body in profile. Discothyrea traegaordhi complex, D. wakanda (CASENT0790326): (E) head in full-face view, (F) head in profile, (G) head in ventral view, (H) body in profile." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542142/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E–H for illustrations of diagnostic characters given above.]
</paragraph>
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<heading id="D087AA30E55DFFB3FCC4FC6EB87B075C" bold="true" box="[818,873,1019,1038]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FCC4FC6EB87B075C" bold="true" box="[818,873,1019,1038]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Notes</emphasis>
</heading>
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The 
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<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FCA8FB8DB8D50779" box="[862,967,1048,1067]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">traegaordhi</emphasis>
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complex is comparatively species-rich with 18 of the 20 known Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FBC4FBA0BFB3071A" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1074,1185,1077,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FBC4FBA0BFB3071A" box="[1074,1185,1077,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Discothyrea</emphasis>
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. Compared to the two species of the 
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<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FC6DFBC6B8ED0734" box="[923,1023,1107,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. oculata</emphasis>
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complex, most species in this complex tend to have rather restricted distribution ranges, with some species apparently endemic to single localities (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55DFFB3FB61FB18BFDC07F3" box="[1175,1230,1165,1185]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[146,173,1283,1300]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,148,1247]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[152,1435,147,1248]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Maps showing the known distribution ranges of Afrotropical Discothyrea species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542140/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–T). The few species that are widespread still have significantly smaller ranges than the two members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FC0DFB5CBF720789" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1019,1120,1224,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FC0DFB5CBF720789" box="[1019,1120,1224,1243]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. oculata</emphasis>
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complex. Based on a preliminary assessment, the majority of species worldwide appear to belong to this complex. If true, then this might be the most widespread complex within the genus, representing all of the New World species, most of the Afrotropical fauna, as well as most species from 
<collectingCountry id="F3675DCCE55CFFB2FF64FE9EBBF4024C" box="[146,230,267,286]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australia</collectingCountry>
and Oceania. Its members, however, are apparently absent from the Malagasy, Oriental and Indomalayan regions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55DFFB3FF64F8F7BF7A04F7" blockId="8.[146,1444,1890,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FF64F8F7BBD40421" bold="true" box="[146,198,1890,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Still images from surface display volume renderings displaying the general morphology of both species complexes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FB5DF8F7BE420421" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1195,1360,1890,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FB5DF8F7BE420421" box="[1195,1360,1890,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Discothyrea oculata</emphasis>
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complex, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FF64F8EEBBCA04DE" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1958" box="[146,216,1915,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FF64F8EEBBCA04DE" box="[146,216,1915,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. mixta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0285473): (A) head in full-face view, (B) head in profile, (C) head in ventral view, (D) body in profile. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FB7EF8EEBE5D04DE" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1160,1359,1915,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FB7EF8EEBE5D04DE" box="[1160,1359,1915,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Discothyrea traegaordhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55DFFB3FF64F801BBE304F7" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[146,241,1940,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakanda">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55DFFB3FF64F801BBE304F7" box="[146,241,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. wakanda</emphasis>
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(CASENT0790326): (E) head in full-face view, (F) head in profile, (G) head in ventral view, (H) body in profile.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36A4ED7E55CFFB2FF64FEF0B9BB0726" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FEF0B93E022E" blockId="9.[146,710,357,500]" box="[146,556,357,380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synoptic List of Afrotropical Species</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FE1DBAF902C9" blockId="9.[146,710,357,500]" box="[146,491,392,411]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF64FE1DBA5802C9" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[146,330,392,411]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF64FE1DBA5802C9" box="[146,330,392,411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea oculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FEA6FE1DBAF902C9" bold="true" box="[336,491,392,411]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Species Complex</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FE30BAD402EA" blockId="9.[146,710,357,500]" box="[146,454,421,441]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF64FE30BAD402EA" authority="Brown, 1958 a" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1958" box="[146,454,421,441]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF64FE30BA2902EA" box="[146,315,421,440]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea mixta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FEB4FE33BAD402EA" author="Brown, W. L." box="[322,454,421,441]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="173 - 362" part="118" refId="ref64825" refString="Brown, W. L. 1958 a. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 118: 173 - 362." title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera)" type="journal article" year="1958">Brown, 1958a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FE56BAD10284" blockId="9.[146,710,357,500]" box="[146,451,451,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF64FE56BAD10284" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[146,451,451,470]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF64FE56BA580284" box="[146,330,451,470]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea oculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FEA6FE56BAD10284" author="Emery, C." box="[336,451,451,470]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="32 - 54" part="45" refId="ref65273" refString="Emery, C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 45: 32 - 54." title="Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides)" type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF44FE75B9D402A1" blockId="9.[146,710,357,500]" box="[178,710,480,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF44FE75BBAC02A1" bold="true" box="[178,190,480,499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF35FE75B99602A1" authority="Santschi, 1913" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1913" box="[195,644,480,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="oculata" variety="sculptior">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF35FE75BA6E02A1" box="[195,380,480,499]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea oculata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FE5EFE75BAEB02A1" box="[424,505,480,499]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sculptior</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FE09FE75B99602A1" author="Santschi, F." box="[511,644,480,499]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="302 - 314" part="53" refId="ref66740" refString="Santschi, F. 1913. Glanures de fourmis africaines. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 53: 302 - 314." title="Glanures de fourmis africaines" type="journal article" year="1913">Santschi, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD7DFE75B9D402A1" bold="true" box="[651,710,480,499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD7DFE75B9D402A1" box="[651,710,480,499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FDB5B9030161" blockId="9.[146,529,544,563]" box="[146,529,544,563]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF64FDB5BA7D0161" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[146,367,544,563]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF64FDB5BA7D0161" box="[146,367,544,563]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea traegaordhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FE80FDB5B9030161" bold="true" box="[374,529,544,563]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Species Complex</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FDC5B9840131" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,662,592,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FDC5B94D0131" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,607,592,611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aisnetu" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FDC5BA780131" box="[180,362,592,611]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea aisnetu</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD90FDC5B9840131" bold="true" box="[614,662,592,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD90FDC5B9840131" box="[614,662,592,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FDF8B98301D3" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,657,621,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FDF8B94801D2" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,602,621,641]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athene" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FDF8BA7701D2" box="[180,357,621,640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea athene</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD97FDFBB98301D3" bold="true" box="[609,657,622,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD97FDFBB98301D3" box="[609,657,622,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FD1EB98C01CC" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,670,651,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FD1EB97401CC" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,614,651,670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chimera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FD1EBA6301CC" box="[180,369,651,670]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea chimera</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD9BFD1EB98C01CC" box="[621,670,651,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD9BFD1EB98A01CC" bold="true" box="[621,664,651,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FD3DB98901EE" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,667,680,700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FD3DB97601E9" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,612,680,699]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damato" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FD3DBA7D01E9" box="[180,367,680,699]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea damato</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD9CFD3DB98901EE" box="[618,667,680,700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD9CFD3DB98701E9" bold="true" box="[618,661,680,699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FD50B998018B" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,650,709,729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FD50B941018A" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,595,709,729]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dryad" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FD50BA4C018A" box="[180,350,709,728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea dryad</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FDAFFD53B998018B" box="[601,650,710,729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FDAFFD53B997018B" bold="true" box="[601,645,710,729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FD76B96901A4" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,635,739,758]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FD76B95601A4" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,580,739,758]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FD76BA5D01A7" box="[180,335,739,758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea gaia</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FDBCFD76B96901A4" box="[586,635,739,758]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FDBCFD76B96701A4" bold="true" box="[586,629,739,758]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC95B9B00046" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,674,768,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC95B9790041" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,619,768,787]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gryphon" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC95BA640041" box="[180,374,768,787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea gryphon</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD87FC95B9B00046" box="[625,674,768,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD87FC95B98F0041" bold="true" box="[625,669,768,787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC88B9B20063" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,672,797,817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC88B97A0062" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,616,797,817]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawkesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC88BA610062" box="[180,371,797,816]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea hawkesi</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD99FC8BB9B20063" box="[623,672,798,817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD99FC8BB9880063" bold="true" box="[623,666,798,817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FCAEB98E001C" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,668,827,846]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FCAEB977001C" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,613,827,846]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kalypso" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FCAEBA62001C" box="[180,368,827,846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea kalypso</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD9DFCAEB98E001C" box="[619,668,827,846]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD9DFCAEB984001C" bold="true" box="[619,662,827,846]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FCCDB990003E" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,642,856,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FCCDB9590039" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,587,856,875]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FCCDBA440039" box="[180,342,856,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea maia</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FDA7FCCDB990003E" box="[593,642,856,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FDA7FCCDB96F0039" bold="true" box="[593,637,856,875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FCE0B9B400DB" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,678,885,905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FCE0B97C00DA" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,622,885,905]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="michelae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FCE0BA6B00DA" box="[180,377,885,904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea michelae</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD83FCE3B9B400DB" box="[629,678,886,905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD83FCE3B9B200DB" bold="true" box="[629,672,886,905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC06BAF000F4" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,482,915,934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC06BAF000F4" authority="Weber, 1949" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1949" box="[180,482,915,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patrizii">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC06BA7800F7" box="[180,362,915,934]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea patrizii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FE99FC06BAF000F4" author="Weber, N. A." box="[367,482,915,934]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 9" part="1398" refId="ref67334" refString="Weber, N. A. 1949. New ponerine ants from equatorial Africa. Am. Mus. Novit. 1398: 1 - 9." title="New ponerine ants from equatorial Africa" type="journal article" year="1949">Weber, 1949</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC25B98C0096" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,670,944,964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC25B9740091" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,614,944,963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthos" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC25BA630091" box="[180,369,944,963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea penthos</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD9BFC25B98C0096" box="[621,670,944,964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD9BFC25B98A0091" bold="true" box="[621,664,944,963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC58BAEB00B3" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,505,973,993]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC58BAEB00B3" authority="(Arnold, 1916)" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[180,505,973,993]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poweri">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC58BA7B00B2" box="[180,361,973,992]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea poweri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FE80FC58BAE300B2" author="Arnold, G." box="[374,497,973,992]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. South African Mus." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="159 - 270" part="14" refId="ref64556" refString="Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Ann. South African Mus. 14: 159 - 270." title="A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae" type="journal article" year="1916">Arnold, 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FC7EB98F00AC" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,669,1003,1022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FC7EB97400AC" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,614,1003,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schulzei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FC7EBA6300AC" box="[180,369,1003,1022]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea schulzei</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD9AFC7EB98F00AC" box="[620,669,1003,1022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD9AFC7EB98A00AC" bold="true" box="[620,664,1003,1022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FB9DB94F076B" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FB9DB90C0749" authority="Santschi, 1913" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1913" box="[180,542,1032,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FB9DBA800749" box="[180,402,1032,1051]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea traegaordhi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FE6EFB9DB90C0749" author="Santschi, F." box="[408,542,1032,1051]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="302 - 314" part="53" refId="ref66740" refString="Santschi, F. 1913. Glanures de fourmis africaines. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 53: 302 - 314." title="Glanures de fourmis africaines" type="journal article" year="1913">Santschi, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF10FBB0B909076A" authority="Arnold, 1916" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1916" box="[230,539,1061,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hewitti">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF10FBB0BA89076A" box="[230,411,1061,1080]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea hewitti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FE56FBB0B909076A" author="Arnold, G." box="[416,539,1061,1080]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. South African Mus." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="159 - 270" part="14" refId="ref64556" refString="Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Ann. South African Mus. 14: 159 - 270." title="A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae" type="journal article" year="1916">Arnold, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FDD4FBB3B94F076B" box="[546,605,1062,1081]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FDD4FBB3B94A076B" bold="true" box="[546,600,1062,1081]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">syn. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FBD6B99B0704" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,649,1091,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FBD6B9400704" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,594,1091,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FBD6BA4F0707" box="[180,349,1091,1110]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea venus</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FDAEFBD6B99B0704" box="[600,649,1091,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FDAEFBD6B9910704" bold="true" box="[600,643,1091,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF42FBF5B9BB0726" blockId="9.[180,681,592,1140]" box="[180,681,1120,1140]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF42FBF5B9600721" authority="Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[180,626,1120,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakanda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF42FBF5BA6F0721" box="[180,381,1120,1139]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea wakanda</emphasis>
Hita Garcia &amp; Lieberman
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2377C35E55CFFB2FD8EFBF5B9BB0726" box="[632,681,1120,1140]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FD8EFBF5B9B10721" bold="true" box="[632,675,1120,1139]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36A4ED7E55CFFB7FF64FB26BA2304C8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FB26B9680794" blockId="9.[146,771,1203,1955]" box="[146,634,1203,1222]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF64FB26B9680794" bold="true" box="[146,634,1203,1222]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morphological Characters of Taxonomic Importance</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF64FB45BA960443" blockId="9.[146,771,1203,1955]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Despite the previous considerable lack of useful taxonomic characters for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FF05FB78BA700652" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[243,354,1261,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FF05FB78BA700652" box="[243,354,1261,1280]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, our data show that the Afrotropical fauna is especially rich in morphological characters of high diagnostic value. All body parts investigated have numerous external morphological characters that varied moderately to greatly among species while being highly stable intraspecifically (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FDD7FAF6B9900624" box="[545,642,1379,1398]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStart-7="Fig" captionStart-8="Fig" captionStartId-0="10.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionStartId-1="11.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-2="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionStartId-3="13.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-4="14.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-5="15.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionStartId-6="16.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionStartId-7="17.[146,173,534,551]" captionStartId-8="18.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-2="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-4="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-5="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetBox-6="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetBox-7="[153,1435,148,499]" captionTargetBox-8="[155,1434,149,1419]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-4="figure@14.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-5="figure@15.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetId-6="figure@16.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetId-7="figure@17.[152,1435,147,499]" captionTargetId-8="figure@18.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="14" captionTargetPageId-5="15" captionTargetPageId-6="16" captionTargetPageId-7="17" captionTargetPageId-8="18" captionText-0="Fig. 6. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in full-face view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-1="Fig. 7. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-2="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-3="Fig. 9. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the mesosoma in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-4="Fig. 10. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the body in dorsal view with focus on mesosoma.All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-5="Fig. 11. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the posterior propodeum in posterior view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-6="Fig. 12. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the petiole and gaster in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-7="Fig. 13. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of mesotibiae and mesotarsi with mesotibial apicoventral spur, if present, colorized in green. (A) D. gaia, (B) D. poweri, (C) D. traegaordhi, (D) D. dryad, (E) D. maia, (F) D. wakanda." captionText-8="Fig. 14. Diagnostic plate showing differences in body pilosity. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0235473),(B) D. oculata (CASENT0235467),(C) D. aisnetu (CASENT0235475), (D) D.athene (CASENT0235476),(E) D.chimera (CASENT0235471),(F) D.damato (CASENT0247362),(G) D.dryad (CASENT0247371),(H) D.gaia (CASENT0247040), (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0247367), (J) D. hawkesi (CASENT0235470), (K) D. kalypso (CASENT0235468), (L) D. maia (CASENT0790541), (M) D. michelae (CASENT0235469), (N) D. patrizii (CASENT0235472), (O) D. penthos (CASENT0247383), (P) D. poweri (SAM-ENT-0011509), (Q) D. schulzei (CASENT0247370), (R) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122), (S) D. venus (CASENT0247017), (T) D. wakanda (CASENT0790326).With the exception of F, L, R,T, all other images are from https://www.antweb.org—photographers Michele Esposito and Will Ericson." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542144" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542148" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542152" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542154" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542156" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542158" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542160" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542162" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3542144/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3542148/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3542152/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3542154/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3542156/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3542158/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3542160/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/3542162/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6–14</figureCitation>
). Overall, we observed a remarkable diversity in the shape of mandibles (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FD30FA15B9EE06C1" box="[710,764,1408,1427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
; see section about Mandibles below), the cephalic capsule (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FD3FFA08B81006E2" box="[713,770,1437,1456]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in full-face view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542144/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FF4CFA2EBBD4069C" box="[186,198,1467,1486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542148/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</figureCitation>
), the mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FE9FFA2EBAB4069C" box="[361,422,1467,1486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 9. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the mesosoma in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542152/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FE23FA2EBAFF069C" box="[469,493,1467,1486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 10. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the body in dorsal view with focus on mesosoma.All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542154/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10</figureCitation>
), and the metasoma (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FD43FA2EB9E4069C" box="[693,758,1467,1486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 12. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the petiole and gaster in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542158/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, some surface areas that are commonly covered by hairs or difficult to examine, such as the anterior clypeus (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FD73FA60B9A9055A" box="[645,699,1525,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in full-face view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542144/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) or the propodeal declivity (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FEB9F986BA820574" box="[335,400,1555,1574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 11. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the posterior propodeum in posterior view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542156/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
), proved to have some informative variation in character states. The complete removal of pilosity through ‘virtual shaving’ also showed that there are noticeable differences in surface sculpturing between species, although it must be noted that there is some considerable intraspecific variation in some species. Despite most species possessing a dense pelt of pilosity/pubescence, which appears to be very species-specific, there was some significant variation among several species, especially with the expression of standing pilosity (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FEC1F968BA650443" box="[311,375,1789,1809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,149,1419]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 14. Diagnostic plate showing differences in body pilosity. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0235473),(B) D. oculata (CASENT0235467),(C) D. aisnetu (CASENT0235475), (D) D.athene (CASENT0235476),(E) D.chimera (CASENT0235471),(F) D.damato (CASENT0247362),(G) D.dryad (CASENT0247371),(H) D.gaia (CASENT0247040), (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0247367), (J) D. hawkesi (CASENT0235470), (K) D. kalypso (CASENT0235468), (L) D. maia (CASENT0790541), (M) D. michelae (CASENT0235469), (N) D. patrizii (CASENT0235472), (O) D. penthos (CASENT0247383), (P) D. poweri (SAM-ENT-0011509), (Q) D. schulzei (CASENT0247370), (R) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122), (S) D. venus (CASENT0247017), (T) D. wakanda (CASENT0790326).With the exception of F, L, R,T, all other images are from https://www.antweb.org—photographers Michele Esposito and Will Ericson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542162/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FF44F88EB869024C" blockId="9.[146,771,1203,1955]" lastBlockId="9.[818,1442,149,286]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In the following, we present numerous diagnostic image plates displaying this morphological diversity (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FDF2F8ADB9700419" box="[516,610,1848,1867]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStartId-0="10.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionStartId-1="11.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-2="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionStartId-3="13.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-4="14.[146,173,1457,1474]" captionStartId-5="15.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionStartId-6="16.[146,173,1454,1471]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-2="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-4="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetBox-5="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetBox-6="[155,1434,149,1418]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-4="figure@14.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetId-5="figure@15.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetId-6="figure@16.[154,1434,147,1419]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="14" captionTargetPageId-5="15" captionTargetPageId-6="16" captionText-0="Fig. 6. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in full-face view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-1="Fig. 7. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-2="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-3="Fig. 9. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the mesosoma in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-4="Fig. 10. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the body in dorsal view with focus on mesosoma.All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-5="Fig. 11. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the posterior propodeum in posterior view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1." captionText-6="Fig. 12. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the petiole and gaster in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542144" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542148" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542152" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542154" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542156" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542158" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3542144/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3542148/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3542152/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3542154/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3542156/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3542158/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6–12</figureCitation>
). Each body part was virtually sectioned and dissected from the remainder of the specimen to permit a better examination. These diagnostic plates not only illustrate and aid the identification key provided below, but also serve as a general overview of morphological characters of taxonomic importance and can be used by future taxonomists, parataxonomists, or ecologists to compare whole specimens or body parts in order to quickly gain a better understanding of the species studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FCC4FED0B881020A" blockId="9.[818,1443,325,1283]" box="[818,915,325,344]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D087AA30E55CFFB2FCC4FED0B881020A" bold="true" box="[818,915,325,344]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCC4FED0B881020A" bold="true" box="[818,915,325,344]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mandibles</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FCC4FEF6BF6D0651" blockId="9.[818,1443,325,1283]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The main groundplan within 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FBA7FEF6BFD20224" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1105,1216,355,374]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FBA7FEF6BFD20224" box="[1105,1216,355,374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to consist of an edentate triangular mandible with a pronounced blunt carina along its masticatory margin, as can be seen in most African species. Prior to this study, the lack of dentition was considered an autapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FCB9FE4DBF4202B9" authority="(Bolton 2003)" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" baseAuthorityName="Bolton" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[847,1104,472,491]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCB9FE4DB8AC02B9" box="[847,958,472,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE160ADE55CFFB2FC26FE4DBF5502B9" author="Bolton, B." box="[976,1095,472,491]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 370" part="71" refId="ref64766" refString="Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 1 - 370." title="Synopsis and classification of Formicidae" type="journal article" year="2003">
<collectingRegion id="49B4D3BEE55CFFB2FC26FE4DBF1C02B9" box="[976,1038,472,491]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bolton</collectingRegion>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, unexpectedly, we found that two species actually possess teeth/denticles on the apical third of the masticatory margin, namely 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FB43FD86BE0E0174" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1205,1308,531,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chimera">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FB43FD86BE0E0174" box="[1205,1308,531,550]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. chimera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FADAFD86BE620174" box="[1324,1392,531,550]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FCC4FDA4B88D0111" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[818,927,560,579]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gryphon">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCC4FDA4B88D0111" box="[818,927,560,579]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gryphon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FC59FDA5B8FF0111" box="[943,1005,560,579]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 
<date id="FFCE3B9CE55CFFB2FC2CFDA5B8FF0111" box="[986,1005,560,579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">8I</date>
</figureCitation>
). While the tooth on the mandible of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FAA9FDA4B84D0132" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chimera">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FAA9FDA4B84D0132" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. chimera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very pronounced and rather large it is definitely smaller and more of a denticle in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC01FDFEBF73012C" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1015,1121,619,638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gryphon">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC01FDFEBF73012C" box="[1015,1121,619,638]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gryphon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FB1AFDFEBE43012C" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1260,1361,619,638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chimera">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FB1AFDFEBE43012C" box="[1260,1361,619,638]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. chimera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a small but acute prebasal denticle at the corner between the basal margin and the masticatory margin. This prebasal denticle is also conspicuously visible in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FBECFD56BF920184" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1050,1152,707,726]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damato">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FBECFD56BF920184" box="[1050,1152,707,726]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. damato</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FB66FD56BFC10184" box="[1168,1235,707,726]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FB1EFD56BE2C0184" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1256,1342,707,726]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dryad">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FB1EFD56BE2C0184" box="[1256,1342,707,726]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. dryad</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FAB8FD56BE870184" box="[1358,1429,707,726]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FCAAFD74B8D101A1" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[860,963,736,755]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCAAFD74B8D101A1" box="[860,963,736,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FC24FD75BF0801A1" box="[978,1050,736,755]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8Q</figureCitation>
). Several other species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FAB0FD74BEB301A1" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1350,1441,736,755]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athene">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FAB0FD74BEB301A1" box="[1350,1441,736,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. athene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FCCFFD68B86F0043" box="[825,893,765,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC79FD6BB8E70042" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[911,1013,765,784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawkesi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC79FD6BB8E70042" box="[911,1013,765,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. hawkesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FBF4FD68BF2C0043" box="[1026,1086,765,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8J</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FB81FD6BBFC90042" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1143,1243,765,784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kalypso">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FB81FD6BBFC90042" box="[1143,1243,765,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. kalypso</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FB11FD68BE3B0043" box="[1255,1321,765,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
), have something like a blunt prebasal protuberance on the masticatory margin, located basally close to the corner to the basal margin of the mandible. The masticatory margin appears to be variably shaped from species to species with a more or less pronounced ectal carina that may run the whole length of the margin (in most species) or be interrupted, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC51FC3BBF3F0092" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1913" box="[935,1069,941,960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC51FC3BBF3F0092" box="[935,1069,941,960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. traegaordhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FBCFFC38BF6E0093" box="[1081,1148,941,961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8R</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FB46FC3BBE320092" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[1200,1312,941,960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakanda">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FB46FC3BBE320092" box="[1200,1312,941,960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. wakanda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FADAFC38BE7C0093" box="[1324,1390,941,961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[152,1435,147,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8T</figureCitation>
). The latter species also possesses a second, more irregularly shaped carina basally and medially. Another feature not expected before this study is the variety in overall shape and aspect ratio, since some species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC8EFBB6B8DB0767" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1958" box="[888,969,1059,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC8EFBB6B8DB0767" box="[888,969,1059,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. mixta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have rather elongated mandibles with a short basal margin and a long masticatory margin, whereas other species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FCBCFBCBB8860722" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[842,916,1118,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maia">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCBCFBCBB8860722" box="[842,916,1118,1136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. maia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possess a shorter mandible with a long basal margin and a short masticatory margin. There seems to be gradual cline leading from the former to the latter. This higher than expected diversity of mandibular shapes presents the opportunity to apply additional taxonomic characters of high diagnostic value for the species descriptions and the identification key.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FCC4FABDB8FC0669" blockId="9.[818,1443,1320,1956]" box="[818,1006,1320,1339]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D087AA30E55CFFB2FCC4FABDB8FC0669" bold="true" box="[818,1006,1320,1339]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FCC4FABDB8FC0669" bold="true" box="[818,1006,1320,1339]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Antennomere Count</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB2FCC4FAD3BE740442" blockId="9.[818,1443,1320,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Our results show that in contrast to the external morphology, the internal structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC1BFAF6BF4E0624" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1005,1116,1379,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC1BFAF6BF4E0624" box="[1005,1116,1379,1398]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
antennae is consistent and provides a reliable antennomere count. However, as expected, this value often differs from that obtained through surface examination and, in at least 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC92FA2EB8AB069F" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1958" box="[868,953,1467,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC92FA2EB8AB069F" box="[868,953,1467,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. mixta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC1BFA2EBF5F069F" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1005,1101,1467,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poweri">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC1BFA2EBF5F069F" box="[1005,1101,1467,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. poweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from that given in the original description (
<tableCitation id="C6F228E7E55CFFB2FC66FA4DB8C406B9" box="[912,982,1496,1515]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="19.[146,195,147,166]" captionText="Table 2. Antennomere count given for all Afrotropical species of Discothyrea, either based on previous literature (with references in parenthesis), based on visual examination under the light microscope with magnification up to 120× (apparent), or based on virtual dissection (true)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In the generalized state, each flagellomere has a simple, internal sclerotic ring at its base which connects to a simple internal preapical ring toward the distal end of the prior flagellomere. Externally, adjacent flagellomeres overlap only at the junction of the internal rings, which usually constitute around one-third at most of the subsegment’s length and are numerically congruent with the external flagellomere count (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55CFFB2FBD8F91DBF6005C9" box="[1070,1138,1672,1691]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[146,173,1654,1671]" captionTargetBox="[249,1339,148,1619]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[248,1339,147,1619]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Antennal anatomy showing flagellar fusion in Discothyrea. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0285473)—light microscopy, (B) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122) —light microscopy, (C) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—equivalent view to 15B but performed with surface volume rendering, (D) Zasphinctus sarowiwai Hita Garcia, 2017 (CASENT0764654)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (E) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (F) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (G) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—equivalent view to 15F but sagittal section, (H) D. dryad (CASENT0247374)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0790103),sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542164/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Internally, the sclerotic annuli form a cylindrical channel through which the two branches of the antennal nerves run. The flagellomeres are apparently connected by membranes between the distal and proximal outer walls of adjacent subsegments, by conjunctiva of the internal rings, or by both.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55CFFB1FCA4F88EBF150538" blockId="9.[818,1443,1320,1956]" lastBlockId="10.[818,1442,1534,1642]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55CFFB2FC98F88EB8CF047C" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[878,989,1819,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55CFFB2FC98F88EB8CF047C" box="[878,989,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the flagellomeres take two distinct forms. The proximal flagellomeres are extremely simplified, with a single internal annulus per flagellomere, i.e., the basal and distal rings are not disparate. Two or three of the distal flagellomeres proximal to the club, which itself comprises a single hypertrophied subsegment, have the internal annuli deeply invaginated, while the entire flagellomere is reduced in length, so that most of the outer wall of a flagellomere rests within a fold of the prior subsegment (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55FFFB1FDC4F9ACB98E051F" box="[562,668,1593,1613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[146,173,1654,1671]" captionTargetBox="[249,1339,148,1619]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[248,1339,147,1619]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Antennal anatomy showing flagellar fusion in Discothyrea. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0285473)—light microscopy, (B) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122) —light microscopy, (C) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—equivalent view to 15B but performed with surface volume rendering, (D) Zasphinctus sarowiwai Hita Garcia, 2017 (CASENT0764654)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (E) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (F) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (G) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—equivalent view to 15F but sagittal section, (H) D. dryad (CASENT0247374)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0790103),sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542164/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15D, E</figureCitation>
, and G–I). The internal channel is therefore highly imbricated, unlike in other ants (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55FFFB1FF30F9E1BA1505D5" box="[198,263,1652,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[146,173,466,483]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,431]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[154,1434,147,431]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 16. Shaded surface display of transparent volume renderings showing internal and external flagellar subsegmentation. (A) Discothyrea oculata (CASENT0195471), (B) Proceratium deelemani Perrault, 1981 (CASENT0790842), (C) Brachyponera sennaarensis (Mayr, 1862) (CASENT0790837), (D) Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972 (OKENT0011209)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542166/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). These distal flagellomeres are typically relatively distinct and countable externally. The simple, proximal flagellomeres are tightly fused at their apical and distal margins, and the external plates of these subsegments overlap strongly, such that a single externally apparent subsegment may actually correspond to several internal divisions (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55FFFB1FEB2F892BACA0448" box="[324,472,1798,1818]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[146,173,1654,1671]" captionTargetBox="[249,1339,148,1619]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[248,1339,147,1619]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Antennal anatomy showing flagellar fusion in Discothyrea. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0285473)—light microscopy, (B) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122) —light microscopy, (C) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—equivalent view to 15B but performed with surface volume rendering, (D) Zasphinctus sarowiwai Hita Garcia, 2017 (CASENT0764654)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (E) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (F) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (G) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—equivalent view to 15F but sagittal section, (H) D. dryad (CASENT0247374)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0790103),sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542164/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15H and I</figureCitation>
). All Afrotropical 
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FD7BF893B810044B" box="[653,770,1798,1817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FD7BF893B9EC044B" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[653,766,1798,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discothyrea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as well as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FF0FF8B1BA410465" authorityName="Xu, Burwell &amp; Nakamura" authorityYear="2014" box="[249,339,1828,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banna">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FF0FF8B1BA410465" box="[249,339,1828,1847]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. banna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FE48F8B1B9000465" authorityName="Xu, Burwell &amp; Nakamura" authorityYear="2014" box="[446,530,1828,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diana">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FE48F8B1B9000465" box="[446,530,1828,1847]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. diana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3675DCCE55FFFB1FDA7F8B1B9980465" box="[593,650,1828,1847]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
, and an undescribed species from 
<collectingCountry id="F3675DCCE55FFFB1FE84F8D4BAA30406" box="[370,433,1857,1876]" name="Samoa" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Samoa</collectingCountry>
, possess the deeply infolded structure of the distal 2–3 antennomeres and the fusion of the proximal flagellomeres. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FEC6F8E9BA8904DD" authorityName="Hita-Garcia &amp; Lieberman &amp; Audisio &amp; Liu &amp; Economo" authorityYear="2019" box="[304,411,1916,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gryphon">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FEC6F8E9BA8904DD" box="[304,411,1916,1935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. gryphon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which with six antennomeres has the fewest in the Afrotropical fauna, the infolded subsegments plus the club comprise the entire flagellum (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55FFFB1FB8FFA6ABFD20543" box="[1145,1216,1534,1554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[146,173,1654,1671]" captionTargetBox="[249,1339,148,1619]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[248,1339,147,1619]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Antennal anatomy showing flagellar fusion in Discothyrea. (A) D. mixta (CASENT0285473)—light microscopy, (B) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122) —light microscopy, (C) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—equivalent view to 15B but performed with surface volume rendering, (D) Zasphinctus sarowiwai Hita Garcia, 2017 (CASENT0764654)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (E) D. traegaordhi (CASENT0790122)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering, (F) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (G) D. mixta (CASENT0790542)—equivalent view to 15F but sagittal section, (H) D. dryad (CASENT0247374)—sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color, (I) D. gryphon (CASENT0790103),sagittal section of surface volume rendering showing each antennomere in different color." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542164/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
<date id="FFCE3B9CE55FFFB1FB54FA6BBFD20543" box="[1186,1216,1534,1553]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2015-01">15I</date>
</figureCitation>
). We therefore hypothesize that reduction in antennomere count in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FB3EF989BE25057D" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1224,1335,1564,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FB3EF989BE25057D" box="[1224,1335,1564,1583]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
takes place through the progressive fusion of subsegments proximal to these modified flagellomeres.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0F4DD4E55FFFB1FF64FA3BBEB0068A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3542144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542144/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[146,173,1454,1471]" targetBox="[155,1434,149,1418]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55FFFB1FF64FA3BBEB0068A" blockId="10.[146,1442,1454,1496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FF64FA3BBBD606ED" bold="true" box="[146,196,1454,1471]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in full-face view (the remainder of the body virtually removed). All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55FFFB1FCC4F904BF1805F6" blockId="10.[818,1443,1681,1965]" box="[818,1034,1681,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D087AA30E55FFFB1FCC4F904BF1805F6" bold="true" box="[818,1034,1681,1700]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FCC4F904BF1805F6" bold="true" box="[818,1034,1681,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Frontoclypeal Structure</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55FFFB0FCC4F93AB9690410" blockId="10.[818,1443,1681,1965]" lastBlockId="11.[146,770,1546,1946]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Identifying the homology of elements of the frontoclypeal structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FCBDF959B8A8058D" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[843,954,1740,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FCBDF959B8A8058D" box="[843,954,1740,1759]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is complicated by its extremely derived morphology. External anatomical landmarks used to differentiate the frons and clypeus in nearly all other ants—namely, the antennal insertions, the anterior tentorial pits, and the epistomal sulcus—are concealed, lost, or highly modified in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FBD0F8D4BF870406" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1062,1173,1857,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FBD0F8D4BF870406" box="[1062,1173,1857,1876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The frontal region bears the antennae, which are inserted posterad or in line with the anterior tentorial pits in all genera except 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FB9CF8E9BFCB04DD" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1130,1241,1916,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FB9CF8E9BFCB04DD" box="[1130,1241,1916,1935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and the proceratiine 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55FFFB1FCC4F80CB8AE04FE" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1943" box="[818,956,1945,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Problomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55FFFB1FCC4F80CB8AE04FE" box="[818,956,1945,1964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Problomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), in which the antennae are located far anterad the anterior tentorial pits. The anterior tentorial pits themselves are located in the usually clearly defined epistomal sulcus corresponding to the internal epistomal ridge connecting the anterior tentorial arms; in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55EFFB0FF1FF9F7BA4A0527" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[233,344,1634,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55EFFB0FF1FF9F7BA4A0527" box="[233,344,1634,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this sulcus is completely absent. In contrast to the challenges of interpreting frontoclypeal morphology based on external characters, virtual dissection enabled clarification of the structure’s composition through comparison of the preoral and pharyngeal skeletomusculature. Despite the high degree of fusion, migration, and modification of the frons and clypeus, the endoskeletal and muscular elements are quite consistent and can be easily identified in the context of the Hymenopteran groundplan.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0F4DD4E55EFFB0FF64FA24BE4E0689" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3542148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542148/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[146,173,1457,1474]" targetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55EFFB0FF64FA24BE4E0689" blockId="11.[146,1441,1457,1499]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55EFFB0FF64FA24BBD20690" bold="true" box="[146,192,1457,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the head in profile (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown, species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation. Specimen codes are given inTable 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE55EFFB7FF44F8D9BAED05C0" blockId="11.[146,770,1546,1946]" lastBlockId="12.[146,770,1546,1946]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The frons is intimately fused to the clypeus and anteriorly prolonged over the clypeo-labral articulation. In most species, the clypeus itself is reduced to a thin, sinuate strip that externally contains the anterior tentorial pits and constitutes the anteriormost portion of the shelf overhanging the mandibles. Internally the anteromedial disc of the clypeus is located by the elongated dorsal cibarial dilators, which arise solely from this disc and insert on the distal wall of the cibarium (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E55EFFB0FBC6F9EABF6205C0" box="[1072,1136,1663,1682]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). The frontal region is located by the antennal insertions and by the origin of several muscle groups, described in detail below. The prominent, posteromedial portion of the frontoclypeal structure, variously produced as a lamella in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55EFFB0FCC4F961B8890455" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1913" box="[818,923,1780,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traegaordhi">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55EFFB0FCC4F961B8890455" box="[818,923,1780,1799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">traegaordhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, as a broad rhomboid platform in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE55EFFB0FAA1F961BE890455" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1367,1435,1780,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE55EFFB0FAA1F961BE890455" box="[1367,1435,1780,1799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">oculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- complex, and as a triangular to rhomboid swelling in most Asian species, belongs to the frons; because the structure is not derived from the toruli, it is interpreted to comprise the modified, anteromedially fused frontal carinae. The medial portion of the shelf, which usually projects anteriorly past the fusion of the frontal carinae, is also formed by the frons, which is delimited anteriorly and laterally by the antennal sockets. An anterior section of the head shows both the narrow space left between the ventral face of the frons and the dorsal face of the clypeus and the anterior fusion and posterior expansion of the frontal carinae (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E559FFB7FE97F9EABAE005C0" box="[353,498,1663,1682]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17G and H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0F4DD4E559FFB7FF64FA24BEB00689" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3542150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542150/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[146,172,1457,1474]" targetBox="[153,1435,149,1421]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE559FFB7FF64FA24BEB00689" blockId="12.[146,1442,1457,1499]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE559FFB7FF64FA24BBD00690" bold="true" box="[146,194,1457,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
Diagnostic plate showing still images from surface volume renderings of the right mandible in dorsal view (the remainder of the body virtually removed).All Afrotropical species are shown,species names are embedded in each particular image for better comparison and orientation.Specimen codes are given inTable 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCF1D5CE559FFB7FF44F909BA2304C8" blockId="12.[146,770,1546,1946]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Three nonclypeal muscle groups are identified which locate the frons. The dorsal pharyngeal dilators originate just anterad the retractors of the mouth angle which arise from the cephalic dorsum (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E559FFB7FF6FF961BA160455" box="[153,260,1780,1800]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17B, C</figureCitation>
, and F). The posterior labral retractors, located distal to the dorsolateral arms of the sitophore, originate around the midpoint of the elevated frontal carinae in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7066DFE559FFB7FD90F8BAB9B90410" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[614,683,1839,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculata">
<emphasis id="B904C14EE559FFB7FD90F8BAB9B90410" box="[614,683,1839,1858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">oculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E559FFB7FF6FF8D9BBF9040D" box="[153,235,1868,1887]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
), and posterior to the carinae in the 
<emphasis id="B904C14EE559FFB7FDC9F8D9B9A0040D" box="[575,690,1868,1887]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">traegaordhi-</emphasis>
complex (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E559FFB7FF6FF8FFBBE2042F" box="[153,240,1898,1917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
). The frontal lamella apparently lacks musculature (
<figureCitation id="134B01D9E559FFB7FF6FF812BA3104C8" box="[153,291,1927,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[146,173,1766,1783]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[154,1434,147,1731]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Microtomographic slides showing sagittal sections of the skeletomusculature within the cephalic capsule. Important endoskeletal and muscular elements have been segmented and labeled as follows: cb = distal wall of cibarium (in blue); ddcb = dorsal cibarial dilators (in red); ddph = dorsal pharyngeal dilators (in green); rao = retractors of the mouth angle (in yellow); rplr = posterior labral retractors (in orange); sit = sitophore (in purple). (A) Proceratium sp. (CASENT0790271); (B), (D) D. mixta (CASENT0790542), (C), (E), (F) D. UG01. Still images generated from shaded surface display volume renderings showing cross sections through the anterior head. (G) D. mixta, (H) Discothyrea UG01." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3542168/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17E and F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>