154 lines
18 KiB
XML
154 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C4A40ADA15835D46DA6F5BC9F7339251">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FB74FD8DB7AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047002" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844874" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047002" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FB74FD8DB7AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FB74FD8DB7AC" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285EFFC9F7F0FB74FE2FB56C" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7F0FB74FCB3B533" blockId="30.[151,784,1267,1293]" box="[151,784,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285EFFC9F7F0FB74FCB3B533" bold="true" box="[151,784,1267,1293]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FB74FCB3B533" bold="true" box="[151,784,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FB74FE8DB533" bold="true" box="[151,302,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FB74FE8AB533" box="[151,297,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Stolopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libytheoides">libytheoides</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F652FB74FCB3B533" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[309,784,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Stolopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libytheoides">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F652FB74FDFAB533" bold="true" box="[309,601,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stolopsyche libytheoides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F506FB74FCB3B533" author="Scudder" box="[609,784,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7F0FABEFE2FB56C" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" box="[151,396,1337,1362]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Family incertae sedis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285EFFC9F7A0FAD9FD8DB7AC" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FAD9FC44B54B" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" box="[199,999,1373,1398]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285EFFC9F7A0FAD9FC44B54B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739250" box="[199,999,1373,1398]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Teller County" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285EFFC9F7A0FAD9FEA1B548" box="[199,258,1374,1398]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F66AFADAFEDBB548" box="[269,376,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285EFFC9F66AFADAFEDBB548" box="[269,376,1373,1398]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E49285EFFC9F6E4FADAFDBCB548" box="[387,543,1373,1398]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Teller County</collectingCounty>
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, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FA06FD3FB5A4" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" box="[199,668,1409,1434]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Depository: MCZH (holotype, no.11077).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FA22FF60B5DC" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F6FBFA22FC80B580" author="Scudder" box="[412,803,1445,1470]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">
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Scudder (1889: Pl. LIII
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285EFFC9F5CAFA22FCBAB580" box="[685,793,1445,1470]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F457FA22FBB2B580" author="Emmel" box="[816,1041,1445,1470]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F4EEFA21FC18B580" box="[905,955,1445,1470]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285EFFC9F37AFA22FBC1B580" box="[1053,1122,1445,1470]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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/1);
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F3E8FA21FF1CB5DC" author="Murata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs. 42, 43)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FA6AFAC2B718" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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||
This specimen is poorly preserved; according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F468FA69FC16B638" author="Zeuner" box="[783,949,1517,1542]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Zeuner, F. E. (1961) Notes on the evolution of the Rhopalocera (Lep.). Ferhandlungen des XI. Internationalen Kongresses fur Entomologie, 1 (1960), 310 - 313." type="journal article" year="1961">Zeuner (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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this fossil is too poor for attempting an assignment to a particular family. Antennae with very gradually thickened club, which takes about 1/3 of the whole antennal length. If not for this character, the fossil could as well represent a non-papilionoid lepidopteran. Forelegs long, only a little shorter than middle legs. This is a plesiomorphic character found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F3FCF9DEFA89B64C" box="[1179,1322,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F25EF9DEFA3BB64C" box="[1337,1432,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0F9FAFEB4B6A8" box="[151,279,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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females,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F6E0F9FAFE49B6A8" box="[391,490,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F6E0F9FAFE49B6A8" box="[391,490,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Libythea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F5ECF9FAFCB6B6A8" box="[651,789,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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. It could place the fossil in the ancestry of any butterfly family. Since the head is small for
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F57CF926FD02B684" box="[539,673,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F5B0F926FC9AB684" box="[727,825,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F5B0F926FC9AB684" box="[727,825,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Libythea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the forewing is long for
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F331F926FB75B684" box="[1110,1238,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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(ca.
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<quantity id="4CFB9B20285EFFC9F26AF926FAC3B684" box="[1293,1376,1697,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
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), and the palps long for
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F600F942FDFDB6E0" authority="Scudder" authorityName="Scudder" box="[359,606,1733,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae, Scudder</taxonomicName>
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thought the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F588F942FCE8B6E0" box="[751,843,1733,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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the most likely family for the fossil. Apparently the fossil has too few characters preserved to be of any use for phylogenetic research. I cannot find any evidence supporting the claim by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F6C0F88AFD2BB718" box="[423,648,1805,1830]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F698F889FD93B718" box="[511,560,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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that the fossil “was closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F4B4F889FBB5B71B" box="[979,1046,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pieris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F4B4F889FBB5B71B" box="[979,1046,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pieris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than any other living genus.”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0F8B6FD8DB7AC" blockId="30.[151,1437,1337,1938]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Apparently,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F633F8B6FD93B774" box="[340,560,1841,1866]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Braby, M. F., Vila, R. & Pierce, N. E. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography. Zoological Journal Linnean Society, 147, 239 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00218. x" type="journal article">
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Braby
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F6C6F8B5FE76B774" box="[417,469,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. (2006)
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</bibRefCitation>
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based their use of this fossil as calibration point in the phylogenetic tree of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0F8D2FF50B750" box="[151,243,1877,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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close to the origin of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F68FF8D1FD88B753" box="[488,555,1878,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pieris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F68FF8D1FD88B753" box="[488,555,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pieris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the unsupported assumption of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F4D2F8D2FB35B750" box="[949,1174,1877,1902]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F36AF8D1FB9EB750" box="[1037,1085,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(l.c.)—an unwarranted and probably erroneous assumption.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |