186 lines
19 KiB
XML
186 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0307947B1FCFE4E284C5F4676CEA1BE2">Nycteridae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F6DDF4D8E3D30C8B0611D20044DA3549" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6E5F393AB8AECD23183662A1B3B7A9B4">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8AF0A6547B349C3B0CBDD5B4990B379">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="33589B24C61B90A6ACDF54168DF5D5D2">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="3F3CF9B9432ED8CF2C5FD715346BA8F2">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="08B15BCBEAC496C2D839340B61C7FEED">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BBE797BA4C4BA3CB5BD9C2884C5AD283">
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<mods:title id="23541D55D01B6BFE1C88E20900072DAE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038D264C754BD70E80B3F9A3531CFE13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6491555" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195828956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6491555" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D264C754BD70E80B3F9A3531CFE13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D264C754BD70E80B3F9A3531CFE13" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="384" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80B3F9A357B7F9C7" box="[1449,1481,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80B3F9A357B7F9C7" blockId="4.[1448,2255,1612,1700]" box="[1449,1481,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<heading id="D0D32036754BD70F80B3F9A357B7F9C7" box="[1449,1481,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<figureCitation id="131F8BDF754BD70F80B3F9A357B7F9C7" box="[1449,1481,1612,1658]" captionStart="Plate 28: Nycteridae" captionStartId="3.[135,165,3373,3398]" captionTargetBox="[17,2765,13,3656]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Bates’s Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris arge), 2. Intermediate Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris intermedia), 3. Dwarf Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris nana), 4. Dja Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris major), 5. Malayan Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris tragata), 6. Javan Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris javanica), 7. Andersen’s Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris aurita), 8. Large Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris grandis), 9. Hairy Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris hispida), 10. Large-eared Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris macrotis), 11. Madagascar Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris madagascariensis), 12. Parisi’s Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris parisii), 13. Wood's Shitfaced Bat (Nycteris wood), 14. Gambian Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris gambiensis), 15. Egyptian Slitfaced Bat (Nycteris thebaica)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6576984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6576984/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">8.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80C0F9A3550EF9C7" box="[1498,1904,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80C0F9A3550EF9C7" blockId="4.[1448,2255,1612,1700]" box="[1498,1904,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<heading id="D0D32036754BD70F80C0F9A3550EF9C7" box="[1498,1904,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<vernacularName id="0527E774754BD70F80C0F9A3550EF9C7" box="[1498,1904,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Large Slitfaced Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F82A8F9A35AB0F9C7" box="[1970,2254,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F82A8F9A35AB0F9C7" blockId="4.[1448,2255,1612,1700]" box="[1970,2254,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<heading id="D0D32036754BD70F82A8F9A35AB0F9C7" box="[1970,2254,1612,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<taxonomicName id="4C24ECD9754BD70F82A8F9A35AB0F9C7" ID-CoL="485DJ" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" box="[1970,2254,1612,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F82A8F9A35AB0F9C7" box="[1970,2254,1612,1658]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Nycteris grandis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80B3F9635AB3F91C" box="[1449,2253,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80B3F9635AB3F91C" blockId="4.[1448,2255,1612,1700]" box="[1449,2253,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<heading id="D0D32036754BD70F80B3F9635AB3F91C" box="[1449,2253,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80B3F963578AF91C" bold="true" box="[1449,1524,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0527E774754BD70F80E7F96354F0F91C" box="[1533,1678,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Grand Nyctere</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F83B8F9635483F91C" bold="true" box="[1698,1789,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0527E774754BD70F821CF96355C5F91C" box="[1798,1979,1676,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">GrofRe Schlitznase</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Nicterio grande
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F8D16F93B5825F94C" box="[2060,2651,1748,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F8D16F93B5825F94C" blockId="4.[2060,2654,1748,2172]" box="[2060,2651,1748,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F8D16F93B5AD6F94C" bold="true" box="[2060,2216,1748,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C24ECD9754BD70F8DA7F93B5829F94C" ID-CoL="485DJ" authority="Peters, 1865" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" box="[2237,2647,1748,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Nycteris grandis Peters, 1865</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F8D17F9185AEAF8A5" box="[2061,2196,1783,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F8D17F9185AEAF8A5" blockId="4.[2060,2654,1748,2172]" box="[2061,2196,1783,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<materialsCitation id="3B4C9D07754BD70F8D17F9185AEAF8A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3804723306" box="[2061,2196,1783,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8D01F9185AFFF8A5" box="[2075,2177,1783,1816]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F8D17F8CC5BC2F80B" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F8D17F8CC5BC2F80B" blockId="4.[2060,2654,1748,2172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<taxonomicName id="4C24ECD9754BD70F8D17F8CC5A99F8FD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" box="[2061,2279,1827,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Nycteris grandis</taxonomicName>
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belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C24ECD9754BD70F8F18F8CC5820F8FD" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[2562,2654,1827,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispida">hispida</taxonomicName>
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group. Taxonomic relationships between forestand savanna-dwelling populations need investigation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F8D16F8535A87F774" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF5BC7D2754BD70F8D16F8535A87F774" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6576960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6576960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6576960/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" targetBox="[1445,2036,1750,2164]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F8D16F8535A87F774" blockId="4.[2060,2654,1748,2172]" lastBlockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F8D16F8535AC2F860" bold="true" box="[2060,2236,1980,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely distributed in tropical forest belt of Africa extending from
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8D17F7E35A07F790" box="[2061,2169,2060,2093]" name="Senegal" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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in W to E
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8C35F7E35BB6F790" box="[2351,2504,2060,2093]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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in the FE; there is a separate population restricted to coastal
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8D68F78C5AB7F7C1" box="[2162,2249,2147,2172]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8DC2F78C5B28F7C1" box="[2264,2390,2147,2172]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(including
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<collectingRegion id="49E059B8754BD70F8CE6F78C5822F7C1" box="[2556,2652,2147,2172]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Pemba</collectingRegion>
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and Unguja Is in
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8381F76E5568F71F" box="[1691,1814,2177,2210]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago), and NE
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8D44F76E5B66F71F" box="[2142,2328,2177,2210]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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, with scattered records from
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F80EFF743541EF774" box="[1525,1632,2220,2249]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8393F7435492F774" box="[1673,1772,2220,2249]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8204F74355CEF774" box="[1822,1968,2220,2249]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, and WC
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<collectingCountry id="F333D7CA754BD70F8D21F7435A8BF774" box="[2107,2293,2220,2249]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BCF7365827F663" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BCF7365827F663" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BCF73654DAF74F" bold="true" box="[1446,1700,2265,2290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 70-90 mm, tail 60-84 mm, ear 24-35 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm, forearm 52-65 mm; weight 21-43 g. The Large Slit-faced Bat is mediumsized, with short rounded wings. Longitudinal cleft runs along top of muzzle, covering noseleaves. Fur is long and fluffy, dark reddish brown to dark brown (in forest) or grayish brown (in savanna) dorsally, and slightly lighter ventrally. Ears are very long but relatively short for a slitfaced bat. Wing membranes are dark brown and free of hairs except along margins of forelimbs. There are no obvious sexual differences in pelage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BCF60B5B09F5E9" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BCF60B5B09F5E9" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BCF60B546BF5B8" bold="true" box="[1446,1557,2532,2565]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Variety of tropical lowland rainforest habitats including swamp, secondary, and riparian forests. In East Africa, the Large Slit-faced Bat is restricted to coastal forests, and in southern Africa, it occurs in riverine forests in woodlands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BFF5B55531F4A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BFF5B55531F4A4" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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||
<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BFF5B554D5F5C6" bold="true" box="[1445,1707,2650,2683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Large Slit-faced Bat is the only carnivorous bat in Africa, feeding on various vertebrates including small mammals (other species of bats) and birds but mainly frogs and fishes (Ptychadena and Tilapia). It also preys on various invertebrates, particularly katydids and crickets. During one study, each bat consumed on average of two frogs per night.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BFF4CF5446F40B" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BFF4CF5446F40B" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BFF4CF5452F4FC" bold="true" box="[1445,1580,2848,2881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Pregnant and lactating Large Slit-faced Bats have been captured at various times of the year in West and Central Africa, but it is not known if breeding is seasonal. In southern Africa, it would appear that young are born during the wet season. Litter size 1s one.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80B9F4515B0FF3E8" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80B9F4515B0FF3E8" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
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<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80B9F45154F0F462" bold="true" box="[1443,1678,3006,3039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Large Slit-faced Bat roosts during the day in sheltered structures including hollow trees, caves, and road culverts. It leaves day roost after sunset. In woodland habitat, it appears to have two distinct foraging strategies: perch-hunting and gleaning prey in flight. It regularly returns to the same dayroost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BFF3B355C8F2A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BFF3B355C8F2A4" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BFF3B35A08F3C0" bold="true" box="[1445,2166,3164,3197]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Social organization of the Large Slit-faced Bat appears to differ in forests and woodlands; in forests,it typically roosts singly or in pairs, but in woodlands, it can occur in groups of up to several individuals. Individuals forage more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CDC3ABF754BD70F8255F33D55EDF34E" box="[1871,1939,3282,3315]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
from roosting sites. Echolocation call is multiharmonic and involves a steep FM sweep.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70F80BFF2CA5BC1F2FF" box="[1445,2495,3365,3394]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70F80BFF2CA5BC1F2FF" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" box="[1445,2495,3365,3394]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BFF2CA557CF2FF" bold="true" box="[1445,1794,3365,3394]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33EC4D1754BD70E80BFF2BE531CFE13" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="4" pageNumber="384" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B975A754BD70E80BFF2BE531CFE13" blockId="4.[1443,2652,2177,3474]" lastBlockId="5.[129,1333,288,430]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9504B48754BD70F80BFF2BE543FF2D7" bold="true" box="[1445,1601,3409,3434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="384">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell (1986), Brosset (1966b), Cockle et al. (1998), Fenton, Cumming et al. (1987), Fenton, Gaudet & Leonard (1983), Fenton, Rautenbach et al. (1993), Fenton, Swanepoel et al. (1990), Fenton, Thomas & Sasseen (1981), Griffiths (1994, 1997), Happold, M. (2013ae), Hickey & Dunlop (2000), Kingdon (1974), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Rosevear (1965), Smithers & Wilson (1979), Thomas et al. (1994), Van Cakenberghe & De Vree (1993a), Wolton et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |