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<document id="1377A29DD4E67CF35028F20C6E6F8740" ID-CLB-Dataset="4952" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22" ID-GBIF-Dataset="048de9b3-27ce-4938-9f67-afa8b1bc2143" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4927325" ID-ZooBank="26314FBC-18A7-4EBA-B0CF-5ADD5B03F5FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623430045271" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J. &amp; Hongpadharakiree, Komsan" docDate="2021" docId="FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4984.1.22.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4984 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Conothele Thorell 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="305" masterDocId="0702FFFB2521FFBCFFE9FFEEFFD7FFEF" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae)" masterLastPageNumber="323" masterPageNumber="300" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1699010458049" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="50118C5F995A2AF339E845FD0D1C5DB5">Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1C882C867E42B4C8E2E541A53F251862">Decae, Arthur E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A09DA718253469B2FFA285551FF92FC1">Schwendinger, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D1D941232D64EFE0493D1B35E8432602">Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève, c. p. 6404, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9BCFF2BF5BB38616D90704E4782A5AC8">Hongpadharakiree, Komsan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="90A34C3CE42365383E9C559F9BC7B305">Sirinart Rajini Mangrove Ecosystem Learning Center, Pranburi, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Thailand.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5206069" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184412313" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5206069" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="305" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">
<subSubSection id="3B88651E2522FFBFFF7EF904FE17F8EB" box="[151,448,1770,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="732D36952522FFBFFF7EF904FE17F8EB" blockId="3.[151,448,1770,1797]" box="[151,448,1770,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">
<heading id="286581F92522FFBFFF7EF904FE17F8EB" bold="true" box="[151,448,1770,1797]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162522FFBFFF7EF904FE17F8EB" authority="Thorell, 1878" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,448,1770,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFF7EF904FE17F8EB" bold="true" box="[151,448,1770,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFF7EF904FEC4F8EA" bold="true" box="[151,275,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Conothele</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642522FFBFFEF3F905FE17F8EB" author="Thorell, T." box="[282,448,1770,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 317" refId="ref18286" refString="Thorell, T. (1878) Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. II. Ragni di Amboina raccolti dal Prof. O. Beccari. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 13, 1 - 317." type="journal article" year="1878">Thorell, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3B88651E2522FFBFFF7EF8DCFC3EF832" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="732D36952522FFBFFF7EF8DCFC3EF832" blockId="3.[151,1437,1842,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFF7EF8DCFEC5F8A3" bold="true" box="[151,274,1842,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
As mentioned above, 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162522FFBFFDF9F8DDFD54F8A2" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[528,643,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFDF9F8DDFD54F8A2" box="[528,643,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162522FFBFFC30F8DDFB9CF8A2" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[985,1099,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Latouchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFC30F8DDFB9CF8A2" box="[985,1099,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Latouchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the long, thin and flexible embolus of the male palpal organ (
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFDCAF8B9FDBCF89E" box="[547,619,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1002,1026]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,186,973]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[204,1384,181,978]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 4A−L. Conothele martensi spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Carapace, lateral. C Left tarsus I, retrolateral. D–E Distal part of forelegs, ventral (D leg I, E leg II). F–G Left tibia and patella III (F retrolateral, G prolateral). H−K Right palpal organ, clock-wise rotated by 90° (H ventral, I prolateral, J dorsal, K retrolateral). L Harpoon-shaped embolus tip. ab—spine row absent, dh—spines in distal half of tibia only, ne—narrowing of embolus, rsc—reduced saddle-crescent, st—slightly swollen tarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927335/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 4</figureCitation>
H−K, 6H−K cf. 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFCCFF8B9FCBCF89E" box="[806,875,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 8" captionStartId="13.[151,264,928,952]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,181,905]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[159,1428,181,905]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 8A−J. Latouchia incerta spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Left palp, retrolateral. C Tarsus and distal part of metatarsus of left leg I, retrolateral. D–E Left tibia and patella III (D prolateral, E retrolateral). F−I Right palpal organ, clock-wise rotated by 90° (F ventral, G prolateral, H dorsal, I retrolateral). J Embolus tip, retrolateral. Abbreviatons: el—elongated articles of palp, k—keel of embolus tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927343/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 8</figureCitation>
F−I, 10 F−I), by the tripartite spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFA83F8B9FF74F87A" captionStart="FIGURES 5" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1387,1411]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,633,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-246@7.[152,1435,633,1364]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5A−M. Conothele martensi spec. nov., females (A−F paratype PS-001A; G paratype PS-001B; H paratype PS- 001D; I Chiang Dao, 400 m; J paratype PS-001C; K Doi Saket, 400 m; L Ban Pong, 300 m; M Doi Suthep, 580 m). A Habitus, dorsal. B Carapace, lateral. C–D Right tibia and patella III (C prolateral, D retrolateral; note tibia-saddle and reduced saddlecrescent). E Spinnerets, ventral. F–K Variation in the tripartite spermathecae of eight specimens (note twisted medial part and anteriad globular apical part). Abbreviatons: ms—macrospigots on proximal and median article of PLS, rsc—reduced saddlecrescent, sc—saddle-crescent, tw—twisted medial part of spermathecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927337/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 5</figureCitation>
F−K, 7F−H cf. 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFEBDF895FE4FF87A" box="[340,408,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 9" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1280,1304]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,417,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-138@14.[156,1432,417,1257]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 9A−J. Latouchia incerta spec. nov., females (A−D, I paratype PS-013; E Surin, prison, 150 m; F paratype PS-010; G paratype PS-012; H paratype PS-011; J Surin, Ramkhamhaeng, 150 m). A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Right tibia and patella III (B prolateral, C retrolateral). D Spinnerets, ventral. E−J Variation in the monopartite spermathecae of six specimens (note short, compact racemose structures). Abbreviatons: ds—demi-saddle, ms—macro spigots on medial article of PLS, sf—distal spigot field on PMS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927345/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 9</figureCitation>
E−J, 11E−L), by the saddle-shaped dorsal depression with saddle-crescents in tibia III (best seen in females; 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFEB6F871FE71F856" box="[351,422,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1054,1078]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3A−F. Leg III morphology in Ummidiinae females (A, D Ummidia sp.; B, E Conothele sp.; C, F Latouchia sp.).A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927331/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A−B, 5 C−D, 7C−D cf. 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFD23F871FCFFF856" box="[714,808,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1054,1078]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3A−F. Leg III morphology in Ummidiinae females (A, D Ummidia sp.; B, E Conothele sp.; C, F Latouchia sp.).A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927331/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 3C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFCD1F871FC92F856" box="[824,837,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 9" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1280,1304]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,417,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-138@14.[156,1432,417,1257]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 9A−J. Latouchia incerta spec. nov., females (A−D, I paratype PS-013; E Surin, prison, 150 m; F paratype PS-010; G paratype PS-012; H paratype PS-011; J Surin, Ramkhamhaeng, 150 m). A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Right tibia and patella III (B prolateral, C retrolateral). D Spinnerets, ventral. E−J Variation in the monopartite spermathecae of six specimens (note short, compact racemose structures). Abbreviatons: ds—demi-saddle, ms—macro spigots on medial article of PLS, sf—distal spigot field on PMS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927345/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">9</figureCitation>
B−C, 11 B−C), and by the presence of a prodorsal protuberance on trochanter III (absent in 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162522FFBFFD8AF82DFD02F832" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[611,725,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Latouchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872522FFBFFD8AF82DFD02F832" box="[611,725,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Latouchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFD0AF82DFCF1F832" box="[739,806,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1054,1078]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3A−F. Leg III morphology in Ummidiinae females (A, D Ummidia sp.; B, E Conothele sp.; C, F Latouchia sp.).A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927331/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Figs 3</figureCitation>
D−E cf. 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102522FFBFFC61F82DFC0BF832" box="[904,988,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1054,1078]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[160,1428,181,1029]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3A−F. Leg III morphology in Ummidiinae females (A, D Ummidia sp.; B, E Conothele sp.; C, F Latouchia sp.).A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927331/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="303">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="27ED661D2525FFB8FF7EFBF0FE61FB4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4927331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927331/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" startId="4.[151,264,1054,1078]" targetBox="[160,1428,181,1029]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="732D36952525FFB8FF7EFBF0FE61FB4D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1054,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FF7EFBF0FE99FBD9" bold="true" box="[151,334,1054,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">FIGURES 3A−F.</emphasis>
Leg III morphology in 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FDD1FBF0FD60FBD9" authorityName="Ortiz" authorityYear="2007" box="[568,695,1054,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ummidiinae">Ummidiinae</taxonomicName>
females (A, D 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FCA4FBF0FC07FBDA" box="[845,976,1054,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FCA4FBF0FC7CFBD9" box="[845,939,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; B, E 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FBE2FBF0FB4FFBDA" box="[1035,1176,1054,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FBE2FBF0FBA4FBD9" box="[1035,1139,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; C, F 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FB38FBF0FA8BFBD9" box="[1233,1372,1054,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Latouchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FB38FBF0FAEFFBD9" box="[1233,1336,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Latouchia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
). A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="3B88651E2525FFB9FF2EFB3EFD95FABA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="305" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="732D36952525FFB8FF2EFB3EFCB5FA2C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1232,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FF2EFB3EFEC6FB05" bold="true" box="[199,273,1232,1258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Notes.</emphasis>
Distinguishing 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FE2CFB3EFDEFFB05" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[453,568,1232,1258]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FE2CFB3EFDEFFB05" box="[453,568,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FD94FB3EFD32FB05" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[637,741,1232,1258]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FD94FB3EFD32FB05" box="[637,741,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been the subject of a long-standing debate in which three views, leading to two opposing hypotheses, are expressed in the literature. The first view, mainly based on data from morphology, behaviour and distribution, claims that the two genera are synonymous (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FBACFAF6FB14FADC" author="Main, B. Y." box="[1093,1219,1304,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="160 - 163" refId="ref16860" refString="Main, B. Y. (1957) Adaptive radiation of trapdoor spiders. Australian Museum Magazine, 12 (5), 160 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570402" type="journal article" year="1957">Main 1957</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FB25FAF6FAD0FADC" author="Main, B. Y." box="[1228,1287,1304,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref16899" refString="Main, B. Y. (1985) Further studies on the systematics of ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, (Supplementary Series), 108, 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 108" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FAF8FAF6FA9BFADD" author="Main, B. Y." box="[1297,1356,1304,1330]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="83 - 90" refId="ref16959" refString="Main, B. Y. (1998) Hogg's phantom spider from Central Australia: a century-old mystery solved. In: Selden, P. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17 th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997. British Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, pp. 83 - 90." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FABFFAF7FF03FAB9" author="Decae, A. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="328 - 340" refId="ref16015" refString="Decae, A. E. (2010) The genus Ummidia Thorell 1875 in the western Mediterranean, a review (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 328 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 85.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Decae 2010</bibRefCitation>
). The second view, based on molecular studies, claims that 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FC6DFAD2FC20FAB9" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[900,1015,1340,1366]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FC6DFAD2FC20FAB9" box="[900,1015,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FBD8FAD2FB4EFAB9" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[1073,1177,1340,1366]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FBD8FAD2FB4EFAB9" box="[1073,1177,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are separate, although reciprocally monophyletic genera, that are separated in space and in time (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FC3BFA8EFB79FA95" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Opatova, V. &amp; Garrison, N. L. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[978,1198,1376,1403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="303 - 313" refId="ref16389" refString="Godwin, R. L., Opatova, V., Garrison, N. L., Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2018) Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126, 303 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.04.008" type="journal article" year="2018">
Godwin 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FBDDFA8FFBB2FA95" box="[1076,1125,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FB50FA8EFA4FFA95" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M. &amp; Montes de Oca, L. &amp; Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[1209,1432,1376,1403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="671 - 707" refId="ref17199" refString="Opatova, V., Hamilton, C. A., Hedin, M., Montes de Oca, L., Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2019) Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology, 69 (4), 671 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syz 064" type="journal article" year="2019">
Opatova 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FAF7FA8FFA98FA95" box="[1310,1359,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FF0AFA6AFE34FA71" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[227,483,1412,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref16331" refString="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2021) Taxonomic revision of the New World members of the trapdoor spider genus Ummidia Thorell (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). ZooKeys, 1027, 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1027.54888" type="journal article" year="2021">Godwin &amp; Bond 2021</bibRefCitation>
). The third view, based on differences in burrow or nest structure, claims that 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FABFFA6AFF1AFA2D" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FABFFA6AFF1AFA2D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FEEDFA46FEBBFA2D" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[260,364,1448,1474]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FEEDFA46FEBBFA2D" box="[260,364,1448,1474]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct in their behaviour (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FD22FA46FC81FA2C" author="Haupt, J." box="[715,854,1448,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="77 - 79" refId="ref16612" refString="Haupt, J. (2006) On the taxonomic position of the East Asian species of the genus Ummidia Thorell, 1875 (Araneae: Ctenizidae). In: Deltshev, C. &amp; Stoev, P. (Eds), European Arachnology 2005. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Supplement 1, 77 - 79." type="journal article" year="2006">Haupt 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952525FFB8FF2EFA22FD24F90D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1232,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">
Arguments supporting the first view are: the similarity in morphology and behaviour of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FB54FA22FAE7FA09" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[1213,1328,1484,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FB54FA22FAE7FA09" box="[1213,1328,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FA83FA23FF00F9E5" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FA83FA23FF00F9E5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FF0FFA1EFEB1F9E4" author="Main, B. Y." box="[230,358,1520,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="160 - 163" refId="ref16860" refString="Main, B. Y. (1957) Adaptive radiation of trapdoor spiders. Australian Museum Magazine, 12 (5), 160 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570402" type="journal article" year="1957">Main 1957</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FE98FA1EFE7BF9E4" author="Main, B. Y." box="[369,428,1520,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref16899" refString="Main, B. Y. (1985) Further studies on the systematics of ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, (Supplementary Series), 108, 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 108" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FE51FA1EFE24F9E5" author="Main, B. Y." box="[440,499,1520,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="83 - 90" refId="ref16959" refString="Main, B. Y. (1998) Hogg's phantom spider from Central Australia: a century-old mystery solved. In: Selden, P. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17 th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997. British Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, pp. 83 - 90." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FDE9FA1FFD5EF9E5" author="Decae, A. E." box="[512,649,1520,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="328 - 340" refId="ref16015" refString="Decae, A. E. (2010) The genus Ummidia Thorell 1875 in the western Mediterranean, a review (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 328 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 85.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Decae 2010</bibRefCitation>
), the fact that there is no unequivocal distributional divide to separate the genera in space (
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102525FFB8FE91F9FAFE64F9C0" box="[376,435,1556,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,843,867]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,179,817]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[152,1435,179,817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Type localities of all species Ummidiinae listed in the World Spider Catalog (2021) and of the four species described in here. Red dots—Ummidia (55 species), blue dots—Conothele (32 species), green dots—Latouchia (22 species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927327/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Fig.1</figureCitation>
) and the fact that the two genera are consistently found to constitute a monophyletic group in DNA-based phylogenetic studies (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FDD5F9D6FCFCF9BD" author="Hedin, M. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[572,811,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="454 - 471" refId="ref16671" refString="Hedin, M. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2006) Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18 S and 28 S): Conflict and agreement with the current system of classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 454 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.05.017" type="journal article" year="2006">Hedin &amp; Bond 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FCD1F9D6FC2BF9BD" author="Bond, J. &amp; Hendrixon, B. E. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M." box="[824,1020,1592,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="38753" refId="ref15749" refString="Bond, J. E, Hendrixon, B. E., Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M. (2012) A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida, Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology. PloS ONE, 7 (6), e 38753. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0038753" type="journal article" year="2012">
Bond 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FC94F9D7FC67F9BD" box="[893,944,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FBE1F9D6FB39F9BD" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A." box="[1032,1262,1592,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="1135 - 1145" refId="ref17064" refString="Opatova, V., Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A. (2013) Ancient origins of the Mediterranean trap-door spiders of the family Ctenizidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 1135 - 1145. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.08.002" type="journal article" year="2013">
Opatova 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FB99F9D7FB74F9BD" box="[1136,1187,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FB12F9D6FF04F999" author="Wheeler W. C. &amp; Coddington, J. A. &amp; Crowley, L. M. &amp; Dimitrov, D. &amp; Goloboff, P. A. &amp; Griswold, C. E. &amp; Hormiga, G. &amp; Prendini, L. &amp; Ramirez, M. J. &amp; Sierwald, P. &amp; Almeida-Silva, L. &amp; Alvarez-Padilla, F. &amp; Arnedo, M. A. &amp; Benavides Silva, L. R. &amp; Benjamin, S. P. &amp; Bond, J. E. &amp; Grismado, C. J. &amp; Hasand, E. &amp; Hedin, M. &amp; Izquierdo, M. A. &amp; Labarque, F. M. &amp; Ledford, J. L. &amp; Lopardo, L. &amp; Maddison, W. P. &amp; Miller, J. A. &amp; Piacentini, L. N. &amp; Platnick, N. I. &amp; Polotow, D. &amp; Silva-Davila, D. &amp; Scharff, N. &amp; Szuts, T. &amp; Ubick, D. &amp; Vink, C. J. &amp; Wood, H. M. &amp; Zhang, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="576 - 616" refId="ref18329" refString="Wheeler W. C., Coddington, J. A., Crowley, L. M., Dimitrov, D., Goloboff, P. A., Griswold, C. E., Hormiga, G., Prendini, L., Ramirez, M. J., Sierwald, P., Almeida-Silva, L., Alvarez-Padilla, F., Arnedo, M. A., Benavides Silva, L. R., Benjamin, S. P., Bond, J. E., Grismado, C. J., Hasand, E., Hedin, M., Izquierdo, M. A., Labarque, F. M., Ledford, J. L., Lopardo, L., Maddison, W. P., Miller, J. A., Piacentini, L. N., Platnick, N. I., Polotow, D., Silva-Davila, D., Scharff, N., Szuts, T., Ubick, D., Vink, C. J., Wood, H. M. &amp; Zhang, J. (2016) The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics, 33 (6), 576 - 616. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12182" type="journal article" year="2016">
Wheeler 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FA8BF9D7FA42F9BD" box="[1378,1429,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FF36F9B2FE12F999" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M. &amp; Montes de Oca, L. &amp; Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[223,453,1628,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="671 - 707" refId="ref17199" refString="Opatova, V., Hamilton, C. A., Hedin, M., Montes de Oca, L., Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2019) Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology, 69 (4), 671 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syz 064" type="journal article" year="2019">
Opatova 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FEAEF9B3FEAEF999" box="[327,377,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Arguments supporting the second view are based on the supposedly non-overlapping distributions of the two genera and phylogenetic analysis using hundreds of loci, resulting in the conclusion that 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FF7EF94AFEDDF951" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,266,1700,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FF7EF94AFEDDF951" box="[151,266,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FEADF94AFE7BF951" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[324,428,1700,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FEADF94AFE7BF951" box="[324,428,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are two independent evolutionary lineages that are to be regarded as reciprocally monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FEE9F926FE0AF90D" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Opatova, V. &amp; Garrison, N. L. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[256,477,1736,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="303 - 313" refId="ref16389" refString="Godwin, R. L., Opatova, V., Garrison, N. L., Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2018) Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126, 303 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.04.008" type="journal article" year="2018">
Godwin 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FE8AF927FE43F90D" box="[355,404,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FE00F926FD31F90D" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[489,742,1736,1762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref16331" refString="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2021) Taxonomic revision of the New World members of the trapdoor spider genus Ummidia Thorell (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). ZooKeys, 1027, 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1027.54888" type="journal article" year="2021">Godwin &amp; Bond 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952525FFB8FF2EF902FDC8F879" blockId="4.[151,1437,1232,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">
An important difference between these two views is that the first view, advocating for synonymy, rests on data that were collected in over two centuries of descriptive work which revealed the intercontinental distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FA80F8FFFF2EF8A1" authorityName="Ortiz" authorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ummidiinae">Ummidiinae</taxonomicName>
shown in 
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102525FFB8FE82F8DAFE7CF8A1" box="[363,427,1844,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,843,867]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,179,817]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[152,1435,179,817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Type localities of all species Ummidiinae listed in the World Spider Catalog (2021) and of the four species described in here. Red dots—Ummidia (55 species), blue dots—Conothele (32 species), green dots—Latouchia (22 species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927327/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, while the DNA-based second view, advocating for distinction, rests on recent sampling of populations from a few widely separated localities almost at opposite ends of the geographical range of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FAF9F8B6FA4BF89D" authorityName="Ortiz" authorityYear="2007" box="[1296,1436,1880,1906]" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ummidiinae">Ummidiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642525FFB8FF76F892FEAAF879" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Opatova, V. &amp; Garrison, N. L. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[159,381,1916,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" pagination="303 - 313" refId="ref16389" refString="Godwin, R. L., Opatova, V., Garrison, N. L., Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2018) Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126, 303 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.04.008" type="journal article" year="2018">
Godwin 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FEEBF893FEE4F879" box="[258,307,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 1, fig. 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952525FFB9FF2EF84EFE39FE1A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1232,2015]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="305" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">
The third view is here rejected on grounds of personal observations on a wide range of nest/burrow structures in many 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FF10F82AFE13F831" box="[249,452,1988,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FF10F82AFEBBF831" box="[249,364,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Conothele</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in Southeast Asia and of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162525FFB8FD0BF82AFC75F831" box="[738,930,1988,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872525FFB8FD0BF82AFC9DF831" box="[738,842,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="304">Ummidia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in Central America and the western Mediterranean. Instead of finding different nest/burrow 
<typeStatus id="AC2988372524FFB9FD56FF79FD2DFF5E" box="[703,762,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">types</typeStatus>
in the two genera, our observations revealed a remarkable overlap in nest/burrow 
<typeStatus id="AC2988372524FFB9FE70FF55FE03FF3A" box="[409,468,187,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">types</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FDE9FF55FDA4FF3A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[512,627,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FDE9FF55FDA4FF3A" box="[512,627,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FD41FF55FCC7FF3A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[680,784,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FD41FF55FCC7FF3A" box="[680,784,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most species in both genera construct simple, dead-ended underground burrows of variable length, that are densely lined with thick white silk and covered by a thin, stiff, almost circular hinged trapdoor (
<figureCitation id="EBA92A102524FFB9FDEEFEEDFD8BFEF2" box="[519,604,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 14" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1255,1279]" captionTargetBox="[150,1437,669,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-229@18.[150,1437,669,1232]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 14A−E. Latouchia maculosa spec. nov., photos taken in the field. A Habitat at the type locality. B Closed trapdoor (indicated by white arrow). C Burrow entrance with the trapdoor fully opened (note the dense white silk lining of the burrow walls and of the inside of the trapdoor). D Characteristic defence behaviour of many fossorial trapdoor spiders: clinging onto the inside of the trapdoor and pulling it back into the closed position against an external force. E Living female outside her burrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4927355/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Figs 14</figureCitation>
B−D). Other species, in both genera, construct terrestrial burrows, that are furnished with a second trapdoor at the bottom of the burrow opening to an underground cavity. These remarkable burrows are very similar to burrows found in the ctenizid genus 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FC6BFEA5FB1EFE89" authority="(Decae 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Decae" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[898,1225,331,358]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Cyrtocarenum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FC6BFEA5FBF4FE8A" box="[898,1059,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Cyrtocarenum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FBDAFEA5FB16FE89" author="Decae, A. E." box="[1075,1217,331,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="135 - 140" refId="ref15977" refString="Decae, A. E. (1996) Variation in burrow morphology of Mediterranean trapdoor spiders (Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie, special edition 1, 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="1996">Decae 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FB1EFEA5FABDFE8A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[1271,1386,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FB1EFEA5FABDFE8A" box="[1271,1386,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF7EFE81FF28FE66" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,255,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF7EFE81FF28FE66" box="[151,255,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these ‘two-door burrows’ are found in geographically widely separated species such as 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FB0CFE81FA89FE66" authorityName="Decae" authorityYear="2010" box="[1253,1374,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="algarve">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FB0CFE81FA89FE66" box="[1253,1374,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">U. algarve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="0B8576052524FFB9FF7EFE7DFF21FE42" box="[151,246,403,429]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FEEDFE7DFE5AFE42" author="Decae, A. E." box="[260,397,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="328 - 340" refId="ref16015" refString="Decae, A. E. (2010) The genus Ummidia Thorell 1875 in the western Mediterranean, a review (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 328 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 85.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Decae 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FE20FE7DFDEEFE43" box="[457,569,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varvati">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FE20FE7DFDEEFE43" box="[457,569,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">C. varvati</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="0B8576052524FFB9FD94FE7DFD60FE42" box="[637,695,403,429]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FD2DFE7DFC34FE42" author="Pickard-Cambridge, F. O." box="[708,995,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="817 - 829" refId="ref17312" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1907) On some new and little known Araneidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 817 - 829. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1907. tb 06960. x" type="journal article" year="1907">Pickard-Cambridge 1907</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FC07FE7DFB68FE42" author="Siliwal, M. &amp; Nair, M. V. &amp; Molur, S. &amp; Raven, R." box="[1006,1215,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref17890" refString="Siliwal, M., Nair, M. V., Molur, S. &amp; Raven, R. (2009). First record of the trapdoor spider genus Conothele (Araneae, Ctenizidae) from India, with a description of two new species. Journal of Arachnology, 37, 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 07 - 86.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Siliwal 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FBADFE7DFBA2FE42" box="[1092,1141,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). A second trapdoor at the bottom of the burrow was also observed in an unidentified 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FC9AFE59FC31FE3E" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[883,998,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FC9AFE59FC31FE3E" box="[883,998,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female collected at the 
<typeStatus id="AC2988372524FFB9FB1BFE59FAF5FE3E" box="[1266,1314,439,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF7EFE35FF30FE1B" authority="Decae &amp; Schwendinger &amp; Hongpadharakiree, 2021" authorityName="Decae &amp; Schwendinger &amp; Hongpadharakiree" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,231,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isan" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF7EFE35FF30FE1B" box="[151,231,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">C. isan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF07FE35FEB7FE1A" bold="true" box="[238,352,475,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AD557FC2524FFB9FF07FE35FEB7FE1A" box="[238,352,475,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in 
<collectingCountry id="0B8576052524FFB9FE6AFE35FE3DFE1A" box="[387,490,475,501]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Thailand</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952524FFB9FF2EFE11FDB3FD22" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">
Furthermore, there are species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FD63FE11FCA9FDF6" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1899" box="[650,894,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboricola">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FD63FE11FCA9FDF6" box="[650,894,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele arboricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the southwest Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FB2FFE11FABAFDF5" author="Pocock, R. I." box="[1222,1389,511,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="10 - 11" refId="ref17415" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1898 b) Scorpions, Pedipalpi and spiders collected by Dr. Willey in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, Loyalty Islands, etc. In: Willey, A. (Ed.), Zoological results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897. Part I. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 95 - 120, pls 10 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1898">Pocock 1898b</bibRefCitation>
), an undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FECEFDCDFE23FDD2" box="[295,500,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FECEFDCDFE4DFDD2" box="[295,410,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from Koh Tao, a small island off the east coast of southern 
<collectingCountry id="0B8576052524FFB9FB4EFDCDFADAFDD2" box="[1191,1293,547,573]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, another undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FEE4FDA9FE0BFD8E" box="[269,476,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FEE4FDA9FE57FD8E" box="[269,384,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="0B8576052524FFB9FDBCFDA9FD44FD8E" box="[597,659,583,609]" name="Palau" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Palau</collectingCountry>
Islands, and an as yet undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FBD3FDA9FB29FD8E" box="[1082,1278,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FBD3FDA9FB75FD8E" box="[1082,1186,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from Central America, that construct short cigar-shaped trapdoor-nests attached to trees trunks well above ground level. These nests are similar to arboreal tree nests found in the barychelid genus 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FC76FD61FC35FD46" box="[927,994,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Barychelidae" genus="Sason" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FC76FD61FC35FD46" box="[927,994,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Sason</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FBC3FD61FAD9FD46" author="Schwendinger, P. J." box="[1066,1294,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="197 - 207" refId="ref17848" refString="Schwendinger, P. J. (2003) Two new species of the arboreal trapdoor spider genus Sason (Araneae, Barychelidae) from Southeast Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51 (2), 197 - 207." type="journal article" year="2003">Schwendinger 2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 15) and the 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF29FD5DFDB7FD22" authority="(Griswold &amp; Ledford 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Griswold &amp; Ledford" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[192,608,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Migidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Migidae (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FEC5FD5DFD80FD22" author="Griswold, C. E. &amp; Ledford, J." box="[300,599,691,717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref16479" refString="Griswold, C. E. &amp; Ledford, J. (2001) A monograph of the migid trapdoor spiders of Madagascar and review of the world genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Migidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 151, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2001">Griswold &amp; Ledford 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952524FFB9FF25FD39FCECFB06" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">
As mentioned above, the lack of diagnostic characters in morphology, behaviour and genetics has led to the use of geographical separation as an argument to distinguish genera and species in 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FBFDFD15FB77FCFA" authorityName="Ortiz" authorityYear="2007" box="[1044,1184,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ummidiinae">Ummidiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FB59FD15FA80FCFA" author="Xu, X. &amp; Xu, C. &amp; Liu, F. X. &amp; Zhang, Z. T. &amp; Li, D. - Q." box="[1200,1367,763,789]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="63 - 74" refId="ref18635" refString="Xu, X., Xu, C., Liu, F. X., Zhang, Z. T. &amp; Li, D. - Q. (2017) Four new species of the trapdoor spider genus Conothele Thorell, 1878 from mainland China and Laos (Araneae, Ctenizidae). ZooKeys, 643, 63 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 643.10543" type="journal article" year="2017">
Xu 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FB32FD15FADAFCFA" box="[1243,1293,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FA8BFD15FECEFCD6" author="Yang, Z. Z. &amp; Xu, X." pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="171 - 180" refId="ref18712" refString="Yang, Z. Z. &amp; Xu, X. (2018) Two new species of the trapdoor spider genus Conothele Thorell, 1878 (Mygalomorphae: Halonoproctidae) from China. Zootaxa, 4442 (1), 171 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4442.1.10" type="journal article" year="2018">Yang &amp; Xu 2018</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FECCFCF1FE19FCD6" author="Liu, H. &amp; Xu, X. &amp; Zhang, Z. &amp; Liu, F. &amp; Li, D." box="[293,462,799,825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 150" refId="ref16793" refString="Liu, H., Xu, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, F. &amp; Li, D. (2019) Four new species of the trapdoor spider genus Conothele Thorell, 1878 (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from China. ZooKeys, 833, 133 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 833.32736" type="journal article" year="2019">
Liu 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FEBAFCF1FE52FCD6" box="[339,389,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FE33FCF1FD0EFCD6" author="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[474,729,799,825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref16331" refString="Godwin, R. L. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2021) Taxonomic revision of the New World members of the trapdoor spider genus Ummidia Thorell (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). ZooKeys, 1027, 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1027.54888" type="journal article" year="2021">Godwin &amp; Bond 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Geography-based arguments to structure taxonomy are, however, debatable, particularly when used to classify taxa such as 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FC8DFCADFC00FCB2" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[868,983,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FC8DFCADFC00FCB2" box="[868,983,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FBE6FCADFBA0FCB2" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[1039,1143,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FBE6FCADFBA0FCB2" box="[1039,1143,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which are not as strongly dispersal-limited as most other mygalomorph spiders (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FD1CFC89FC63FC6E" author="Bond, J. &amp; Hendrixon, B. E. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M." box="[757,948,871,897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="38753" refId="ref15749" refString="Bond, J. E, Hendrixon, B. E., Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M. (2012) A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida, Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology. PloS ONE, 7 (6), e 38753. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0038753" type="journal article" year="2012">
Bond 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FCD0FC89FCBDFC6E" box="[825,874,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). The large geographical ranges observed in 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF7EFC65FEDDFC4A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,266,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF7EFC65FEDDFC4A" box="[151,266,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FEABFC65FE7DFC4A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[322,426,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FEABFC65FE7DFC4A" box="[322,426,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been attributed to their capacity for aerial dispersal (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FBD5FC65FB6BFC4A" author="Main, B. Y." box="[1084,1212,906,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref16899" refString="Main, B. Y. (1985) Further studies on the systematics of ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, (Supplementary Series), 108, 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 108" type="journal article" year="1985">Main 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FB2EFC65FAD5FC4A" author="Main, B. Y." box="[1223,1282,907,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="83 - 90" refId="ref16959" refString="Main, B. Y. (1998) Hogg's phantom spider from Central Australia: a century-old mystery solved. In: Selden, P. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17 th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997. British Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, pp. 83 - 90." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FAE6FC65FA4FFC4A" author="Decae, A. E." box="[1295,1432,907,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="328 - 340" refId="ref16015" refString="Decae, A. E. (2010) The genus Ummidia Thorell 1875 in the western Mediterranean, a review (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 328 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 85.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Decae 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FF7EFC41FEA3FC26" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A." box="[151,372,943,969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1135 - 1145" refId="ref17064" refString="Opatova, V., Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A. (2013) Ancient origins of the Mediterranean trap-door spiders of the family Ctenizidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 1135 - 1145. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.08.002" type="journal article" year="2013">
Opatova 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF15FC41FEFBFC26" box="[252,300,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FE97FC41FE6CFC26" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Hamilton, C. A. &amp; Hedin, M. &amp; Montes de Oca, L. &amp; Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E." box="[382,443,943,969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="671 - 707" refId="ref17199" refString="Opatova, V., Hamilton, C. A., Hedin, M., Montes de Oca, L., Kral, J. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2019) Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology, 69 (4), 671 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syz 064" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
). Aerial dispersal has been established or inferred in several 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FBBEFC41FB68FC26" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[1111,1215,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FBBEFC41FB68FC26" box="[1111,1215,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FB1DFC41FF14FC02" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FB1DFC41FAB0FC26" box="[1268,1383,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FF38FC3DFE81FC02" author="Baerg, W. J." box="[209,342,979,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref15626" refString="Baerg, W. J. (1928) Some studies of a trapdoor spider (Araneae: Aviculariidae). Entomological News, 39, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1928">Baerg 1928</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FE88FC3DFE09FC02" author="Main, B. Y." box="[353,478,978,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref16899" refString="Main, B. Y. (1985) Further studies on the systematics of ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, (Supplementary Series), 108, 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 108" type="journal article" year="1985">Main 1985</bibRefCitation>
; Coyle 1985; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FD91FC3DFCEDFC02" author="Coyle, F. A. &amp; Greenstone, M. H. &amp; Hultsch, A. L. &amp; Morgan, C. E." box="[632,826,978,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref15917" refString="Coyle, F. A., Greenstone, M. H., Hultsch, A. L. &amp; Morgan, C. E. (1985) Ballooning mygalomorphs: estimates of the masses of Sphodros and Ummidia ballooners (Araneae: Atypidae, Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 13, 291 - 296." type="journal article" year="1985">
Coyle 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FD2BFC3DFD2EFC02" box="[706,761,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
1985
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FCAFFC3DFC38FC02" author="Eberhard, W. G." box="[838,1007,979,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="254 - 257" refId="ref16198" refString="Eberhard, W. G. (2006) Dispersal by Ummidia spiderlings (Araneae, Ctenizidae): ancient roots of aerial webs and orientation? Journal of Arachnology, 34, 254 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / S 03 - 54.1" type="journal article" year="2006">Eberhard 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FC10FC3DFB17FC02" author="Fisher, J. R. &amp; Fisher, D. M. &amp; Skvaria, M. J. &amp; Dowling, A. P. G." box="[1017,1216,979,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="318 - 321" refId="ref16248" refString="Fisher, J. R., Fisher, D. M., Skvaria, M. J. &amp; Dowling, A. P. G. (2014) Pre-ballooning in Ummidia Thorell 1875 (Araneae, Ctenizidae) from the interior highlands, USA: second account from the region and review of mygalomorph ballooning. Journal of Arachnology, 42, 318 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / B 14 - 43.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Fisher 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FBACFC3DFBA1FC02" box="[1093,1142,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Aerial dispersal in mygalomorph spiders however, appears much less effective than in araneomorph spiders (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FB6CFC19FAB1FBFD" author="Opatova, V. &amp; Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A." box="[1157,1382,1015,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1955 - 1966" refId="ref17127" refString="Opatova, V., Bond, J. E. &amp; Arnedo, M. A. (2016) Uncovering the role of the Western Mediterranean tectonics in shaping the diversity and distribution of the trap-door spider genus Ummidia (Araneae, Ctenizidae). Journal of Biogeography, 43 (10), 1955 - 1966. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12838" type="journal article" year="2016">
Opatova 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FB04FC19FAC9FBFE" box="[1261,1310,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
) and can therefore not explain long-distance or over-water dispersal events that have apparently shaped the distribution ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FEE3FBD1FEAAFBB6" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[266,381,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FEE3FBD1FEAAFBB6" box="[266,381,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FE51FBD1FDF7FBB6" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[440,544,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FE51FBD1FDF7FBB6" box="[440,544,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another, possibly stronger explanation for the wide geographical ranges and the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FEA2FB8DFE64FB92" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[331,435,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FEA2FB8DFE64FB92" box="[331,435,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FE02FB8DFD89FB92" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[491,606,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FE02FB8DFD89FB92" box="[491,606,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on volcanic and remote oceanic islands (
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FBDBFB8DFB1BFB92" author="Simon, E." box="[1074,1228,1123,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="549 - 575" refId="ref18060" refString="Simon, E. (1891 a) On the spiders of the island of St. Vincent. Part 1. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1891, 549 - 575." type="journal article" year="1891">Simon 1891a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FB30FB8DFAADFB92" author="Pocock, R. I." box="[1241,1402,1123,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="457 - 475" refId="ref17362" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1898 a) Scorpions, Pedipalpi and spiders from the Solomon Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 1 (6), 457 - 475, pl. 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939808678002" type="journal article" year="1898">Pocock 1898a</bibRefCitation>
, b; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FF7EFB69FEC4FB4E" author="Main, B. Y." box="[151,275,1158,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="160 - 163" refId="ref16860" refString="Main, B. Y. (1957) Adaptive radiation of trapdoor spiders. Australian Museum Magazine, 12 (5), 160 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570402" type="journal article" year="1957">Main 1957</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FEF7FB69FE61FB4E" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[286,438,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref17600" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1963) Araneina: Orthognatha, Labidognatha. Insects of Micronesia, 3 (4), 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="1963">Roewer 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FE28FB69FD89FB4E" author="Saaristo, M. I." box="[449,606,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref17628" refString="Saaristo, M. I. (2002) New species and interesting new records of spiders from Seychelles (Arachnida, Araneaea [sic]). Phelsuma, 10 (suppl. A), 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2002">Saaristo 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FD81FB69FD39FB4E" author="Decae, A. E." box="[616,750,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="328 - 340" refId="ref16015" refString="Decae, A. E. (2010) The genus Ummidia Thorell 1875 in the western Mediterranean, a review (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 328 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 85.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Decae 2010</bibRefCitation>
) is dispersal of principally arboreal species by rafting. For the arboreal 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF12FB45FEB9FB2A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1878" box="[251,366,1195,1221]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Conothele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF12FB45FEB9FB2A" box="[251,366,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Conothele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FE4EFB45FDBFFB2A" box="[423,616,1195,1221]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenizidae" genus="Ummidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FE4EFB45FDD8FB2A" box="[423,527,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Ummidia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
mentioned above, dispersal events as described for species of the migid genus 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF09FB21FDB3FB06" authority="(Harrison et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[224,612,1231,1257]" class="Arachnida" family="Migidae" genus="Moggridgea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FF09FB21FEBDFB06" box="[224,362,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">Moggridgea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17034B642524FFB9FE91FB21FD8BFB06" author="Harrison, S. E. &amp; Harvey, M. S. &amp; Cooper, S. J. B. &amp; Austin, A. D. &amp; Rix, M. G." box="[376,604,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305" pagination="0180139" refId="ref16531" refString="Harrison, S. E., Harvey, M. S., Cooper, S. J. B., Austin, A. D. &amp; Rix, M. G. (2017) Across the Indian Ocean: A remarkable example of trans-oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider. PLoS ONE, 12 (8), e 0180139. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0180139" type="journal article" year="2017">
Harrison 
<emphasis id="41E6EA872524FFB9FE0AFB21FDC3FB06" box="[483,532,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
can be envisioned.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732D36952524FFB9FF26FB1DFD95FABA" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="305">
In conclusion: it is clear that sampling the entire geographical range and collecting biological information of 
<taxonomicName id="B4924D162524FFB9FF7EFAF9FEF4FADE" authorityName="Ortiz" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,291,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halonoproctidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ummidiinae">Ummidiinae</taxonomicName>
is necessary to build a satisfactory understanding of this still poorly known, but remarkably successful and diverse group of trapdoor spiders.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>