treatments-xml/data/95/26/94/952694EED45D54709120A8ED6E68BB88.xml

<document id="1702BE4F7BA01FA38D5186E8CE889AB3" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478" ID-ZooBank="D9698204-3A76-4B93-A4E5-E2352A12871A" ID-publisher-id="120478" URI-arpha="EDCBB212-4A4C-514B-B6DC-D601E02BCEA0" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/D9698204-3A76-4B93-A4E5-E2352A12871A" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1715800307499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cover, Stefan P. &amp; Rabeling, Christian" docDate="2024" docId="952694EED45D54709120A8ED6E68BB88" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1202: 111-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1202" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/120478/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Tapinoma incognitum Cover &amp; Rabeling 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6E385B56-D69F-4EB7-A75C-88C2D7D23A67" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="134" masterDocId="EDCBB2124A4C514BB6DCD601E02BCEA0" masterDocTitle="Four new inquiline social parasite species in the dolichoderine ant genus Tapinoma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="111" updateTime="1715906299813" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="0D865EF6E5AF0EA74F65A9FE0EBF4B6E">Four new inquiline social parasite species in the dolichoderine ant genus Tapinoma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F01505EE9424B6A26796089B5E34502">Cover, Stefan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5512E579A569A094E23B7A94E65D62F8">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EB72F6DA04B5C94D0585FAEB5F79567E">Rabeling, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D8981E220F83CC9C63D98F43752BF821">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA &amp; Department of Integrative Taxonomy of Insects, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany &amp; KomBioTa – Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy Research, University of Hohenheim &amp; State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Social Insect Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 550 E Orange Street, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="D94EDE857558F0EE185F45555CC77118">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="952694EED45D54709120A8ED6E68BB88" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11200400" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11200400" ID-arpha="952694EE-D45D-5470-9120-A8ED6E68BB88" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/6E385B56-D69F-4EB7-A75C-88C2D7D23A67" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6E385B56-D69F-4EB7-A75C-88C2D7D23A67" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6E385B56-D69F-4EB7-A75C-88C2D7D23A67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/952694EED45D54709120A8ED6E68BB88">
<subSubSection id="38BC2F62121161FC69020F9339201EF2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB5BCB4A2B3FA4DBFFF98BED841632C">
<taxonomicName id="EA1345CD1982750EFABEAFBBC11D2636" authority="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9669BF84C7685892858C313CE214D60B" italics="true">Tapinoma incognitum</emphasis>
Cover &amp; Rabeling
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E6B6122A6E015AF5D0A347F854875DCA" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELVAE" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D662BBD0E8EAC4F17E538E2996FA89A5">
<heading id="837D98D48BA579C9EA1E3C9DFE3F6C2F" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9448CC7465DA5F6D145B8B398F282262">
A workerless, host-queen-tolerant inquiline social parasite of 
<taxonomicName id="72264AD2C5A0A786A29ED4333E28828A" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis id="83951191BC7C0AD319E6D490B60CC604" italics="true">Tapinoma sessile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing morphological and life history traits of the inquiline syndrome. Both females and males are miniaturized (i. e., smaller than the host workers), alate, and morphologically complete (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F6BD79582942CC2173B560DE382437A8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological comparison of the Tapinoma incognitum holotype queen A, C, E and a paratype male B, D, F in lateral A, B dorsal C, D and full-face E, F view. The type series was collected in Alumbed Hollow in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7749. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A – D); 0.2 mm (E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049986">1</figureCitation>
, Table 
<tableCitation id="DAA7E0B67DBBFA788EC8D410C066C415" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
). Females eclose with intact wings, but the wings are fragile and quickly deciduous. Males are brachypterous. Females have a reduced 4, 3 palp formula, anterior clypeal border with weak median concavity, denticulate mandibles with only 2–4 denticles. In side view petiole with low, rounded node; viewed from the rear dorsal margin concave (rarely flat). Males similar in size and overall habitus to females but often darker in color and easily recognized by their extruding genitalia. Males have a reduced 5, 3 palp formula and only 12 antennal segments. Females of 
<taxonomicName id="0AF9AD1B608C0D8353B5D04B93724D70" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="EA87FB714406D6F669F66A38D91B5AF0" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are closely similar in habitus to those of 
<taxonomicName id="62E5D2790443DF07C64C2753BAFBDEBF" authority="Cover &amp; Rabeling, 2024" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0B946A4E8DFC1730FE38E9C4DF2E8EA6" italics="true">T. pulchellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="420675B0FF4A7A3DAA2F51C54EF4CA87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but can be easily distinguished by palp count, concave anterior clypeal border, mandibular dentition, and propodeal profile.
</paragraph>
<caption id="11AEA37577DB9734D555825A09217CF7" startId="T2">
<paragraph id="1B0D92007B9E099D327403BA6389544D">
<label id="54105F9E792D8C2A99DF43DFD299CEEB">Table 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97E6C535BD0762A97753460F4D1BBF63">
Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in 
<taxonomicName id="D790EC8E6FDD201527B266818216BA5D" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B79BD5B7426EA95ADC178A03130749A9" italics="true">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, 
<taxonomicName id="3FFF874FD9AFD44EB70A569081B269E5" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis id="92AA570B89660BA07A1A5956EF46501B" italics="true">Tapinoma sessile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is included in this table (traits modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="CA73B81008DA5DF3274A6E51892FC8CB" author="Kutter" firstAuthor="Kutter" journalOrPublisher="Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich" pagination="1-62" refId="B25" refString="Kutter H (1968) Die sozialparasitischen Ameisen der Schweiz. Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 171: 1 – 62." title="Die sozialparasitischen Ameisen der Schweiz." volume="171" year="1968">Kutter 1968</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="358E733E4E95A62619DB206638AC50C8" author="Wilson" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Belknap Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts" refId="B46" refString="Wilson EO (1971) The Insect Societies. Belknap Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 548 pp." title="The Insect Societies." year="1971">Wilson 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6735A6B163C75A13E47E8247137BEF57" DOI="10.1007/BF02223615" author="Wilson" firstAuthor="Wilson" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pagination="316-334" refId="B47" refString="Wilson EO (1984) Tropical social parasites in the ant genus Pheidole, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 31 (3): 316 – 334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02223615" title="Tropical social parasites in the ant genus Pheidole, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="31" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5DBB7CAB26E73312EE6164EA5F645F95" DOI="10.1007/s00040-019-00705-z" author="Rabeling" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rabeling" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pagination="435-451" refId="B37" refString="Rabeling C, Messer S, Lacau S, Nascimento IC, Bacci M, Delabie JHC (2019) Acromyrmex fowleri: A new inquiline social parasite species of leaf-cutting ants from South America, with a discussion of social parasite biogeography in the Neotropical region. Insectes Sociaux 66 (3): 435 – 451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-019-00705-z" title="Acromyrmex fowleri: A new inquiline social parasite species of leaf-cutting ants from South America, with a discussion of social parasite biogeography in the Neotropical region." volume="66" year="2019">Rabeling et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="24B7D867E844EE106A660E6E7E35C14B" DOI="10.1098/rsbl.2023.0399" author="Prebus" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Prebus" issue="12" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pagination="20230399" refId="B31" refString="Prebus M, Georgiev BB, van de Kamp T, Hamann E, Baker I, Rabeling C (2023) The rediscovery of the putative ant social parasite Manica parasitica syn. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals an unexpected endoparasite syndrome. Biology Letters 19 (12): 20230399. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0399" title="The rediscovery of the putative ant social parasite Manica parasitica syn. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals an unexpected endoparasite syndrome." volume="19" year="2023">Prebus et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7EF3815A30E852506F4209EA622D6C63">
<table id="TID0ESAAI" rules="all">
<tbody id="38D198E475EC422948A59696DE689850">
<tr id="D3ECC496DA34634C4341208E5026AC77">
<th id="FB0A3CF54673AF9B9C2BC8EA92F4162E" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="2">-</th>
<th id="D4D8CCE9C8EE4BD35C89102A309456C8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Host</th>
<th id="39849CF600A46414E17EAD48C8FCFC34" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Social parasites</th>
</tr>
<tr id="C4CB6E197B26AEED7E78BB0A34CA6D1D">
<emphasis id="A218BA17672BC6F828CAC683A53C0FDC" italics="true">
<th id="426A9DE846F09BE38508E73E5B106D89" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7AB7900534A5A4EC97FCA391891B629B" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">T. sessile</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="2D353DB9FB851814D01B913E8D8713A4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9668785A1A4C95EB5972BA1E67B115DC" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shattucki">T. shattucki</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="A3BE64BC85A9E58BC6497E988DE23100" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F7BA2CC65CC4DA4273D7CAF286FB5976" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">T. inflatiscapus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="954B0B1904531B7EBAC10F5E8CFB71CA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8BF47B2AF08EF83D21BAACD19E7C84E8" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">T. incognitum</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="B6123B58D24E35F604B82A6E326BC730" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9959185B82DD5DAFAE8D7246CDD77AB9" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellum">T. pulchellum</taxonomicName>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="8CAEC9ECD8BC0A780AE8CD34B1707E51">
<td id="0196646BB602408F3F9BA1C897F2B2C1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Worker caste absent</td>
<td id="0C2A8F67DB8158E1CF14A1F367C86594" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="5B5C232D268D1B40937CD359F2998F6B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="ED86A7D88D1D71BCB39D3B9E9F398F37" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="BF5131A87E8524BC271B3420BDE06874" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="D2F4D736D7E31A0BC07F763E6C076555" colspan="1" rowspan="1">? (+)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FE74535DDBE6016B5781E0F2A54A64C4">
<td id="234A54A3343DBC7DAE0294B9C5DA69A4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Multiple egg laying host queens present (host polygyny)</td>
<td id="DD4E9F420B8C54860BC94C85FB2FBBF9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="E80166A6B99550712982885A87EC61FD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">? (–)</td>
<td id="BC91E2591CF31B79B8045EA07052D580" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="93C0A59FA9573D286F9879291A1C551D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="C4C9C508E9B431A045A6C904B87D8974" colspan="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5BCC6D481EED330D5BFB52BA805110FE">
<td id="BF3E0F4D99B87AA798795E7BFE308A25" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Multiple egg laying parasite queens present in host colony (parasite polygyny)</td>
<td id="D3C96AD8829CFA2C1924F986B332DFBD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">n / a</td>
<td id="73E6023FC18EE0F82A82F17A7B2B6496" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="A90BE9698FCE71D670D98A26C1BDF360" colspan="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td id="412CA34CF81F35E91D9FEB00CFB6A419" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="14B60E0470FE5F1EBBD79C2A5AA57DEF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="17127A9567338D56C74C7D11290CA21C">
<td id="6650D1CAC8258CD75EC337AD04E82ABB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parasite queen coexists with host queen (host queen tolerance)</td>
<td id="E4BD94368076E76D84555F80BAB3424A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">n / a</td>
<td id="4AAFF3F551198928B817784E17BFCFAF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">? (–)</td>
<td id="336E72972C11DF5C34C68CD355E06D2D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="8BAA42B1B86E2EF356DABFC68B0D0499" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="DEC7275A88660102EF4513409F723C7C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">? (+)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9FAB6C33502FBAF6287F37E2C526612A">
<td id="030F33E26D56239356593F7A5EF89C84" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Adelphogamy (inside nest mating)</td>
<td id="B7CA26423584B139C1FD7E7EA08C4E0C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="F3183CA931C5FA8BAD89BA17BEDA0C16" colspan="1" rowspan="1">? (–)</td>
<td id="69339055D765299A7472793C7286EDB9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td id="9F28265FA2DB82F210893469D06FC8B0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="05D96B1CB43872359F25522BC59E3D48" colspan="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr id="67C56D48464ACFA7B2850DBD09B01557">
<td id="6EC9A342FC4BF437B6211FE3F6201F71" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gynaecomorphism (gyne-like male morphology)</td>
<td id="582625F3BC5EA40E929746A12DFEB277" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="D0C198B03505BDBE25544069E816C3C6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="C6512B9A84742949446211F20CF2D40B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="E9FC705545275C5DFC48F50540313401" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="1AD9596CD51E39073DAABFD455AB6CBA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BBC6DEDB3FA321978186E49942F34296">
<td id="E49DDEFB74B458840CDC9EA2AC943533" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Fragmented populations, limited geographic distribution</td>
<td id="DC25AFABA2B0F67D620375A2B46863BC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="0A59641FB898A924191419FD6A45172A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="90894F413C95878ECCCBAC87E52E9435" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="5B00DD284AFFE2DF07A4CA5A7F0008CA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="C05CCAF181E09F7CCB59A78E779F5B2D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FCC46C7C218BABE82622AC7E591D065F">
<td id="921DA657496285C2C71CEF9B4AF9A2B0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(North America)</td>
<td id="3A907DBE5079F1F09DB2458B1C193409" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(2 localities in MA)</td>
<td id="A8B17E9674226D85734442B3E58DADC3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(UT, CO)</td>
<td id="888AFB191AA9124E84D455BD878B38ED" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(type locality, UT)</td>
<td id="18206B3126075DF580EEF629A4FDD769" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(type locality, NC)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4A3BC7ECF31A8DE3B309AA0F0EC9DF6F">
<td id="312CD1EE3CEB0FE16B8E6FB340B4F80C" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Reduced body size</td>
<td id="2A34496B22EE979929EA240787440F38" colspan="1" rowspan="2">–</td>
<td id="856B83CF7863016BD2DA5F0F99F13A99" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="4CFD788006BBB55CA9DCA86DDDB60281" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="4F730FC9541B165FFB330F6AF3BF3007" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="7A1E1CC5952B4CF40EBB480C7B9CF956" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7262D1DAA2886A31D808D42EFE4929BE">
<td id="F1C0E9DEAA5B496EE3636D598B924218" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(size of host worker)</td>
<td id="41DC041E9823382E65B1F77AE7A3D3D5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(size of host worker)</td>
<td id="4C288C29968DCB69F1865C84969FE0ED" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(smaller than host worker)</td>
<td id="BF43A1B8FAFE65FBD82A2431D36AD715" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(smaller than host worker)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F9284748A79AF41BF2CEE0FFEFB52B1A">
<td id="7B7B49E07C94A0626807A72E3216A5C5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Exoskeleton becomes thinner and less pigmented</td>
<td id="9F17EE655C6E806640142D1B1C86D89A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="4D4F5B8019442C980FF66FB26780EFB2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="EDB1DCC7074A286B2D8104186FE93894" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="D5B2755787EE332971179F7643CD24E5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="8FCE2ED37838308FC74B0FE99B6C995D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0155B0A92365A958180B901F72DA440A">
<td id="23F3A9EE662F77B47308640CC4433A7E" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Number of antennal segments reduced in females</td>
<td id="6A50F3CBFE3C0979BE5E4085339C41BE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="0F7611A7DD6BAEC5C6F90CBCAF92381A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="5F090C05FFC3A68643A1C1C78676A039" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="043539F54101B48CB830045DFEC5BA8E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="6E036ECF15DE07A85E5798401C35FE02" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="15354A55B1BFA4113068B66913AEF58A">
<td id="FAA908C460785B93E26D52857CD5B8C1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 12)</td>
<td id="63173D6B7EE6B61077BA73D79818F82E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 12)</td>
<td id="E22F36B2B104942971773D672AE1AD58" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 12)</td>
<td id="36901371E98C6A0B1DDB1F7D0E53E980" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 12)</td>
<td id="E3515388281D7F9D9F86D8FB15856F3F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 12)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6851C3FBD83DB5B681273A65C510234C">
<td id="F05A1808E6A475ABEA7CFF19502C4FFA" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Number of antennal segments reduced in males</td>
<td id="B21736632679A3A04FA741A8827AEFCC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="CC1CB169AA80E96A2492006E5A70B54F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="12C16EE5AB8B5320B4C569245CC894E0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="9B5673AD39A9D4014C605CDFEE77EC97" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="CD90BC58C85643E1F32AF74B38334933" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="329CF94D6757FEA7979E3F84DB8ED16E">
<td id="72211103165734201F1B975A5AC074B5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 13)</td>
<td id="DFE8DA8B2D3338A4EB0D43222A930059" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 13)</td>
<td id="CAA161731B24D3C2E64DEB637A3A0097" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 13)</td>
<td id="D0746A8E9B61DC0D1910F54C3B91BED1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 12)</td>
<td id="5CDEE44343E62B6DFCBA54B7E1D0C742" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 12)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3AA00CE472DC0C4328DC58B8F9BD1728">
<td id="13113B72C57BCA27EE091A70015A2C75" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Number of maxillary and labial pals (palp formula) reduced in females</td>
<td id="E8E1B4F622E5ED71DD4BB39F696835ED" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="5514074088D1A822DDCAB49DC2BCB13F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="5E11FC90E9F15A4A4AB1661BECBB68DA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="819D021E57EA4997CB67948789FB9354" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="63C44F2689D2B89D7FF4F71AA5099E41" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="965D4A0CD081B2530B030FD04657B663">
<td id="CC5B330AA35576066B3D0D28535BC671" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 6, 4)</td>
<td id="C65321D1D54FAB196D95E022100A7C90" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 5, 4)</td>
<td id="F9545AEDA8900AB4BB7316954C6D0207" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 5, 4)</td>
<td id="F7D2034B3D965B8ABB642F0BECC0CE78" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 4, 3)</td>
<td id="441C393BFDEED85AE5B1705D4BE65651" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: 5, 4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A19F9E77AA8C978AB262CE086CAEBFA5">
<td id="ED09690D7898C6498088BD12B09842DD" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Number of maxillary and labial pals (palp formula) reduced in males</td>
<td id="DD21B3873D83435708818C7119AEF5C3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="5F8C71E0B53B29AB0811508493F13CF8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="0E313645D0BDCF744770C5ECD32A2A53" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="D8AB6D0395752CA7994224A18A3D2301" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="6952ECBB3CC4C56D367F10011D759B14" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="761B49152DEED8F9A03CC1C94AC6FCFA">
<td id="082818F88CF1C6F80EA1F44BE1C21C43" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 6, 4)</td>
<td id="C2CB3AD5C3BBD42BD6A2EC906801DC74" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 5, 4)</td>
<td id="EF9CDAB49BC6D71DF1B7C37540889CEE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 6, 4)</td>
<td id="0CFAF35DBE162EFE649F6019F6B711BC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 5, 3)</td>
<td id="22D447212E3106226387CE7CCA934F8C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: 5, 4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="801257F605FF4FF1AB0BF6B0808ACD20">
<td id="C2DB819249610F11CC3C3ED2A4BB1F0C" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Reduced mandibular dentition</td>
<td id="8C10DA8ACC71D894BC7CEF71B4516E75" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="DE2449445BBCA78CF1E0954CAC399B60" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="9D162138681D97C3E58597EA791BD3F6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="8F20E2DDD8FAFF26568AA3005A060729" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="373603593678570F4C3B9FFB363BDF9F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DB965EA79F994A6EC9F076611978A29">
<td id="B3503A39CADBA6ECEF2BCCA04C79664A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">14 teeth</td>
<td id="4DB70A6484F08E4805D779EA8AA32624" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(10 – 11 denticles)</td>
<td id="19C2CF8694C822353CFA0531585EDB78" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(11 denticles)</td>
<td id="B4AC95A3D84AF9E4245D1B221022E66D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(2 – 4 denticles, plus apical tooth)</td>
<td id="6A78F5E8C3852D00D5C30AC4C14B20F8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(only apical tooth)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6D24440BDE4ED32C39C453A325186DEA">
<td id="1CF7B00AE996FDB972FB53DAC9BD7F20" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Reduced wings in females</td>
<td id="4E70A68162E9FE7B703BD4A10337FAC4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="D4BC62B0AF22C720E2229AFB9ED7FFD0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="DF3F24EEDAD89606E7DA8DE31DAD4533" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="3C18B0AA4B422B55AA67FA7C5E376931" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="74DD40C07AADE167B8E3DF73E5005FD1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BC0B9437BE934600A11F8DF0553EC063">
<td id="28CA5EB0A8D43868AC0B3B160FAA8735" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="011973D2269C67B19EB4AD3498341A08" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="BBA44E9E5F5BAD51B3F0A5B211AF0A36" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="E1ECC82894E98B8CA77B9163E1A53346" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: wings deciduous)</td>
<td id="EEAEDF31CB027DACA4CEEDA8D578D522" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♀: winged)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4EA779C9888A3CA36F8D94FCD28196DC">
<td id="3FF92266BA60CE77B4F4595DEB65F1F3" colspan="1" rowspan="2">Reduced wings in males</td>
<td id="C511FF0D98AF6CC4091FA7212D06911A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="474866D9633E34323FAAC1F5FA4FD841" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="F30E98B32099F4BB563C010DA39E7E34" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="EB8FE78BDA25E9B12360A81ADE0704D3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="6121735645351E74F76A65CDF3FB593E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5B2B2699A41036B94CCFE0ECABF21F57">
<td id="73FC9D8E3D1B1914E1F9ECB6F74AAE36" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="267895B05C25054B72CA61F012700BD2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="A0CA9E0B94C3E6DCFAFDBC2A9DAF5B7A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂ capable of flying)</td>
<td id="6322F4070F72CF7A2F469C1C2AF29BE0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: brachypterous)</td>
<td id="AC7F562E3B25CCC2104BBEFCBAEAC5A1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(♂: brachypterous)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="044510ED320D77974722B482A230369E">
<td id="F0B50DF335C598950230BA611351FD25" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Petiole thickened</td>
<td id="FD75E7BFC2256798964708438A2F7FA1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="3D519FB27933A304654EDDEF178DE309" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="132537A611BCA3743E9F72160E8355FA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="FC4F1DF1771FAECA1B680C8C05EC37E2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
<td id="84EBB0E86A0B19C90FD582E8C51636D6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">+</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="2252551B2E8D1A0D7C92584C6DB8F3F6" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure1" ID-arpha="CC620E96-D0F1-5AA6-BA9F-2A8761154C57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049986" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="DD51EA03177B5E7F267110FC4634C547">
<label id="585259B68C5323346770E3C12170AF89">Figure 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5FF0AB190E0D8F88576A30C9C67EFA6A">
Morphological comparison of the 
<taxonomicName id="B78AA021AFD29F32E16B56EB9FD0F77B" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="E59CAA85481276F596AA87FE8057748B" italics="true">Tapinoma incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype queen 
<emphasis id="07CAE5F0BACE82B0D491A9DC9C14795C" bold="true">A, C, E</emphasis>
and a paratype male 
<emphasis id="13446FF0366972090FF26281303CBB05" bold="true">B, D, F</emphasis>
in lateral 
<emphasis id="466A46F6A8DDA8A4A5D7682C45C534B6" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
dorsal 
<emphasis id="57ECC5D0D609E759445BFC2A678ACDFB" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
and full-face 
<emphasis id="9F7CDF892BB3E09BB8234F051CD50E56" bold="true">E, F</emphasis>
view. The type series was collected in Alumbed Hollow in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7749. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="CFE5A48AB8390BA379A8DC1292510E6C" bold="true">A – D</emphasis>
); 0.2 mm (
<emphasis id="814A33E702CE930C60D94EA4DD507095" bold="true">E, F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1KAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="FFC6ED3417F3D782E037B5E35394DD9F">
<heading id="117E1704241C1C647B997E10AC6B6F49" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2308A429370253E928AC086891315668">
<emphasis id="EE90AE3F2E878F87D07C134373C6DD81" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="FAE389C7D9D4AE8B1E37775C1B4B23A4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
queen: 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFLAG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
0.53, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJLAG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
0.53, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENLAG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
0.44, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERLAG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
0.82, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVLAG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
100, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZLAG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
83. Head in full-face view nearly square, dorsal margin straight with corners evenly rounded. Anterior margin of clypeus with shallow median impression; posterior border rounded, not projecting forward between antennal insertions. Mandibles reduced, barely touching each other when mandibles are fully closed; apical tooth well developed, cutting edge of mandible with 2–4 small denticles. Antennae with 12 segments, scapes relatively short, surpassing the dorsal margin of head by less than their own maximum width. Palp count 4, 3. Mesosoma with typical modifications related to wing bearing. In lateral view, propodeum forming an evenly rounded convexity and lacking distinct dorsal and posterior surfaces. Orifices of propodeal spiracles slightly elevated and conspicuous. Metapleural gland orifice significantly reduced. Petiole in side view with low, blunt node; viewed from the rear trapezoidal with concave dorsal margin. Petiolar spiracles located on top of laterally extended tubercles. In dorsal view, four gastric tergites visible. Integument thin, specimens can shrivel when dried. Body surface covered with short, appressed pubescence; posterior margin of all gastric sternites and fourth gastric tergite with sparse, long setae. Color pale brown to yellowish brown, appendages pale yellow. 
<typeStatus id="330F40D73364696DA9099860C690C971" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
queens (
<emphasis id="2EFE41C7B2E07AA32852C1488CAC51A4" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 8): 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6LAG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
0.50 – 0.53, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDMAG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
0.50 – 0.53, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHMAG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
0.41 – 0.47, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELMAG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
0.76 – 0.88, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPMAG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
94 – 100, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETMAG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
78 – 94.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D149D2E382FF6451A68EB16308C584FE">
<emphasis id="DCDB4E454E10F95CE0F30F307B080480" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="BEFF26BB36281EE31B1E1F27B0BD59E8" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
male: 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5MAG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
0.50, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECNAG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
0.47, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGNAG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
0.47, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKNAG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
0.76, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EONAG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
94, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESNAG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
100. Males small, approximately the same size as the queen, brachypterous, closely similar to the conspecific queen in habitus. Head in full-face view almost square. Eyes small, maximum diameter ~ ¼ of head length; individual ommatidia partly fused, lacking the distinct convex surface of each ommatidium; compound eyes appear to be coated with a translucent resin. Ocelli slightly elevated above the surface the head. Anterior clypeal margin with a broad, median, shallow impression. Mandibles reduced, with a single large apical tooth; denticles on cutting edge of mandible indistinct. Antennae with 12 segments, scapes shorter than the head (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWNAG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
), surpassing the dorsal margin of head by twice their maximum width. Palp count 5, 3. Mesosoma enlarged with typical modifications related to wing bearing. In lateral view, propodeum rounded, convex, with dorsal and posterior of approximately equal length. Metapleural gland orifice absent / reduced. Petiole small, overhung by first gastric tergite, not entirely visible in dorsal view. In dorsal view, five gastric tergites visible. Hind wings reduced to wing remnants lacking venation. Body surface covered with short, appressed pubescence, except for the antennal scapes and flagellum, which are covered by a dense, short, suberect pubescence. Color medium brown to black. 
<typeStatus id="4518966B7BB561743E2CE24102FD1D88" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
males (
<emphasis id="A5A952FD932E26B9E307D5BB444BD7A2" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 3): 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3NAG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
0.50 – 0.56, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAOAG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
0.47 – 0.53, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEOAG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
0.44 – 0.47, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIOAG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
0.76, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMOAG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
94 – 100, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQOAG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
83 – 100.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUOAG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6002C42596676B147EEBB99E204FC969">
<heading id="42102F4917AD126903CE4FCA08174E1A" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC7E38EC4BB8A0438A55B0727164A6E5">
When first seen in the field, the collector’s initial impression was of a 
<taxonomicName id="A23503A673C32A643DD5E9B62D7901DD" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis id="F3FA6047CE5290703586CF13308CF79E" italics="true">Tapinoma sessile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colony infested by tiny diapriid wasps of some kind. A second look made it clear they were, in fact, tiny inquilinous ants. Hence, the species name is the nominative neuter of the Latin adjective 
<emphasis id="DF7F178C6ECE0CDA7614A39DDF51800E" italics="true">incognitus</emphasis>
, meaning unknown, unrecognized, in disguise.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHPAG" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="017C516F585746699F93C746B483F6C9">
<heading id="0E9A038FE43E8C3AE474477FCEEDAD8C" reason="title">Type locality.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="511B08015CD6127F652C851C436DEB53">
<collectingCountry id="8656BB32F6151E50F2C66D597E980672" name="United States of America">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="BD3B2CF08D61F7BA35608E679DA595F5" country="United States of America" name="Utah">Utah</collectingRegion>
, Sevier County, Alumbed Hollow, 
<quantity id="346F6B07E9BD21F212E930EB59407D6C" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35184896" unit="mi" value="8.4">8.4 miles</quantity>
west of I- 70 (Exit 71) on Salina County Frontage Rd., a dirt road paralleling I- 70. GPS: 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EQPAG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-111.697000,38.910000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="3AFA923BD22FAD171715315949E98BB0" degrees="38.910" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="38.91">38.910 ° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0839B58BAC30FDBA1543A8D68C53EDDE" degrees="111.697" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-111.697">111.697 ° W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; elevation 5980 ’ (
<quantity id="1B14DA558F19A78D0D49EA589331259D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.823" unit="m" value="1823.0">1823 m</quantity>
). Small canyon running southwest to northeast with dense, heavily grazed Gambel Oak (
<taxonomicName id="83A26D2B2B3DF8E414EFE97B03706570" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gambelii">
<emphasis id="74DCAA5215A49AC83E7D33879B9547B0" italics="true">Quercus gambelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) thickets to 25 ’ (
<quantity id="EEE466102C1A08E8A772E84C3CCC025D" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
) tall on east-facing slope. Collected by SPC (SPC 7749), 
<date id="B9535CD12328A652077A1A6B87A92993" value="2008-07-16">16 July 2008</date>
. Collection Notes: SPC 7749. Site heavily grazed. Dense Gambel Oak thicket; forest floor protected from grazing by oak stem density. Superficial nest under rock in pale shade of dense Gambel Oak thicket. 2 - cm thick oak litter present. Humusy sand soil. Very dry conditions. ~ 500 ants, multiple host queens present. Brood was mostly eggs and young larvae; just a few parasite and host worker pupae present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAQAG" type="type material">
<paragraph id="A00334EF3CFDCD153475A58E6A6B5482">
<heading id="1D7E421AC69BC62FE5FF67D9DE4A73E3" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800E40E50D086DAE72FADF6004980E75">
<materialsCitation id="89E7FF985B18EC86BE20D1373471608A" collectionCode="SPC, MCZENT" specimenCode="SPC 7749, MCZENT 00806456" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-queen="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="5A68C5B531EB204F659741B68607994B" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="0284C65678BB3AB3AAB49D80ADEB6DE4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="3EC1540B7E3D5D86915F72C1B7B118FC" type="queen">queen</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="BE8896805B005FB442B1FF040DACC65C">SPC 7749</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="EADACB253CCF778E815FF292FA5560D5">MCZENT 00806456</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="C4E872CD5EECC7A47AF1A88918284A58" collectionCode="SPC, MCZENT" specimenCode="SPC 7749, MCZENT 00806457" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="16C84BB1DEBD2265B3ADD2326DDCF80D" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="8D5372049CDD1660F911ED675D17BA41" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9279FCB3505D55942B6D8D7EAC1426BF" type="male">male</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="022712E3E5954461C7AA512776F354BC">SPC 7749</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="91D30ED986A1F7190F0CCCD975BDED79">MCZENT 00806457</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
, and the following additional 
<typeStatus id="C5C2329A3078BADDFC50BA945F0AF1AB" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<materialsCitation id="29945745C4D18B090BC5F56FCCFB3296" collectingDate="2008-07-16" collectionCode="SPC" specimenCode="SPC 7749" specimenCount="30" specimenCount-male="17" specimenCount-queen="13">
<specimenCount id="9E91491DAD95B19FE4E73CB71E771F53" type="queen">13 queens</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="916437BB1B3292FFF1FCA69CE420120A" count="17" type="male">17 males</specimenCount>
[
<date id="72D86542CED2B6C995D741AE346CCC02" value="2008-07-16">
<collectingDate id="55D955D9420654A935FF4009802D9681" value="2008-07-16">16 - VII- 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCode id="758BA7DBF993F5BF0ADDE21E0640CF7B">SPC 7749</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="F6D828A59B996E468612324AF1856CDB" collectingDate="2009-07-19" collectionCode="SPC" specimenCode="SPC 8077" specimenCount="38" specimenCount-male="3" specimenCount-queen="35">
<specimenCount id="927C642B23320B53C40151AE575C4F97" type="queen">35 queens</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="942A7ECB72F860BB74D0B13DCC4C3D30" count="3" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
[
<date id="6A14A86CB1C9836B80992FBF41C1E784" value="2009-07-19">
<collectingDate id="95DD5B85A24342F964E7768E4A534B99" value="2009-07-19">19 - VII- 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCode id="897F960903962DA51D564E46151D9C04">SPC 8077</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="BE44EB46A16C9AF4B475C22638281283" collectingDate="2013-07-19" collectionCode="SPC" specimenCode="SPC 8656" specimenCount="23" specimenCount-male="4" specimenCount-queen="19">
<specimenCount id="C00B1FB77B9EE6E9E9DD0D8F4058BFE0" type="queen">19 queens</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="4E72C642D4BDC17056F6A73118AC898E" count="4" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
[
<date id="EFEF82CA2BBEBE7501AB8F2CCF8A04DD" value="2013-07-19">
<collectingDate id="51C915D90F15AE8D96818101702189FE" value="2013-07-19">19 - VII- 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCode id="FB64FC25FDB3015B378BB1E8EF47437A">SPC 8656</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<typeStatus id="F7F0F8A90A79080B1DD253DDBE973024" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="07CB413C05A4888278737E0ABE7C43AA" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
deposited in the 
<named-content id="725403047CB60E3212589D9A665A565E" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="7BF1671FB50335C11E88B28791EEEBD3">MCZC</collectionCode>
</named-content>
. Additional 
<typeStatus id="7E89030E854826A65D74DBB78ED08C9B" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
deposited at 
<named-content id="15697363300F8ACD523FF60144EFB572" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/california-academy-sciences" xlink_title="California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="DF461F7E3F67C22444375DB627AD4C9C">CASC</collectionCode>
</named-content>
, 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWQAG" xlink_title="C. Rabeling Collection, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany">
<collectionCode id="E6BF61E871FF9692DE0EEDA40F4B4661">CRC</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
, 
<named-content id="8CEB3406F9D72BA634ED4480E03BED16" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-los-angeles-county" xlink_title="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="9AEAE1387133248F9B2759CF754EC2CF" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
</named-content>
, and 
<named-content id="BE52A68329F6A8D5C30C482B977167A5" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/university-california" xlink_title="Bohart Museum of Entomology Collection, University of California at Davis, CA, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="64BD26C5516B76A889ECBAFFE4C84C2C" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kd99-229r" name="R. M. Bohart Museum of Entomology" type="Museum">UCDC</collectionCode>
</named-content>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECRAG" type="material">
<paragraph id="1B0ECBF88F7D9C550E200B018654739B">
<heading id="223BE1EC4814A1B26BE53860D42F6004" reason="title">Additional material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59B8E14F558F4533193A5CFF4A1059AC">(i) SPC 8077. Same site description as above. Site not as heavily grazed as in 2008. Nest under dead oak branch half buried in oak litter in shade. Very dry conditions. ~ 1500 ants. Multiple host queens present. Eggs and young larvae present plus some host worker pupae. No inquiline pupae seen.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6EA3CCB6EFD2F7421BB2A18195F0807">
(ii) SPC 8656. Same site description as above. Not as heavily grazed as in 2008. In 
<quantity id="9BEAA0FF0F92E3D1BA44510E626B64A9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
diameter hard, dead oak stump in shade. Very dry conditions. ~ 1000 ants. Multiple host queens present. Eggs, larvae, and a few inquiline and host worker pupae present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIRAG" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4CE083B4C7D9FE20B27EBCAF31E12985">
<heading id="A493A8C4E6D59991F4EB91A17B9E28F0" reason="title">Discussion and biology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE813E4DDFAF8457C1725D4730DA5810">
<taxonomicName id="124832D234E7763B52B839AAA3082F63" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="DB875FA3EC7BDF21C493B333AB1FD840" italics="true">Tapinoma incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from three collections that were made at the 
<typeStatus id="99D3AA02AC9919F4E8F67A2348D79D6B">type</typeStatus>
locality on separate occasions. All were mixed colonies containing 
<taxonomicName id="1F1C5C0650C74D5EA842F7317E9E02BE" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="E3A519D0389F0E8B7E12E09C4B12845B" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its host 
<emphasis id="478921EE91F7E2724E63C41D802F3B81" italics="true">
<taxonomicName id="A9C7EA5AFCF82688E13418A655796464" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">T. sessile</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Each colony contained multiple fertile host queens, numerous host workers, and some host worker pupae. In addition, each nest contained males and females of 
<taxonomicName id="6F1C113B2E4BBB629C362FF2A35EE577" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="EA71D52639C1B8E652E9AEA41E7686C4" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and, in two collections, parasite pupae. No 
<taxonomicName id="5D99777177ECDE3E45753B41EF4E67D8" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="1BB37637F8F296264F8DCBCA584D2DA2" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers were found. In each colony, several 
<taxonomicName id="1CED5C614935E4953852ABDC0D5AAC6E" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="668FEEC482C6F37B09BA74FABA3D4ED5" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
queens were observed with enlarged metasomas, implying that multiple parasite queens were reproductively active (i. e., functional polygyny of social parasite; Table 
<tableCitation id="2C69CD3AADB5C49D6AA383565B58F7DE" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
). A striking feature of this species is the strong convergence in size and habitus between females and males (i. e., gynaecomorphism; Table 
<tableCitation id="103FD4284C4E4F1D7DBB608A42BC260E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
). Males, however, are easily recognizable by their externally visible genitalia and because they are brachypterous; the wing remnants are small, crumpled, distorted, and persistent. In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="35BA5CFD2EB81DD83C7D932A04363DFC" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="EE4229038110F272B88A61141F3DFF14" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also displays other morphological characters typical of the inquiline syndrome (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A8167C93D1D22E25D14C6CDF72EEF327" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological comparison of the Tapinoma incognitum holotype queen A, C, E and a paratype male B, D, F in lateral A, B dorsal C, D and full-face E, F view. The type series was collected in Alumbed Hollow in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7749. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A – D); 0.2 mm (E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049986">1</figureCitation>
, Table 
<tableCitation id="48A6658175D66DEC8B21174E7D8D0A18" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
). Hallmark characters include reduced body size, the reduction of antennal segments in the males, and the reduction of palp segments in both queens (palp formula 4, 3) and males (palp formula 5, 3). The wings of queens are extremely fragile, easily deciduous, and almost certainly non-functional, and the males cannot fly. Thus, mating must take place in or around the nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45FE785B0E943B82707DCED2C7540C66">
We kept a colony alive for a few days and made some behavioral observations. It was eye-catching that the host workers carried social parasite queens as if they were pupae and the parasites retracted their appendages against their bodies and became pupae-like when carried. The host workers also regurgitated to and groomed the social parasite queens. Host and social parasite queens encountered one another often but seemed to ignore each other. This suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="FB04F44FC4F51649896B3BBAC32ACDA7" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="F5FCD893C99D5D805DAEE90AB69B8A37" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well integrated in the host society. Collectively these morphological and life history traits indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="4BCBEA23D03DB72119A608AE224318DA" authorityName="Cover &amp; Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis id="BAC08B6F829B4F85CCFE8027CA62BDA7" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a workerless, host-queen-tolerant inquiline social parasite of 
<taxonomicName id="34C2B5ECEE8B4003273985526033DC83" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis id="C97CE0CDFAC1BD58A98463D23E49BF57" italics="true">T. sessile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>