191 lines
21 KiB
XML
191 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346" ID-PMC="PMC5240348" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-641-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" ID-PubMed="28138291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="579464" ID-ZooBank="903D6413C8024864A662D71C50740E2D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-641-1" checkinTime="1481788285262" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Low, Martyn E. Y., Sinniger, Frederic & Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2016" docId="7132E7C99A5F3495576EBDE2890A19DC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 641: 1-80" docOrigin="ZooKeys 641" docPubDate="2016-12-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346" docTitle="Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackelton 1891" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" masterDocTitle="The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1668163821031" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Lee Kong Chian Museum of Natural History, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore & former address: Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sinniger, Frederic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905 - 0227, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan; and Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jreimer@sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-12-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>641</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-641-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">903D6413C8024864A662D71C50740E2D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">579464</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127892773" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7132E7C99A5F3495576EBDE2890A19DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7132E7C99A5F3495576EBDE2890A19DC" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName LSID="7132E7C9-9A5F-3495-576E-BDE2890A19DC" authority="Haddon & Shackelton, 1891" authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackelton, 1891</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1870" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Heterozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Heterozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1870: 371 [
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Parazoanthus</taxonomicName>
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Haddon & Shackleton, 1891a: 653, 654 [
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nomen protectum</emphasis>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa axinella" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="axinella">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Palythoa axinella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Schmidt, 1862, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Originally described as well-developed canal system in the mesoglea of the column, forming a ring sinus. Zoantharians often associated with sponges but not
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="class">Hydrozoa</taxonomicName>
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, lacking skeletal secretion (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B271" refString="Sinniger, F, Reimer, JD, Pawlowski, J, 2010a. The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40(1): 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" title="The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40 (1): 57 - 70." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" year="2010 a">Sinniger et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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). Examined species with endodermal sphincter muscle (=branchiform endodermal muscle [
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" author="Swain, TD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B284" refString="Swain, TD, Schellinger, JL, Strimaitis, AM, Reuter, KE, 2015. Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15(123): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" title="Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (123): 1 - 19." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" year="2015">Swain et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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]), encrustations reaching to endodermal surface of mesoglea (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4" author="Swain, TD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B283" refString="Swain, TD, Swain, LS, 2014. Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy. Zootaxa 3796(1): 81-107. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4" title="Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy. Zootaxa 3796 (1): 81 - 107." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4" year="2014">Swain and Swain 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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"The original morphological description of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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mentions several characteristics such as diffuse endodermal sphincter, encircling sinus, endodermal canals, lacunae and cell-islets in the mesoglea, continuous ectoderm and bodywall incrusted with mineral particles, often with numerous sponge spicules present in the incrustations. As shown in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="B269" refString="Sinniger, F, Montoya-Burgos, JI, Chevaldonne, P, Pawlowski, J, 2005. Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Marine Biology 147(5): 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" title="Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Marine Biology 147 (5): 1121 - 1128." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" year="2005">Sinniger et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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and here, these morphological characteristics alone do not ascertain the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Morphological characteristics in zoanthids can often become artifactual due to both complications
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">encountered</pageBreakToken>
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in making thin cuttings of heavily sediment incrusted polyps, and in interpreting the results of such sections. In the past, the large majority of epizoic macrocnemic zoanthids were described as belonging to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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despite clearly different ecologies in many cases.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Thus, the results of this study strongly suggest that only zoanthid species able to associate with sponges should remain in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as the type species of this genus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa axinellae" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="axinellae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palythoa axinellae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Mediterranean Sea, is regularly associated with demosponges." (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B271" refString="Sinniger, F, Reimer, JD, Pawlowski, J, 2010a. The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40(1): 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" title="The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40 (1): 57 - 70." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" year="2010 a">Sinniger et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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: 69).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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There is a need for a new diagnosis of this genus-grouping. With the recent erection of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer" authorityYear="2015" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Umimayanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Umimayanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Umimayanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Montenegro, Sinniger and Reimer, 2015 and the resurrection of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti" authorityYear="1860" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Bergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bergia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bergia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" author="Montenegro, J" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="B192" refString="Montenegro, J, Low, MEY, Reimer, JD, 2015a. The resurrection of the genus Bergia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860 (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Parazoanthidae. Systematics and Biodiversity 14(1): 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" title="The resurrection of the genus Bergia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860 (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Parazoanthidae. Systematics and Biodiversity 14 (1): 63 - 73." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" year="2015 a">Montenegro et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
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, the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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now consists only of the former phylogenetic grouping of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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'clade
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C’">C'</normalizedToken>
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sensu
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B271" refString="Sinniger, F, Reimer, JD, Pawlowski, J, 2010a. The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40(1): 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" title="The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40 (1): 57 - 70." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0034-3" year="2010 a">Sinniger et al. (2010a)</bibRefCitation>
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and is monophyletic (
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" author="Montenegro, J" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="B192" refString="Montenegro, J, Low, MEY, Reimer, JD, 2015a. The resurrection of the genus Bergia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860 (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Parazoanthidae. Systematics and Biodiversity 14(1): 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" title="The resurrection of the genus Bergia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860 (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Parazoanthidae. Systematics and Biodiversity 14 (1): 63 - 73." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1101028" year="2015 a">Montenegro et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
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: 71).
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haddon & Shackelton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parazoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti" authorityYear="1860" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Bergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bergia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bergia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer" authorityYear="2015" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Umimayanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Umimayanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Umimayanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by 16S-rDNA sequences, lacking the unique 60 bp deletion of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti" authorityYear="1860" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Bergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bergia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bergia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
and the unique insertion and deletion of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer" authorityYear="2015" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Umimayanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Umimayanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Umimayanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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. Thus, the molecular characters described in
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.1253" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="B270" refString="Sinniger, F, Reimer, JD, Pawlowski, J, 2008. Potential of DNA sequences to identify zoanthids (Cnidaria:Zoantharia). Zoological Science 25: 1253-1260. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.1253" title="Potential of DNA sequences to identify zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoantharia). Zoological Science 25: 1253 - 1260." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.1253" year="2008">Sinniger et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sinniger, F" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B273" refString="Sinniger, F, Ocana, OV, Baco, AR, 2013. Diversity of zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) on Hawaiian seamounts: description of the Hawaiian gold coral and additional zoanthids. PLoS ONE 8(1): e52607 (pp. [1]-[13]). [9 Jan 2013 (p. [1])]" title="Diversity of zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) on Hawaiian seamounts: description of the Hawaiian gold coral and additional zoanthids. PLoS ONE 8 (1): e 52607 (pp. [1] - [13]). [9 Jan 2013 (p. [1])]" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
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) appear to be efficient in identifying to genus level and could be used as diagnostic characters.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |