treatments-xml/data/C0/33/D7/C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A.xml

<document id="FED9B0D7C7C24901C0DDE64D8EA089CC" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4222.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="37268" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.257769" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9ea59a17-588e-4af1-8c0d-ebcd50ad0395" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257769" ID-ZooBank="F0EC0A87-B1EE-4B5C-8F53-77A7EEA75F3A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1485156926626" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lima, Flávio C. T." docDate="2017" docId="C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4222.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4222 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="3C0AAF684F77FFF84E33FFC7FFD2FFE7" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller &amp; Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)" masterLastPageNumber="189" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698436136809" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="E25F5204BEDEFFA9254E445668EB4C71" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="F1B2F3EE3ACEA37AA224D582E4887A12">
<mods:title id="5FF57EB5E474A96E1C86875D7966103A">A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller &amp; Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1A34C8E44A75674F745750155CF107BC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B03421E4EDA051D61F8A1A6C15FF91ED">
<mods:roleTerm id="8DFD264C166F11A3A4658C6615E33966">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B4A01092F4468DAB565539D5E189147D">Lima, Flávio C. T.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="BCDFBFEF1D8C8305D90E0F320FB104FE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D2B75E79A5CDA316D620246D23BE35CF" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="84F2E6C1A5717A910146B29C16A6A486">
<mods:title id="B833C87D3CCD94D100039AB131FD8A24">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C93D930BD27F686F0961C6ACBB1DE36B">
<mods:date id="EE4EDBD18B6C9B301AE5B1E0CEF62E9A">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="33DB8DCBC0D7149E70039047B8FAB171" type="volume">
<mods:number id="05086ECE875227F281AEE00602343FC8">4222</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="0CA1EE442F8DD71733CFAB8F6F868832" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5F74407E084BD1F4FEB86602288B615F">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="4D4E60C68EF15E47D2E116C54AB07037" unit="page">
<mods:start id="EA05D3E1AA85C5B32D8B7C743E6BC3F0">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="5C3EEBA7830640D85508EA933EB3B296">189</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="43E7DBDC057A9798FBD6E8AFA51855B7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="169A27732B1BD7CF99C104D5B71F8439" type="CLB-Dataset">37268</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="244FCCE5A879952DA2B4DE8FE3C40B88" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.257769</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="131A1F4DBF861E0063002AC99A4537A5" type="GBIF-Dataset">9ea59a17-588e-4af1-8c0d-ebcd50ad0395</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="04DF695F8DD3F20EB12D544E25916EC0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="46394E85568391D3D5AF67C2420AC262" type="Zenodo-Dep">257769</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="59FC5DA6F5AD6DC201002D4A756FDD5B" type="ZooBank">F0EC0A87-B1EE-4B5C-8F53-77A7EEA75F3A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6025286" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127620823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6025286" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F71FFFE4EA4F9C4FDE7F9FA" box="[151,565,1538,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F9C4FDE7F9FA" blockId="6.[151,565,1538,1565]" box="[151,565,1538,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="136DD16A4F71FFFE4EA4F9C4FDE7F9FA" bold="true" box="[151,565,1538,1565]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F9C4FDE7F9FA" bold="true" box="[151,565,1538,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EDDF9C5FDE7F9FA" ID-CoL="3DKB" ID-ENA="42585" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" box="[238,565,1538,1565]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EDDF9C5FE94F9FB" bold="true" box="[238,326,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Troschel
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F71FFFF4EA4F98FFEE7FF2B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F98FFD42F99C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="688A41284F71FFFE4EA4F98FFD42F99C" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F98FFDDDF9BB" ID-CoL="3DKB" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844: 90" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityPageNumber="90" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,527,1606,1629]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F98FFF33F9BA" box="[151,225,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F71FFFE4ED5F981FDDDF9BB" author="Muller" box="[230,527,1606,1628]" page="90" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1844">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4ED5F981FE3BF9BB" author="Muller" box="[230,489,1606,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1844) Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 10 (1), 81 - 99." type="journal article" year="1844">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1844</bibRefCitation>
: 90
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4C99F98FFB9EF9BB" ID-CoL="NH7B" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel 1844" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[682,1100,1606,1629]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4C99F98FFC98F9BB" box="[682,842,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4D62F981FB9EF9BB" author="Muller" box="[849,1100,1606,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1844) Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 10 (1), 81 - 99." type="journal article" year="1844">Müller &amp; Troschel 1844</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by subsequent designation (
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F71FFFE4EFDF9A2FE6BF99C" author="Eigenmann" box="[206,441,1637,1659]" page="430" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4EFDF9A2FE6BF99C" author="Eigenmann" box="[206,441,1637,1659]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, volume III, 2 (4), 375 - 511." type="journal article" year="1910">Eigenmann, 1910: 430</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
). Gender: masculine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F943FD71F95F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="688A41284F71FFFE4EA4F943FD71F95F" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F943FE15F97D" authority="Kner, 1863: 226" authorityName="Kner" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,455,1668,1690]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chalcinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F943FEC9F97D" box="[151,283,1668,1690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chalcinopsis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F71FFFE4F12F942FE15F97D" author="Kner" box="[289,455,1668,1690]" page="226" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1863">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4F12F942FE47F97D" author="Kner" box="[289,405,1668,1690]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsberichte Koninglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Munchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner, 1863</bibRefCitation>
: 226
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4C6DF943FC10F97D" authority="Kner, 1863" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[606,962,1668,1690]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chalcinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatulus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4C6DF943FC9AF97D" box="[606,840,1668,1690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chalcinopsis striatulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4D7DF942FC10F97D" author="Kner" box="[846,962,1668,1690]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsberichte Koninglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Munchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by subsequent designation (original type designation not researched). Gender: feminine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F906FEE7F911" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="688A41284F71FFFE4EA4F906FEE7F911" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F906FDDEF930" authority="Gunther, 1869: 423" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="423" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,524,1729,1751]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F906FEF9F930" box="[151,299,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F71FFFE4F04F906FDDEF930" author="Gunther" box="[311,524,1729,1751]" page="423" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4F04F906FE01F930" author="Gunther" box="[311,467,1729,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, A. (1869) Descriptions of some species of fishes from the Peruvian Amazons. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869 (2), 423 - 429." type="journal article" year="1869">Günther, 1869</bibRefCitation>
: 423
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4C8AF906FB8EF930" authority="Gunther, 1869" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1869" box="[697,1116,1729,1751]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4C8AF906FC66F930" box="[697,948,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megalobrycon cephalus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4DF2F906FB8EF930" author="Gunther" box="[961,1116,1729,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, A. (1869) Descriptions of some species of fishes from the Peruvian Amazons. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869 (2), 423 - 429." type="journal article" year="1869">Günther, 1869</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F939FDD3F8D4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="688A41284F71FFFE4EA4F939FDD3F8D4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F939FD9DF8F3" authority="Eigenmann &amp; Norris, 1900: 358" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Norris" authorityPageNumber="358" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,591,1790,1812]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F939FF2EF8F3" box="[151,252,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Catabasis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F71FFFE4F30F939FD9DF8F3" author="Eigenmann" box="[259,591,1790,1812]" page="358" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4F30F939FDCEF8F3" author="Eigenmann" box="[259,540,1790,1812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Norris, A. A. (1900) Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo, Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 4, 349 - 362." type="journal article" year="1900">Eigenmann &amp; Norris, 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 358
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4CD9F939FB38F8F3" authority="Eigenmann &amp; Norris, 1900" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Norris" authorityYear="1900" box="[746,1258,1790,1813]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4CD9F939FC19F8F2" box="[746,971,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Catabasis acuminatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4DE2F939FB38F8F3" author="Eigenmann" box="[977,1258,1790,1812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Norris, A. A. (1900) Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo, Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 4, 349 - 362." type="journal article" year="1900">Eigenmann &amp; Norris, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F8FBFE5EF897" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F8FBFDFEF8B5" authority="Eigenmann, 1903: 145" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,556,1852,1874]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Othonophanes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F8FBFEF9F8B5" box="[151,299,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Othonophanes</emphasis>
Eigenmann, 1903: 145
</taxonomicName>
: Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4CE6F8FAFB81F8B5" ID-CoL="NH7M" authority="Steindachner, 1879" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1879" box="[725,1107,1852,1874]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4CE6F8FAFCAFF8B5" box="[725,893,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon labiatus</emphasis>
Steindachner, 1879
</taxonomicName>
. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F8BEFEE7F849" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F8BEFDD5F868" authority="Eigenmann, 1903: 146" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,519,1913,1935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F8BEFEC1F868" box="[151,275,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bryconodon</emphasis>
Eigenmann, 1903: 146
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4C97F8BDFBD8F868" ID-CoL="NH86" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[676,1034,1913,1935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4C97F8BDFCBEF868" box="[676,876,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon orthotaenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4D47F8BEFBD8F868" author="Gunther" box="[884,1034,1913,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. London, i - xxii + 1 - 455." type="book chapter" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F71FFFE4EA4F871FEE7F80C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1606,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4EA4F871FE21F82B" authority="Eigenmann, 1909: 33" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,499,1974,1996]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Holobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4EA4F871FEC2F82B" box="[151,272,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Holobrycon</emphasis>
Eigenmann, 1909: 33
</taxonomicName>
: Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F71FFFE4CBEF87FFBC3F82B" ID-CoL="NH88" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1845" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1845" box="[653,1041,1974,1997]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pesu">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F71FFFE4CBEF87FFCD8F82A" box="[653,778,1976,1997]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brycon pesu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F71FFFE4D22F871FBC3F82B" author="Muller" box="[785,1041,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1845) Horae Ichthyologicae. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische. Die Familie der Characinen. Berlin, 40 pp, pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1845">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F70FFFF4EA4FF5FFEE7FF2B" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,204]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FF5FFDC1FF49" authority="Eigenmann, 1909: 33" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,531,152,174]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Triurobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FF5FFECFFF49" box="[151,285,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triurobrycon</emphasis>
Eigenmann, 1909: 33
</taxonomicName>
. Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CF2FF5EFC23FF49" ID-CoL="NH7Q" authority="Lutken, 1875" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1875" box="[705,1009,152,174]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lundii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CF2FF5EFC80FF49" box="[705,850,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon lundii</emphasis>
Lütken, 1875
</taxonomicName>
. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F70FFFF4EA4FF3EFA84FBAA" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="482566064F70FFFF4EA4FF3EFD09FCB5" blockId="7.[151,1437,249,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FF3EFEC3FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,273,249,274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F94FF3DFE2AFEF6" box="[423,504,250,273]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F94FF3DFE2AFEF6" box="[423,504,250,273]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be diagnosed from all remaining characid genera, with the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FEDAFEC8FED1" box="[151,282,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FEDAFEC8FED1" box="[151,282,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F62FEDAFE0FFED1" box="[337,477,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F62FEDAFE0FFED1" box="[337,477,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the possession of three rows of premaxillary teeth with a distinctive arrangement (see “Monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4FB1FE85FE01FEBE" box="[386,467,322,345]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4FB1FE85FE01FEBE" box="[386,467,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, below, for more details). 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D38FE85FC8EFEBE" box="[779,860,322,345]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D38FE85FC8EFEBE" box="[779,860,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be diagnosed from 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A5FFE86FB3CFEBD" box="[1132,1262,321,346]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A5FFE86FB3CFEBD" box="[1132,1262,321,346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for lacking the ventral keel formed by greatly developed coracoid bones extending from the isthmus to a little ahead of the anal-fin origin, characteristic of the latter genus, as well as possessing moderately-sized pectoral fins, reaching only the pelvic-fin origin (vs. pectoral fins elongated and pointed, their tips always beyond pelvic-fin origin in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4B23FE6AFA41FE21" box="[1296,1427,429,454]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4B23FE6AFA41FE21" box="[1296,1427,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and pelvic-fin originating approximately at the same level than dorsal-fin (vs. pelvic fins situated ahead of dorsalfin origin). 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F1BFE31FEABFDEA" box="[296,377,502,525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F1BFE31FEABFDEA" box="[296,377,502,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the closely related and monotypic genera 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4AEBFE32FAB6FDE9" box="[1240,1380,501,526]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4AEBFE32FAB6FDE9" box="[1240,1380,501,526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FDDEFEC5FDD5" box="[151,279,537,562]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FDDEFEC5FDD5" box="[151,279,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possessing broad, bulky dentary and premaxillary teeth (vs. compressed, incisiform teeth; see Géry &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4EEBFDFAFEB4FDB1" author="Rham" box="[216,358,573,598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gery, J. &amp; de Rham, P. (1981) Un nouveau poisson characide endemique du bassin du Rio Tumbes au nord du Perou, Chilobrycon deuterodon n. g. n. sp. (Characoidei). Revue Francaise de Aquariologie, 8 (1), 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="1981">Rham, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Castro 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4FF6FDF9FE2DFDB1" box="[453,511,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004), and from 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CFCFDFAFC9DFDB1" box="[719,847,573,598]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CFCFDFAFC9DFDB1" box="[719,847,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possessing three rows of premaxillary teeth (vs. two rows of premaxillary teeth in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4C0AFDA6FD6AFD9D" box="[569,696,609,634]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4C0AFDA6FD6AFD9D" box="[569,696,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see Castro 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D66FDA5FC46FD9D" box="[853,916,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004). 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4DCEFDA5FB9CFD9E" box="[1021,1102,610,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4DCEFDA5FB9CFD9E" box="[1021,1102,610,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be diagnosed from the somewhat similar-looking 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F70FFFF4FF7FD42FDD4FD79" box="[452,518,645,670]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South</collectingRegion>
American chalceid genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D01FD42FC48FD79" box="[818,922,645,670]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D01FD42FC48FD79" box="[818,922,645,670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possessing relatively small scales, always more than 40 scales in lateral-line counts, and approximately of the same size across the body (vs. large scales, never more than 40 scales in lateral-line counts, and scales above lateral line considerably larger than those at lateral line or below it in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F88FD36FDF1FCED" box="[443,547,753,778]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F88FD36FDF1FCED" box="[443,547,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and a relatively long anal fin, with always more than 15 branched rays (vs. short anal fin, with 8–10, generally 9, branched anal-fin rays in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D69FCD2FC10FCC9" box="[858,962,789,814]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D69FCD2FC10FCC9" box="[858,962,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Additional remarks on the diagnosis and putative monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4FAEFCFDFE3CFCB6" box="[413,494,826,849]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4FAEFCFDFE3CFCB6" box="[413,494,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are presented below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F70FFFF4EF4FC9AFA84FBAA" blockId="7.[151,1437,249,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EF4FC9AFE01FC91" bold="true" box="[199,467,861,886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F4BFC99FE1EFC92" box="[376,460,862,885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F4BFC99FE1EFC92" bold="true" box="[376,460,862,885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CF3FC99FCC3FC92" box="[704,785,862,885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CF3FC99FCC3FC92" box="[704,785,862,885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been questioned for some time in the literature (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4EA4FC45FEE3FC7D" author="Howes" box="[151,305,898,922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4F73FC45FDFDFC7D" author="Castro" box="[320,559,897,922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Castro, R. M. C. &amp; Vari, R. P. (1990) Moojenichthys Miranda-Ribeiro (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Characidae), a phylogenetic reappraisal and redescription. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (3), 525 - 542." type="journal article" year="1990">Castro &amp; Vari, 1990</bibRefCitation>
), and molecular evidence pointing its non-monophyly has recently emerged (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4EADFC62FE87FC59" author="Abe" box="[158,341,933,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
Abe 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EE6FC61FEDFFC59" box="[213,269,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; see “Intrarrelationships”, below). So far, no unique derived features were identified for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FC0DFF3AFC06" box="[151,232,970,993]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FC0DFF3AFC06" box="[151,232,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and consequently, the monophyly of the genus still remains uncertain. Although a resolution on the question of the monophyly of the genus lies beyond the scope of the present contribution, comments on the distribution and variation of three relatively uncommon character-states that are usually employed for diagnosing the genus are presented below, with a view of helping future discussions on its putative monophyletic status.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F70FFF24EF4FB9EFEDBFDFF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="482566064F70FFF14EF4FB9EFDEFFC67" blockId="7.[151,1437,249,1930]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,896]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EF4FB9EFDA8FB95" bold="true" box="[199,634,1113,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1. Three series of premaxillary teeth.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CB3FB9DFD03FB96" box="[640,721,1114,1137]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CB3FB9DFD03FB96" box="[640,721,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are unusual among characiforms in typically possessing three series of premaxillary teeth (four series of premaxillary teeth are present in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A73FBB9FB31FB71" box="[1088,1251,1149,1174]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentex">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A73FBB9FB31FB71" box="[1088,1251,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon dentex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some other trans-andean/middle American 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4C39FB65FD89FB5E" box="[522,603,1186,1209]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4C39FB65FD89FB5E" box="[522,603,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; see 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4D35FB65FC75FB5D" author="Howes" box="[774,935,1186,1210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 21, 23). An interpretation for the teeth arrangement in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F75FB01FE45FB3A" box="[326,407,1222,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F75FB01FE45FB3A" box="[326,407,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, first advanced by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4C5FFB02FCE9FB39" author="Bohlke" box="[620,827,1221,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bohlke, J. (1958) Studies on fishes of the family Characidae-n ° 14. A report on several extensive collections from Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 110, 1 - 121, 6 pls." type="journal article" year="1958">Böhlke (1958: 68)</bibRefCitation>
, employed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4DEDFB01FB49FB39" author="Howes" box="[990,1179,1222,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982: 2)</bibRefCitation>
, and adopted herein, is to consider the outer series formed by small teeth as the first series, the pair of enlarged teeth near the symphysis of the premaxillary as the third series, and the middle-sized teeth situated at the inner (lingual), lateral border of the premaxillary and between the first, outer series and the inner, third series in the middle portion of the premaxillary as being the second series (
<figureCitation id="D0A17A834F70FFFF4FD9FA92FD8EFA89" box="[490,604,1365,1390]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1007,1029]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1668,1690]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1416,203,963]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1400,1148,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,985]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,1109,1647]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 94987, 368.7 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon howesi, MZUSP 103685, 207.0 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/257770/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/257771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
). Three premaxillary teeth rows are also found, among characids, in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FABDFE4FFA75" box="[151,413,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnoides">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FABDFE4FFA75" box="[151,413,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bryconops alburnoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., Machado-Allison 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4C87FABDFD3DFA75" box="[692,751,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 1993), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D63FABEFC7BFA75" box="[848,937,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D63FABEFC7BFA75" box="[848,937,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Piabina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D8BFABDFBE4FA76" box="[952,1078,1402,1425]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D8BFABDFBE4FA76" box="[952,1078,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4A74FABEFA5CFA75" author="Vari" box="[1095,1422,1401,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. (2001) Phylogenetic study of the neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the cis-andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 613, 1 - 239." type="journal article" year="2001">Vari &amp; Harold, 2001: 12–13</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4EA4FA5AFEC8FA51" box="[151,282,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4EA4FA5AFEC8FA51" box="[151,282,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F68FA5AFE35FA51" box="[347,487,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F68FA5AFE35FA51" box="[347,487,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in the chalceid genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CC2FA5AFC8BFA51" box="[753,857,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CC2FA5AFC8BFA51" box="[753,857,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the alestid 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A03FA5AFB32FA51" box="[1072,1248,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" genus="Bryconaethiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A03FA5AFB32FA51" box="[1072,1248,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bryconaethiops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4AC3FA59FEFAFA3D" author="Zanata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005: 32–33</bibRefCitation>
). The premaxillary teeth arrangement found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D0BFA05FC65FA3E" box="[824,951,1474,1497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D0BFA05FC65FA3E" box="[824,951,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4DDFFA06FB97FA3D" box="[1004,1093,1473,1498]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4DDFFA06FB97FA3D" box="[1004,1093,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Piabina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, discussed in detail by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4B79FA06FE58FA19" author="Vari" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. (2001) Phylogenetic study of the neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the cis-andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 613, 1 - 239." type="journal article" year="2001">Vari &amp; Harold (2001: 12–13)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4FF3FA22FD4CFA19" author="Ribeiro" box="[448,670,1509,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Benine, R. C. &amp; Figueiredo, C. A. (2004) A new species of Creagrutus Gunther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), from the upper Rio Parana basin, central Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 597 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2004.00324. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
Ribeiro 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4C29FA21FD80FA19" box="[538,594,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2004
</bibRefCitation>
: 609), is very distinct and certainly not homologous to the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4E87F9CDFED7F9C6" box="[180,261,1546,1569]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4E87F9CDFED7F9C6" box="[180,261,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We concur with 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4FFFF9CDFC9CF9C5" author="Zanata" box="[460,846,1545,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Toledo-Piza, M. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 103 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00090. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Zanata &amp; Toledo-Piza (2004: 105)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4DB6F9CDFB19F9C5" author="Zanata" box="[901,1227,1545,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari (2005: 32–33)</bibRefCitation>
in considering the condition found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4F5DF9EAFE04F9A1" box="[366,470,1581,1606]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4F5DF9EAFE04F9A1" box="[366,470,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as non-homologous with the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4D89F9E9FBD9F9A2" box="[954,1035,1582,1605]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4D89F9E9FBD9F9A2" box="[954,1035,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A0BF9EAFB72F9A1" box="[1080,1184,1581,1606]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A0BF9EAFB72F9A1" box="[1080,1184,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the inner series, third series is formed by 5–10 teeth that extend from the premaxillary symphysis to the inner, lateral portions of the bone, while the second series is formed by two teeth situated between the first and third teeth rows (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4B1DF9B1FE42F955" author="Zanata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Toledo-Piza, M. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 103 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00090. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Zanata &amp; Toledo-Piza, 2004: 10</bibRefCitation>
). This is clearly a distinct condition from the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A28F95DFBBEF956" box="[1051,1132,1690,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A28F95DFBBEF956" box="[1051,1132,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the pair of enlarged teeth does not seem to be closely associated with the smaller teeth situated in the inner, lateral portion of the premaxillary, which are instead distinctly aligned with the similar-sized teeth situated in the middle of the premaxillary, between the outer (first) and inner (third) premaxillary teeth rows (
<figureCitation id="D0A17A834F70FFFF4A15F8C2FB41F8F9" box="[1062,1171,1797,1822]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1007,1029]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1668,1690]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1416,203,963]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1400,1148,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,985]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,1109,1647]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 94987, 368.7 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon howesi, MZUSP 103685, 207.0 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/257770/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/257771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4B33F8C1FA4AF8F9" author="Howes" box="[1280,1432,1798,1822]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 1, 2, 16, and 18). We have not examined any 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4CFAF8EEFCABF8A5" box="[713,889,1833,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" genus="Bryconaethiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4CFAF8EEFCABF8A5" box="[713,889,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bryconaethiops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, but the condition in this latter genus, as indicated by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4F74F889FDE6F881" author="Zanata" box="[327,564,1869,1894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari (2005</bibRefCitation>
: 33, 35, fig. 15; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4D7DF88AFBB8F881" author="Roberts" box="[846,1130,1869,1894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Roberts, T. R. &amp; Stewart, D. J. (1976) An ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower Zaire or Congo River. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 147, 239 - 317." type="journal article" year="1976">Roberts &amp; Stewart, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 274, fig. 3, and Teugels &amp; Thys van den 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F70FFFF4F06F8B6FDD4F86D" author="Audenaerde" box="[309,518,1905,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Teugels, G. G. &amp; Thys van den Audenaerde, D. F. E. (1990) Description of a new species of Bryconaethiops (Teleostei: Characidae) from Nigeria and Cameroon. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 1 (3), 207 - 212." type="journal article" year="1990">Audenaerde, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 210, fig. 4) clearly does not correspond to the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F70FFFF4A8BF8B5FADBF86E" box="[1208,1289,1906,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F70FFFF4A8BF8B5FADBF86E" box="[1208,1289,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and should also be considered as non-homologous. As for the condition presented by 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04DE7F927FB84F91E" box="[980,1110,1760,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04DE7F927FB84F91E" box="[980,1110,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04ABDF927FAC8F91E" box="[1166,1306,1760,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04ABDF927FAC8F91E" box="[1166,1306,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we concur with 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF04EEAF8C1FDAFF8FA" author="Zanata" box="[217,637,1796,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Toledo-Piza, M. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 103 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00090. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Zanata &amp; Toledo-Piza (2004: 105)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF04CF5F8C1FBD7F8FA" author="Zanata" box="[710,1029,1796,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari (2005: 33)</bibRefCitation>
in considering it to be virtually undistinguishable from the condition found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04C90F8EDFD26F8A6" box="[675,756,1834,1857]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04C90F8EDFD26F8A6" box="[675,756,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<figureCitation id="D0A17A834F7FFFF04D03F8EFFCA6F8A6" box="[816,884,1832,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,960,1480]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,949,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Triportheus sp., MZUSP 89726, 143.1 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257772/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF04DB9F8EFFBA6F8A6" author="Mirande" box="[906,1140,1832,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 482)</bibRefCitation>
recovered the presence of three series of teeth on the premaxillary as one of the synapomorphies for 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04DEAF88AFB88F881" box="[985,1114,1869,1894]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
(in his definition, including, besides 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04EC3F8B5FE93F86E" box="[240,321,1906,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04EC3F8B5FE93F86E" box="[240,321,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04FF3F8B7FD93F86E" box="[448,577,1904,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04FF3F8B7FD93F86E" box="[448,577,1904,1929]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although when coding this character he disregarded the hypothesis of nonhomology between the condition found in these genera, on one hand, and the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04ACEF852FAB7F849" box="[1277,1381,1941,1966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04ACEF852FAB7F849" box="[1277,1381,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04EA4F87FFE95F836" box="[151,327,1976,2001]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" genus="Bryconaethiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04EA4F87FFE95F836" box="[151,327,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bryconaethiops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, raised by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF04FF5F87EFCC1F836" author="Zanata" box="[454,787,1976,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Toledo-Piza, M. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 103 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00090. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Zanata &amp; Toledo-Piza (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF04D7FF87EFB91F836" author="Zanata" box="[844,1091,1976,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, which is also supported here. Another synapomorphy for 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04FE2F81AFD80F811" box="[465,594,2013,2038]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
involving the arrangement of the premaxillary teeth proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7FFFF14B0EF81AFECFFF57" author="Mirande" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 482)</bibRefCitation>
was the “polymorphism of teeth on the inner premaxillary row… with two medial teeth somewhat larger and usually separated from remaining ones by a gap”. This corresponds to the presence of the inner, third series of teeth in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14F6DFF26FE7DFF1F" box="[350,431,225,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14F6DFF26FE7DFF1F" box="[350,431,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14C3FFF18FD2BFF1F" author="Mirande" box="[524,761,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 423)</bibRefCitation>
considered as also including the teeth present in the inner, lateral portions of the premaxillary. Interestingly, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14CF2FEC3FC30FEFB" author="Mirande" box="[705,994,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 471, 482)</bibRefCitation>
suggests that this character state is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14F3EFEE0FE7CFEA7" box="[269,430,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
, though the latter only present two teeth rows (with the exception of the piranhas, which possess a single row of premaxillary teeth; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14C4DFE8BFC5EFE82" author="Machado-Allison" box="[638,908,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1985) Estudios sobre la subfamilia Serrasalminae. Parte III: sobre el estatus generico y relaciones filogeneticas de los generos Pygopristis, Pygocentrus, Pristobrycon y Serrasalmus. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 12 (1), 19 - 42." type="journal article" year="1985">Machado-Allison, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 22–25; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14DDEFE8BFB69FE83" author="Cione" box="[1005,1211,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cione, A. L., Dahdul, W. M., Lundberg, J. G. &amp; Machado-Allison, A. (2009) Megapiranha paranensis, a new genus and species of Serrasalmidae (Characiformes, Teleostei) from the upper Miocene of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Zoology, 29 (2), 350 - 358. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0221" type="journal article" year="2009">
Cione 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14A04FE8AFBA2FE82" box="[1079,1136,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Premaxillary teeth arrangement in basal 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14FBBFEA8FDF4FE6F" box="[392,550,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
is in fact remarkably similar to the one observed in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14A42FEA8FB20FE6F" box="[1137,1266,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
not only in the possession of a pair of inner enlarged teeth near the premaxillary series (which corresponds, respectively, to what is generally considered to be part of the second series in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14D33FE70FC70FE37" box="[768,930,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
, and the third series in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14A99FE70FAE2FE37" box="[1194,1328,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
), but also because the outer, first teeth series of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14C78FE1BFD38FE12" box="[587,746,476,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
has a very similar arrangement to the second teeth series in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14EA4FE38FECAFDFF" box="[151,280,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
(compare 
<figureCitation id="D0A17A834F7EFFF14FA3FE38FE2BFDFF" box="[400,505,511,536]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1007,1029]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1668,1690]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1416,203,963]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1400,1148,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,985]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,1109,1647]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 94987, 368.7 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Brycon howesi, MZUSP 103685, 207.0 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/257770/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/257771/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
with 
<figureCitation id="D0A17A834F7EFFF14C09FE38FDADFDFF" box="[570,639,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1299,1321]" captionTargetBox="[191,1419,595,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,589,1278]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in Myloplus cf. arnoldi, MZUSP 94970, 216.5 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257773/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14CD9FDC7FC7AFDFF" author="Jegu" box="[746,936,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Jegu, M., Keith, P. &amp; Le Bail, P. - Y. (2003) Myloplus planquettei sp. n. (Teleostei, Characidae), une nouvelle espece de grand Serrasalminae phytophage du bouclier guyanais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 110 (4), 833 - 843." type="journal article" year="2003">
Jégu 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14D16FDC6FC8CFDFF" box="[805,862,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
: 841, fig. 3c; Jégu 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14A4EFDC6FB64FDFF" box="[1149,1206,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004: 131, fig. 7c). The difficulty in establishing homology among distict teeth rows in the premaxillary has been repeatedly discussed in the literature (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14F63FD8FFE3BFD87" author="Howes" box="[336,489,584,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 2; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14C23FD80FD28FD87" author="Vari" box="[528,762,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. (2001) Phylogenetic study of the neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the cis-andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 613, 1 - 239." type="journal article" year="2001">Vari &amp; Harold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 12; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14D1CFD8FFBC5FD87" author="Zanata" box="[815,1047,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 32–33; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14A44FD80FAF2FD87" author="Mirande" box="[1143,1312,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 420–421). 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14EA4FDABFE58FD63" author="Mirande" box="[151,394,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 420)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that developmental data could help in establishing the homologies of distinct premaxillary teeth rows, since he supposed that, while most of the premaxillary teeth developed intraosseously (i.e., in bone crypts), some of them developed extraosseouly, although there is some difficulty in establishing whether the development of some teeth are intraosseous or extraosseous in the group (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14A66FD10FB24FD17" author="Trapani" box="[1109,1270,727,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Trapani, J. (2001) Position of developing replacement teeth in teleosts. Copeia, 2001 (1), 35 - 51." type="journal article" year="2001">Trapani, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14B32FD10FF06FCF2" author="Trapani" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Trapani, J., Yamamoto, Y. &amp; Stock, D. W. (2005) Ontogenetic transition from unicuspid to multicuspid oral dentition in a teleost fish: Astyanax mexicanus, the Mexican tetra (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 523 - 538. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00193. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
Trapani 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14B6EFD1EFA47FD17" box="[1373,1429,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). In our opinion, adequate hypothesis of homology between premaxilary teeth rows across the characifoms will ultimately depend on the identification and study of taxa presenting intermediate, transitional teeth arrangements between the main known 
<typeStatus id="9721D8A44F7EFFF14C6BFC82FD41FCBA" box="[600,659,837,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
of teeth arrangements, whether using extant (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14AA4FC83FAA4FCBB" author="Ribeiro" box="[1175,1398,836,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Benine, R. C. &amp; Figueiredo, C. A. (2004) A new species of Creagrutus Gunther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), from the upper Rio Parana basin, central Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 597 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2004.00324. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
Ribeiro 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14AC7FC82FAFFFCBA" box="[1268,1325,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
) or extinct (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14EC1FCA0FE6FFC67" author="Cione" box="[242,445,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cione, A. L., Dahdul, W. M., Lundberg, J. G. &amp; Machado-Allison, A. (2009) Megapiranha paranensis, a new genus and species of Serrasalmidae (Characiformes, Teleostei) from the upper Miocene of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Zoology, 29 (2), 350 - 358. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0221" type="journal article" year="2009">
Cione 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14F0EFCAEFEA7FC67" box="[317,373,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
) examples.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7FFFF04EA4FC28FF14FBC4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257770/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[162,1416,203,963]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="482566064F7FFFF04EA4FC28FF14FBC4" blockId="8.[151,1435,1007,1059]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04EA4FC28FEC7FBE2" bold="true" box="[151,277,1007,1029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04D19FC37FC19FBE2" box="[810,971,1007,1029]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04D19FC37FC19FBE2" box="[810,971,1007,1029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 94987, 368.7 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7FFFF04EA4F943FF14F95E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257771/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[164,1400,1148,1625]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="482566064F7FFFF04EA4F943FF14F95E" blockId="8.[151,1435,1668,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04EA4F943FEC6F97D" bold="true" box="[151,276,1668,1690]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7FFFF04D1BF941FC12F97D" box="[808,960,1668,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howesi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7FFFF04D1BF941FC12F97D" box="[808,960,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brycon howesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 103685, 207.0 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7EFFF14EA4FA37FF14F9C2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257772/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[161,1418,960,1480]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="482566064F7EFFF14EA4FA37FF14F9C2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1520,1573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14EA4FA37FEC7F9E1" bold="true" box="[151,277,1520,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14D1EFA37FC71F9E1" box="[813,931,1520,1542]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14D1EFA37FC71F9E1" box="[813,931,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., MZUSP 89726, 143.1 mm SL. Scale bar: 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="482566064F7EFFF14EF4F98BFA4EF816" blockId="9.[151,1437,1612,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14EF4F98BFDF1F982" bold="true" box="[199,547,1612,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2. Continuity of orbital ring.</emphasis>
The series of ossifications surrounding the orbit is formed by six infraorbital bones, plus the supraorbital and the antorbital. The most common condition found among characiforms is to possess an incomplete orbital ring, either due to lack of contact between the sixth infraorbital with the supraorbital, and/or the supraorbital with the antorbital (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14CC2F97FFC62F936" box="[753,944,1720,1745]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Distichodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Distichodontidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14DC9F97FFB5AF936" box="[1018,1160,1720,1745]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Citharinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Citharinidae</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14AAFF97FFACCF936" author="Vari" box="[1180,1310,1720,1745]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Vari, R. P. (1979) Anatomy, relationships and classification of the families Citharinidae and Distichodontidae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 36 (5), 261 - 344." type="journal article" year="1979">Vari, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 296–299; 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14EA4F91BFEEBF912" box="[151,313,1756,1781]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serrasalmidae</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14F75F91BFD85F912" author="Machado-Allison" box="[326,599,1756,1781]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1983) Estudios sobre la sistematica de la subfamilia Serrasalminae (Teleostei, Characidae). Parte II. Discusion sobre la condicion monofiletica de la subfamilia. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 11 (4), 145 - 195." type="journal article" year="1983">Machado-Allison, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 163–164, 192, fig. 11; some 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14D83F91BFBCCF912" box="[944,1054,1756,1781]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alestidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14A19F91AFACBF912" author="Zanata" box="[1066,1305,1756,1781]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 6, fig. 1B; 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14EA4F8C7FE83F8FE" box="[151,337,1792,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Acestrorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14EA4F8C7FE83F8FE" box="[151,337,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Acestrorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14F52F8C7FDE1F8FE" author="Toledo-Piza" box="[353,563,1792,1817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Toledo-Piza, M. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 691 - 757. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00355. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Toledo-Piza, 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 713, fig. 14), or for the lack of supraorbital (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14A58F8C7FB28F8FE" box="[1131,1274,1792,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14B35F8C7FA4AF8FE" box="[1286,1432,1792,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lebiasinidae</taxonomicName>
, some 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14EE9F8E3FE95F8DA" box="[218,327,1828,1853]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alestidae</taxonomicName>
, and most 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14FF0F8E3FD82F8DA" box="[451,592,1828,1853]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crenuchidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14CBAF8E3FCD9F8DA" box="[649,779,1828,1853]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
; e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14D7CF8E3FBB6F8DA" author="Weitzman" box="[847,1124,1828,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, W. L. (1983) Relationships of the neon tetras, a group of South American freshwater fishes (Teleostei, Characidae), with comments on the phylogeny of New World characiforms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 150 (6), 339 - 395." type="journal article" year="1983">Weitzman &amp; Fink, 1983</bibRefCitation>
; Vari, 1995; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14AC4F8E3FA4AF8DA" author="Buckup" box="[1271,1432,1828,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckup, P. A. (1993) Phylogenetic interrelationships and reductive evolution in Neotropical characidiin fishes (Characiformes, Ostariophysi). Cladistics, 9, 305 - 341. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.1993. tb 00227. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Buckup, 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14EA4F88EFF00F886" author="Buckup" box="[151,210,1865,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckup. P. A. (1998) Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14EECF88FFDE8F886" author="Malabarba" box="[223,570,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (2003) Description of a new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia da PUCRS, serie Zoologia, 16 (1), 67 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14C74F88EFCE4F886" author="Zanata" box="[583,822,1864,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In those cases, the orbit is partially delimited by the frontal bone. 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7EFFF14F0FF8AAFE82F862" box="[316,336,1901,1925]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</collectingRegion>
complete, continuous orbital ring is reported among characiforms in some 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14AC3F8ABFA4FF862" box="[1264,1437,1900,1925]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hemiodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiodontidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14EADF857FE67F84E" author="Roberts" box="[158,437,1936,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1974) Osteology and classification of the Neotropical characoid fishes of the families Hemiodontidae (including Anodontinae) and Parodontidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 146, 411 - 472." type="journal article" year="1974">Roberts, 1974: 418–419</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14FF9F857FD94F84E" box="[458,582,1936,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hepsetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hepsetidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14C65F857FD28F84E" author="Roberts" box="[598,762,1936,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; Vari, 1995), all 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14D89F857FB84F84E" box="[954,1110,1936,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14A56F857FADBF84E" author="Roberts" box="[1125,1289,1936,1961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; Vari, 1995), some 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14EEBF873FD89F82A" authority="Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005: 9" authorityName="Zanata &amp; Vari" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="2005" box="[216,603,1972,1997]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Alestidae (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14F63F872FD81F82A" author="Zanata" box="[336,595,1972,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005: 9</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and, among 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14CC3F873FCA3F82A" box="[752,881,1972,1997]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
, all 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14DAEF873FBE8F82A" box="[925,1082,1972,1997]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cynodontinae">Cynodontinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14AB3F873FF06F816" authority="Toledo-Piza, 2000" authorityName="Toledo-Piza" authorityYear="2000" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Hydrolycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14AB3F873FAD2F82A" box="[1152,1280,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hydrolycus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14B3DF873FF06F816" author="Toledo-Piza" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Toledo-Piza, M. (2000) The Neotropical fish subfamily Cynodontinae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): a phylogenetic study and a revision of Cynodon and Rhaphiodon. American Museum Novitates, 3286, 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="2000">Toledo-Piza, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: fig. 2), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14F00F81EFE71F817" box="[307,419,2009,2032]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Agoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14F00F81EFE71F817" box="[307,419,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Agoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14FD7F81EFDB7F816" author="Gery" box="[484,613,2008,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gery, J. (1962) Essai sur les affinites phylogenetiques des Agoniates et l'origine des Characidae, a propos de la description d'une forme nouvelle de l'Amazone peruvienne: Agoniates ladigesi. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 60, 265 - 284." type="journal article" year="1962">Géry, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7EFFF14CF6F81FFCF9F816" box="[709,811,2008,2033]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7EFFF14CF6F81FFCF9F816" box="[709,811,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14D47F81FFBC7F816" author="Roberts" box="[884,1045,2008,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7EFFF14A11F81FFAE3F816" author="Machado-Allison" box="[1058,1329,2008,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1983) Estudios sobre la sistematica de la subfamilia Serrasalminae (Teleostei, Characidae). Parte II. Discusion sobre la condicion monofiletica de la subfamilia. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 11 (4), 145 - 195." type="journal article" year="1983">Machado-Allison, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 192, fig.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F7DFFF24EA4FF5FFEDBFDFF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<materialsCitation id="F8F26C5B4F7DFFF24EA4FF5FFEDBFDFF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1425222742" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="de Contas &amp; de Una &amp; A. M. Zanata" country="Colombia" county="Since" location="Castro" municipality="During" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="MZUSP 75230" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cauca">
11), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24EFAFF50FE9EFF57" box="[201,332,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24EFAFF50FE9EFF57" box="[201,332,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and most 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24FF6FF5EFDC4FF57" box="[453,534,153,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24FF6FF5EFDC4FF57" box="[453,534,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C48FF50FCD8FF57" box="[635,778,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C48FF50FCD8FF57" box="[635,778,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lignobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be variable on this regard; a cleared and stained specimen examined from the rio 
<collectorName id="E56F03D04F7DFFF24C14FF7BFD4FFF33" box="[551,669,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">de Contas</collectorName>
basin (
<specimenCode id="183CCE7D4F7DFFF24CC9FF7BFC7DFF32" box="[762,943,188,213]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<collectionCode id="2E8BFEC34F7DFFF24CC9FF7BFC8BFF33" box="[762,857,188,212]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MZUSP</collectionCode>
75230
</specimenCode>
) possess a continuous orbital ring, while specimens from the rio 
<collectorName id="E56F03D04F7DFFF24F90FF18FE27FF10" box="[419,501,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">de Una</collectorName>
basin the sixth infraorbital does not contact the supraorbital (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24A9DFF27FDDEFEFB" author="Castro" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Castro, R. M. C. &amp; Vari, R. P. (1990) Moojenichthys Miranda-Ribeiro (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Characidae), a phylogenetic reappraisal and redescription. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (3), 525 - 542." type="journal article" year="1990">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24A9DFF27FB2BFF1F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24A9DFF27FB2BFF1F" box="[1198,1273,224,248]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="Castro" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">Castro</location>
&amp; 
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24B2CFF18FA83FF1F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24B2CFF18FA83FF1F" box="[1311,1361,223,248]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="Vari" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">Vari</location>
, 1990: fig. 2; 
<collectorName id="E56F03D04F7DFFF24ED2FEC3FEA0FEFB" box="[225,370,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A.M. Zanata</collectorName>
, pers. comm.
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24C2DFEC3FDEFFEFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24C2DFEC3FDEFFEFB" box="[542,573,260,284]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="As" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">As</location>
earlier remarked by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D14FEC2FC20FEFB" author="Zanata" box="[807,1010,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24D14FEC2FCA1FEFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24D14FEC2FCA1FEFB" box="[807,883,261,284]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="Zanata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">Zanata</location>
(2000: 28)
</bibRefCitation>
, species of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24A47FEC2FB17FEFB" box="[1140,1221,261,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24A47FEC2FB17FEFB" box="[1140,1221,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically possess a continuous orbital ring, but there are some exceptions. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D2DFEEFFC3DFEA7" author="Zanata" box="[798,1007,296,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24D2DFEEFFCB8FED8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24D2DFEEFFCB8FED8" box="[798,874,296,319]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="Zanata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">Zanata</location>
(2000: 28)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24AA5FEEEFAE2FEA7" box="[1174,1328,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henni">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24AA5FEEEFAE2FEA7" box="[1174,1328,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon henni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a transandean 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24EC3FE8AFE93FE83" box="[240,321,333,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24EC3FE8AFE93FE83" box="[240,321,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species widely distributed at the Río 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7DFFF24CCBFE8BFCECFE83" box="[760,830,332,356]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cauca</collectingRegion>
and other river drainages of northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F7DFFF24B15FE8BFA4AFE82" box="[1318,1432,332,357]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24EA4FEA8FDD8FE6F" author="Maldonado-Ocampo" box="[151,522,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Oviedo, J. S. U., Vergara, G. G., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Gamboa, L. V., Prada-Pedreros, S. &amp; Rodriguez, C. A. (2005) Peces de los Andes de Colombia. Guia de campo. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, 346 pp." type="book" year="2005">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7DFFF24EA4FEA8FEADFE6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7DFFF24EA4FEA8FEADFE6F" box="[151,383,367,392]" country="Colombia" county="Since" municipality="During" name="Maldonado-Ocampo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cauca">Maldonado-Ocampo</location>
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24FB5FEB6FE6DFE6F" box="[390,447,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C7DFEB6FD67FE6F" box="[590,693,369,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coxeyi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C7DFEB6FD67FE6F" box="[590,693,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. coxeyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lack a contact between the sixth infraorbital and the supraorbital bones. 
<collectingMunicipality id="A841FC7C4F7DFFF24ED5FE53FEE7FE4A" box="[230,309,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">During</collectingMunicipality>
the course of the present study, we noticed that 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24D63FE52FBF3FE4A" box="[848,1057,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolzmanni">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D63FE52FBF3FE4A" box="[848,1057,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon stolzmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lack a contact between these bones as well. 
<collectingCounty id="A1441E8A4F7DFFF24F75FE70FE56FE37" box="[326,388,439,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Since</collectingCounty>
all these species also share the presence of a dark patch of dark pigmentation at the opercle, the lack of continuity in the orbital ring shared by them is probably best interpreted as a derived condition within the genus.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7DFFF24EA4FAD4FF0BFAAF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257773/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[191,1419,595,1274]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="482566064F7DFFF24EA4FAD4FF0BFAAF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1299,1352]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24EA4FAD4FEC1FACE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1299,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Ventral view of premaxillary teeth arrangement in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24D28FAD4FC3EFACE" box="[795,1004,1299,1321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Myloplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D28FAD4FCABFACE" box="[795,889,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Myloplus</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D92FAD4FC3EFACE" box="[929,1004,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">arnoldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 94970, 216.5 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F7DFFF34EF4FAA8FACBFDFF" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="482566064F7DFFF34EF4FAA8FACBFDFF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1391,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24EF4FAA8FD4FFA6F" bold="true" box="[199,669,1391,1416]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3. Inner symphyseal dentary teeth pair.</emphasis>
The presence of a inner symphyseal teeth pair, slightly smaller than the teeth from the main dentary series situated immediately ahead, is an uncommon feature among characiforms, being present in the serrasalmids 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C21FA70FD5CFA37" box="[530,654,1463,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Colossoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C21FA70FD5CFA37" box="[530,654,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colossoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24CADFA7FFCD9FA28" box="[670,779,1464,1487]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Piaractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24CADFA7FFCD9FA28" box="[670,779,1464,1487]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Piaractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24D79FA70FACCFA37" authority="Machado-Allison, 1986: 47" authorityName="Machado-Allison" authorityPageNumber="47" authorityYear="1986" box="[842,1310,1463,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Mylossoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D79FA70FC18FA37" box="[842,970,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mylossoma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24DEAFA70FAC7FA37" author="Machado-Allison" box="[985,1301,1463,1488]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1986) Osteologia comparada del neurocraneo y branquicraneo en los generos de la subfamilia Serrasalminae (Teleostei-Characidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica Suplemento, 12 (2), 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1986">Machado-Allison, 1986: 47</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24B19FA70FD84FA13" authority="Jegu &amp; Santos, 1988" authorityName="Jegu &amp; Santos" authorityYear="1988" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Mylesinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucisquamatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24B19FA70FE9FFA13" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mylesinus paucisquamatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24F6EFA1BFD9CFA13" author="Jegu" box="[349,590,1500,1524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Jegu, M. &amp; Santos, G. M. (1988) Une nouvelle espece du genre Mylesinus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae), M. paucisquamatus, decrite du bassin du rio Tocantins (Amazonie, Bresil). Cybium, 12 (4), 331 - 341." type="journal article" year="1988">Jégu &amp; Santos, 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C50FA1AFD6CFA13" box="[611,702,1501,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Tometes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C50FA1AFD6CFA13" box="[611,702,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tometes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24CFCFA1BFBA3FA13" author="Jegu" box="[719,1137,1499,1524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Jegu, M., Santos, G. M., Keith, P. &amp; Le Bail, P. - Y. (2002) Description complementaire et rehabilitation de Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, espece-type de Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae). Cybium, 26 (2), 99 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">Jégu, Santos, Keith &amp; Le Bail, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Jégu, Santos &amp; Belmont- Jégu, 2002), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24F1FFA38FD62F9FF" authority="Jegu et al., 1992" authorityName="Jegu et al." authorityYear="1992" box="[300,688,1535,1560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Utiaritichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24F1FFA38FE1AF9FF" box="[300,456,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Utiaritichthys</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24FD7F9C7FD7BF9FF" author="Jegu" box="[484,681,1535,1560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Jegu, M., Tito de Morais, L. &amp; Santos, G. M. (1992) Redescription des types d' Utiaritichthys sennaebragai Miranda Ribeiro, 1937 et description d'une nouvelle espece du bassin Amazonien, U. longidorsalis (Characiformes, Serrasalminae). Cybium, 16 (2), 105 - 120." type="journal article" year="1992">
Jégu 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C11F9C7FD8EF9FF" box="[546,604,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 1992
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C8CFA38FCF5F9FF" box="[703,807,1535,1560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Myloplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C8CFA38FCF5F9FF" box="[703,807,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Myloplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D0BF9C7FC2FF9FF" author="Jegu" box="[824,1021,1535,1560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Jegu, M., Keith, P. &amp; Le Bail, P. - Y. (2003) Myloplus planquettei sp. n. (Teleostei, Characidae), une nouvelle espece de grand Serrasalminae phytophage du bouclier guyanais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 110 (4), 833 - 843." type="journal article" year="2003">
Jégu 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D44F9C7FC60F9FF" box="[887,946,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; Jégu 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24A7BF9C7FB51F9FF" box="[1096,1155,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24AD6FA38FEE4F9DB" authority="Jegu &amp; Santos, 2002" authorityName="Jegu &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2002" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Myleus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24AD6FA38FAE4F9FF" box="[1253,1334,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Myleus</emphasis>
(Jégu &amp; Santos, 2002)
</taxonomicName>
, and in most alestids (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24C0FF9E3FC5AF9DB" author="Zanata" box="[572,904,1571,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005: 46–47</bibRefCitation>
). Among characids, it is reported only for the representatives of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24F57F980FE3AF987" box="[356,488,1607,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24C11F98FFDA1F9B8" box="[546,627,1608,1631]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24C11F98FFDA1F9B8" box="[546,627,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24CB2F980FCD6F987" box="[641,772,1607,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24CB2F980FCD6F987" box="[641,772,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D21F98FFC30F987" author="Howes" box="[786,994,1608,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982: 1–2</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24DC5F980FA45F987" authority="Castro et al., 2004: 501" authorityName="Castro et al." authorityPageNumber="501" authorityYear="2004" box="[1014,1431,1607,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24DC5F980FBA7F987" box="[1014,1141,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Henochilus</emphasis>
(Castro 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24AE5F98FFADCF987" box="[1238,1294,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004: 501)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24EF4F9ACFD74F963" authority="Gery &amp; de Rham, 1981: 10" authorityName="Gery &amp; de Rham" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1981" box="[199,678,1643,1668]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24EF4F9ACFE81F963" box="[199,339,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
(Géry &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24FD6F9ACFDA0F963" author="Rham" box="[485,626,1643,1668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gery, J. &amp; de Rham, P. (1981) Un nouveau poisson characide endemique du bassin du Rio Tumbes au nord du Perou, Chilobrycon deuterodon n. g. n. sp. (Characoidei). Revue Francaise de Aquariologie, 8 (1), 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="1981">Rham, 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 10)
</taxonomicName>
. Contrary to 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D0FF9ACFB15F963" author="Machado-Allison" box="[828,1223,1643,1668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1983) Estudios sobre la sistematica de la subfamilia Serrasalminae (Teleostei, Characidae). Parte II. Discusion sobre la condicion monofiletica de la subfamilia. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 11 (4), 145 - 195." type="journal article" year="1983">Machado-Allison (1983: 174–175)</bibRefCitation>
, Zanata &amp; Toledo- Piza (2004: 105–106), 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24FABF957FD32F94F" author="Zanata" box="[408,736,1679,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari (2005: 46–47)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D28F948FBD5F94F" author="Mirande" box="[795,1031,1679,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 425)</bibRefCitation>
, and as 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24A52F948FAF4F94F" author="Uj" box="[1121,1318,1679,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Uj, A. (1990) Etude comparative de l'osteologie cranienne des poissons de la famille des Characidae et son importance phylogenetique. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Universite de Geneve, Geneve." type="book" year="1990">Uj (1990: 52–53)</bibRefCitation>
, we prefer to consider the symphyseal teeth pair as a distinct, independent morphological character from the row of small inner row of conical teeth on the lingual crest of the teeth replacement trench. The symphyseal teeth pair has an intraosseous origin, being formed in an autonomous tooth fossa (cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24DADF93CFB92F8F3" author="Roberts" box="[926,1088,1787,1812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1967) Tooth formation and replacement in characoid fishes. Stanford Ichthyiological Bulletin, 8 (4), 231 - 247." type="journal article" year="1967">Roberts, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 246, fig. 3; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24AE2F93CFF01F8DF" author="Machado-Allison" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Machado-Allison, A. (1986) Osteologia comparada del neurocraneo y branquicraneo en los generos de la subfamilia Serrasalminae (Teleostei-Characidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica Suplemento, 12 (2), 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1986">Machado-Allison, 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 47), unlike the inner conical teeth row, which has an extraosseous origin, being developed directly in the oral epithelium. Also, with the exception of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24CE5F882FCF5F8BB" box="[726,807,1861,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24CE5F882FCF5F8BB" box="[726,807,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24D06F884FC66F8BB" box="[821,948,1859,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D06F884FC66F8BB" box="[821,948,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24DF7F884FB82F8BB" box="[964,1104,1859,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24DF7F884FB82F8BB" box="[964,1104,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24ABCF884FB25F8BB" box="[1167,1271,1859,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24ABCF884FB25F8BB" box="[1167,1271,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all remaining taxa displaying a symphyseal teeth lack an inner dentary teeth row. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF24D94F8A0FB47F867" author="Mirande" box="[935,1173,1895,1920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010: 425)</bibRefCitation>
states that 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24B2AF8A0FA48F867" box="[1305,1434,1895,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24B2AF8A0FA48F867" box="[1305,1434,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also possess a inner row of dentary teeth., apparently because he considered the small, distalmost teeth on the dentary as constituting the inner teeth row, since there is a overlap between the last teeth of the main dentary series and the first small teeth of dentary in the specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7DFFF24D34F814FBDBF80B" box="[775,1033,2003,2028]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nematurus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7DFFF24D34F814FBDBF80B" box="[775,1033,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triportheus nematurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he examined (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7DFFF34A81F814FF36FF57" author="Mirande" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: 419, fig. 60</bibRefCitation>
). This overlap is, however, apparently atypical, as it was not observed in the material of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34AFFFF50FA9CFF57" box="[1228,1358,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34AFFFF50FA9CFF57" box="[1228,1358,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
herein examined (see Comparative material examined at Appendix 1). Although it makes sense for developmental reasons to consider the small dentary teeth as being homologous to the inner teeth row rather than to the main dentary teeth row since they are developed extraosseously as well (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34CC1FEC3FC06FEFA" author="Trapani" box="[754,980,260,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Trapani, J., Yamamoto, Y. &amp; Stock, D. W. (2005) Ontogenetic transition from unicuspid to multicuspid oral dentition in a teleost fish: Astyanax mexicanus, the Mexican tetra (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 523 - 538. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00193. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
Trapani 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D62FEC2FC58FEFA" box="[849,906,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 528; pers. obs.), the condition observed in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34E87FEE0FEE4FEA7" box="[180,310,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34E87FEE0FEE4FEA7" box="[180,310,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not similar to the one found in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34C8BFEEEFCDBFEA7" box="[696,777,297,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34C8BFEEEFCDBFEA7" box="[696,777,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D2BFEE0FC52FEA7" box="[792,896,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D2BFEE0FC52FEA7" box="[792,896,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34DBDFEEEFC0DFEA7" box="[910,991,297,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34DBDFEEEFC0DFEA7" box="[910,991,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A2DFEE0FB4FFEA7" box="[1054,1181,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A2DFEE0FB4FFEA7" box="[1054,1181,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is questionable to consider it equivalent to the condition found in these latter genera. Contrary to the inner symphyseal dentary teeth, the presence of an inner dentary teeth row is a relatively widespread feature among characiforms. The presence of the inner symphyseal teeth is variable instraspecifically both in some alestids (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34AB7FE53FA46FE4B" author="Zanata" box="[1156,1428,404,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Zanata, A. M. &amp; Vari, R. P. (2005) The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans- Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 1 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Zanata &amp; Vari, 2005: 47</bibRefCitation>
) and serrasalmids (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34FA9FE7EFD97FE37" box="[410,581,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serrasalmidae" genus="Tometes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makue">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34FA9FE7EFD97FE37" box="[410,581,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tometes makue</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34C67FE7FFC3EFE37" author="Jegu" box="[596,1004,439,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Jegu, M., Santos, G. M. &amp; Belmont-Jegu, E. (2002) Tometes makue n. sp. (Characidae: Serrasalminae), une nouvelle espece du bouclier guyanaise decrite des bassins du rio Negro (Bresil) et de l'Orenoque (Venezuela). Cybium, 26 (4), 253 - 274." type="journal article" year="2002">Jégu, Santos &amp; Belmont-Jégu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 258, 260). In 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34ABCFE7EFB32FE37" box="[1167,1248,441,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34ABCFE7EFB32FE37" box="[1167,1248,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the symphyseal teeth may be missing in large specimens of several of the large-sized species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A98FE1AFAA2FE12" box="[1195,1392,476,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vermelha">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A98FE1AFAA2FE12" box="[1195,1392,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon vermelha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34BB7FE1AFEC9FDFF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34BB7FE1AFEC9FDFF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34F74FDC6FE6DFDFF" box="[327,447,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34F74FDC6FE6DFDFF" box="[327,447,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is always present in juvenile and middle-sized specimens of all species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7CFFF34EA4FA03FAE2F9F0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257774/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[164,1419,611,1450]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="482566064F7CFFF34EA4FA03FAE2F9F0" blockId="11.[151,1436,1476,1559]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34EA4FA03FEC7FA3D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1476,1498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Diagrammatic representation of the patterns of dark colour markings found among cis-andean 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34AC9FA02FA91FA3D" box="[1274,1347,1477,1498]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34AC9FA02FA91FA3D" box="[1274,1347,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, represented by selected species. A. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34C36FA24FD16FA1F" box="[517,708,1506,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolzmanni">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34C36FA24FD16FA1F" box="[517,708,1506,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon stolzmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. B. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34CC2FA24FC51FA1F" box="[753,899,1507,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coxeyi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34CC2FA24FC51FA1F" box="[753,899,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon coxeyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. C. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D83FA24FB82FA1F" box="[944,1104,1507,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D83FA24FB82FA1F" box="[944,1104,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. D. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A4DFA24FAF5FA1F" box="[1150,1319,1507,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nattereri">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A4DFA24FAF5FA1F" box="[1150,1319,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon nattereri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. E. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34B60FA24FF04F9F0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34B60FA24FF04F9F0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon hilarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. F. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34ECFF9C5FE5BF9F0" box="[252,393,1537,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34ECFF9C5FE5BF9F0" box="[252,393,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon whitei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. G. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34F82F9C5FDABF9F0" box="[433,633,1538,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34F82F9C5FDABF9F0" box="[433,633,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. H. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34C97F9C5FC86F9F0" box="[676,852,1537,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldingi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34C97F9C5FC86F9F0" box="[676,852,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon gouldingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D45F9C5FB9DF9F0" box="[886,1103,1537,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D45F9C5FB9DF9F0" box="[886,1103,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. J-L. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34AB9F9C5FAF8F9F0" box="[1162,1322,1537,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34AB9F9C5FAF8F9F0" box="[1162,1322,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F7CFFF34EF4F9F9FB17F805" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="482566064F7CFFF34EF4F9F9FB17F805" blockId="11.[151,1436,1598,2019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<materialsCitation id="F8F26C5B4F7CFFF34EF4F9F9FA47F87C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1425222737" county="Valenciennes" location="Gunther" municipality="Kner" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34EF4F9F9FEE9F9B0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1598,1623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34FF1F9F8FDC1F9B1" box="[450,531,1599,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34FF1F9F8FDC1F9B1" box="[450,531,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34D68F9F9FB56F9B0" author="Muller" box="[859,1156,1598,1623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1844) Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 10 (1), 81 - 99." type="journal article" year="1844">Müller &amp; Troschel (1844)</bibRefCitation>
to include some species previously assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34C38F9A5FD14F99C" authority="Cuvier" authorityName="Cuvier" box="[523,710,1634,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34C38F9A5FDA1F99C" box="[523,627,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalceus</emphasis>
Cuvier
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34CE5F9A4FC76F99C" box="[726,932,1634,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34CE5F9A4FC76F99C" box="[726,932,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D80F9A4FB8AF99C" box="[947,1112,1635,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D80F9A4FB8AF99C" box="[947,1112,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34AA6F9A4FAC5F99C" box="[1173,1303,1634,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opalinus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34AA6F9A4FAC5F99C" box="[1173,1303,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. opalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), plus three species that were described in that contribution, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34C85F940FCB5F978" box="[694,871,1670,1695]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34C85F940FCB5F978" box="[694,871,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D46F940FBF9F978" box="[885,1067,1670,1695]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schomburgkii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D46F940FBF9F978" box="[885,1067,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. schomburgkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A5AF940FB6EF979" box="[1129,1212,1671,1694]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pesu">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A5AF940FB6EF979" box="[1129,1212,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. pesu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34AF9F941FF31F924" author="Muller" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1844) Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 10 (1), 81 - 99." type="journal article" year="1844">Müller &amp; Troschel (1844)</bibRefCitation>
, however, included in 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34FDEF96BFDECF924" box="[493,574,1708,1731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34FDEF96BFDECF924" box="[493,574,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the 
<typeStatus id="9721D8A44F7CFFF34C47F96CFD76F924" box="[628,676,1707,1731]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D19F96DFC40F924" box="[810,914,1706,1731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D19F96DFC40F924" box="[810,914,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D90F96CFBA6F924" box="[931,1140,1706,1731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D90F96CFBA6F924" box="[931,1140,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a mistake that prompted 
<collectingCounty id="A1441E8A4F7CFFF34EA4F909FEF9F900" box="[151,299,1742,1767]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Valenciennes</collectingCounty>
(in 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34F6EF909FD60F900" author="Cuvier" box="[349,690,1742,1767]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Cuvier, G. &amp; Valenciennes, A. (1850) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt-deucieme. P. Bertrand editeur, Paris, i - xx, 1 - 532 + 1 - 91, pls. 634 - 650." type="book chapter" year="1850">Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 239) and 
<collectingMunicipality id="A841FC7C4F7CFFF34D1DF908FCB4F901" box="[814,870,1743,1766]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kner</collectingMunicipality>
(1859: 9) into not recognizing 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34AE0F908FAF6F901" box="[1235,1316,1743,1766]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34AE0F908FAF6F901" box="[1235,1316,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34EDEF935FDCAF8EC" author="Gunther" box="[237,536,1778,1803]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. London, i - xxii + 1 - 455." type="book chapter" year="1864">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7CFFF34EDEF935FE9BF8EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7CFFF34EDEF935FE9BF8EC" box="[237,329,1778,1803]" county="Valenciennes" municipality="Kner" name="Gunther" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Central">Günther</location>
(1864: 333–334)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a new diagnosis for 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34DA3F933FC33F8EC" box="[912,993,1780,1803]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34DA3F933FC33F8EC" box="[912,993,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and ever since this genus has been recognized as valid. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34FBEF8D0FE0CF8C9" box="[397,478,1815,1838]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34FBEF8D0FE0CF8C9" box="[397,478,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as currently understood, comprises seven synonyms, most of which were never consistently used in the literature. 
<location id="4D4530DD4F7CFFF34C18F8FCFD8EF8B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7CFFF34C18F8FCFD8EF8B5" box="[555,604,1851,1874]" county="Valenciennes" municipality="Kner" name="Two" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Central">Two</location>
of these synonyms, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D61F8FDFB68F8B4" authority="Kner (1858: 223)" authorityName="Kner" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1858" box="[850,1210,1850,1875]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chalcinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D61F8FDFC36F8B4" box="[850,996,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalcinopsis</emphasis>
Kner (1858: 223)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34ACAF8FDFE76F890" authority="Eigenmann (1903: 145)" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1903" family="Bryconidae" genus="Othonophanes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34ACAF8FDFA4EF8B4" box="[1273,1436,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Othonophanes</emphasis>
Eigenmann (1903: 145)
</taxonomicName>
were described having as type-species taxa from 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7CFFF34DECF899FBE0F890" box="[991,1074,1886,1911]" country="Paraguay" name="Central" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Central</collectingRegion>
America or trans-andean 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7CFFF34B68F899FA4EF890" box="[1371,1436,1886,1911]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South</collectingRegion>
America, and are not further discussed here. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34CB9F844FCE7F87C" author="Braum" box="[650,821,1922,1947]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Braum, E. (1983 b) The status of Brycon labiatus Steindachner 1880 (Pisces, Characoidei) and its synonym, Othonophanes labiatus (Steindachner, 1880). Amazoniana, 8 (2), 265 - 271." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="b">
<location id="4D4530DD4F7CFFF34CB9F844FD04F87D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7CFFF34CB9F844FD04F87D" box="[650,726,1923,1946]" county="Valenciennes" municipality="Kner" name="Braum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Central">Braum</location>
(1983b)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed the synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A51F845FAD4F87C" box="[1122,1286,1922,1947]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Othonophanes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A51F845FAD4F87C" box="[1122,1286,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Othonophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34B77F843FA47F87C" box="[1348,1429,1924,1947]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34B77F843FA47F87C" box="[1348,1429,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="F8F26C5B4F7CFFF34EA4F860FB17F805" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1425222754" location="A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7CFFF34EA4F860FF79F858" box="[151,171,1959,1983]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</collectingRegion>
third synonym, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34F53F861FD3BF858" authority="Eigenmann (1909: 33)" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1909" box="[352,745,1958,1983]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Holobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34F53F861FE34F858" box="[352,486,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Holobrycon</emphasis>
Eigenmann (1909: 33)
</taxonomicName>
, was proposed to include 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A3BF860FB41F859" box="[1032,1171,1959,1982]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pesu">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A3BF860FB41F859" box="[1032,1171,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon pesu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species not treated in the present contribution. See 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7CFFF34FEDF80CFDAFF804" author="Howes" box="[478,637,1995,2019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982)</bibRefCitation>
for the synonymization of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34D9EF80DFBE1F804" box="[941,1075,1994,2019]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Holobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34D9EF80DFBE1F804" box="[941,1075,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Holobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7CFFF34A5EF80BFB6CF804" box="[1133,1214,1996,2019]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7CFFF34A5EF80BFB6CF804" box="[1133,1214,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1CE5368E4F7BFFF44EA4F8FEFC4EF80E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257775/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[419,1174,200,1801]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="482566064F7BFFF44EA4F8FEFC4EF80E" blockId="12.[151,1436,1849,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44EA4F8FEFEC7F8A8" bold="true" box="[151,277,1849,1871]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Diagrammatic representation of the head profile, maxillary and infraorbitals showing the distinct morphologies found among cis-andean 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44FA6F89EFE0CF889" box="[405,478,1881,1902]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44FA6F89EFE0CF889" box="[405,478,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, represented by selected species. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44DB2F89FFC4BF889" bold="true" box="[897,921,1880,1902]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44DACF89EFBB7F889" box="[927,1125,1881,1902]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44DACF89EFBB7F889" box="[927,1125,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 3815, 152.3 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44EA4F8B1FF7CF86B" bold="true" box="[151,174,1910,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44E86F8BFFE87F86A" box="[181,341,1912,1933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44E86F8BFFE87F86A" box="[181,341,1912,1933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MCZ 21112, 232.2 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44CBBF8B1FD72F86B" bold="true" box="[648,672,1910,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44C9BF8BFFCE6F86B" box="[680,820,1910,1933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44C9BF8BFFCE6F86B" box="[680,820,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 1531, 146.6 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44A4AF8B1FB40F86B" bold="true" box="[1145,1170,1910,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44AAAF8BFFAEBF86B" box="[1177,1337,1910,1933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44AAAF8BFFAEBF86B" box="[1177,1337,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 3845, 195.1 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44F5FF852FE51F84C" bold="true" box="[364,387,1941,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44FBAF851FDFDF84C" box="[393,559,1941,1963]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opalinus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44FBAF851FDFDF84C" box="[393,559,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon opalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MCZ 21123, 210.5 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44D6AF852FCBDF84C" bold="true" box="[857,879,1941,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44D46F851FB90F84C" box="[885,1090,1941,1963]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyanus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44D46F851FB90F84C" box="[885,1090,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon orbignyanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 3900, 108.9 mm HL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44BB1F852FA4EF84C" bold="true" box="[1410,1436,1941,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44EA4F872FEC9F82D" box="[151,283,1972,1994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44EA4F872FEC9F82D" box="[151,283,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MCZ 60934, 310.3 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44C7EF873FDB5F82D" bold="true" box="[589,615,1972,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44C5DF872FCE6F82D" box="[622,820,1972,1994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44C5DF872FCE6F82D" box="[622,820,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 2007, 188.7 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44A44F873FB55F82D" bold="true" box="[1143,1159,1972,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44ABDF872FAE8F82D" box="[1166,1338,1972,1994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44ABDF872FAE8F82D" box="[1166,1338,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon polylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 70413, 203.9 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44F49F814FE5FF80E" bold="true" box="[378,397,2003,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">J.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7BFFF44FA0F813FD83F80E" box="[403,593,2003,2025]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolzmanni">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7BFFF44FA0F813FD83F80E" box="[403,593,2003,2025]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brycon stolzmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, UMMZ 185306, 120.0 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F7AFFF54EF4FF50FD2DF95A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF54EF4FF50FC3EFCF2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<materialsCitation id="F8F26C5B4F7AFFF54EF4FF50FC3EFCF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1425222745" collectionCode="NMW" county="Castro" location="Monophyly" municipality="As" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Lima" typeStatus="syntype">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="688A41284F7AFFF54EF4FF50FC3EFCF2" infered="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54EF4FF50FD84FF57" authority="Gunther (1869: 423)" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="423" authorityYear="1869" box="[199,598,151,176]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EF4FF50FEB9FF57" box="[199,363,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F7AFFF54F42FF50FD84FF57" author="Gunther" box="[369,598,151,176]" page="423" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F42FF50FD84FF57" author="Gunther" box="[369,598,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gunther, A. (1869) Descriptions of some species of fishes from the Peruvian Amazons. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869 (2), 423 - 429." type="journal article" year="1869">Günther (1869: 423)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was erected having as its 
<typeStatus id="9721D8A44F7AFFF54D4AFF5FFC7BFF57" box="[889,937,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
species 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A34FF50FAC6FF57" box="[1031,1300,151,176]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A34FF50FAC6FF57" box="[1031,1300,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon cephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This genus was not explicitly compared with 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C2AFF7AFDB8FF33" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[537,618,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C2AFF7AFDB8FF33" box="[537,618,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at its original description, though it is clear from the description that its purported diagnosis from the latter genus was the lack of the inner symphyseal dentary teeth pair, behind the main teeth series. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F1AFEC3FE6BFEFB" author="Cope" box="[297,441,260,284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Cope, E. D. (1872) On the fishes of the Ambyiacu River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 23, 250 - 294, pls. 3 - 16." type="journal article" year="1872">Cope (1872)</bibRefCitation>
included within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CB3FEC3FCF6FEFA" box="[640,804,260,285]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CB3FEC3FCF6FEFA" box="[640,804,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
two species, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DF7FEC2FB5DFEFA" box="[964,1167,260,285]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterum">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DF7FEC2FB5DFEFA" box="[964,1167,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. melanopterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AFFFEC2FA47FEFA" box="[1228,1429,260,285]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythropterum">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AFFFEC2FA47FEFA" box="[1228,1429,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. erythropterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without discussing the reasons that prompted him into including these species under this genus. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54B39FEE0FEE7FE83" author="Steindachner" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Steindachner, F. (1877) Die Susswasserfische des sudostlichen Brasilien (III). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenchaften in Wien, 74 (1), 559 - 694, pls. 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1877">Steindachner (1877: 26, 32)</bibRefCitation>
noticed that not all 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C22FE8AFD72FE83" ID-CoL="NH7C" box="[529,672,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C22FE8AFD72FE83" box="[529,672,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens he examined lacked the inner symphyseal teeth pair, and, on other hand, two specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C2AFEB6FCD9FE6F" ID-CoL="5WSRF" box="[537,779,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C2AFEB6FCD9FE6F" box="[537,779,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectionCode id="2E8BFEC34F7AFFF54DB2FEB7FC1BFE60" box="[897,969,368,391]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NMW</collectionCode>
collection, a species supposedly lacking these teeth, possessed them. He consequently considered the lack of the pair of symphyseal teeth to be “accidental” or “abnomal”, but he still retained 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C00FE70FD04FE37" box="[563,726,439,464]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C00FE70FD04FE37" box="[563,726,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a sub-genus of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D89FE7EFBD9FE37" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[954,1035,441,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D89FE7EFBD9FE37" box="[954,1035,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In spite of Steindachner’s (1877) action, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54EC3FE1BFE2CFE13" author="Miranda-Ribeiro" box="[240,510,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1902) Oito especies de peixes do Rio Pomba. A Lavoura, Boletim da Sociedade de Agricultura, 1902, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1902">Miranda-Ribeiro (1902</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54C3CFE1BFD9AFE12" author="Miranda-Ribeiro" box="[527,584,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1905) Genus Megalobrycon, Gnthr. Seu enumeratio systematica hujus generis Characinidarum specierum. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 13, 147 - 154, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1905">1905</bibRefCitation>
) continued to consider 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D5AFE1BFBDFFE12" box="[873,1037,476,501]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D5AFE1BFBDFFE12" box="[873,1037,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a valid genus, listing all species previously assigned to the genus, and adding a new one, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D25FE38FBF9FDFF" box="[790,1067,511,536]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piabanha">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D25FE38FBF9FDFF" box="[790,1067,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon piabanha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AEFFDC6FA59FDFF" ID-CoL="NH7J" box="[1244,1419,513,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AEFFDC6FA59FDFF" box="[1244,1419,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F7AFFF54EA4FDE3FE7AFDDB" author="Eigenmann" box="[151,424,548,573]" page="430" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54EA4FDE3FE7AFDDB" author="Eigenmann" box="[151,424,548,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, volume III, 2 (4), 375 - 511." type="journal article" year="1910">Eigenmann (1910: 430)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, presumably following Steindachner’s (1877) remarks, synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AF7FDE3FAB5FDDA" box="[1220,1383,548,573]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AF7FDE3FAB5FDDA" box="[1220,1383,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54EA4FD8EFF3AFD87" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[151,232,585,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EA4FD8EFF3AFD87" box="[151,232,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F7AFFF54EC4FD8FFE11FD87" author="Howes" box="[247,451,584,608]" page="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54EC4FD8FFE11FD87" author="Howes" box="[247,451,584,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982: 19)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
examined the 
<typeStatus id="9721D8A44F7AFFF54C59FD8FFD1EFD87" box="[618,716,584,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CC0FD80FBD0FD87" box="[755,1026,583,608]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Megalobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CC0FD80FBD0FD87" box="[755,1026,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megalobrycon cephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and noticed that although the larger specimen do in fact lack the inner pair of symphyseal dentary teeth, these are actually present in the smaller specimen. 
<treatmentCitation id="C93B40174F7AFFF54F21FD48FD82FD4F" author="Lima" box="[274,592,655,680]" page="158" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F21FD48FD82FD4F" author="Lima" box="[274,592,655,680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Lima, F. C. T. &amp; Castro, R. M. C. (2000) Brycon vermelha, a new species of characid fish from the Rio Mucuri, a coastal river of eastern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11 (2), 55 - 62." type="journal article" year="2000">
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7AFFF54F21FD48FE9FFD4F" box="[274,333,655,680]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lima</collectingRegion>
&amp; 
<collectingCounty id="A1441E8A4F7AFFF54F45FD57FE6DFD4F" box="[374,447,656,680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Castro</collectingCounty>
(2000: 158)
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
noticed the absence of the inner pair of symphyseal dentary teeth in the typical series of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F6BFD72FDC9FD2A" ID-CoL="5X53F" box="[344,539,692,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vermelha">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F6BFD72FDC9FD2A" box="[344,539,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon vermelha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectingMunicipality id="A841FC7C4F7AFFF54C1FFD73FD99FD2B" box="[556,587,692,716]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">As</collectingMunicipality>
remarked under the item “ 
<location id="4D4530DD4F7AFFF54DB7FD73FBDBFD2A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C033D7104F71FFF64EA4F9C4FB4AFA7A:4D4530DD4F7AFFF54DB7FD73FBDBFD2A" box="[900,1033,692,717]" county="Castro" municipality="As" name="Monophyly" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Lima">Monophyly</location>
of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A07FD72FB57FD2B" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[1076,1157,693,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A07FD72FB57FD2B" box="[1076,1157,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, above, the loss of the inner pair of symphyseal dentary teeth is a common feature of large-sized (generally&gt; 
<quantity id="8F62CBE34F7AFFF54A42FD1FFB1DFD08" box="[1137,1231,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
SL) specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54EA4FD3AFF3AFCF3" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[151,232,765,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EA4FD3AFF3AFCF3" box="[151,232,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and, consequently, cannot be used as a diagnostic generic character.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF54EF4FCD8FD7EFBD2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F63FCD8FE12FCDF" box="[336,448,799,824]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F63FCD8FE12FCDF" box="[336,448,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Catabasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54CA1FCD8FBF5FCDF" author="Eigenmann" box="[658,1063,799,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Norris, A. A. (1900) Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo, Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 4, 349 - 362." type="journal article" year="1900">Eigenmann &amp; Norris (1900: 358)</bibRefCitation>
, having as its type species 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54BB1FCE7FECAFCBB" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54BB1FCE7FECAFCBB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. acuminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F16FC83FD4BFCBA" author="Eigenmann" box="[293,665,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Norris, A. A. (1900) Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo, Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 4, 349 - 362." type="journal article" year="1900">Eigenmann &amp; Norris (1900: 358)</bibRefCitation>
only compared it with 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DAFFC83FBD1FCBA" ID-CoL="7BWV" box="[924,1027,836,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DAFFC83FBD1FCBA" box="[924,1027,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54A23FC83FAFBFCBB" author="Roberts" box="[1040,1321,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1969) Osteology and relationships of characoid fishes, particularly the genera Hepsetus, Salminus, Hoplias, Ctenolucius, and Acestrorhynchus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 36 (15), 391 - 500." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts (1969: 437–438)</bibRefCitation>
examined the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F67FCA0FD82FC67" box="[340,592,871,896]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F67FCA0FD82FC67" box="[340,592,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Catabasis acuminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and remarked that it actually resembled more closely 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AE5FCAEFAA9FC67" ID-CoL="NH6K" box="[1238,1403,873,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AE5FCAEFAA9FC67" box="[1238,1403,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F18FC4AFE39FC42" ID-CoL="NH6L" box="[299,491,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F18FC4AFE39FC42" box="[299,491,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon alburnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54FCEFC4AFD44FC43" author="Howes" box="[509,662,908,932]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CEEFC4BFC73FC42" box="[733,929,908,933]" family="Characidae" genus="Acestrorhamphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CEEFC4BFC73FC42" box="[733,929,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Acestrorhamphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DEFFC4BFBB6FC42" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[988,1124,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DEFFC4BFBB6FC42" box="[988,1124,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) than 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A80FC4BFACBFC42" ID-CoL="7BWV" box="[1203,1305,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A80FC4BFACBFC42" box="[1203,1305,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54B1FFC4BFA4EFC42" box="[1324,1436,908,933]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54B1FFC4BFA4EFC42" box="[1324,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Catabasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained as an enigmatic taxon until 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54C7BFC77FCDAFC2F" author="Howes" box="[584,776,944,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982: 4)</bibRefCitation>
sinonymized it with 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DCDFC76FB9DFC2F" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[1022,1103,945,968]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DCDFC76FB9DFC2F" box="[1022,1103,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, noticing that the absence of lateral cusps was the only significative distinction between the now 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D8FFC12FBB3FC0B" box="[956,1121,981,1004]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Catabasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D8FFC12FBB3FC0B" box="[956,1121,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. acuminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its congeners. Further investigations on the subject revealed that 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C44FC3EFC83FBF7" ID-CoL="RQZJ" box="[631,849,1017,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C44FC3EFC83FBF7" box="[631,849,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon acuminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AC3FC3EFAB5FBF7" ID-CoL="NH7J" box="[1264,1383,1017,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AC3FC3EFAB5FBF7" box="[1264,1383,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see the item “Remarks” of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54FA8FBDAFD9BFBD3" ID-CoL="NH7J" box="[411,585,1053,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54FA8FBDAFD9BFBD3" box="[411,585,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF54EF4FBF8FB18FB0F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54EF4FBF8FDBAFBBF" authority="Eigenmann (1903: 146)" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1903" box="[199,616,1087,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EF4FBF8FE82FBBF" box="[199,336,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bryconodon</emphasis>
Eigenmann (1903: 146)
</taxonomicName>
was proposed to include 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DA2FB86FBBFFBBF" ID-CoL="NH86" box="[913,1133,1087,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DA2FB86FBBFFBBF" box="[913,1133,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, diagnosed by lacking the second teeth row on the dentary (an information stated on the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A76FBA2FB34FB9A" ID-CoL="NH86" box="[1093,1254,1124,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A76FBA2FB34FB9A" box="[1093,1254,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54AC7FBA3FA4AFB9A" author="Gunther" box="[1268,1432,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. London, i - xxii + 1 - 455." type="book chapter" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 335). 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7AFFF54EEAFB4FFF3FFB47" box="[217,237,1160,1184]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</collectingRegion>
little later, Eigenmann himself recognized 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CEBFB40FCB3FB47" box="[728,865,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CEBFB40FCB3FB47" box="[728,865,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bryconodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a mere synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A58FB4EFF1FFB23" ID-CoL="3DKB" authority="Eigenmann, 1910: 430" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="430" authorityYear="1910" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A58FB4EFB6EFB47" box="[1131,1212,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54AFFFB40FF14FB23" author="Eigenmann" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, volume III, 2 (4), 375 - 511." type="journal article" year="1910">Eigenmann, 1910: 430</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. As noticed in the description of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C74FB6AFCF1FB22" ID-CoL="NH86" box="[583,803,1196,1221]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C74FB6AFCF1FB22" box="[583,803,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below, contrary to what was stated by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54AD4FB6BFA45FB22" author="Gunther" box="[1255,1431,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. London, i - xxii + 1 - 455." type="book chapter" year="1864">Günther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
, this species does indeed possess the inner row of small teeth on the distal portion of the dentary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF54EF4FB33FAB8F9E0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54EF4FB33FDA1FAEB" authority="Eigenmann (1909: 33)" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1909" box="[199,627,1268,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Triurobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EF4FB33FE89FAEA" box="[199,347,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Triurobrycon</emphasis>
Eigenmann (1909: 33)
</taxonomicName>
was described having as its type-species 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A46FB32FAC7FAEA" ID-CoL="NH7Q" box="[1141,1301,1268,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lundii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A46FB32FAC7FAEA" box="[1141,1301,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon lundii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54B78FB32FEC8FAD7" ID-CoL="NH86" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54B78FB32FEC8FAD7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see item “Remarks” of this latter species). This genus was diagnosed from 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A4EFADEFB1CFAD7" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[1149,1230,1305,1328]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A4EFADEFB1CFAD7" box="[1149,1230,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possessing the middle caudal-fin rays elongated “into a point”. Curiously, once again, Eigenmann soon afterwards recanted and considered 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F29FA98FE7CFA9F" box="[282,430,1375,1400]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Triurobrycon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F29FA98FE7CFA9F" box="[282,430,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Triurobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CB2FAA6FC26FA9F" ID-CoL="3DKB" authority="Eigenmann, 1910: 430" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="430" authorityYear="1910" box="[641,1012,1375,1400]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CB2FAA6FD00FA9F" box="[641,722,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54CD0FA98FC3EFA9F" author="Eigenmann" box="[739,1004,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, volume III, 2 (4), 375 - 511." type="journal article" year="1910">Eigenmann, 1910: 430</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, though this generic name had some longevity in the brazilian ichthyological literature (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54D3BFA43FC66FA7A" author="Schubart" box="[776,948,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schubart, O. (1962) Lista dos peixes da bacia do rio Mogi Guassu. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 6 (3), 26 - 32." type="journal article" year="1962">Schubart, 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54D8CFA43FB81FA7A" author="Godoy" box="[959,1107,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Godoy, M. P. (1975) Peixes do Brasil. Subordem Characoidei. Bacia do Rio Mogi Guassu. Ed. Franciscana, Piracicaba, vol. II, vi + 217 - 398." type="journal article" year="1975">Godoy, 1975</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F7AFFF54A55FA43FBA8FA7B" box="[1126,1146,1412,1436]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</collectingRegion>
small distal elongation of the middle-caudal fin rays is in fact a common feature present in several 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DE4FA6EFBFAFA27" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[983,1064,1449,1472]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DE4FA6EFBFAFA27" box="[983,1064,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54AA3FA6FFAE2FA27" author="Zanata" box="[1168,1328,1448,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">Zanata (2000)</bibRefCitation>
used this character as one of the synapomorphies diagnosing a well-supported monophyletic group within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54B3DFA0AFA8DFA03" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[1294,1375,1485,1508]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54B3DFA0AFA8DFA03" box="[1294,1375,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that included 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54ECDFA36FEA7F9EF" ID-CoL="NH7B" box="[254,373,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54ECDFA36FEA7F9EF" box="[254,373,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54FB7FA36FDFDF9EF" ID-CoL="NH85" box="[388,559,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyanus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54FB7FA36FDFDF9EF" box="[388,559,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. orbignyanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C0EFA28FD49F9EF" ID-CoL="NH7H" box="[573,667,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C0EFA28FD49F9EF" box="[573,667,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B.hilarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C9AFA36FC99F9EF" ID-CoL="NH86" box="[681,843,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C9AFA36FC99F9EF" box="[681,843,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D6AFA36FC2EF9EF" ID-CoL="NH6M" box="[857,1020,1521,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D6AFA36FC2EF9EF" box="[857,1020,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A39FA36FBBFF9EF" ID-CoL="NH8V" box="[1034,1133,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A39FA36FBBFF9EF" box="[1034,1133,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. whitei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A98FA36FAB0F9EF" ID-CoL="5WSRF" box="[1195,1378,1519,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A98FA36FAB0F9EF" box="[1195,1378,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF54EF4F9D3FD2DF95A" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54EF4F9D3FE60F9CA" bold="true" box="[199,434,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Intrarrelationships.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54FF4F9D2FD4AF9CA" author="Howes" box="[455,664,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982: 46)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to discuss possible “species assemblages” within the genus. Though these assemblages were not considered to be “monophyletic units” by that author, he proposed them “as a framework for a more rigorous analysis” (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54CF1F99BFC5EF993" author="Howes" box="[706,908,1628,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes, 1982: 47</bibRefCitation>
). Three out of the five “species assemblages” proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F0EF947FE3AF97F" author="Howes" box="[317,488,1664,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982)</bibRefCitation>
included cis-andean 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CC5F946FC95F97F" ID-CoL="3DKB" box="[758,839,1665,1688]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CC5F946FC95F97F" box="[758,839,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species: the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DCBF946FB66F97F" ID-CoL="NH7B" box="[1016,1204,1663,1688]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DCBF946FB66F97F" box="[1016,1204,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54B78F946FECAF95B" ID-CoL="RQZJ" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54B78F946FECAF95B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon acuminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, and the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54FFAF962FD7FF95A" ID-CoL="NH85" box="[457,685,1700,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyanus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54FFAF962FD7FF95A" box="[457,685,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon orbignyanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F7AFFF64EF4F90FFBD8FC0A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="482566064F7AFFF64EF4F90FFBD8FC0A" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,1437]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
So far, four phylogenetic analyses has been undertaken aiming to understand the intrarelationships of the genus. Hilsdorf 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F61F92AFE5CF8E2" box="[338,398,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) presented a hypothesis of relationships within the genus using partial 16S rDNA mitochondrial sequences of 13 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54C1AF8D6FDA8F8CF" box="[553,634,1809,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54C1AF8D6FDA8F8CF" box="[553,634,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, plus the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D41F8C8FC21F8CF" box="[882,1011,1807,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A34F8C8FACDF8CF" box="[1031,1311,1807,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A34F8C8FACDF8CF" box="[1031,1311,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A more comprehensive analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, based on morphological data was undertaken by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F7AFFF54F73F89FFE30F897" author="Zanata" box="[320,482,1880,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">Zanata (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, but still remains unpublished. Both hypotheses agree in identifying a well-defined, derived group that includes the large-sized, diverse-colored 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54D67F8BAFC77F873" box="[852,933,1917,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54D67F8BAFC77F873" box="[852,933,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species widespread in the large floodplain rivers of cis-andean South America that includes 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54CC7F866FCA6F85E" box="[756,884,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54CC7F866FCA6F85E" box="[756,884,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54DBAF866FBE9F85E" box="[905,1083,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyanus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54DBAF866FBE9F85E" box="[905,1083,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. orbignyanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A62F867FB7DF85E" box="[1105,1199,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A62F867FB7DF85E" box="[1105,1199,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B.hilarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54AF6F866FABDF85E" box="[1221,1391,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54AF6F866FABDF85E" box="[1221,1391,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54BB7F866FEC9F83B" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54BB7F866FEC9F83B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54F1DF802FE45F83A" box="[302,407,1988,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54F1DF802FE45F83A" box="[302,407,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. whitei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54FEDF802FD48F83A" box="[478,666,1988,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54FEDF802FD48F83A" box="[478,666,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and which roughly corresponds to the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F7AFFF54A4BF802FAFCF83A" box="[1144,1326,1988,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F7AFFF54A4BF802FAFCF83A" box="[1144,1326,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64EA4FF5FFEEEFF57" author="Howes" box="[151,316,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Howes, G. J. (1982) Review of the genus Brycon (Teleostei: Characoidei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1982">Howes (1982)</bibRefCitation>
. Hilsdorf 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F82FF5EFE3EFF57" box="[433,492,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) hypothesis identifies monophyletic clades including the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64AFCFF5EFAF2FF57" box="[1231,1312,153,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64AFCFF5EFAF2FF57" box="[1231,1312,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species of eastern Brazil (
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F72FF7AFE6DFF32" box="[321,447,188,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opalinus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F72FF7AFE6DFF32" box="[321,447,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. opalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64FFEFF7AFD91FF33" box="[461,579,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64FFEFF7AFD91FF33" box="[461,579,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C63FF7AFD75FF33" box="[592,679,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C63FF7AFD75FF33" box="[592,679,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64CD7FF7AFCB6FF33" box="[740,868,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nattereri">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64CD7FF7AFCB6FF33" box="[740,868,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. nattereri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) plus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D9BFF7BFB60FF32" box="[936,1202,188,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D9BFF7BFB60FF32" box="[936,1202,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a monophyletic clade including some trans-andean species. This roughly agrees with the hypothesis of 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64A6DFF27FB2FFF1F" author="Zanata" box="[1118,1277,224,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">Zanata (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, though in her hypothesis the 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F70FEC2FE46FEFB" box="[323,404,261,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F70FEC2FE46FEFB" box="[323,404,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from eastern Brazil does not form a monophyletic clade. Recently, two additional molecular phylogenies were presented for the genus. The first, by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64DEEFEE0FB6BFEA7" box="[989,1209,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article">
Abe 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A2FFEEEFB8CFEA7" box="[1052,1118,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
presented a more comprehensive hypothesis of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64FDAFE8AFDE8FE83" box="[489,570,333,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64FDAFE8AFDE8FE83" box="[489,570,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C8EFE8BFCF6FE82" box="[701,804,332,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C8EFE8BFCF6FE82" box="[701,804,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64FBFFEA8FD88FE6F" box="[396,602,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article">
Abe 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64FF4FEB6FDD6FE6F" box="[455,516,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
analysed 19 out of the currently 44 valid species of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64AE8FEB6FAFEFE6F" box="[1243,1324,369,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64AE8FEB6FAFEFE6F" box="[1243,1324,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, plus the monotypic genera 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F5BFE53FE27FE4A" box="[360,501,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F5BFE53FE27FE4A" box="[360,501,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C1FFE53FD79FE4A" box="[556,683,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C1FFE53FD79FE4A" box="[556,683,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Henochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and all species of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64DB6FE53FC3EFE4A" box="[901,1004,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64DB6FE53FC3EFE4A" box="[901,1004,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and considered 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A98FE52FB2EFE4B" box="[1195,1276,405,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A98FE52FB2EFE4B" box="[1195,1276,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense as paraphyletic without the inclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C90FE70FCD8FE37" box="[675,778,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C90FE70FCD8FE37" box="[675,778,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They recovered five monophyletic clades within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64B77FE7EFA47FE37" box="[1348,1429,441,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64B77FE7EFA47FE37" box="[1348,1429,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the most basal one including four of the analysed trans-andean 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D50FE1AFC66FE13" box="[867,948,477,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D50FE1AFC66FE13" box="[867,948,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, plus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A61FE1BFAB6FE12" box="[1106,1380,476,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deuterodon">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A61FE1BFAB6FE12" box="[1106,1380,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chilobrycon deuterodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and then successively a clade including all 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C7AFE38FD62FDFF" box="[585,688,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C7AFE38FD62FDFF" box="[585,688,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, a clade formed solely by 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A1DFDC6FB6BFDFF" box="[1070,1209,513,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pesu">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A1DFDC6FB6BFDFF" box="[1070,1209,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon pesu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a clade formed by 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64E89FDE2FE45FDDB" box="[186,407,549,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64E89FDE2FE45FDDB" box="[186,407,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon amazonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F96FDE2FDD8FDDA" box="[421,522,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilarii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F96FDE2FDD8FDDA" box="[421,522,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. hilarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C2AFDE2FD71FDDA" box="[537,675,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldingi">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C2AFDE2FD71FDDA" box="[537,675,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. gouldingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C81FDE2FC8CFDDA" box="[690,862,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyanus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C81FDE2FC8CFDDA" box="[690,862,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. orbignyanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D5FFDE2FBDCFDDA" box="[876,1038,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orthotaenia">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D5FFDE2FBDCFDDA" box="[876,1038,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. orthotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A7FFDE2FB68FDDB" box="[1100,1210,549,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorei">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A7FFDE2FB68FDDB" box="[1100,1210,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. moorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is sister of a clade containing two subclades, one composed by 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64CC3FD8EFCBCFD87" box="[752,878,583,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64CC3FD8EFCBCFD87" box="[752,878,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. falcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D9DFD8EFBA4FD87" box="[942,1142,583,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D9DFD8EFBA4FD87" box="[942,1142,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the other including exclusively 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F2DFDAAFEBDFD63" box="[286,367,621,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F2DFDAAFEBDFD63" box="[286,367,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from eastern Brazil, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D1CFDABFBE9FD62" box="[815,1083,620,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D1CFDABFBE9FD62" box="[815,1083,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most of these clades seems to concur with morphological evidence, but the inclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64D08FD48FC73FD4F" box="[827,929,655,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D08FD48FC73FD4F" box="[827,929,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64DCCFD56FB82FD4F" box="[1023,1104,657,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64DCCFD56FB82FD4F" box="[1023,1104,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as the relationships among them, are apparently at odds with the morphological evidence. The second, by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64AB0FD73FA45FD2A" box="[1155,1431,692,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Travenzoli, N. M., Silva, P. C., Santos, U., Zanuncio, J. C., Oliveira, C. &amp; Dergam, J. A. (2015). Cytogenetic and molecular data demonstrate that the Bryconinae (Ostariophysi, Bryconidae) species from southeastern Brazil form a phylogenetic and phylogeographic unit. PLOS ONE, 10 (9), 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0137843" type="journal article">
Travenzoli 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64B36FD72FA92FD2A" box="[1285,1344,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
, focused on the species occurring in eastern Brazil and provided additional evidence for the monophyly of a clade composed by 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F0DFD3AFE5DFCF3" box="[318,399,765,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F0DFD3AFE5DFCF3" box="[318,399,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occurring in eastern Brazil, including 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64DF3FD3BFB03FCF2" box="[960,1233,764,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64DF3FD3BFB03FCF2" box="[960,1233,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The position of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64EA4FCD8FE71FCDF" box="[151,419,799,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Henochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wheatlandii">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64EA4FCD8FE71FCDF" box="[151,419,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Henochilus wheatlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not only within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C50FCE6FD66FCDF" box="[611,692,801,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C50FCE6FD66FCDF" box="[611,692,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but also within the clade of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A36FCE6FB84FCDF" box="[1029,1110,801,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A36FCE6FB84FCDF" box="[1029,1110,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from eastern Brazil, already found by Hilsdorf 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F5AFC82FE70FCBA" box="[361,418,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) and confirmed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64CF8FC83FC5FFCBB" box="[715,909,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article">
Abe 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64D32FC82FCE9FCBA" box="[769,827,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64DF6FC83FB00FCBA" box="[965,1234,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Travenzoli, N. M., Silva, P. C., Santos, U., Zanuncio, J. C., Oliveira, C. &amp; Dergam, J. A. (2015). Cytogenetic and molecular data demonstrate that the Bryconinae (Ostariophysi, Bryconidae) species from southeastern Brazil form a phylogenetic and phylogeographic unit. PLOS ONE, 10 (9), 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0137843" type="journal article">
Travenzoli 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A76FC82FBACFCBA" box="[1093,1150,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
, is revealing. The other monotypic genus of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64FE2FCA0FD87FC67" box="[465,597,871,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64C57FCA0FD22FC67" box="[612,752,871,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Chilobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C57FCA0FD22FC67" box="[612,752,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chilobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was also recovered within the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64A8EFCAEFADCFC67" box="[1213,1294,873,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A8EFCAEFADCFC67" box="[1213,1294,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both using morphological (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64F7AFC4BFE0DFC43" author="Zanata" box="[329,479,908,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Zanata, A. M. (2000) Estudo das relacoes filogeneticas do genero Brycon Muller &amp; Troschel, 1844 (Characidae; Characiformes). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 358 pp." type="book" year="2000">Zanata, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) and molecular (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64CA8FC4BFC83FC43" author="Abe" box="[667,849,908,933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Avelino, G. S., Foresti, F. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2014) Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14 (152), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 152" type="journal article" year="2014">
Abe 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64CE1FC4AFCD8FC42" box="[722,778,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
) data. It seems likely that both genera are synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64E86FC76FED4FC2F" box="[181,262,945,968]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64E86FC76FED4FC2F" box="[181,262,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but until both a comprehensive morphological study and a broader molecular analysis of the genus are undertaken, no changes at the generic level within 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64CFCFC13FC82FC0A" box="[719,848,980,1005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bryconinae">Bryconinae</taxonomicName>
seem advisable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0080358D4F79FFF64EF4FC30FB4AFA7A" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="482566064F79FFF64EF4FC30FB4AFA7A" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64EF4FC30FEB2FBF7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</emphasis>
From ríos Grijalva and Usumancita, 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D3EFC30FCB5FBF7" box="[781,871,1015,1040]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
state, 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D80FC30FBDAFBF7" box="[947,1032,1015,1040]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64D80FC30FBDAFBF7" box="[947,1032,1015,1040]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64A2AFC30FB3CFBF7" author="Miller" box="[1049,1262,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Miller, R. R., Minckley, W. L. &amp; Norris, S. M. (2005) Freshwater fishes of Mexico. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 490 pp." type="book" year="2005">
Miller 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64A59FC3EFB76FBF7" box="[1130,1188,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
) southwards to 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64EA4FBDAFF22FBD3" box="[151,240,1053,1076]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64EA4FBDAFF22FBD3" box="[151,240,1053,1076]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Panama</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
in 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64F20FBDBFEB4FBD2" box="[275,358,1052,1077]" country="Paraguay" name="Central" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Central</collectingRegion>
America (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64FE8FBDBFD76FBD3" author="Hildebrand" box="[475,676,1052,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1938) A new catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History Publications on Zoology Series, 22 (4), 219 - 359." type="journal article" year="1938">Hildebrand, 1938</bibRefCitation>
), and transandean river systems, from 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64A60FBDBFBAEFBD3" box="[1107,1148,1052,1076]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Río</collectingRegion>
Jequetepeque in northern 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64EA4FB87FF19FBB0" box="[151,203,1088,1111]" name="Peru" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64EEFFB87FE52FBBF" author="Pearson" box="[220,384,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pearson, N. E. (1937) The fishes of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes near Cajamarca, Peru. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4) 23 (7), 87 - 98, pls. 12 - 13." type="journal article" year="1937">Pearson, 1937</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64FF6FB87FE3CFBBF" box="[453,494,1088,1112]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Río</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64FCBFBF8FD83FBBF" box="[504,593,1087,1112]" country="Peru" name="Tumbes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tumbes</collectingRegion>
at the peruvian/ecuatorian border (
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64DDAFBF8FB6FFBBF" author="Chirichigno" box="[1001,1213,1087,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Chirichigno, N. (1963) Estudio de la fauna ictiologica de los esteros y parte baja de los rios del Departamento de Tumbes [Peru]. Servicio de Pesqueria, Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica, Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru, 22, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1963">Chirichigno, 1963</bibRefCitation>
; Géry &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64B61FBF8FF02FB9B" author="Rham" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gery, J. &amp; de Rham, P. (1981) Un nouveau poisson characide endemique du bassin du Rio Tumbes au nord du Perou, Chilobrycon deuterodon n. g. n. sp. (Characoidei). Revue Francaise de Aquariologie, 8 (1), 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="1981">Rham, 1981</bibRefCitation>
) (but actually occurring southward down to 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64CFAFBA3FD23FB9B" box="[713,753,1124,1148]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Río</collectingRegion>
Santa, Departamento 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64DDFFBA3FB91FB9A" box="[1004,1091,1124,1149]" country="Peru" name="Ancash" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ancash</collectingRegion>
, central-northern coastal 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64B52FBA2FA4AFB9B" box="[1377,1432,1125,1148]" name="Peru" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Peru</collectingCountry>
; H. Ortega, pers. comm..; 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64F85FB4EFD15FB47" box="[438,711,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrocaudatus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64F85FB4EFDD5FB47" box="[438,519,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64C07FB40FD15FB47" box="[564,711,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">atrocaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; MUSM 2990, MUSM 3003) to the Lake of Maracaibo system, 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64EA4FB6BFED8FB22" box="[151,266,1196,1221]" name="Venezuela" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C0B1BF74F79FFF64F2BFB6BFDC0FB23" author="Mosco" box="[280,530,1196,1221]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mosco Morales, J. (1988) Dos nuevas especies de Brycon (Pisces: Characidae) de la Cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Anartia, 1, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1988">Moscó Morales, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). At cis-andean 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64CF4FB6BFCDBFB22" box="[711,777,1196,1221]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">South</collectingRegion>
America, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8F9A1D854F79FFF64DDDFB6AFBEDFB23" box="[1006,1087,1197,1220]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AEEBA144F79FFF64DDDFB6AFBEDFB23" box="[1006,1087,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread across the major river systems, i.e., 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64F44FB17FE4DFB0F" box="[375,415,1232,1256]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Río</collectingRegion>
Orinoco, rio 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64C70FB17FD6EFB0F" box="[579,700,1232,1256]" country="Venezuela" name="Amazonas" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64CFFFB08FD27FB0F" box="[716,757,1231,1256]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rio</collectingRegion>
de la 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D76FB08FC52FB0F" box="[837,896,1231,1256]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plata</collectingRegion>
, and rio São Francisco basins, guyanese river systems (from 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64F0DFB33FE63FAEA" box="[318,433,1268,1293]" name="Guyana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Essequibo</collectingCountry>
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64F8AFB33FE25FAEA" box="[441,503,1268,1293]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">River</collectingRegion>
in 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64C2FFB33FDA1FAEB" box="[540,627,1268,1292]" name="Guyana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guyana</collectingCountry>
to Mana 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64CECFB33FCCFFAEA" box="[735,797,1268,1293]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">River</collectingRegion>
in 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D71FB33FC3EFAEA" box="[834,1004,1268,1293]" country="France" name="Guyane" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64D71FB33FC3EFAEA" box="[834,1004,1268,1293]" name="French Guiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
), and small coastal river systems from the rio São Francisco mouth southwards to the rio 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64CFEFAD0FCF3FAD7" box="[717,801,1303,1328]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
do 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D79FAD0FCBDFAD7" box="[842,879,1303,1328]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sul</collectingRegion>
basin in eastern 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64A1FFAD0FBA6FAD7" box="[1068,1140,1303,1328]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. There are no records, and the genus is with all likelihood absent, from the several rivers drainages from northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64AF0FAFBFAD5FAB2" box="[1219,1287,1340,1365]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
between the mouths of the rio São Francisco and rio Capim, and from the coastal river systems from southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64B68FA98FA4EFA9F" box="[1371,1436,1375,1400]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">South</collectingRegion>
America situated to the south from the 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64C7EFA43FD53FA7B" box="[589,641,1412,1436]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Baía</collectingRegion>
de Guanabara in 
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D75FA43FC38FA7A" box="[838,1002,1412,1437]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectingRegion id="8A5EA8E44F79FFF64D75FA43FCBCFA7A" box="[838,878,1412,1437]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rio</collectingRegion>
de Janeiro
</collectingRegion>
, eastern 
<collectingCountry id="308D26964F79FFF64A78FA43FB41FA7A" box="[1099,1171,1412,1437]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>