treatments-xml/data/AF/55/E5/AF55E5EC0529900EA527FFF8802DF3C4.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.28894" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0153e2b7-f0f6-4c99-9f35-f500671dd1a4" ID-PMC="PMC6262046" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049--21" ID-PubMed="30510469" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-4049--21" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys " ModsDocTitle="A new Gymnopus species with rhizomorphs and its record as nesting material by birds (Tyrannidae) in the subtropical cloud forest from eastern Mexico" checkinTime="1553125596041" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cesar, Enrique, Bandala, Victor M., Montoya, Leticia &amp; Ramos, Antero" docDate="2018" docId="AF55E5EC0529900EA527FFF8802DF3C4" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 42: 21-34" docOrigin="MycoKeys 42" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.28894" docTitle="Gymnopus westii Cesar, Bandala &amp; Montoya, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFFCFFEFFFE6FFAC2D05FFE1FF8CFFF5" masterDocTitle="A new Gymnopus species with rhizomorphs and its record as nesting material by birds (Tyrannidae) in the subtropical cloud forest from eastern Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1668136095771" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A new Gymnopus species with rhizomorphs and its record as nesting material by birds (Tyrannidae) in the subtropical cloud forest from eastern Mexico</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cesar, Enrique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bandala, Victor M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Montoya, Leticia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Ramos, Antero</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>42</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.28894</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.28894</mods:identifier>
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<taxonomicName LSID="MB828158" authority="(Murrill) Cesar, Bandala &amp; Montoya" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus westii" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="westii">
Gymnopus westii (Murrill) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="César">Cesar</normalizedToken>
, Bandala &amp; Montoya
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="21">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="basionym">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Basionym.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius westii" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="westii">Marasmius westii</taxonomicName>
Murrill, Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 7:110. 1945.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
Syn.: 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius brevipes" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brevipes">Marasmius brevipes</taxonomicName>
Berk. &amp; Ravenel, in Berkeley and Curtis, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2 12: 426. 1853.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
= 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Micromphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Micromphale brevipes" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brevipes">Micromphale brevipes</taxonomicName>
(Berk. &amp; Ravenel) Singer, in Dennis, Kew Bull. 8: 42. 1953.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
Not 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Agaricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Agaricus brevipes" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brevipes">Agaricus brevipes</taxonomicName>
Bull., Herb. Fr. 11: tab. 521. 1791 (
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Gymnopus</taxonomicName>
, Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 609.1821; 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Tricholomataceae" genus="Melanoleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Melanoleuca" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Melanoleuca</taxonomicName>
, Pat., Essai Tax. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyménomyc">Hymenomyc</normalizedToken>
.: 158, 1900.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
Reports of marasmioid fungi as nesting material for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="Rhizomorphigena" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="order">Passeriformes</taxonomicName>
have been referred in several works as filaments, rhizomorphs or horse-hair fungi and recorded from the Nearctic and the Neotropical regions (
<bibRefCitation author="Sick, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal fuer Ornithologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="421 - 431" title="Rosthaarpilze als Nestbau-Material Brasilianischer Vogel." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01671688" volume="98" year="1957">Sick 1957</bibRefCitation>
; Mc Farland and Rimmer 1996; 
<bibRefCitation author="Aubrecht, G" journalOrPublisher="Avian Biology research" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="26 - 30" title="Coincidence or benefit? The use of Marasmius (horse-hair fungus) filaments in bird nests." url="https://doi.org/10.3184/175815512X13531739538638" volume="6" year="2013">Aubrecht et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). These fungal materials have been identified as 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius androsaceus" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="androsaceus">Marasmius androsaceus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. brevipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="brevipes">M. brevipes</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. crinis-equi" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="crinis-equi">M. crinis-equi</taxonomicName>
F. Muell. ex Kalchbr., 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. nigrobrunneus" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="nigrobrunneus">M. nigrobrunneus</taxonomicName>
(Pat.) Sacc. and 
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
sp. Fungal material from 
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Helotiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius" order="Helotiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Marasmius</taxonomicName>
sp. and 
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Lachnaceae" genus="Crinipellis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Crinipellis" order="Helotiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Crinipellis</taxonomicName>
sp. was recorded in Mexico as being associated with nests of birds in a tropical forest from Tabasco in the south of Mexico (
<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, VH" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Neotropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="107 - 111" title="Nidos de aves elaborados con material fungico: un dato no registrado en Mexico." volume="25" year="2014">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
et al. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). In the present study, one of the sequences (MH560578), included in the obtained phylogeny (Fig. 1), belongs to a rhizomorph of 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus nidus-avis" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="nidus-avis">Gymnopus nidus-avis</taxonomicName>
re-collected in a nest of 
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Myonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myonectes oleaginous" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oleaginous">Myonectes oleaginous</taxonomicName>
Lichtenstein. This 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Gymnopus</taxonomicName>
species represents a new species in the list of marasmioid taxa found interacting with birds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
All the basidiomes collected in the present study were found on fallen twigs in the low canopy level but it is possible that fructifications occur also on rhizomorphs at the top of the trees, where these latter are found and used by birds. Previous reports have suggested that bird efforts of picking this inconspicuous material is rewarded with the high tensile strength, reduced water uptake and antimicrobial properties of the rhizomorphs, which consequently protect the offspring (
<bibRefCitation author="Aubrecht, G" journalOrPublisher="Avian Biology research" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="26 - 30" title="Coincidence or benefit? The use of Marasmius (horse-hair fungus) filaments in bird nests." url="https://doi.org/10.3184/175815512X13531739538638" volume="6" year="2013">Aubrecht et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Freymann, BP" journalOrPublisher="Ibis" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="395 - 399" title="Physical properties of fungal rhizomorphs of marasmioid basidiomicetes used as nesting material by birds." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00750.x" volume="150" year="2007">Freymann 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Preliminary results, based on various sequences obtained from rhizomorphs gathered in different nests of bird species found in the study site, suggest the presence of an important diversity of marasmioid rhizomorph-forming species in the cloud forest studied. It is interesting to note also that we could evidence the presence of nests of wasps of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polybia rejecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rejecta">Polybia rejecta</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, near one of 
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Myonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myonectes oleagineus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oleagineus">Myonectes oleagineus</taxonomicName>
built with rhizomorphs of 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Gymnopus</taxonomicName>
. It coincides with the observations made by 
<bibRefCitation author="Joyce, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 77" title="Nesting success of rufous-naped wrens is greater near wasp nests." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164038" volume="32" year="1993">Joyce (1993)</bibRefCitation>
in Costa Rica regarding the presence of nests of that wasp species near 
<taxonomicName genus="Tolmomyas" lsidName="Tolmomyas sulphurescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="sulphurescens">Tolmomyas sulphurescens</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Cacicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacicus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cacicus</taxonomicName>
spp. nests. These latter authors concluded that such association could reduce predation, remarking the importance of the fungal rhizomorphs in this complex ecological interaction.
</paragraph>
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