246 lines
28 KiB
XML
246 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="57355476A760504D5C7D92BD59E26607" ID-CLB-Dataset="34607" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d4121e1b-e0c6-4db9-8970-d1b27de040f3" ID-PMC="PMC3800794" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-335-101" ID-PubMed="24146568" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-335-101" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 335" ModsDocTitle="The enigmatic Otway odd-clawed spider (Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997, Gradungulidae, Araneae): Natural history, first description of the female and micro-computed tomography of the male palpal organ" checkinTime="1451246879842" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Michalik, Peter, Piacentini, Luis, Lipke, Elisabeth & Ramirez, Martin J." docDate="2013" docId="B78D77D7F8AA9C2E8B4BEF83FB3B3106" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 335: 101-112" docOrigin="ZooKeys 335" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030" docTitle="Progradungula otwayensis Milledge 1997" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="104" masterDocId="3B72FF800644FFD49C70FB26FFACB644" masterDocTitle="The enigmatic Otway odd-clawed spider (Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997, Gradungulidae, Araneae): Natural history, first description of the female and micro-computed tomography of the male palpal organ" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1732864196854" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4CD2FE611F59E6A515454D0CFAF7DD39">The enigmatic Otway odd-clawed spider (Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997, Gradungulidae, Araneae): Natural history, first description of the female and micro-computed tomography of the male palpal organ</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AB8C3A96BEF488C4D8CB17D9665DB3E4">Michalik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95074C22022EDE1CC8CA1D2171FE3041">Piacentini, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="38C1A35C75F77E99DDD8D9790088B0C6">Lipke, Elisabeth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="610F3A2009C03498DDD5599188ED2ED5">Ramirez, Martin J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2AC115DEEE75B2077E016184B6BCF51E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="03687F5421CEA93966D51BD7B45D1E2E">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="32865BA5081EC78C0970E5EC2FEA0DBE">
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<mods:date id="1741EBB5D762FD562B7D41E7306560B8">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="711EA366E9DFB513B579C918E1FC1A70" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BDAB2B68DE9CA1ADB7096B12813DED64">335</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="3F43D0B25F79A6C14B3423F535B0EE51">101</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="EA3F6BF82F75602EFE7AEEDB358A1616">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="879789E108E335EC7C8FDEE0261C1F96">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="44152DE8F09B32821AC077516D87360C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A63F63BD9469262EA0E5483017D33565" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-335-101</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B78D77D7F8AA9C2E8B4BEF83FB3B3106" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048348" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B78D77D7F8AA9C2E8B4BEF83FB3B3106" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B78D77D7F8AA9C2E8B4BEF83FB3B3106" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" scope_family="Gradungulidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="B3FAAC4205545C6E7D66260609E9FE51" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="76CFE1FFDEF04108F4687045543C7DC6" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName id="4487C0FAA61CDEBD4625ED1C7718A6B0" ID-CoL="4MR9K" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Progradungula_otwayensis" authority="Milledge, 1997" authorityName="Milledge" authorityYear="1997" class="Arachnida" family="Gradungulidae" genus="Progradungula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Progradungula otwayensis" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otwayensis">Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="678D7ED9F3D62B3EF9552E990655D456" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="5CE6D24ECC9431D42F0C58E0DDCEA20D" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CB3D9F0FEB7D1530F06C173AE344C179" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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Male holotype: AUSTRALIA: Victoria. Otway Ranges, Aire Crossing Track, 0.5 km N of Aire River crossing,
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<geoCoordinate id="842E3377B52D3F1BB87217934436D2BB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-38.7">38°42'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="61D8B0CD0834C035D3FE6D60B1462069" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="143.48334">143°29'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 31 Jan 1995, G. Milledge (MV K3260, not examined).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="47ADBF7D8FDA185A553E207724E3FA70" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="BDCB7F2A1E9D7C1F6128C809F72D0BE9" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="315CCEF0D0C23EA2A30DABEFEE84764D" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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AUSTRALIA: VICTORIA: Great Otway National Park: Little Aire Cascade Trail, E of Lavers Hill,
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<geoCoordinate id="3A7669CBE27BE70477B03251279269D8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-38.67032">38.67032°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="56E544AF82803BDD09450C4E838421E6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="143.4981">143.49810°E</geoCoordinate>
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(GPS,
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<normalizedToken id="2AABBA346F8BC6DCE3151212F0D8B250" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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100m), elev. 330m, 11 Feb 2013,
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<taxonomicName id="37AC7ADABD54BDC853BA4A6697A8C1DE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="7D6DA91FEC6869877EA51B56A92FFB60" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
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, tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J.
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<normalizedToken id="7039F0AF9AE5A2748ADD69DC05BA558C" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
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(MJR-Loc-125), two females (MACN-Ar 30666); Triplet Falls Trail, E of Lavers Hill,
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<geoCoordinate id="E5EB44A19216EC380B6FC67BE7FB6D84" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-38.67188">38.67188°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D118C677C3429CF6ECF373D17F002E60" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="143.49673">143.49673°E</geoCoordinate>
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(GPS,
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<normalizedToken id="0934ECE788E23568BE43BB212D19918E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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300m), elev. 300m (GPS), 10 Feb 2013,
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<taxonomicName id="BAA46BD3604E4B2781930DE4A7EFA17D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="61F3372FB5D9FED13D9376A9A248CD7F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
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, tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J.
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<normalizedToken id="5EF59BFA5BF70A0E042EC029CF6B97F6" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
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(MJR-Loc-124), three females (MACN-Ar 30667, ZIMG II/28128, ZIMG II/28129); Maits Rest Trail, W Apollo Bay,
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<geoCoordinate id="D366B84B960690B01BFC92F60DEB5029" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-38.75492">38.75492°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A67E28EE6C224F27D29E307C21FF255C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="143.55495">143.55495°E</geoCoordinate>
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(GPS,
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<normalizedToken id="C059D664D63885AE46504D8FBDE0F6A3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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200m), elev. 240m, 13-14 Feb 2013,
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<taxonomicName id="6E47655F172EC1C0AFFDE6942F968D7A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
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, tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J.
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<normalizedToken id="19D909BB47779ECBDAA85C683BFEED7C" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
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(MJR-Loc-126), one female (ZIMG II/28130); Melba Gully Trail,
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<geoCoordinate id="5BBBCC204FCD3ABF51944469DA79E0B3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-38.695435">38°41.726'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="35E150AF1259C1107E2EC8159515781B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="143.37187">143°22.312'E</geoCoordinate>
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(GPS,
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<normalizedToken id="4EB8CDCA5EDB5B97AA948372ED59EE11" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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200m), elev. 328m, 15 Feb 2013,
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<taxonomicName id="508698442CC8A39BDED6BCF3B85CEB77" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
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, tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J.
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<normalizedToken id="954B826EFA5587DE66307B72382ACAD5" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
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(MJR-Loc-128), one male (ZIMG II/28127).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="789576FB618484A59F471BE504EB383C" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="FB66C64D5666BB8A3EB4F8BD5DE8C5ED" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42F172DD9534D82114520271C01E79EC" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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This species can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="763C2AAA2C8D9869F80B75AAC2AEFC70" class="Arachnida" family="Gradungulidae" genus="Progradungula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Progradungula carraiensis" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carraiensis">Progradungula carraiensis</taxonomicName>
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by the single process on the embolus of the male palpal organ and the presence of eight spermathecae in the female genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DEF7255430F985C50154C1CA8AF6F526" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="female">
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<paragraph id="2ECAB525E4F09448E836BD4AD1F4F86A" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Female</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F95B7DFA2CD57116FD8EE66740147215" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">(Figs 3-4).</paragraph>
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<caption id="F8066EFB33DD6CDCEF7E6D22A47C1AD8" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<paragraph id="EC4ADC2966F82F5BCF15039ECCC5C532" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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Figure 3. Somatic characters of the female of
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<taxonomicName id="35E754BC2AA2A1020C27B1C3022B8EFC" class="Arachnida" family="Gradungulidae" genus="Progradungula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Progradungula otwayensis" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otwayensis">Progradungula otwayensis</taxonomicName>
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. A Lateral view of prosoma and opisthosoma (ZIMG II/28128) B Dorsal view of prosoma (MV) C Ventral view of Prosoma (MV) D Frontal view of ocular area (ZIMG II/28128) E Ventral view of opisthosoma F Tarsus of leg I G Tarsus of leg IV H Calamistrum. I Ventral view of spinnerets. Scale bar in
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<normalizedToken id="ED7FD0A910FF3B59329E6FF1967A28FD" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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is 500
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<normalizedToken id="5F99CDCD19FBBFF38CB258558DB5F56C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="71B51359F0ACB7A15C5D29427131C47E" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<paragraph id="B62C251C92FB1332C27756E500B70223" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Figure 4. Female genitalia. A Lateral view of the dome-shaped genital area (compare also to Fig. 3A) (MACN-Ar 30667) B Sagital section through genital area obtained by micro-CT (MACN-Ar 30667) C Posterior view of genital area (MACN-Ar 30667). Spermathecae in anterior (D) and ventral view (E) (ZIMG II/28128). Abbreviation: B bursa; EF epigastric furrow; GP genital pockets; Gl glands; PF postepigastric fold; Sp spermathecae; Ue uterus externus.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="429DA474183997AD2AC32E375D8761BA" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="measurements">
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<paragraph id="B628A4D3477A70FC51C5EC803F50C052" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="235AAC36AFD52DF9EA1850112C1F69A2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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(mm, in MV). Carapace length 6.92; carapace width 4.66; caput width 2.66; abdomen length 8.51; abdomen width 7.18. Legs: length of segments
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<pageBreakToken id="958BD77808F3DF85367E80E93F46B60A" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): I 11.97 + 14.10 + 11.57 + 2.66 = 40.30, II 9.31 + 10.77 + 8.25 + 2.53 = 30.86, III 7.98 + 9.18 + 7.85 + 2.13 = 27.14, IV 9.98 + 10.91 + 9.44 + 2.13 = 32.46, palp 2.93 + 2.66 + - + 2.79 = 8.38.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DCE70684118C68AF8D29A7ABB8AF6828" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="colour pattern">
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<paragraph id="B62FAD5450E36CF979326FE959B8D6FE" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Colour pattern.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A32C26C7602889A16F49F2C3D46C31AF" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Carapace yellowish brown, darker on cephalic area, particularly in eye region. Chelicerae, maxillae and labium reddish brown. Sternum reddish brown marginally, paler centrally. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen fawn-coloured with dark brown dorsal pigmentation consisting of 3 chevron markings. Carapace longer than wide, widest between coxae II and III. Cephalic area elevated behind eyes (Fig. 3A). Clypeus sloping, as long as the median ocular quadrangle, with a strongly curved anterior border. Fovea pit-like.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="08DBA645A0DDC70D4A9BC6D9D23E69CD" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="eyes">
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<paragraph id="68462544851E6F4406DF329257369140" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Eyes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C715E992CEF2B6766CABBDB9868EB8BB" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Frontal view (Fig. 3D): anterior row slightly recurved, posterior row slightly procurved. Dorsal view (Fig. 3B): anterior row recurved, posterior row slightly recurved. AME <PME <ALE = PLE 0.23: 0.32: 0.35: 0.35. Interdistances: AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.08, PLE-PME 0.40, PME-PME 0.28. Median ocular quadrangle: length 0.58 mm, anterior width 0.55 mm, posterior width 0.87 mm. Clypeus height 0.50. AME black, remainder white.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9CD4817B6B77E2A9A4EA9F690DC79BC9" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="chelicerae">
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<paragraph id="D9E852C4CF1CDF62E893C54FBB2CA76E" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Chelicerae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD3F1979F7B86A79C18E714604D52857" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Strong, vertical, slightly divergent. Three strong prolateral teeth, evenly spaced. Five very small retromarginal teeth (or denticles) in row on basal half of groove, with a spine on the apico-dorsal side. Stridulatory ridges absent.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6DADF38779A846F191CFAA3C850FADA5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="maxillae">
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<paragraph id="0C03D63A3CD022ED55A1FD74B143ED4B" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Maxillae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="32D78A7DCE9F1DB4D62D4D19504EB6F6" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Subparallel, external margin strongly curved and ending anteriorly in a bluntly pointed apex (Fig. 3C). Serrula present.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58FD8CFE6DFD1ACBC12EA9217549C29A" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="labium">
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<paragraph id="CBBD6F1B36324F225ADB6F8E03CA6782" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Labium.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5B195A60DBBB55ABF0630F902998903" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Free. Length 0.83, width 0.87. Apical margin indented, lateral margin subparallel below, sloping in toward apex above (Fig. 3C).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E76372813E205615E66E167241D645B4" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="sternum">
|
||
<paragraph id="3695960AD9AC9163E546C5BF1992364B" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Sternum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8945355A5426D64117ED00DE45E348FA" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Length 3.33, width 2.20. Elongate, shield-shaped with pointed apex which extends back midway between coxae IV (Fig. 3C).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E15D0259F37E752732E17DEB25628675" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="legs">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE2072ACFD647AB16ADBB44BDF284D7C" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Legs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6842D26DC6DDBF582A2B9C3D3535D200" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">1423. Trochanters shallowly notched. Superior claws of 1st and 2nd legs dissimilar, with raptorial proclaws long and strongly developed (Fig. 3F), retroclaws shorter. Inferior claws of legs I and II slender and strongly hooked. Superior claws of legs III and IV similar (Fig. 3G). Accessory claw setae on all tarsi. Distal half of tarsus I and II with strong ventral setae. Calamistrum short, located in second quarter of metatarsus 4 (Fig. 3H).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDBCBFBD0AC8994008409DAB0850ECDA" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="pattern of spination">
|
||
<paragraph id="524DEC282C57DD18F8652B5FD25B891B" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Pattern of spination.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="79B740E24A7B1B13E4B6C7849C1D3BE5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">(Approximate, slightly asymmetrical.) Femur I d (r2p1)-r2-r1-p1-1-2-p1-2-p1-2-2-3ap v 0-p1-0-0-0; patella r 1; tibia d 2-0-2-p1-0-p1-3 v 2-0-0-2-p1-0-2-0; metatarsus d r1-p1-p1-0-0-0-0 v p1-r1-p1-p1-r1-p1-r1-2ap; II; femur d (r2p1)-r2-2-p1-2-p1-2- 2-p1-3 v 0-p1-1-0-0; patella p 1; tibia d 2-p1-1-2-2-p1-p1-1-3 v 2-0-p1-r1-p1-2-0-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-2-r1-p1-r1-p1-p1-2ap v p1-r1-2-2-r1-p1-3ap; III; femur d (r3p1)-1-r1-2-p1-2-2-2-r1-3 v r1-p1-2-0-0; patella p 1 d 1 r 1; tibia d 2-1-p1-3-2-2 v 2-0-p1-r1-p1-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-p1-r1-p1-2- 2ap v 2-p1-p1-r1-p1-p1-r1-3ap; tarsus v 0-r1-0; IV femur d (r4p2)-r2-1-r2-p1-2-2-2-3 v 0-p1-p1-0-0-0; patella p 1 d 1; tibia d 2-2-p1-1-3-r1 v 2-0-0-p1-p1-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-2-r1-2ap v p1-2-p1-p1-p1-2-r1-3ap; tarsus v 0-1-0.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="10A4C2CF494744EE2A446E7A3378D3E5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="palp">
|
||
<paragraph id="994FD36436462A12AB70A506A71BED57" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Palp.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="80D0AB60ACC176C26D7AA6CE4CA6D7A3" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Single claw. Spines: femur d 0-0-1-1-3ap patella p 1 d 1-1, tibia d 1-1, p 0-2-0; tarsus d 2-2-1-2-3ap v 2-2-2ap.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="622A2C511F002363F644722CD641598E" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="abdomen">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C0665F2297A80D6DF44AE543CA520FC" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8E236C5B54F84EE552B6A8D082A1EB49" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" start="start">Abdomen</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13795C08ECB289C367F3E74F9705B332" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Cribellum undivided, with narrow spinning field, as wide as basal span of anterior spinnerets (Figs 3E, 3I). Spiracles of posterior lung books well separated but joined by a transverse groove. Genital area swollen and only faintly sclerotized near the epigastric furrow (Fig. 3E).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0E12A8AFCD5BDBA694050AC8DA11715B" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="genitalia">
|
||
<paragraph id="999913F15221DF6EA37100ED0B4B3C5C" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Genitalia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B996E8D4C4A3A164F22EC0FDA4D3D56D" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Genital area distinct and dome-shaped (Figs 3A, 4A). Internal genitalia simple, with eight spermathecae grouped in two quartets (Figs 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0324DD33797AD8AA22E82EAB4CFC2CAD" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The outer spermathecae are ovoid and have a short duct. The inner spermathecae can be grouped leading into the bursa through a long, slender convoluted duct (Fig. 4). Glandular projections are mainly present on the spermathecal ducts. A fold with two distinct sclerotized pockets is situated anterior/ventral to the spermathecae. A blind-ended invagination, the postepigastric furrow, is situated immediately posterior to the epigastric furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9865591EF4DB0B08D6D310DCE921EEA0" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="male">
|
||
<paragraph id="ABDF197DDDFD26FE75FB0F8A2840B7B2" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94B399807D436A0372DC81E7017A7E6F" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">(ZIMG II/28127; Fig. 5).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CD7A746B3FB66DF8320F1ED1A6746FA6" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E78F7DDABEACC0CA38D578F64C3C5BC" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Figure 5. Right male palp of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B18DD442CA402EBC8E85998FAF3F1C3" class="Arachnida" family="Gradungulidae" genus="Progradungula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Progradungula otwayensis" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otwayensis">Progradungula otwayensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZIMG II/28127). A Prolateral view; the arrow marks the section plane of Fig. 5B B Section of the volume rendered male palp C Surface model of the spermophor superimposed on the volume rendering of the male palp (prolateral, ventral and retrolateral views). The cymbium, subtegulum and tegulum are partly removed in the prolateral view to show tendons, muscles and hematodochae. The arrow points to the opening of the embolus. Abbreviation: Cb cymbium; E embolus; m29 muscle 29; m30 muscle 30; mA median apophysis; mH median hematodocha; PE process of embolus; S spermophor; St subtegulum; Te tegulum; tm29 tendon of muscle 29; tm30 tendon of muscle 30.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2E14932D2182960B6CA946A57E068C37" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="male palp">
|
||
<paragraph id="B95AB3689A8ED308BFF2E021D45B1A3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Male palp.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E9C82F663C5EA16D34422E40B19F489" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Tegulum with short median apophysis. Embolus tube-like with a solid single hook-shaped process; tip of the embolus widened and hyaline; fundus sac-like, spermophor with an internal band delimited by two parallel ridges (Fig. 5B), distal part of the spermophor within the embolus partly convoluted and very thin (approximately 8µm in diameter); m30 and tm30 in cymbium; m29 in tibia and attaching to the spermophor.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A59B98D64598468A1F8A90470B03DCC0" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="352208A09F5C546F9449218C71C50E8A" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53B8ADFAC0AE2037E00E229594B1D921" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
The web structure is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="250375D5A6CF7D7BE80970F9F1F40E80" class="Arachnida" family="Gradungulidae" genus="Progradungula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Progradungula carraiensis" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carraiensis">Progradungula carraiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E8DEC28F02EDA1D4A3E1DC61953BD522" author="Gray, MR" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="51 - 58" title="The male of Progradungula carraiensis Forster and Gray (Araneae, Gradungulidae) with observations on the web and prey capture." volume="107" year="1983">Gray 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and web construction is performed after sunset. The catching ladders and supporting webs (Figs 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6E0C7FB19EFED2F35F092675C9401250" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
) are connected by a single sturdy thread to retreats in hollow trees Fig. 2A), often far away (up to 3 meters). As already described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="812B47D8AE6960C0D2BEA54134D4A954" author="Milledge, GA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="65 - 68" title="A new species of Progradungula Forster and Gray (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from Victoria." volume="56" year="1997">Milledge (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we found most of the specimens in hollows of old
|
||
<taxonomicName id="434FFB77F20B75A53E7B56E50C359B23" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus cunninghamii" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cunninghamii">Nothofagus cunninghamii</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees (Fig. 2A), but also several in hollows of mountain ash (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A66F7DF452788DD821B79CBB90815D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus regnans" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regnans">Eucalyptus regnans</taxonomicName>
|
||
) trees, the bases of large tree ferns (Fig. 2B) and under bridges on trails. On one occasion, we had access to a large hollow mountain ashtree and found catching ladders and supporting webs of juveniles inside of it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BF2E6D9569C2DCE1886CDB5C9F9BBDE5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4AA3006F0A9ED08137D667EC9BCF32D6" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="284D2DA4403EA331006DD4190377C13B" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Endemic to the Great Otway National Park (Victoria). In addition to the locations reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD4597B2A1E6286B412C927B3F2D529C" author="Milledge, GA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="65 - 68" title="A new species of Progradungula Forster and Gray (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from Victoria." volume="56" year="1997">Milledge (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we found several specimens (one male, several juveniles) at the Melba Gully Trail which is located at the western end of the National Park (Fig. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |