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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="24757" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4f0ec2e6-fa66-4aae-9b52-27dee0517837" ID-PMC="PMC6901612" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-893-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" ID-PubMed="31845925" ID-ZooBank="0116CFB379524E4AB8D9A42E4802EE38" ModsDocID="1313-2970-893-51" checkinTime="1575325041577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wu, Min, Chen, Zheyu &amp; Zhang, Liwan" docDate="2019" docId="257DD29C258B5E2B89E176C71C8B3183" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 893: 51-67" docOrigin="ZooKeys 893" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445" docTitle="Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" masterDocTitle="Jawless land snail Sinorachis, a new bradybaenine genus from China (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1732848221063" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="389C8A6BDF29586D6BA85D280DF692E5">Jawless land snail Sinorachis, a new bradybaenine genus from China (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D5B5B2C1BBA26A1E7AD47FD674F6486">Wu, Min</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D7B2EA79E05ACEA7B5C7314CF68C1A3">Chen, Zheyu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C556757E7CBD5D84FADDB0A62C9116C9">Zhang, Liwan</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="257DD29C258B5E2B89E176C71C8B3183" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160612142" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:257DD29C258B5E2B89E176C71C8B3183" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/257DD29C258B5E2B89E176C71C8B3183" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" scope_family="Camaenidae" scope_subFamily="Bradybaeninae" scope_superFamily="Helicoidea" scope_superOrder="Eupulmonata">
<subSubSection id="9BA09609B12CEBF3913361FB9F9BEEE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DBF407A0DB61EEAAB6AA68FA62116BD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="1A483C7993AB6CB3FA09FB05EAB8037E" LSID="257DD29C-258B-5E2B-89E1-76C71C8B3183" authority="Wu &amp; Chen" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baihu">Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="80FB91EA698CB98CAE4C2EEB91A1E488" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="C87D15127579E5DA681D17D3466D0ED9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Sinorachis Wu &amp; Chen, gen. nov. Blue dot, Sinorachis aureus (Heude, 1890) comb. nov.; yellow dots, Sinorachis onychinus (Heude, 1885) comb. nov.; red dot, Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361273" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="76CDFFE549E4E65ADB656905C9AEDD0C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A-D Sinorachis onychinus (Heude, 1885) comb. nov., shells A SMF 42825 B SMF 42826 C SMF 42827, SW Hupei D SMF 104593 E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361274" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure2">2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="20EA10A5D86A581157557434036227B5" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype A-C living animal D magnified view of head." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361275" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure3">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="10B703A38EBA1E2177CCF457AA04A67A" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-F Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. A left margin of mantle collar with the lobe arrowed B right margin of mantle collar C lateral dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain (a sheet of curtain-like tissue on the most anterior of the buccal mass) arrowed D dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain arrowed E shell-removed animal, showing three pigmentation patches near mantle margin F internal body wall of head, showing no obvious head gland between the ommatophore tentacles G HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype, mouth of ventral view with an oral curtain arrowed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361276" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B3AC208E5839BB4122325969874962A3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Pallial complex of Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361277" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure5">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="582C6060AD33A1F1E71141FB51E00C86" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCAF3307001FBA67712DB3DB91D3E079" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. Both sides of genitalia. The portion with the demarcation between epiphallus and vas deferens is magnified." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361279" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BA2C38FA41C47F93403113F9A6110025" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype A bottom view of dart sac apparatus B partial dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing arrowed poly-layered structure C distal part of dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing opened love dart chamber, with opening of the love dart chamber arrowed D dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus with opening of love dart chamber arrowed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361280" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure8">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C2CDD5CCFD45A03597D612717C1BFD2A" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A habitat of Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype B a diagram showing design of landmarks (solid orange dots) and semi-landmarks (empty orange dots). Arrow indicates the crossing point made by the right profile and the last part of the suture." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361281" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2DE2C0A6CD145103CC91FFD8CAD19213" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Scatter plot of canonical variate 1 against canonical variate 2 (Canonical Variate Analysis), showing the shell morphological relationship among Rachis Albers, 1850 (bright blue dots), Rhachistia Connolly, 1925 (grey-blue dots), Chinese Pseudobuliminus spp. (orange dots), Chinese enid species (grey dots) and Sinorachis gen. nov. (pink dots). a, Sinorachis onychinus (Heude), SMF 42826; b, S. onychinus, SMF 104593; c, S. baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., holotype; d, S. onychinus, SMF 42825; e, S. aureus (Heude), based on an image from Heude (1890); f, S. onychinus, SMF 42827." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361282" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure10">10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AED0EADF12C18B856E4F7126B3AA31BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="type material">
<paragraph id="6BD3AB8F1474FEE76EC4AB8BC217CC88" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12E3B829B985A88EFBC6469373BDC563" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="84644C31E822B3B32A7AFD4B1A03B9B3" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Holotype</emphasis>
: CHINA • fully mature animal; Hubei, Lichuan, Liangwuxiang, Shanchacun; 108.837°E, 30.274°N; 1.XI.2018; Liwan Zhang leg.; HBUMM08296-specimen 1.
<emphasis id="DCA9EF0E5612B29D3CC74ED33AC18D2B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Paratype</emphasis>
: one juvenile animal; same data as for preceding; HBUMM08296-specimen 2. Partial foot was cut off in both specimens and preserved in 99.7% ethanol at -20 °C; HBUMM08296a-specimens 1, 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92A5376A406B6EAA1AF5A1BDE099B8D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B356F2DAD3FAE93B8105A0519B897DA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D47F01A0D991BD61375B5FCAA71F9837" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Embryonic shell with pits, each having a central hump. Shell with three bands.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1547E8A9B709237015D8351A679ED21" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="593D27A90A2AF9DD4A8598F2AADF9D0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A26181F158216539D3152AA5B222796F" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A6ADC3A2B01158FE79E42AAF2E2E2A49" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Shell</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="F34BA553049A2D2CB893499D8FE29E71" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A-D Sinorachis onychinus (Heude, 1885) comb. nov., shells A SMF 42825 B SMF 42826 C SMF 42827, SW Hupei D SMF 104593 E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361274" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure2">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BF2CD5C08C94B2043A58D5A114D8462F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">6D, E</figureCitation>
). Conical; thin but solid; dextral. Whorls slightly convex. Suture impressed. Umbilicus a slit. Columella almost vertical. Protoconch densely and evenly covered with fine centrally-uplifted pits (
<figureCitation id="C7F98E133F10ED2F59C852238557B157" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6D, E</figureCitation>
). Teleoconch without spiral furrows. Aperture oblique; not sinuate at peristome. Body whorl not descending behind aperture. Shell surface without ribs. Growth lines fine. Adult shell not hairy or scaly. Adult body whorl rounded at periphery; with bottom convex. Ring-like thickening within aperture absent. Peristome thin; not reflexed. Callus thin and transparent. Shell glossy; white. A suture band, a supra-peripheral band and a subperipheral band more or less broken. Measurements (holotype): shell height 14.7 mm, shell breadth 8.7 mm, aperture height 5.3 mm, aperture width 3.5 mm, embryonic shell whorls 1.500, whorls 5.125, shell height/ breadth ratio 1.70.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FEED18FB0AEF2C0F39B12DC049ADF6D" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361274" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="582C2593A0774CCB352EB7DBCD7EB4CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="AC7D29EFF14A899C40AABA93A6C903AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0DBC16175EE6F237BE8D816CDD8459FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="5468FDF6B232A8921C5F3EE959956351" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8E69537E9CBA721C4C0DDF217ABA0E75" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="C1870885BB05EFB44D3A4D81F7C086F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Heude, 1885) comb. nov., shells
<emphasis id="F9C89185F663727C4FB1678D2C5299B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
SMF42825
<emphasis id="BAA480D7DC1221016053B05FF55E4B7F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
SMF42826
<emphasis id="D3A3466134F7A6334991C26A52F0D86B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
SMF42827, SW Hupei
<emphasis id="DB36F1C324C20E67BFE3DC439EF290A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
SMF104593
<emphasis id="F9EACFDE1AB16E11D4548C09BF60BC9E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2B168D42F7A6EA5B6D17379857FE52BC" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="BF2234B9C16960B2CFB57804851D1F70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 1, holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="263942FF018676E298B8A2D01A817020" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="9B6EC2157DCC9216ACF5ACE6A5F91199" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">General anatomy</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="7F35D10005E5B96F2B9CECDE320F15A8" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype A-C living animal D magnified view of head." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361275" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure3">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21DF38ABDC619D294C0F35E4DF4FCD7D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-F Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. A left margin of mantle collar with the lobe arrowed B right margin of mantle collar C lateral dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain (a sheet of curtain-like tissue on the most anterior of the buccal mass) arrowed D dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain arrowed E shell-removed animal, showing three pigmentation patches near mantle margin F internal body wall of head, showing no obvious head gland between the ommatophore tentacles G HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype, mouth of ventral view with an oral curtain arrowed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361276" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4">4</figureCitation>
). A crest-like head wart between and slightly behind ommatophore insertions present. On left edge of mantle collar a leaf-shaped appendage present. Body dorsally white; symmetrically with two lateral black pigmented stripes that become lighter near sole. Sole creamy white. Jaw absent (
<figureCitation id="5C7375AE452AD29DE0B3D56E1D1848C4" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-F Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. A left margin of mantle collar with the lobe arrowed B right margin of mantle collar C lateral dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain (a sheet of curtain-like tissue on the most anterior of the buccal mass) arrowed D dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain arrowed E shell-removed animal, showing three pigmentation patches near mantle margin F internal body wall of head, showing no obvious head gland between the ommatophore tentacles G HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype, mouth of ventral view with an oral curtain arrowed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361276" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4">Fig. 4C, D, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="EE8ED9540A196E567DD4C0D26B05A915" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361275" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="A3BC7C356D0E3B575EA64C4050304E2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A47B99507F465584A08C38C658C7539D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8D77AEAA2DDC368C6A6057EE8D41E6E3" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="222FF1CDCE8219A3CFFD32AA7E3BC57B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 1, holotype
<emphasis id="8622779A5DE3E31122A738AFB8E4B88B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="52E812102F6EECD4EC4F69EC02903AD9" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
living animal
<emphasis id="32BF4A38F316139E35CCD32CD877CB15" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
magnified view of head.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9665562150D5CC24E5824F5494A566F5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361276" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="64FEEDA2A63FC4F1984507D5EE31A8A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="3332D97ECE22E5BEB40CB382294421F1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="92436ADD71C2B6E115DB63BF9BB63B49" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="C6B4B44AECE3A0AAF102FBA6C57BE37F" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FA2688FF0DF2B69483BD6E705D42021C" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="8F9EEFD85320A7BEEE1164BB6D6619EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 1, holotype.
<emphasis id="A13E623A6885F611B38A575D10484605" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
left margin of mantle collar with the lobe arrowed
<emphasis id="3665BA100342175DED84034EAA7BB918" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
right margin of mantle collar
<emphasis id="98FAB18F044AA3102D03CF9F2416C7B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
lateral dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain (a sheet of curtain-like tissue on the most anterior of the buccal mass) arrowed
<emphasis id="B20400B9967E016DBF280C244FE8C6DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
dorsal view of buccal mass with an oral curtain arrowed
<emphasis id="FAE705FDD4C661EB692068AB67AF102D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
shell-removed animal, showing three pigmentation patches near mantle margin
<emphasis id="8719EDF18BB83C8B8672DF1347D5035D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
internal body wall of head, showing no obvious head gland between the ommatophore tentacles
<emphasis id="2167442FAC5E590208E3A2FAE4B6F857" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">G</emphasis>
HBUMM08296-specimen 2, paratype, mouth of ventral view with an oral curtain arrowed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="57E16003FE7C07699419CA42CBF48F2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="E1B40ACE4AFE3373437AC0FD92905C79" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pallial complex</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="557997C63E8CAC504E8EA2D06BC14AA5" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Pallial complex of Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361277" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Pallial roof not pigmented. Pallial gland thin, parallel to mantle collar. Hindgut running parallel to parietal-palatal margin for length of pallial chamber. Ureter slender, typical sigmurethrous, about 1/5 breadth of hindgut, adhering to hindgut for all its length. Secondary ureter developed. Kidney triangular, not bilobed, about as long as 1/2 of pallial chamber. Heart as long as 1/3 - 1/2 of kidney. Main pulmonary vein running along contour and apex of kidney, then diffusing into thinner veins mostly concentrated on anterior half.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2E66FBFFF9E63332022A7DDF40FF239C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361277" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="A0DD0F5E340715F168FAFA62A6BD9D8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="8963613B36A2E0EEED1E4322805D7D90" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Pallial complex of
<taxonomicName id="CCD5C15CF4D5363F7038CD4673067F0A" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="2A01F77C635B36F985AACEA211CF5572" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 2, paratype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="367EFA35BEFD62534F14F3F52BF893BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="9D726807B36C91DCE04A484D3D99968E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Radula</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="623CEAFE1215F50FD0EB4BE920F00E75" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">
Fig. 6
<normalizedToken id="B13A76BDF993579E545DD04F282822E7" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
): Teeth arranged in transversal rows, each row containing about 151 (75-1-75) closely arranged teeth. Central tooth tricuspid, narrowly tongue-shaped (
<figureCitation id="C605790F2BC4EB63769A11382BA57574" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Lateral teeth slightly thickened at inner edge; bicuspid (L1-2 or L1-3) (
<figureCitation id="2ADDFE9A97156D0E60E680BD559E1134" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), tricuspid (from L2 or L3 on) (
<figureCitation id="A8328BFF79676D44FE75891E631F2A25" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
) and gradually transformed to marginals with one endocone and three or four ectocones (
<figureCitation id="0DD14F2D3443BF050AB8D0F6F4DDC778" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8B26BB4C93183F8A3A94C1889A9D8F8F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="639A111B53DCB1B0249B61D7629DEEF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="F67ACB93AFB598FF2843BC3ED3D80882" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 6.</emphasis>
SEM images
<emphasis id="4EC200D8DA4B82A2DB7A884A19513E2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="176DFE0A5ED8273D9F5B229604BD7A88" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E66DD27D6B1BD2FFD3E454649BB473DB" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="296A2DE0C4422D26E9F30E94BE71B49E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM08296-specimen 2, paratype:
<emphasis id="34BA2F83786B9B9C146328CF7CBA73DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth
<emphasis id="4C5D865DEB0DE582941A64C6B4E9F003" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth
<emphasis id="ACE1E729F12961112099F9E808E421FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
radula, showing most lateral part
<emphasis id="01C141141B89C4E2492F7654A5012FD4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
embryonic shell
<emphasis id="C0919FB0560667A8A7A695CDB8C316BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits
<emphasis id="F668C7F80C21D1CB13838632FDA2B884" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="15F4DADA743862305724DE1840B46BED" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
radula of
<taxonomicName id="06AE5C8D78B6D68BB3D7DD3F7932F5EC" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Laeocathaica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laeocathaica prionotropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="prionotropis">
<emphasis id="5D85004BFE029CC611C7BCADA6D4ACD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Laeocathaica prionotropis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="462ED26B800A8065736D4613AE52C719" originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1899, HBUMM08299-spec.1:
<emphasis id="739D51251023D5D7D9F98452F47B7F2B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth
<emphasis id="1E6D71FE836A2DECC362542D45B0D75F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">G</emphasis>
marginal part of radula.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6967EBC7AC5089E3AFC9186FEB82F444" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A689CF2B6C45C45F471ACA0726F0ACB4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Genital system</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="0C13AB60F09260897AD0C759FD10B55B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. Both sides of genitalia. The portion with the demarcation between epiphallus and vas deferens is magnified." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361279" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7">Figs 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="51314C6EC3899F6C12E74DC0049EAFDF" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype A bottom view of dart sac apparatus B partial dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing arrowed poly-layered structure C distal part of dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing opened love dart chamber, with opening of the love dart chamber arrowed D dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus with opening of love dart chamber arrowed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361280" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure8">8</figureCitation>
). Penis sheath long, covering approximately 3/4 of penis. Penis thin; externally simple; internally with three pilasters. Epiphallus subequal to penis in length; without epiphallic papilla. Flagellum absent. Vas deferens ca. 1/2 length of epiphallus; of even thickness. Epiphallus and vas deferens sharply demarcated (
<figureCitation id="125A03DA93ACB4BAC1072294D8A4C67C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 1, holotype. Both sides of genitalia. The portion with the demarcation between epiphallus and vas deferens is magnified." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361279" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Dart sac apparatus large in size; distal 1/3 with a distinct accessory sac ventrally that is internally solid. Love dart very short, approximate 0.7 mm long; sharply tapering from distal end; transparent. Mucous gland with one common peduncle; simply branched. Vagina as long as penis. Bursa copulatrix small, ball-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3A65BE17F696B2EFC8A7D17B8A64BB9A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361279" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="334CCA32EC5B1E4C646663C7176E5B79" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A237E370C30BE9B89CBBE4C43A493CAD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80E3785B13081E27FEFD5263AA7FAC37" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="058A66C34A25E670E02DC7B3A1524279" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 1, holotype. Both sides of genitalia. The portion with the demarcation between epiphallus and vas deferens is magnified.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C2139F7D24ED23C125AFAA081DD47CB8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361280" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="B53B0DB08E20316FB757D5ABE6E45F28" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6997318C4B2188DB02A7270577F2D99E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D509B06B84D91D3A68E436767C5B1903" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="49600BCEF295DF316A379EDD120CD6A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 1, holotype
<emphasis id="14E98B21D470B29C605DC0D3C145F52A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
bottom view of dart sac apparatus
<emphasis id="DF2807CDCC378337B267BCDC122E1CC5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
partial dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing arrowed poly-layered structure
<emphasis id="45DFFFF8E494091C1FAEDB8C2F4ADE61" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
distal part of dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus, showing opened love dart chamber, with opening of the love dart chamber arrowed
<emphasis id="A88277745CC8439A145F67EEA13D7815" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
dorsally exposed dart sac apparatus with opening of love dart chamber arrowed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0F9DC3134BFD8BBACB9679D149539B51" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="03C3FE07C03366CC624AFE40F5BB9FE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Measurements of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AEF9B79C5CD19F0B8EC15E1DB03E1F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="C87B417C798C42B72195DF406AD9EB06" originalValue="DS–">DS-</normalizedToken>
5.9 mm long, 1.5 mm broad;
<normalizedToken id="F9255EAF1A4698904C0768DA10F1C3F1" originalValue="DtC–">DtC-</normalizedToken>
0.7 mm;
<normalizedToken id="11EE0ACC3C9F44E14243F891CF14D4DB" originalValue="MG–">MG-</normalizedToken>
2.7 mm;
<normalizedToken id="9A6A777D23FBE3CBB39E39D948C723D6" originalValue="P–">P-</normalizedToken>
7.3 mm;
<normalizedToken id="6BF71E0A9C8A4167FC9C369AB0F44712" originalValue="Ep–">Ep-</normalizedToken>
7.5 mm;
<normalizedToken id="166F82B1C327C7651327068551DEBA2E" originalValue="VD–">VD-</normalizedToken>
3.8 mm;
<normalizedToken id="42DB6C812FED0482F20361A6056A7444" originalValue="PR–">PR-</normalizedToken>
5.5 mm;
<normalizedToken id="49B88CEE3060F60B404259EFF6CF70A0" originalValue="Va–">Va-</normalizedToken>
5.7 mm;
<normalizedToken id="92B00D77B84BC8E8159C6ECC64E57D2F" originalValue="FO–">FO-</normalizedToken>
3.1 mm; BC plus
<normalizedToken id="7BC71D1CB2C13CEC28E7C50D02902B0B" originalValue="BCD–">BCD-</normalizedToken>
5.7 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FF15583D2AA5CDC5E6DB308F9EF12DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="57AEF5F3C9DE5761A3A4107896D1A5DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="104DD88B8F764A5C2237F1308E06CB29" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
This species is named after
<emphasis id="D6A59197EDF1E219768B98C27F359CD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">baihu</emphasis>
(=白虎in Chinese, means white tiger) which is the totem of the local Tujia people.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8674D71461353554A86012FD7F743A7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="2A3EA5C73545E165C20BB100407D9194" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67D49EF74900893F629098ED617F7A4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
Lichuan, only known from the type locality (
<figureCitation id="FCCADE8B5F4E57C60FC2C2155D96CDEE" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Sinorachis Wu &amp; Chen, gen. nov. Blue dot, Sinorachis aureus (Heude, 1890) comb. nov.; yellow dots, Sinorachis onychinus (Heude, 1885) comb. nov.; red dot, Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361273" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="47541D845D7BDF22C38D14CCD7E96D8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1C6D0CFB085CF6545A438685C7B6BEBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C513EFF62C136B9E6E03DF624C1D08E" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Hubei.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A34691E7C4AA8736F987501CFD20AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="0FCE71197C380DB0BF0FE3D40A58745C" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456D340545A1EA2C72E8414E42006947" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
This species was only found on the trunk of a tree (
<figureCitation id="EA4E43ACBD777BC884FC28946F6A0E59" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A habitat of Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype B a diagram showing design of landmarks (solid orange dots) and semi-landmarks (empty orange dots). Arrow indicates the crossing point made by the right profile and the last part of the suture." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361281" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12141907100C13B9B38EC661443FB2EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph id="71E8B06E7DF0EC2FD5B105E28AF8E509" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9942414C64E0418DFF08A1BEB89D658" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
The new species and the two species that were once placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="C6A072A1E9327D8D5C777B55045389D6" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rachis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0D98439A08539F111B022A4ACB74B3B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share many conchological features. However, typical sigmurethrous pallial complex (
<bibRefCitation id="B66DB6B961B84F2A3DD9E26B22A7367E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751410-9.50014-9" author="Solem, A" editor="Trueman, ER" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" refId="B14" refString="Solem, A, Trueman, ER, Clarke, MR, 1985. Academic Press, Orlando.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751410-9.50014-9" title="Academic Press, Orlando" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751410-9.50014-9" year="1985">Solem 1985</bibRefCitation>
) is observed in the new species. The new species is slightly smaller than and obviously thinner than
<taxonomicName id="5B42C3103F2D89DF3BFA99384EC5A022" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="CAD39B3BDC8834F0AFB30F9C01C8CC25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(height 16 mm, diam. maj. 11 mm:
<bibRefCitation id="1F892568FE035059D1FE7A592A309F10" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50365" author="Heude, PM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires concernant l'histoire naturelle de l'Empire chinois" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 84" refId="B2" refString="Heude, PM, 1882-1890. Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la vallee du Fleuve Bleu. Memoires concernant l'histoire naturelle de l'Empire chinois 1882: 1 - 84" title="Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la vallee du Fleuve Bleu." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50365" volume="1882" year="1882 - 1890">Heude 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 114, pl. 30, fig. 5). The new species can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="050645A565A17FD4B8B3BD49CF66C09F" lsidName="S. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="4429204546010CE61792E0A56D6D5AF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having evenly distributed pits each centrally with a hump on the embryonic shell. In
<taxonomicName id="AC11382564B79422B1EB03303FB5719A" lsidName="S. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="23438E9A0FA34A719DA1408EB471209B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the embryonic shell is smooth on the first 0.5 whorl, and is axially wrinkled on the subsequent protoconch whorls (0.5-1.25 whorl). On the remaining embryonic whorls, the sculpture is shown as evenly distributed tiny pits [examined material: SMF42825, SMF42826: Patung, Hupei, Mlldff. G., Slg. Kobelt u. Bttgr. SMF42827:
<taxonomicName id="B734A7E0D8BF659B89D848C94C1757B1" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="0FD5A5FE9AD958215421640C5D486489" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not paratypes of
<taxonomicName id="B85775225FBB9E133E55773AF14749FE" class="Diplopoda" family="Rhachodesmidae" genus="Rhachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhachis chalcedonicus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcedonicus">
<emphasis id="0F09141FFB1E24A2C859ED220ABAA811" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rhachis chalcedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as mentioned in
<bibRefCitation id="3D827B911984A3E57F8ADC8D75E6F050" author="Yen, TC" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 234" refId="B19" refString="Yen, TC, 1939. Die chinesischen Land- und Suesswasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 444: 1 - 234" title="Die chinesischen Land- und Suesswasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg." volume="444" year="1939">Yen 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 91, pl. 8, fig. 47), SW Hubei, Gredler G., Slg. Mlldff. SMF1045593] that become weak or disappear altogether.
</paragraph>
<caption id="68906585C5CBAE063689BB458FB9638B" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361281" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="35E8CE6C9463C87E168C625AEAFFD620" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="321954E50AA4754C7F11E8061B7D6AC6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="29EF2FFD8E93A05A28A5A68AC43F3103" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
habitat of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD4558F6D34D38F2B07BDDFB8A5054" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="05AD87E882484F6198EDECBC08356C53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM08296-specimen 2, paratype
<emphasis id="78946FCDD2F44055621AF8BAC864A08F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
a diagram showing design of landmarks (solid orange dots) and semi-landmarks (empty orange dots). Arrow indicates the crossing point made by the right profile and the last part of the suture.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9A0B9B9CE8F70BB0C07D77AFF4623DC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
In pulmonates the presence of a jaw is a ubiquitous characteristic related to herbivorous/ detritivorous/ fungivorous foraging strategies, while the absence of a jaw is correlated with predation/carnivorous foraging strategies (
<bibRefCitation id="AF2AE522FF2AF1867DFA3D204EECC244" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520250925.003.0015" author="Mordan, P" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" refId="B6" refString="Mordan, P, Wade, C, 2008. Heterobranchia II, the Pulmonata. In: Ponder WF, Lindberg DR (Eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="Heterobranchia II, the Pulmonata. In: Ponder WF, Lindberg DR (Eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca." url="https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520250925.003.0015" year="2008">Mordan and Wade 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the absence of a jaw also occurs in some non-carnivorous groups, such as
<taxonomicName id="27F8B7B51678D577CDF31476610347F9" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinellidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Achatinellidae</taxonomicName>
, which are fungivorous and have the jaw weakly developed or absent (
<bibRefCitation id="F3E0C72EABBB214B9612FCFF6EE79675" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Natural History, supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" refId="B11" refString="Schileyko, AA, 1998a. Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 1. Achatinellidae, Amastridae, Orculidae, Strobilopsidae, Spelaeodiscidae, Valloniidae, Cochlicopidae, Pupillidae, Chondrinidae, Pyramidulidae. Ruthenica (supplement 2): 1-127." title="Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 1. Achatinellidae, Amastridae, Orculidae, Strobilopsidae, Spelaeodiscidae, Valloniidae, Cochlicopidae, Pupillidae, Chondrinidae, Pyramidulidae. Ruthenica (supplement 2): 1 - 127." year="1998 a">Schileyko 1998a</bibRefCitation>
). The comparison between the new species and
<taxonomicName id="6E465B26CEAA348645B413805C17D683" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Laeocathaica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laeocathaica prionotropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="prionotropis">
<emphasis id="42E79ACB5EB96FF8EF0E92713DA70A0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Laeocathaica prionotropis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="C0592ADEB5C42EFA0596852FC666D6D0" originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
, 1899 (
<taxonomicName id="27E486CE3B1A93C85C0B195FE8739A4C" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Bradybaeninae">Bradybaeninae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="D3D97F54F929FA7F67410361EACF1B81" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM images A-E Sinorachis baihu Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov. HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype: A radula, showing central tooth (arrowed) and several lateral teeth B radula, showing tricuspid lateral teeth C radula, showing most lateral part D embryonic shell E magnified embryonic shell, showing some pits F-G radula of Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899, HBUMM 08299 - spec. 1: F showing central tooth (arrowed) and nearby lateral teeth G marginal part of radula." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361278" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure6">Fig. 6F, G</figureCitation>
. HBUMM08299-spec. 1, Bikou, Wenxian, Gansu. Coll. Li, Q., April 2019) indicates they are two different types of radula. The latter species, a typical ground-dweller, is herbivorous snail, which has the robust cone-shaped and sparsely arranged radular teeth that seem to be typical in bradybaenine snails (e.g., compare it with fig. 4 in
<bibRefCitation id="F44CF0711E386FED44BB8DADCF391B3E" author="Pa ́ ll-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Conchology" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="387 - 393" refId="B7" refString="Páll-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, 2016. The second species of Stenogyropsis (Moellendorff, 1899) from Gansu Province, China (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Camaenidae). Journal of Conchology 42: 387 - 393" title="The second species of Stenogyropsis (Moellendorff, 1899) from Gansu Province, China (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Camaenidae)." volume="42" year="2016">Páll-Gergely and Hunyadi 2016</bibRefCitation>
), while the new species has more slender and densely arranged radular teeth, which suggest the diet range of this species might not cover large plants and animals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5FC4FA4280A58D58BB3C064D510F2763" doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361282" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="13A657089420E3D6DF72845747E362D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="F6A4A7065D04EA7269CFDE0998463113" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Scatter plot of canonical variate 1 against canonical variate 2 (Canonical Variate Analysis), showing the shell morphological relationship among
<taxonomicName id="DE6852226C130795999733199813281B" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rachis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3DE8CB9E72283367314D00F4968BB4D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Albers, 1850 (bright blue dots),
<taxonomicName id="8649AB64DEEC6163DC07B31D5A95866C" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerastidae" genus="Rhachistia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhachistia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="072E5737894E6E1A50087C1D0F082C54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rhachistia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Connolly, 1925 (grey-blue dots), Chinese
<taxonomicName id="2EBB8B82F4A2C65BBE338552F497BF44" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Pseudobuliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudobuliminus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14907DEAABF5BD1D21A9E96A1E14FDD7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pseudobuliminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (orange dots), Chinese enid species (grey dots) and
<taxonomicName id="CE22A45DBF3FD36CA55809B54932D911" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C875D4152EEE29C01C557DD78E6B91CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. (pink dots). a,
<taxonomicName id="7EBE2874535959C5E7CA49CBC0511840" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="F1087A7D57D18B7A928E12AB43463859" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Heude), SMF42826; b,
<taxonomicName id="C9AA5B9673FD37A5CD9E0B8FE4F8D1A4" lsidName="S. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="B5F57AB551E2489E2A08445B619C0F52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SMF104593; c,
<taxonomicName id="FEE73ED5E6E2B2624A0489970B8E322D" lsidName="S. baihu" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="baihu">
<emphasis id="67EFFDA5086E18C52E660B18700CA537" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. baihu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wu &amp; Chen, gen. and sp. nov., holotype; d,
<taxonomicName id="2DC786D123503E7078B22DE74655D93C" lsidName="S. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="0E47DE4053277D71143CDB5947AC6F21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SMF42825; e,
<taxonomicName id="9E97AD602E6EA2ADF752DC9CFF67F3F5" lsidName="S. aureus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="9CDFB77902212FD97B5F8DD07C5FF04F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Heude), based on an image from
<bibRefCitation id="5434F7ECF932D5A03E15C3BA8C5CC07F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50365" author="Heude, PM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires concernant l'histoire naturelle de l'Empire chinois" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 84" refId="B2" refString="Heude, PM, 1882-1890. Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la vallee du Fleuve Bleu. Memoires concernant l'histoire naturelle de l'Empire chinois 1882: 1 - 84" title="Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la vallee du Fleuve Bleu." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50365" volume="1882" year="1882 - 1890">Heude (1890)</bibRefCitation>
; f,
<taxonomicName id="D891FD9E5DDFBF840E7F8B474A09A972" lsidName="S. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
<emphasis id="62EC106E00ECCA5BE8F5D775D67AF4D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">S. onychinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SMF42827.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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