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<mods:title id="0FA8373D19BE1BDDBB6110490A91392A">A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F65CD5F70F9F33D3D8E0827DB37E7683">V, Ато</mods:namePart>
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A7B601F9433664EE" authority="Staudinger, 1892" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1892" box="[238,572,671,697]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paragona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A7B601F9406F64EE" bold="true" box="[238,357,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Paragona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A63401F9433664EE" author="Staudinger" box="[364,572,671,697]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Die Macrolepidopteren des Amurgebietes. I. Theil. Rhopalocera, Sphinges, Bombyces, Noctuae. In: Romanoff (ed.): Memories sur les Lepidopteres, 6, 83 - 658." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger, 1892</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A7CF018E40CD64A8" authority="Staudinger, 1892" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,455,744,767]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paragona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A7CF018E400864A8" box="[151,258,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Paragona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A654018E40CD64A8" author="Staudinger" box="[268,455,744,767]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Die Macrolepidopteren des Amurgebietes. I. Theil. Rhopalocera, Sphinges, Bombyces, Noctuae. In: Romanoff (ed.): Memories sur les Lepidopteres, 6, 83 - 658." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger, 1892</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A68D018E40E064A8" box="[469,490,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">in</emphasis>
Romanoff N.M (ed.),
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A5B0018E453664A8" box="[744,1084,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Mémories sur les Lépidoptéres</emphasis>
. 6: 557. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A21A018E430B6548" authority="Christoph, 1881" authorityName="Christoph" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multisignata">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A21A018E40466548" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Acidalia multisignata</emphasis>
Christoph, 1881
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD369FFFE1C326A7CF004E43FC6508" blockId="1.[151,1436,744,863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A7CF004E40426568" author="Staudinger" box="[151,328,808,831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Die Macrolepidopteren des Amurgebietes. I. Theil. Rhopalocera, Sphinges, Bombyces, Noctuae. In: Romanoff (ed.): Memories sur les Lepidopteres, 6, 83 - 658." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger 1892</bibRefCitation>
(Quadrifinae); Warren 1914 (
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A5C8004E420E6568" ID-CoL="DD9" box="[656,772,808,831]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuinae</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A441004E42E66568" author="Inoue" box="[793,1004,808,831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Inoue, H. and Sugi, S. (1958) Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Japan. Part 5. Noctuidae. Tokyo. Rikusuisha, Pp. 431 - 669." type="book chapter" year="1958">Inoue &amp; Sugi 1958</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A4AB004E45726568" box="[1011,1144,808,831]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Catocalinae">Catocalinae</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A3D4004E45F16568" author="Sugi" box="[1164,1275,808,831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Sugi, S. (1982) Noctuidae (except Herminiinae). In: Inoue H., S. Sugi, H. Kuroko, S. Moriuti, and A. Kawabe. Moths of Japan, 1, 669 - 913, 2: 334 - 405, pls. 37, 164 - 223, 229, 278, 355 - 280. Kodansha, Tokyo (in Japanese with English synopsis)." type="journal article" year="1982">Sugi 1982</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A254004E449B6568" box="[1292,1425,808,831]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Catocalinae">Catocalinae</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A79F002E40256508" author="Nye" box="[199,303,840,863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Nye, I. W. B. (1975) Noctuoidea (Part): Noctuidae, Agaristidae and Nolidae. The generic names of moths of the World. Vol. 1, 1 - 508, 1 frontispiece, London, 1 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1975">Nye 1975</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A665002E40C26508" box="[317,456,840,863]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophiderinae">Ophiderinae</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A681002E43586508" author="Poole" box="[473,594,840,863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Poole, R. W. (1989) Noctuidae. Lepidopterorum Catalogues (New Series). Fascicle 118, pt 1: v - xii + 1 - 500; pt. 2: 501 - 1013; pt. 3: 1014 - 1314. E. J. Brill, Leiden." type="journal article" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A538002E43E16508" box="[608,747,840,863]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophiderinae">Ophiderinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586514FFE1C326A7CF00EB43B860E0" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFD369FFFE1C326A7CF00EB432D6315" blockId="1.[151,1437,909,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A7CF00EB401165F0" bold="true" box="[151,283,909,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Wingspan
<quantity id="4CBA9B7AFFE1C326A6FD00EB432665F0" box="[421,556,909,935]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="17.0">17–22 mm</quantity>
. Small sized moths, resembling
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A4EE00EB455C65F0" box="[950,1110,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
. Antennae of male serrate; labial palps relatively short, directed forward, covered by dense hairs; hindwing with developed wing pattern, reflecting the pattern of forewing; M2 on hindwing developed. Some species have well expressed patches of metallic-shining scales on dorso-lateral side of abdomen. In male genitalia, uncus moderate or widened, relatively short, straight; juxta bifurcate; valva variable in shape, in some species with costa, apically separate from membrane of valva; harpe present, short; distal part of valva membranous or sclerotized, pointed or with rounded extension. Aedeagus rather large, coecum expressed; vesica without or with 2 small cornuti. In female genitalia, papillae anales wide, quadrangular; anterior apophyses reduced; antrum often with antevaginal plate; ductus bursae rather short, wide; corpus bursae with incrustation of small spines. The genus includes four species distributed in the Manchurian subregion of the Palaearctic and partly in the Oriental region. The generic assignment of three species described in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A4F406654520634B" box="[940,1066,1283,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paragona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A4F406654520634B" box="[940,1066,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Paragona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A303066445F4634B" author="Viette" box="[1115,1278,1282,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Viette, P. (1956) Description de nouvelles especes de Noctuelles Quadrifides. Memories de l´Institut Scientifique des Madagascar, (E) 7, 117 - 139." type="journal article" year="1956">Viette (1956</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A25406644447634B" author="Viette" box="[1292,1357,1282,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Viette, P. (1958) Nouvelles especes de Noctuelles Quadrifides de Madagascar. Memories de l´Institut Scientifique des Madagascar, (E) 9, 155 - 175." type="journal article" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
) from
<collectingCountry id="F355760FFFE1C326A7CF064E402F6315" box="[151,293,1320,1346]" name="Madagascar" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
seems to be doubtful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD369FFFE1C326A79D062B43B860E0" blockId="1.[151,1437,909,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A79D062B401F6330" bold="true" box="[197,277,1357,1383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Notes.</emphasis>
The systematic position of the genus is unclear. Earlier authors placed it to
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A39F062B444F6330" box="[1223,1349,1357,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuinae</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A7CF0614404763DB" author="Hampson" box="[151,333,1394,1420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Hampson G. F. (1926) Description of new Genera and Species Lepioptera Phalaenae Subfamily Noctuinae (Noctuidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). London. Taylor &amp; Francis, 1, 641 pp." type="book" year="1926">Hampson 1926</bibRefCitation>
), to
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A6270614430363DB" box="[383,521,1394,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Catocalinae">Catocalinae</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A53A061443D163DB" author="Sugi" box="[610,731,1394,1420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Sugi, S. (1982) Noctuidae (except Herminiinae). In: Inoue H., S. Sugi, H. Kuroko, S. Moriuti, and A. Kawabe. Moths of Japan, 1, 669 - 913, 2: 334 - 405, pls. 37, 164 - 223, 229, 278, 355 - 280. Kodansha, Tokyo (in Japanese with English synopsis)." type="journal article" year="1982">Sugi 1982</bibRefCitation>
) or to
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A470061442B363DB" box="[808,953,1394,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophiderinae">Ophiderinae</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A34A0614458263DB" author="Nye" box="[1042,1160,1394,1420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Nye, I. W. B. (1975) Noctuoidea (Part): Noctuidae, Agaristidae and Nolidae. The generic names of moths of the World. Vol. 1, 1 - 508, 1 frontispiece, London, 1 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1975">Nye 1975</bibRefCitation>
), however, the concept, nomenclature and composition of these subfamilies has changed considerably (Lafontaine &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A3A106FE449263E5" author="Fibiger" box="[1273,1432,1432,1458]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Fibiger, M. &amp; J. D. Lafontaine. (2005) A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) - with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana, 11, 7 - 82." type="journal article" year="2005">Fibiger 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Fibiger &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A64B06DB40D06380" author="Lafontaine" box="[275,474,1469,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; M. Fibiger. (2006) Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea. Canadian Entomologist, 138, 610 - 635." type="journal article" year="2006">Lafontaine 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A6BF06DB43AB6380" author="Holloway" box="[487,673,1469,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2005) The moths of Borneo 15 &amp; 16: Noctuidae Catocalinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 58 (1 - 4), 1 - 529." type="journal article" year="2005">Holloway 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A5F606DB43E66380" author="Holloway" box="[686,748,1469,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2008) The Moths of Borneo Noctuidae 17: Rivulinae, Phytometrinae, Herminiinae, Hypeninae and Hypenodinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 60 (1 - 4), 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A5A106DB42326380" author="Holloway" box="[761,824,1469,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2009) The Moths of Borneo, part 13, Family: Noctuidae, subfamilies Pantheinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Aediinae, Eustrotiinae, Bryophilinae, Araeopteroninae, Aventiinae, Eublemminae and further miscellaneous genera. Malayan Nature Journal, 62 (1 &amp; 2), 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
; Lafontaine &amp; Schmidt 2010). We tentatively place the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A6490685408263AB" box="[273,392,1507,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paragona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A6490685408263AB" box="[273,392,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Paragona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subfamily Aventiinae (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A461068442F963AB" author="Holloway" box="[825,1011,1506,1532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2009) The Moths of Borneo, part 13, Family: Noctuidae, subfamilies Pantheinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Aediinae, Eustrotiinae, Bryophilinae, Araeopteroninae, Aventiinae, Eublemminae and further miscellaneous genera. Malayan Nature Journal, 62 (1 &amp; 2), 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="2009">Holloway 2009</bibRefCitation>
) by some characters of structure of male (long sacculus, reduced harpe, shape of valva with costa apically separated from membrane of valva) and female genitalia(reduced anterior apophyses and presence of small pouches on 8 sternite, laterally of ostium), The closest related genera are
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A526053542D9603B" authority="Hampson, 1896" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1896" box="[638,979,1618,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Prolophota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A52605354202603B" box="[638,776,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Prolophota</emphasis>
Hampson, 1896
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54F9883DFFE1C326A4BB05344510603B" box="[995,1050,1618,1644]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A3DC0535405660C5" authority="Hampson, 1896" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Prolophota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trigonifera">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A3DC05354496603B" box="[1156,1436,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Prolophota trigonifera</emphasis>
Hampson, 1896
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A6FA051E43D560C5" authority="Hampson, 1926" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1926" box="[418,735,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Anatatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A6FA051E431960C6" box="[418,531,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Anatatha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A544051E43D560C5" author="Hampson" box="[540,735,1656,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Hampson G. F. (1926) Description of new Genera and Species Lepioptera Phalaenae Subfamily Noctuinae (Noctuidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). London. Taylor &amp; Francis, 1, 641 pp." type="book" year="1926">Hampson, 1926</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54F9883DFFE1C326A5A9051E422260C5" box="[753,808,1656,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1CFFE1C326A4CB051E444960C5" authority="Hampson, 1895" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1895" box="[915,1347,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Catada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrisigna">
<emphasis id="B936EA8DFFE1C326A4CB051E457F60C6" box="[915,1141,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Catada nigrisigna</emphasis>
Hampson, 1895
</taxonomicName>
) of the subfamily Aventiinae (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6EFFE1C326A6B305FB43AC60E0" author="Holloway" box="[491,678,1693,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2009) The Moths of Borneo, part 13, Family: Noctuidae, subfamilies Pantheinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Aediinae, Eustrotiinae, Bryophilinae, Araeopteroninae, Aventiinae, Eublemminae and further miscellaneous genera. Malayan Nature Journal, 62 (1 &amp; 2), 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="2009">Holloway 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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