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<mods:title id="680059869875FBBFC632C5C65CDE251C">Bees of the Socotra Archipelago (Hymenoptera: Anthophila), their biogeography and association with parasites</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FE89459F6DF3FC58" bold="true" box="[321,423,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Xylocopa</emphasis>
(
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)
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FDA9459F6E86FC58" bold="true" box="[609,722,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">pubescens</emphasis>
Spinola, 1838
</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="134C84FBFF8CFF92FDE045BC6EDDFC45" box="[552,649,1001,1020]" captionStart="Figs 2328. 2324" captionStartId="8.[151,188,1411,1430]" captionTargetBox="[154,1123,221,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-10@8.[151,1126,219,1378]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 2328. 2324 Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa, 1970. 23 female, dorsal view; 24 male, dorsal view. 2528 Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838. 25 female, dorsal view; 26 female, lateral view; 27 male, dorsal view; 28 male, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5324228" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5324228/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Figs 2528</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB67BF50FF8CFF92FFB9425E687BFBA7" box="[113,1071,1035,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FFB9425E6DF8FBA7" ID-CoL="5CKNP" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[113,428,1035,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aestuans">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FFB9425E6D46FBA7" box="[113,274,1035,1054]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Xylocopa aestuans</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AD6BE6FFF8CFF92FE7C425E6E00FBA7" author="KIRBY W. F." box="[436,596,1035,1054]" page="649" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FE7C425E6E7DFBA7" author="KIRBY W. F." box="[436,553,1035,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="649" refId="ref15773" refString="KIRBY W. F. 1881: On the Hymenoptera collected by Prof. I. Bayley Balfour in Socotra. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 42: 649." type="journal article" year="1881">KIRBY (1881)</bibRefCitation>
: 649
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD6BE6FFF8CFF92FD94425E6EA8FBA7" author="KIRBY W. F." box="[604,764,1035,1054]" page="253" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FD94425E6E85FBA7" author="KIRBY W. F." box="[604,721,1035,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="1898 - 9" refId="ref15844" refString="KIRBY W. F. 1903: Insecta: Hymenoptera. Pp. 235 - 258. In: FORBES H. O. (ed.): The natural history of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri: Being the report upon the results of the conjoint expedition to these islands in 1898 - 9. Special Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums, xlvii + 598 pp." type="book chapter" year="1903">KIRBY (1903)</bibRefCitation>
: 253
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD6BE6FFF8CFF92FCCC425E6FDCFBA7" author="KOHL F. F." box="[772,904,1035,1054]" page="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FCCC425E6F27FBA7" author="KOHL F. F." box="[772,883,1035,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" refId="ref15911" refString="KOHL F. F. 1906: Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 133 pp + XI pls. [Preprint of KOHL (1907)]." type="book" year="1906">KOHL (1906)</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD6BE6FFF8CFF92FC59425E6878FBA7" author="KOHL F. F." box="[913,1068,1035,1054]" page="174" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FC59425E6855FBA7" author="KOHL F. F." box="[913,1025,1035,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="169 - 301" refId="ref15961" refString="KOHL F. F. 1907: Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 71: 169 - 301 + pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1907">KOHL (1907)</bibRefCitation>
: 174
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DCBF5FF8CFF92FFB942606EB1FB0B" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FFB942606D7DFBF1" bold="true" box="[113,297,1077,1096]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F360D8EEFF8CFF92FEF942606D23FBF1" box="[305,375,1077,1096]" name="Yemen" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Socotra</collectingCountry>
: Hadibo, 1 J,
<date id="FFC9BEBEFF8CFF92FDC842606E19FBF1" box="[512,589,1077,1096]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" value="1998-10-03">3.x.1998</date>
, 1 J,
<date id="FFC9BEBEFF8CFF92FD4242606E9DFBF1" box="[650,713,1077,1096]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" value="1999-02">ii.1999</date>
, W. Wranik lgt.; Elhe nursery SW,
<quantity id="4C8F359BFF8CFF92FBC542606869FBF1" box="[1037,1085,1077,1096]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="EE43FEB9FF8CFF92FF39421A6D32FBDB" box="[241,358,1103,1122]" degrees="53" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" precision="1" seconds="14.7" value="53.72075">53°4314.7″E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7153F7FF8CFF92FEA7421A6DDBFBDB" box="[367,399,1097,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<date id="FFC9BEBEFF8CFF92FE51421A6DA2FBDB" box="[409,502,1103,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" value="2009-06-19">19.vi.2009</date>
, L. Purchart lgt.; Dixam plateau, Firmihin (
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FCA1421A6FEAFBDB" box="[873,958,1103,1122]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FCA1421A6FEAFBDB" box="[873,958,1103,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest),
<quantity id="4C8F359BFF8CFF92FBCD421A686AFBDB" box="[1029,1086,1103,1122]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="490.0">490 m</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE43FEB9FF8CFF92FFB9423F6C9EFBC4" box="[113,202,1130,1149]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="28.6" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="12.476666">12°28.6N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE43FEB9FF8CFF92FF19423F6D7CFBC4" box="[209,296,1130,1149]" degrees="54" direction="east" minutes="01.1" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="54.018333">54°01.1E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7153F7FF8CFF92FEE7423F6D18FBC5" box="[303,332,1123,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<date id="FFC9BEBEFF8CFF92FE9F423F6D8DFBC4" box="[343,473,1130,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" value="2010-11-15" valueMax="2010-11-16" valueMin="2010-11-15">15.16.xi.2010</date>
, J. Bezděk lgt.;Aloove area,Aloove vill. env.,
<quantity id="4C8F359BFF8CFF92FC93423F6FC6FBC4" box="[859,914,1130,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="221.0">221 m</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FC50423F6814FBC4" box="[920,1088,1130,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Jatropha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unicostata">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FC50423F6814FBC4" box="[920,1088,1130,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Jatropha unicostata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrubland, with
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FF3342D06DCBFB21" box="[251,415,1157,1176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Boswellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FF3342D06DCBFB21" box="[251,415,1157,1176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Boswellia elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees,
<geoCoordinate id="EE43FEB9FF8CFF92FE1F42D06E64FB21" box="[471,560,1157,1176]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="31.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="12.52">12°31.2N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE43FEB9FF8CFF92FDF142D06EC4FB21" box="[569,656,1157,1176]" degrees="54" direction="east" minutes="07.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="54.123333">54°07.4E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7153F7FF8CFF92FD5042D06EECFB2E" box="[664,696,1150,1176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<date id="FFC9BEBEFF8CFF92FD0A42D06F11FB21" box="[706,837,1157,1176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" value="2012-06-19" valueMax="2012-06-20" valueMin="2012-06-19">19.20.vi.2012</date>
, J. Bezděk, J. Hájek,
<collectionCode id="ED6600BBFF8CFF92FC3342D0685EFB21" box="[1019,1034,1157,1176]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Hula, P. Kment, I. Malenovský, J. Niedobová &amp; L. Purchart lgt. (all in
<collectionCode id="ED6600BBFF8CFF92FD5242CA6E8EFB0B" box="[666,730,1183,1202]" country="Czech Republic" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/hj12-2xm7" name="National Museum Prague" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">NMPC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DCBF5FF8CFF92FFB9429E6C83FAFB" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC8987EFF8CFF92FFB9429E6C83FAFB" blockId="7.[113,1089,1227,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FFB9429E6C8BFB5B" bold="true" box="[113,223,1227,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FF2B429E6DE0FB5B" author="WRANIK W." box="[227,436,1227,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" refId="ref17108" refString="WRANIK W. 2003: Fauna of the Socotra Archipelago. Field guide. Universitat Rostock, Rostock, 540 pp." type="book" year="2003">WRANIK (2003: 454)</bibRefCitation>
presents a photograph of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FCD5429E6FF7FB5B" box="[797,931,1227,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FCD5429E6FD4FB5B" box="[797,896,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Xylocopa</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from Hadiboh, which very likely represents
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FE6F42BE6E67FABB" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" box="[423,563,1259,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FE6F42BE6E67FABB" box="[423,563,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">X. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species was often considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C77E3FDFF8CFF92FFB9435E6CB8FA9B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[113,236,1291,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aestuans">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FFB9435E6CB8FA9B" box="[113,236,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">X. aestuans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the species significantly differ from each other (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FCE8435E6F91FA9B" author="LIEFTINCK M. A." box="[800,965,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="137 - 158" refId="ref16146" refString="LIEFTINCK M. A. 1964: The identity of Apis aestuans Linne, 1758, and related Old World carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latr.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 107: 137 - 158." type="journal article" year="1964">LIEFTINCK 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FC18435E6C98FAFB" author="HANNAN M. A. &amp; ALQARNI A. S. &amp; OWAYSS A. A. &amp; ENGEL M. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15614" refString="HANNAN M. A., ALQARNI A. S., OWAYSS A. A. &amp; ENGEL M. S. 2012: The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae). ZooKeys 201: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2012">HANNAN et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DCBF5FF8CFF92FFB9431E6FC1FA7B" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC8987EFF8CFF92FFB9431E6FC1FA7B" blockId="7.[113,1089,1227,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="B903446CFF8CFF92FFB9431E6D50FADB" bold="true" box="[113,260,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Distribution.</emphasis>
The species is widely distributed in Africa,
<collectingCountry id="F360D8EEFF8CFF92FD03431E6F43FADB" box="[715,791,1355,1378]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and eastwards to the eastern part of
<collectingCountry id="F360D8EEFF8CFF92FF71433E6CBBFA3B" box="[185,239,1387,1410]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FF33433E6E5EFA3B" author="ASCHER J. S. &amp; PICKERING J." box="[251,522,1387,1410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" refId="ref14368" refString="ASCHER J. S. &amp; PICKERING J. 2017: Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available from: http: // www. discoverlife. org / mp / 20 q? guide = Apoidea _ species (April 26, 2017)." type="url" year="2017">ASCHER &amp; PICKERING 2017</bibRefCitation>
), but missing in southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FFB143DE6D1EFA1B" author="HANNAN M. A. &amp; ALQARNI A. S. &amp; OWAYSS A. A. &amp; ENGEL M. S." box="[121,330,1419,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15614" refString="HANNAN M. A., ALQARNI A. S., OWAYSS A. A. &amp; ENGEL M. S. 2012: The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae). ZooKeys 201: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2012">HANNAN et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F360D8EEFF8CFF92FEBE43DE6D93FA1B" box="[374,455,1419,1442]" name="Yemen" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Socotra</collectingCountry>
reported from Hadibu Plain, Goahal Gorge, Adho Dimellus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FFB143FE6CAEFA7B" author="KIRBY W. F." box="[121,250,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="1898 - 9" refId="ref15844" refString="KIRBY W. F. 1903: Insecta: Hymenoptera. Pp. 235 - 258. In: FORBES H. O. (ed.): The natural history of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri: Being the report upon the results of the conjoint expedition to these islands in 1898 - 9. Special Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums, xlvii + 598 pp." type="book chapter" year="1903">KIRBY 1903</bibRefCitation>
), Ras Shoab (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FE4443FE6E51FA7B" author="KOHL F. F." box="[396,517,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" refId="ref15911" refString="KOHL F. F. 1906: Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 133 pp + XI pls. [Preprint of KOHL (1907)]." type="book" year="1906">KOHL 1906</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FDD843FE6E1DFA7B" author="KOHL F. F." box="[528,585,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="169 - 301" refId="ref15961" refString="KOHL F. F. 1907: Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 71: 169 - 301 + pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1907">1907</bibRefCitation>
), and Hadiboh (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6E58FFF8CFF92FD3B43FE6FDDFA7B" author="WRANIK W." box="[755,905,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" refId="ref17108" refString="WRANIK W. 2003: Fauna of the Socotra Archipelago. Field guide. Universitat Rostock, Rostock, 540 pp." type="book" year="2003">WRANIK 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>